SOLAF 1 SKEMA JAWAPAN BAHAGIAN A :No, 1(a) 1(b) 1(c) Suggested answer Feeding ( Phagocytosis ) Simple Diffusion - When

water diffused into the amoeba by osmosis, the contractile vacuole enlarge. - At maximum size, the contractile vacuole will expel excess water out into the environment - In this way, the contractiloe vacuole enable the amoeba to survive in freshwater environment without bursting itself. - The cells grow in size, changes shape - and differentiate to carry out specific functions such as transport, defence, support and feeding (i) circulatory system Organ = Heart / Blood Vessel ( 1 mark ) Tissue = Cardiac Muscle ( 1 mark ) (ii) Excretory system Organ = Lungs / Skin / Kidney ( 1 mark ) Tissue = Alveolus / Dermis / Glomerular tissues (1 mark ) Shoot system is positive phototropism But the Root system is negative phototropism Biotic factors: 1. Producer 2. consumers 3. decomposers ( any two ) Abiotic factor 1. Temperature 2. S oil pH 3. Humidity ( any two ) Producer : Plant Consumer : Grasshopper / rabbit/rat/ eagle/snake/ lizard/bird ( Decomposer :Mushroooms

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1(d) 1(e)

1(f) 2(a)

2(b)

2(c) Plant Grasshopper snake eagle Syarat untuk markah penuh : - semua organisma betul 4551/1 2011 Hak Cipta Jabatan Pelajaran Perak SULIT

SOLAF 1 - anak panah betul arahnya The rat, rabbit, bird and lizard population will increase. The plant and grasshopper population will decrease. By introducing snakes, because snake is natural predator decreasing the food supply. 200kJ i . J : Monosaccharide K : Disaccharide ii Condensation iii . starch, cellulose 3(b)(i) Chloroplast 3(b)(ii) P - Light energy absorbed by the chlorophyll - light energy used to split / breakdown water molecule. - The process called photolysis of water / light reaction Q - Hydrogen produced from light reaction diffused into Q from P - Hidrogen atom reduced carbondioxide to form glucose - the process called dark reaction 3(b) (iii) 3(c) 3(d) P - hydrogen atom , oxygen , water / ATP Q : glucose
Light energy

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2(d) 2(e)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Any 2 1 1 1 Any 2 1 1

2(f) 3(a)

Carbon dioxide + Water

Chlorophyll

Glucose + oxygen

water

- less light energy to breakdown water molecule in photolysis of water 1 - so less hidrogen atom produced to reduced carbondioxide into 1 glucose. X : Stoma Y : Guard cell 1 1 1 1 1

4(a)(i)

4(a)(ii) 4(b)

To release excess water from the plants / transpiration // respiration/ take in carbon dioxide During midday, Z/ guard cell undergoes photosynthesis / photolysis of water at high rate Glucose produced // The osmotic pressure in Y become higher

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SOLAF 1 water from adjacent cells will diffused into Y by osmosis, so Y becomes turgid Due to the thinner outer cell wall, it bend outward and the stoma opens - The process of releasing water vapour / the loss of water vapour - through the stomata - transpiration form the transpirational pull, - the higher the transpiration rate, the higher the transpirational pull, so the faster the water move upwards from the roots - when high temperature (hot day), the evaporation rate will be higher - water vapour released from the leaves will be evaporated faster - transpirational pull will be higher, so more water will be pull to the leaves and then loss to the surrounding - the transpiration rate will be higher than normal day Factories and motor vehicles - sulphur dioxide - nitrogen dioxide 5(a)(iii) - pH of the soil will be reduce / soil become acidic - water in the pond/ river/ ocean become acidic 5(b) - sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide released to the environment - dissolved in the atmospheric water vapoor - formed sulphuric acid and nitous/ nitric acid - falling down as acid rain - filter the smoke from the factories before release to the environment - reduce the usage of motor vehicles - carbondioxide content in the atmosphere increases from the burning of fossil fuel (in the motor vehicles/ factories) - carbondioxide formed a layer that trap heat in the atmosphere - increase the global temperature - caused green house effect / global warming

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(c)(i) (c)(ii)

3(d)

1 1 1 1 Any 3 1 1 1 1 1 Any 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Any 3

5(a)(i) 5(a)(ii)

5(c) 5(d)

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SOLAF 1 BAHAGIAN B No 6(a) Suggested answer - pituitary gland acts as master gland (which secretes hormones which stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones) - e.g it TSH which control the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine - so TSH is a hormone which control the secretion of another hormone from endocrine gland - ADH secreted by pituitary depend on the the blood osmoptic pressure - The changes in blood osmotic pressure detected by hypothalamus. - the nerves impulses send to the pituitarywill, then ADH will be secreted due to the osmotic pressure of the blood. - Hypothalamus located in the brain (central nerveous system) - hypothalamus maintain hpmeostasis and contain centres for regulating sleep, hunger, thirst, blood pressure, body temperature and water balance - it contain cluster of specialised cells called neurosecretory cells - it release hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones which carried by the blood to the pituitary - that hormones control the secretion of hormones by pituitary - axons and synaptic terminals of the neurosecretory cells found in the posterior pituitary, the cells body found in the hypothalamus - e.g ADH and oxytocin synthesised by the cells body of neurosecretory cells (hypothalamus) but store in the the posterior pituitary - nerves impulses that arrived in the hypothalamus trigger the posterior pituitary to release hormones - Hypothalamus also control the secretion of thyroxine by thyroid gland, e.g when thyroid-releasing hormone released by thalamus control the anterior pituitary to secretes TSH then TSH stimulate thyroid gland to secrete yhyroxine - Body temperature is regulated by the intergumentary system ( skin and sweat glands ) - Its also regulated by the nervous system, circulatory system, muscular system and the endocrine system - When body temperature rises above the normal 37C, thermoreceptors in the skin detect the change - It generates impulse that are then transmited to the hypothalamus - Thermoreceptor of the skin detect changes in the external temperature but the thermoreceptor in the hypothalamus detect changes in the blood as it passes through the brain. - The hypothalamus then activates various effectors such as the blood vessels and the sweat glands. - The blood vessel dialates, allowing more blood to flow near the surface of our body thus increasing heat loss to the surrounding

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(b)

6(c)

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SOLAF 1 - The sweat glands are activated by the nervous system to produce sweat. - As the sweat evaporates, heat is lose - When temperature rises, erector muscle in the skin relaxes - When temperature rises above a set point, the skeletal muscle are not stimulated and shivering does not occurs - When internal temperature rises above the set point, the adrenal and thyroid glands are less stimulated so less adrenaline and thyroxine are released. As a result metabolic rate becomes lower and no excess heat is generated. - The overall result is the lowering of body temperature to normal again. - When body temperature is restored to normal, the hypothalamus will no longer be stimulated again. 7(a) Adaptive structures of the gill : - Each gill is composed of filaments which are supported by the gill arch. - The filaments have numerous thin-walled lamellae - surve to increase the surface area for gaseous exchange. - The gill filaments have thin membranes and rich supply of blood capillaries to facilitates efficient exchange of and transport of respiratory gases. Countercurrent exchange mechanism : - This mechanism maximizes oxygen transfer because as water flows over the gills in one direction, - blood flows in the opposite direction through the capillaries in the lamellae. - As deoxygenated blood enters the capillaries, it encounters water with higher oxygen content - Thus along the capillaries, diffusion gradient allowa the transfer of oxygen into the blood 7(b) Diagram of the countercurrent exchange mechanism of the fish can be found in the text book page 156 ( Figure 7.7 ) 7(c) Similarities : - Both have closed circulatory system - Blood flows in blood vessels - Both have heart as pumping organ - Both have valves in their veins to ensure blood flows in one direction Differences : - Oxygenated blood from heart is pumps to the body cells in human but in fish oxygenated blood from heart is pump to the gills then to body cells - Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveolus/lungs of human 4551/1 2011 Hak Cipta Jabatan Pelajaran Perak SULIT

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1 1

SOLAF 1 but is fish its at the gills / lamella / gill filaments Human has double circulation but fish has only single circulation. Human have pulmonary and systemic circulation but fish has only one complete circulation as blood flows passed the heart once. Human heart have 4 chambers but fish heart is only 2 chambers Human have 2 ventricle and 2 atria but fish has only 1 ventricle and 1 atrium Human blood pressure is higher but fish blood pressure is lower.

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8(a)

1 1 1 1 1 Max 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Hibiscus Plants - Have woody tissues that support it - Consists of secondary xylem - The lumen of the secondary xylem are further strengthen with lignin deposits - Sclerenchyma tissues have cells with thick walls and small lumens - The walls of sclerenchyma cells also have lignin thickening. - Collenchyma tissues are also thick wall Water Lily - Collenchyma tissues is below the epidermal layer of young stems and acts as a support for young plants - Turgidity of the cells provides support during young stage - Thin walled aerenchyma cells makes the plant light - Aerenchyma cells also have lots of air spaces to enable the plant to float - The stem are big, swollen and lots of aerenchyma that helps the plant to float - The roots are fine and numerous making them light and easy to float.

8(b) Osteoporosis - Bones become thinner, weaker and less flexible with ageing - Bone loses calcium faster than the body can replace it - Reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus into blood stream is more that withdrawl of calcium during formation of bones - It affects the whole skeleton causing fracture of bones - Causes loss of height and weaken bones in the spines - Collapsed vertebrae causing curvature of spine - Prevention begins during childhood with good nutrition and exercises - A diet rich in calcium, regular exercises can helps to keep the 4551/1 2011 Hak Cipta Jabatan Pelajaran Perak SULIT

SOLAF 1 bones strong Muscular dystrophy - Its a genetical disease of the genes in the x-chromosome and mainly affects boys - Involves destruction of muscle ( degerenative ) - The mutated gene makes the body unable to produce the protein needed to build and maintain healthy muscle - The process of degeneration begins with muscle at the end of the body and spread up to the chest and head - Patients seldom live longer that 20 years - Since its genetical disease, no proven cure had being found yet. - Medication and therapy are provided to slow the course of the disease Arthritis - Its a disease the is connected to the joints - Causes pain, swelling and stiffness the the affected joint - Can involved damage of the synovial membranes, bone structure itself or the cartilage of the joint - For severe cases, operation could help. - Medication and diagnosis by bone specialist will be recommended - Certain drugs and anti inflammatory medicine are used to reduce the pain - Avoid strenuous exercises such as hiking or jogging on hard surfaces 9(a) Cooking - heating food at high temperature kill microorganisms - heating food at high temperature also denature the enzymes that causes the breakdown of food Natural preservations - treating food with salt causes microorganism to lose water due to osmosis - treating food with sugar also cause microorganism to lose water due to osmosis - Pickling food such as chillies, vegetables and fruits with vinegar reduces the pH and prevents microorganism from growing Fermentation - Adding yeast to fruit juices produces ethanol, which at high concentration prevents the juice from spoiling. Ethnol also have high commercial value. - Traditional food like tapai is produced by fermentation of tapioca.

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1 1

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SOLAF 1 Drying - Drying under the hot sun remove water from the food, and this prevents microorganism from growing. - Ultra violet rays from the sun also kill bacteria and other microorganism Pasteurisation - Heating milk to 63C for 30 minutes follow by rapid cooling to below 10C destroy bacteria that cause tuberculosis and typhoid. - It also retains the natural flavour of milk and vitamin B are not destroyed. Canning - Uses heat sterilization to kill microorganism and their spores. - The cans contining food are the sealed while the food is being cooled. The vacuum created within the cans prevents the growth of microorganism. Refrigeration - Food stored at temperature below 0C can remain fresh for a long period of time. - The low temperature prevents the growth of microorganisms or the germination of spores.

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9(b) - These food are rich in fats/lipids, carbohydrates and proteins. - Over a long period of time these are the possible health problems: - Obesity excess fats is stored in adipose tissues - Diabetes mellitus High glucose content in the blood - Hyper-tension High cholesterol level in the blood - Arteriosclerosis Cholesterol deposited in the inner wall of arteries/ lumen of arteries becomes smaller causing blood to flow slower - Liver failure Liver has to do extra work to convert excess protein into urea - Kidney failure Kidney have to work harder to remove higher amount of urea produced as a result of high protein consumption. - Gout Excess uric acid accumulated at the joints due to high protein consumption - This is not a balanced diet as its lacking of vegetable ( fibres ) fruits ( vitamins ) - Constipation may occurs regularly - These food contains food preservatives and artificial colouring which can cause cancer - Cardiovascular diseases can lead to other serious health problems like stroke and heart attack.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Max 10

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