The Effect of E-Banking on the Improvement of the (Administrative Health) in Qoms Saderat Bank Abstract The issue that

usually bothers developing countries such as Iran, is the lack of (administrative and financial health) in administrative system and the management of the state affairs, a problem that may cost a country substantial amounts of time and money. Therefore, this research, in the first step, aims to observe, with a scientific method, the most essential characteristics of healthy administrative systems that are clarification, accountability and the betterment of relations, in the context of E-banking whose most significant quality is to supply banking services electronically which may result in the acceleration and improvement of (administrative health) and then in the second step, to supply the readers with useful propositions based on the findings of the research. The major goal of this article is evaluating the effect of E-banking on the improvement of (administrative health) in the aforementioned organization i.e Qoms Saderat Bank. The dependant variable in this research is the aspects of (administrative health) that are clarification, accountability and the betterment of relations, and the independent variable is the fourfold aspects of E-banking that are cultural, legal, security and technological, that are presented in the form of a model in this article. Multiple regression analysis is used in this research. The findings resulted from the evaluation of two aspects, related to culture and the E-banking technology with the coefficients (0.326) and (0.337), in comparison with other aspects, have significant positive correlation with the clarification aspect of the improvement of (administrative health). Furthermore, the two technological and cultural aspects with the coefficients (0.466) and (0.291), in comparison with other aspects, have significant positive correlation with the accountability aspect of the improvement of (administrative health). Moreover, the cultural aspect of E-banking with the coefficient (0.465) has significant positive correlation with the betterment of relations aspect of the improvement of (administrative health).

Key Words: (Administrative health), E-banking, clarification, accountability, the betterment of relations.

I.

Preface

There are innumerable proofs showing that with the progress of societies, the importance of corruption, as an inclusive social problem, increases (Hewd: 1381: p. 50) and the so-called approach of lubricating the cogwheels of development in order to solve the problem of corruption, loses its significance (Rabiee: 1381: p. 15). The consequences of the lack of (administrative health) take a variety of forms such as: taking advantage of job opportunities, bribery and embezzlement, fraud, nepotism, injustice, blackmailing, dissatisfying the clients, stealing the properties of the organization, sale of the confidential information of the organization to outsiders, disclosing the classified documents of the organization etc. which may be done by individuals or organized groups, and there are also different factors which can result in the emergence, extension and circulation of (administrative corruption), whether passively or actively. The existence of (administrative corruption) can never be denied, no matter what country; therefore, there is no exception for our country Iran. For the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the fight against this phenomenon has gone farther than an administrational problem, it has become an issue of crucial significance to the government. Thus, in early 1380, following the command of the Supreme Leader of Iran, a committee consisting of the heads of the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary was formed in order to find solutions for improving the (administrative health). As a result, fighting against corruption and improving the (administrative health) has become a vital urge for either the survival of the governments and the societies progress towards prosperity and welfare. On the other hand, in the former decade, the strong influence of IT (Information Technology) on different fields such as banking, trade, education etc. and also its role in providing clear, precise and timely information, have caused this technology to be recognized as a leading force in the improvement of the (administrative health). Therefore, E-banking is recognized as one of the factors widely considered in discussions related to both the improvement of the (administrative health) and the fight against corruption in the banking systems. In this article, the writer has analyzed the four essential aspects of E-banking including cultural, legal, security and technological ones, together with the three aspects of the (administrative health) which are clarification, accountability and the betterment of relations, in order to identify the various aspects of Ebanking and also to improve the (administrative health) which is one of the major concerns of the leaders of organizations including those of banks. The writer has also tried to remove the problem of corruption in organizations, especially those of high significance or those related to the states governing and financial matters, which are bound to a variety of different and sometimes unrelated responsibilities, through supplying the readers with solutions for the extension of E-banking, and also with the use of recent technologies related to information and computerizing, that is one of the latest ways to control corruption in the state organization, as well as non-profit companies.

II.

Theoretical Discussions A) Definition of (administrative health)

(Administrative health) refers to a state greater than the short-term influence of the organization; it refers to a set of relatively enduring organizational qualities. Thus, a healthy organization not only remains stable in its own atmosphere but also, in the long run, is capable of adjusting itself to the general atmosphere, as well as developing qualities for its continuous survival and extension (Zand Zarandy: 1385: p. 10) The state, in developing countries, is connected to every aspect of peoples lives. It functions not only as the employer but also as the regulator of the affairs, the producer and the distributor, and every day it becomes involved in new fields of activities. This, together with the limitations that appear in different fields related to the management of the financial and social affairs by the government, paves the way for corruption. Except for the magnitude of the state, the factors affecting the decrease of the (administrative health) can be identifies in the diagram below (Charouseh???: 1381: p. 126):

Organizational

Lack of clarification and accountability Lack of management stability Lack of job security Inadequacy, complexity, paradox and ambiguity in the rules and regulations weakness of administrative mechanisms

Social-Cultural

Weakness of conscience and discipline Peoples unawareness of the administrative rules A social structure considering the state authorities Superior Low moral values in the society

Factors affecting the (administrative health) Political

Level of political freedoms Level of political stability Distribution of political power Existence of pressure groups Lack of the existence of independent news circuit

Financial

Insufficient income of clerks Unjust distribution of salaries Inefficiency of the social security system Insufficiency of the salaries of the clerks of the public sector

B) Definition of the concept of E-banking: There are different definitions for E-banking, but the qualities shared by all definitions are as follow: 1. Utilizing IT, including: a) Suitable software: the software capable of processing financial information while having a high level of security. b) Suitable hardware: accurate and strong hardware with a high level of processing capabilities and also fast speed in order to offer banking services. c) Network: the necessity of utilizing local networks, internet or intranet in any given level of E-banking. 2. Unification of all activities: a software or hardware banking system can be called a level of E-banking only when it includes all banking activities such as reception and payment of sums of money, services related to the state, granting facilities etc. 3. Satisfying the customers: E-banking should be suitable for the demands and abilities of the customers, in a way that it be useful for all the customers (Shirkhodaiee: 1384: p. 96)

C) A history of the conducted researches: Because of the vast scale and different aspects of IT, there have been conducted a lot of researches on the subject, but most of them either have considered the issue generally or have not emphasized any particular job, nevertheless the present survey focuses on details rather than general phenomena. Now to evaluate the observations and history of this article, let us review some surveys carried out on this subject: 1. Mr. Mostafa Zaker in his MA thesis Corruption and its effect on the process of development, which was conducted in 1384, has stated that all governments are somehow involved with corruption, but the forms of corruption common in Iran are: nepotism, blackmailing, embezzlement etc. In this thesis the writer has mentioned different aspects of administrative corruption. In the financial sense, administrative corruption usually facilitates illegal activities such as smuggling, money laundering and other organized transgressions. It also affects all aspects of a countrys financial development through causing irregularity in its efficiency. In the political sense, administrative corruption challenges the governments democracy and purity. In the judicial sense, administrative corruption weakens the power of law and also causes the unjust distribution of the states services in the public sector. 2. Mr. Roozbeh Hosseini in his MA thesis E-banking which was conducted in 1383, has analyzed the standards needed for having a successful E-banking system. He has also

evaluated the profits of E-banking from the view points of the customer, the bank and the society. 3. In 1387, Golnaz Ahmadi studied the behaviouristic and structuralistic factors affecting the administrative corruption in the Tehran department of housing and urban development. In the research, five behaviouristic factors (ideological commitment, personal characteristics, style of communication, style of leadership and life style) and four structuralistic factors (condition of rules and regulations, the degree of post adaptation and the conditions of qualification, the method of promotion, and control)are evaluated as the factors crucial to corruption. The results of the research proved the effects of these nine factors on corruption. 4. In a research carried out by Caroline Ridghem Wooder from the International Monetary Fund, the relation between salaries and corruption has been analyzed. Such factors as: salaries (insufficient salaries, side benefits and other financial motivators), insufficient internal control (control systems and inadequate monitoring, the lack of clear standards for the operations of the staff and organization, weak policies related to the selection and employment of the personnel) have been analyzed in this survey. The results of the survey: 1) In developing countries, there is a meaningful relation between the salaries of the public sector and the administrative corruption, 2) there is a close relation between the level of salaries and the quality of bureaucracy. 5. A survey has been conducted on the causes of corruption in the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, the department of political sciences and the public administration. It has emphasized the degree of significance of the following factors and has categorized them as follows: The mores and norms of politicians and statesmen, the lack of control, monitoring and auditing, the low level of salaries in the public sector, the domestic relation between the state, politics and trade, the norm related to the state, the culture of the public sector, the lack of leadership commitment, mismanagement, the augmentation of organizational crimes, the norms of the private sector, social injustice, and financial problems. 6. Mr. Mahmoud Allahyari, in a research titled the Factors affecting the reception of Ebanking by the customers of banks in Iran has analyzed the reasons why E-banking is not accepted well enough in Iran. On the grounds of the results of a poll of the bank clients, the factors are categorized in two groups: Economic factors, cultural factors, demographical factors, educating the clients. 7. In another survey conducted by Jamshid Sadaqiani and Nabiollah Dehqan, and titled Presenting the Model of Fourfold Foundations of Developing E-commerce, in addition to introducing the place of E-commerce in digital economy, defining the concept of Ecommerce and its profits, the writers have analyzed the necessary foundations for the establishment of E-commerce. The foundations are as follows: a) Technological foundations b) Legal-judicial foundations

c) Cultural-social foundations d) Financial foundations 8. In a survey, Cribit has claimed the factors crucial to the success of E-government in New Zealand to be: 1) the comprehensive support provided by the state for the plans of Egovernment, 2) the cultural changes in organizations in order to accept the new pattern, 3) leading different organizations towards sharing the beneficial efforts, and also 4) sharing the information and services. 9. In another survey, Wescott has claimed the factors delaying the development of Egovernment in Asian countries to be: 1) the high price of IT, 2) the rules of the network security, 3) the lack of computer skills, 4) the limited awareness of the political reader of the capabilities of IT, 5) the organizational resistance, and 6) the nature of the public sector. 10. In a research carried out by a number of the lecturers of Multimedia University of Malaysia, E-banking services in the Islamic countries were evaluated. Taking into account the high level of adaptation of the European and American banks to the E-banking system, the writers have stated that the banks of the Islamic countries are still in the first stage of banking development. D) The aspects of E-banking: E-banking is claimed to have innumerable profits. These can be divided into three categories. The following are brief explanations of them: 1. Security: observations demonstrate that E-banking systems are safer than traditional ones (Dejpasand: 1384: p. 21). It seems because of the decrease in physical transportation of money and documents related to trade, robberies tend to occur less than before. On the other hand, to do internet piracy professional hackers are needed, and even then, security filters lower the probability of piracy. 2. Speed: the most important quality of E-banking that makes it so popular is its speed. It can be said that if speed was the only superiority of E-banking over traditional banking, again it would be a good justification for the popularity of E-banking. 3. Simplicity: E-banking equipments have been designed in a way that using them is so simple, and so everyone with any level of education can easily work with them. 4. Low cost: because of the thriftiness of E-post in comparison with traditional methods, the cost of E-post is lower than those of other methods. Besides, E-post does not have extra expenses resulted from going to the bank, standing in a queue, billing etc.