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faction implies a drastic loss of shear strength, the consequence of which can
be large displacements of structures. Countermeasures are stone columns or
soil improvement by densification or grouting.
A point of concern is when a tunnel has to cross an active fault. In this
case, the tunnel cross section can be enlarged to accommodate the expected
displacement. The latter, however, can hardly be predicted nor can it be easily
judged whether a fault is active or not.
l·x
up = ap l exp iω t −
cp
l·x
us = as × l exp iω t −
cs
ω
εmax = a cos2 α
c
ω 2
κmax = a cos2 α
c
3
S.L. Kramer, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Prentice Hall, 1996
18.2 Imposed deformation 339
L
s