Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Page 1 of 6
Examples
External environment: buildings adjacent to motorways where they may be a need for a sealed building with mechanical ventilation; How noisy can it be before a building cannot be naturally ventilated? Internal environment: Office space within factories next to noisy process plant. How can sound levels in offices be made acceptable?
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Courseware/Class-design/acoustics.htm
7/24/2005
Page 2 of 6
References:
CIBSE Vol A1 for criteria for design; Vol B12 for sound control in building services. British Standard Code of Practice BS8233:1987 Sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings. Croome DJ, Noise Buildings and People, Pergamon, 1977. Smith BJ, Peters RJ and Owen S, Acoustics and Noise Control, Longman 1982.
For ducts with no attenuation, sound pressure propagation is 1-dimensional and the SPL is constant. For spherical spreading, a doubling of distance results in a 6dB reduction in SPL.
Octave band calculation/measurement: The absorbing/insulating properties of materials vary significantly with frequency of the sound source. Thus measurements and calculations often need to be undertaken in octave bands (or 1/3 octave bands for more detailed work). A crude approximation sometimes used for broad-band noise is that transmission/absorption characteristics over the full acoustic spectrum is similar to the response at 500Hz. Note that the human ear responds to frequencies in the range 20Hz to 20kHz approximately. dB; dBA; The ear also responds in a non-linear way, with maximum sensitivity around 2 or 3 kHz and much lower sensitivity at low frequencies. A commonly used metric is the A-weighted dB (dBA) which is weighted according to the typical human ears frequency response. Leq; LA10; LA90 Leq is the time averaged sound pressure level and is used for time-varying signals. LA10 is the SPL which is exceeded for 10% of the time. LA90 is the SPL which is exceeded for 90% of the time (the "background" level). Absorption and insulation Absorption is quantified as the absorption coefficient - the proportion not reflected Insulation is quantified as the Sound Reduction Index SRI (in dB) - a measure of the reduction in transmission. It is a property of the building construction only. Reverberation time - the time it takes for a sound to decay by 60dB. It is governed by the absorption characteristics
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Courseware/Class-design/acoustics.htm
7/24/2005
Page 3 of 6
for the room. Sabines formula is commonly used: T = 0.161 V / A where T is the reverberation time (s); V is room volume (m3); A is total absorption (room surface area x average absorption coefficient + absorption of furniture/people, m2). Level difference is simply the difference between source and received sound levels for airborne noise. The level difference is affected by the level of absorption and thus the reverberation time in the receiving room. It is therefore usually standardised (DnT) to allow for the fact that most occupied domestic rooms have a reverberation time of about 0.5s. For impact noise, a standardised impact SPL is used - obtained by measurement with a standard source.
3. Noise Sources
3.1 Central Plant
Fans: Primarily resulting from turbulent fluctuations in air pressure, but can also result from vibrations. Axial fans generally have lower noise output than centrifugal fans except at low frequencies. Pumps: Other equipment: Boilers, motors, compressors etc.
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Courseware/Class-design/acoustics.htm
7/24/2005
Page 4 of 6
4. Design Criteria
4.1 Regulations
Noise at Work Regulations - legal duties of employers (and equipment suppliers) to minimize hearing damage. Town and Country Planning Regulations - define environmental assessments for any major projects of more than local importance, or projects in sensitive areas. Detailed Building Regulations - performance criteria by conforming to design or by measurement - but only for housing.
4.2 Houses
For houses, background noise in the house due to external noise sources should be: <35 dB LAeq for the period 23:00 to 07:00 in bedrooms; <40 dB LAeq for the period 07:00 to 23:00 in living and dining rooms; <50 dB LAeq for the period 07:00 to 23:00 in less sensitive rooms. The Building Regulations give acceptable constructions and connections for all parts of the building.
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Courseware/Class-design/acoustics.htm
7/24/2005
Page 5 of 6
This is important, as it has implications for ventilation, and possibly glazing/constructions e.g. near airports or busy roads. Considerations include: external barriers around site - height is critical: note the potential impact on shading; magnitude of noise sources by measurement, or in case of traffic, calculation based on vehicle flow rates, speed, ratio of heavy/light vehicles, road surface, gradient, distance from road to building, screening correction. distance is important: with vegetation and <4m reception point, as high as 7dBA for doubling of distance; with a hard surface or water only 3dBA for a doubling of distance.
SPLr = SPLs - SRI + 10 log10 (Sw / A) where: SPLr is the sound pressure level in receiving room; SPLs is the sound pressure level in source room; SRI is the sound reduction index; Sw is area of separating wall; A is total absorption in receiving room (surface area x average absorption coefficient + absorption of furniture/people, m2). Example calculation for outside noise (to be added) Example calculation for diffuser noise (to be added)
6. Control of Noise
In all cases consider (in order) source, transmission path and receiver.
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Courseware/Class-design/acoustics.htm
7/24/2005
Page 6 of 6
MASS LAW, there will be an increase in sound insulation of about 5dB if the mass/unit area is doubled. The insulation also increases by about 6dB for a doubling of frequency. However, this is only true up to a critical frequency, beyond which there will be a dip in insulation. The critical frequency is about 100Hz for a one-brick wall, 200Hz for a half-brick wall. Critical frequencies in the range 100Hz to 1000Hz should be avoided.
http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Courseware/Class-design/acoustics.htm
7/24/2005