FIRE AND SAFETY INTRODUCTION

Fire & Safety means provides a variety of ancillary fire fighting management system to further aid in minimising the devastating effects of fire to both capital and people. Some of fire extinguishers management include: Fire Extinguishers:

Water SAND Co2 FOM DCP HALON

Accessories consist of:

Fire Blankets Smoke Alarms Couplings Signage Lay flat Hoses

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Safety includes with workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs, which is Superseded by safety developments in these fields. Safety consist of Recognition

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES EXPOSURE LIMITS

Evaluation

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT

Controls

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

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SPILLS AND LEAKS SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Industrial Accident Rate in Andhra Pradesh has come down from 3.04 per thousand in 2001 to 2.64 in 2002. The All India Rate is 11.74.

Enforcement
THE DIRECTORATE OF FACTORIES ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Mandatory rules:

Implementation of Factories 1948 and Rules 1956 Implementation of Payment of Wage Act, 1936 Implementation of the Maternity Benefit Act, 1996 EP Act 1986 and rules.

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Edible Oil & Vanaspati Industry

Parameter Temperature pH Suspended Solids Oil & Grease BOD at 27oC, 3 days COD Waste Water discharge (I) Solvent extraction (ii) Refinery / vanaspati

Concentration not to exceed Not more than 5oC above ambient temperature of the recipient waterbody. 5. -- 8.5 150 mg/l 20 mg/l 100 mg/l 200 mg/l

2.0 m3/tonne of product oil 2.0 m3/tonne of product (refined oil/vanaspati) (iii) Integrated unit of solvent extraction 4.0 m3/tonne of refined oil / & refinery / vanaspati vanaspati produced. (iv) Barometric cooling water / 15.0 m3/tonne of refined oil / deodoriser water vanaspati

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Note : i. ii. iii. The above standards will be applicable to wastewater from processors and cooling. BOD shall be made stringent upto 30 mg/l if the recipent fresh water body is a source of drinking water supply. The standards for boiler emissions shall be applicable as notified under GSR 176(E), April 2, 1996.

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Welfare measures for the industrial workers

Ameliorative measures: The Department by using its good offices is requesting the management to extend liberal ameliorative measures like payment of exgratia, provision of jobs to the dependents, education to children etc.

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Welfare amenities: The Department ensures provision of canteens in factories employing 250 or more workers, Rest Sheds in factories employing 150 or more, Creches in factories employing more than 30 women workers, Ambulance Rooms with Doctors in factories employing 500 or more workers, Safety officers in factories employing 1000 or more and in other notified factories and Welfare Officers in factories employing 500 or more. Safety training programmes and free medical health camps under special drives, undertaken at periodical intervals.

EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY PROFILE IN INDIA

India is one of the world's leading producers of oil seeds and oil, contributing to 9.3% of world oilseed production. It produces the largest number of commercial varieties of oil seeds over nearly 28.4 million hectares of land. The major edible oils produced in India are groundnut, rapeseed, Soya, cottonseed, sesame seed, castor seed, sunflower, safflower etc. India is the fourth largest oilseed producing country in the World next to USA, China, and Brazil, harvesting about 25 million tons of oilseeds per annum. The edible oil sector occupies a distinct position in Indian economy, as it provides job to millions of people, achieves on an average a domestic turn over of about US $ 10 billion per annum and earns foreign exchange of US $ 90 million per annum. Soybean is the third largest oilseed crop in India next to Groundnut & Mustard and accounts for 25% of the total oilseeds produced in the country in a year. Soya oil contributes about 10% of total vegetable oils produced in the country. Groundnut is the most widely consumed and traded edible oil determining edible oil economics. India is the worlds second largest producer of groundnut, next only to China. But groundnut being primarily a Kharif (monsoon) crop is vulnerable to vagaries of monsoon and also speculative activities. In 1996, the Government set up a Technology Mission on oil seeds, to increase production of other oil seeds and oil, and to reduce dependence on imports. The strategy followed was: To increase productivity with better farm inputs and practices. To increase area under oilseed crop. To encourage winter (Rabi) oilseed crops. This led to a sharp increase in oilseed production driven mainly by rapeseed, sunflower, castor seed and Soya Oil seed production jumped from 6.1mn ton in the
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mid 80's to around 22mn ton currently. India is today worlds third largest producer of rapeseed and cottonseed and the largest producer of castor seed. Timely and adequate rain is expected to result in an all time high oilseed production of 142.4 lakh tonnes during the current year as compared to earlier record of 132.3 lakh tonnes in 1998-99 and 88.1 lakh tonnes for the year 2002-03 estimated. The total oilseeds crop (inclusive of nine major oilseeds and also copra and cottonseed) for this kharif season is estimated at 207.2 lakh tonnes giving marketable surplus for crushing 154.8 lakh tonnes and Kharif Oil availability 47.3 lakh tonnes compared to last year 140.5 , 100.9 and 33.1 lakh tonnes respectively. According to trade estimates during the 2003-04 season, Gujarat is expected to top the kharif groundnut oilseed production at 33 lakh tonnes in shell out of the total 56 lakh tonne (in shell) estimate. Madhya Pradesh is expected to produce 42 lakh tonnes of Soya bean , followed by Maharashtra at 18.70 lakh tonne of the total expectation of 68.5 lakh tonne Soya bean production. Total production of Sunflower seed is expected to be 2.7 lakh tonne, torai at 1.5 lakh tonne, sesame seed at 3.8 lakh tonne, castor seed at 6.7 lakh tonne, niger seed at 0.7 lakh tonne, cottonseed at 46.5 lakh tonne (marketable surplus) and copra at 6.5 lakh tonne. Based on the marketable surplus and oil recovery rates, the total oil availability of this kharif crop is estimated at 47.4 lakh tonnes, as against previous kharif's 33.10 lakh tonne. The highest oil will be recovered from groundnut and Soya bean, both at 10.5 lakh tonne each, followed by rice bran oil at 6.5 lakh tonne, cottonseed oil at 5.2 lakh tonne and copra at 4.2 lakh tonne. Rest will be recovered from balance oilseed crops. Indias winter groundnut output is expected to top 5.5 million tones with the crop in good shape after sufficient rains. Incessant rain for a week in the groundnutgrowing region of western Gujarat had threatened to damage the crop, but the rains have since stopped. Saurashtra grows nearly half of Indias winter groundnut-crop, which is sown in May-June and harvested in October-November. Groundnut output in the 2002 winter season fell to 3.03 million tonnes, by the countrys worst draught in 15 years. Besides the normal monsoon, attractive oilseed prices in the last season had prompted farmers to allot more land to groundnuts. A larger area of Southern Andhra Pradesh, which grows nearly 20% of Indias winter groundnut, was being used for the cultivation of the oilseed.

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STRUCTURE OF EDIBLE oil INDUSTRY

Structure of edible oil industry consist of two wings 1. OIL MILLING 2. CRUDE OIL REFINING.

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CRUDE OIL REFINING

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OPERATION OF THE EDIBLE OIL INDUSTRY

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Edible oil operation consists:

Production of animal oils and fats: 1.1.1. Marine oils 1.1.2. Animal Fats 1.2. Production of fruit oils: 1.2.1. Olive oil 1.2.2. Palm oil 1.3. Production of seed oils 1.3.1. Seed preparation 1.3.2. Expanding and expelling 1.3.3. Solvent extraction 1.3.4. Meal desolventizing, toasting, drying & cooling

INDUSTRY PROCESSING

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EDIBLE

OILS & FATS REFINING

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The most frequent and important application of oily seeds and natural fats is by far in the field of edible products.

Two refining methods are available basically: ALKALI REFINING (or classic chemical refining) PHYSICAL REFINING

In comparing the two refining systems, the following facts should be considered:

REFINING METHOD
Applicability Final quality and keep ability Oil yield Degumming requirements Bleaching agent By-products Effluents waters

CHEMICAL
Almost no limit Good to excellent Standard

PHYSICAL
Not recommended for some oils and fats Some reserves on keepability Higher

---Standard Diluted soapstocks Higher quantity, pollution

Very critical

higher
Fatty acids and deodorizing distillates Lower quantity/Minor pollution

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ALKALI REFINING: This refining process can treat almost any kind of edible oils and fats but it involves the produc- tion of soapstocks and has a refined oil yield lower than the one physically obtainable even if of more stable quality in the time. The standard steps in this refining process are: NEUTRALIZATION COMBINED NEUTRALIZATION AND DEWAXING (for sunflowerseed, corn and a few other oils) BLEACHING DEODORIZING

NEUTRALIZATION In case of small capacities, batch or semi continuous plants (based on repeated runs) are proposed. Starting from 50 ton/d, fully continuous plants are recommended using centrifugal separators. The ideal continuous process foresees the use of three centrifuges (one neutraliza- tion stage plus two washing stages), but modern plants normally use two separators only, with the following process steps:

ACIDCONDITIONING REFINING WASHING DRYING

The acid conditioning is normally using food grade phosphoric acid for removing phosphatides that will be mixed with soapstocks and discharged.

In case phosphatides have to be recovered, a preliminary water degumming is necessary. Metering pumps with double head or flowrate controllers enable to dose the lye and the process water at the wanted rate and concentration.

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COMBINED NEUTRALIZATION & DEWAXING: Some vegetable oils, mainly sunflower seed oil and corn oil, contain waxes that give the oil an unpleasant cloudiness when cooled down to temperatures available in domestic refrigerators. In order to avoid this problem, it is necessary to submit the oils to a DEWAXING treatment. The WET DEWAXING, carried out in fully continuous operation by using centrifugal separators and combined with the neutralization step, can be made in two different ways: COLD REFINING WET DEWAXING

COLD REFINING: Generally used for good quality sunflower seed oils with low acidity, it involves the following steps by using two centrifugal separators only: ACID CONDITIONING COOLING & CRYSTALLIZING COLD REFINING & DEWAXING HOT WASHING VACUUM DRYING (optional)

In this process the soap stocks and the waxes are mixed and removed at the same time.

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NEUTRALIZATION & DEWAXING: WET DEWAXING Generally used for poor quality sunflowerseed and corn oils, it involves the following steps by using three centrifugal separators: ACID CONDITIONING HOT REFINING (soapstocks removal) COOLING & CRYSTALLIZING DEWAXING (WAX REMOVAL) HOT WASHING VACUUM DRYING In this process the soapstocks and the waxes are separately removed by means of two centrifugal separators. In both systems (cold refining and wet dewaxing) the oil is cooled at 7 8C and then sent to crystallizers where it remains from 8 to 12 hours. In order to reduce the oil viscosity without dissolving the formed crystals, a light increase of the oil temperature up to 15C is carried out before sending it to the dewaxing separator. A typical flowdiagram of the dewaxing stage is shown below: by coupling the same with the flowdiagram of the refining plant on the previous page, a typical combined hot refining and wet dewaxing plant is obtained as final result.

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BLEACHING: Bleaching basically consists of impurities and colouring matter are

adsorption by means of bleaching agents: this operation is carried out under vacuum. Bleaching earths (acid activated or not) of different grades and types typically used as adsorbing agents. Although the purpose of bleaching is to improve the colour of the oil, it is actually a refining step that removes many impurities, mainly soaps remained in the oil after alkali refining and phosphatides. Fully continuous plants are available for capacities of 25 t/d upwards: the operation is rigorously continuous in the bleaching step proper, while filtration is semi-continuous in the sense that there is one filter in operation while the second one is being regenerated (sometimes one filter only is used, stopping the plant during the regeneration phase of the filter). The filters are generally of vertical shape, equipped with stainless steel pressure leaves and discharged automatically by a vibrator (the whole operation can be automated, of course). The flowdiagram of a typical continuous bleaching plant is shown here below.

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DEODORIZING: Besides batch deodorizers for small capacities, GIANAZZA International supplies fully continuous deodorizers (of superposed trays type), in a wide range of capacities, from 20 to 1000 t/d. Alternative technologies (packed column) are available for special cases. The standard plant is called DOVERT CS; DOVERT CSV represents an alternative and more sophisticated model, while the model DOVERT TR is semicontinuous, fully automatic operating, particularly appreciated by the margarine producers.

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PHYSICAL REFINING: Physical refining basically consists in the removal of fatty acids by steam distillation under vacuum, which involves the following advantages: Higher yield of refined product; No soapstocks formation; Lower quantity of polluted effluents; Lower refining costs. Nevertheless, it must be emphasized that not all types of oil can be satisfactorily refined by physical system. Generally speaking, physical refining is successful with some specific oils, typically PALM OIL, OLIVE OIL and LAURIC OILS while, on other oils, it can be successful only provided that a very effective pre-treatment is carried out, capable of drastically removing the phosphorus and heavy metals. In most cases a versatile combined alkali/physical refining plant may be the best solution. Physical refining normally involves the following steps: Degumming Dry Degumming & Bleaching (DDB)

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 Stripping/Deodorizing DEGUMMING It is the most critical stage of the whole process. By using two centrifugal separators it is generally possible to reduce the phosphorous content down to 30 ppm or less. The target for a successful physical refining (5 ppm phosphorus) is reached by the further treatment.

DRY DEGUMMING & BLEACHING (DDB) This is a modified bleaching, in which a preliminary oil treatment with a food grade acid is carried out before the bleaching agent addition (the plant must be entirely made of stainless steel). STRIPPING/DEODORIZING From the point of view of construction and dimensions, a stripper/deodorizer is practically the same as a simple deodorizer. Differences concern mainly the operating conditions namely: absolute pressure, temperature and quantity of stripping steam. The plant, called PHYSITRON, in case of physical refining is very similar to the deodorizing DOVERT plant described in the alkali refining section. Also for the PHYSITRON plant three models are available: PHYSITRON CS: for fully continuous operation with superposed trays; PHYSITRON CSF: equipped with structured packing stripping COLUMN; PHYSITRON TR: fully automatic semi-continuous stripper/deodorizer. In case of PALM OILS and some LAURIC OILS,due to the low content of phosphatides, the pre-treatment only consists of a dry degumming & bleaching.In

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case of SUNFLOWERSEED OIL and other oils containing waxes, the degumming step should be executed on cold oil in order to contemporaneously carry out also dewaxing.

COMPLEMENTARY PROCESSES: Besides the processes previously described as basic steps in any refining line, some complementary processes are often involved in production of edible oils and fats even if they cannot be exactly defined as refining stages. Among these processes, it is worth mentioning: Water degumming & lecithin drying Dewaxing (by filtration) and polishing dewaxing Winterization Dry fractionation Hydrogenation Chilling & plastifying Soap stocks acidulation Different solutions are available according to the product type, capacity, quality requirements, etc.

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WATER DEGUMMING & LECITHIN DRYING: Some crude oils like soybean oil and sunflowerseed oil containing important quantities of hydra- table phosphatides, are generally submitted to water degumming. This process enables to recover, at the same time, a valuable product such as lecithin. The product discharged from the centrifugal separator is an aqueous slurry typically containing Phosphatides: 33%Entrained oil: 17%Water: 50% It is dried under vacuum (usually in a thin film evaporator) up to a residual moisture content in the range of 12%. A continuous plant is shown in the following diagram.

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DEWAXING BY FILTRATION: Dewaxing by filtration is an alternative process to dewaxing by centrifugal separator (cold refining or wet dewaxing). It is not recommended when the waxes content in the oil is rather high (over 600 ppm) but, on the other hand, the process has a good or very good efficiency and can grant a lower cold test (24 h at 0C or even more stringent). The process needs to use filter aid, both for precoating of the filter pressure leaves and as continuous addition. The oil is cooled down to 78C and grained for 8 up to 12 h in vertical crystallizers equipped with stirring system, before filtration. The loss is generally in the range of 2 kg of oil per 1 kg of filter aid being used (or 10 x waxes %). POLISHING DEWAXING Oils which have been dewaxed in the neutralizing stage (e.g. sunflowerseed, corn oil etc.) generally require a final wax removal in order to comply with most restrictive cold test requirements (24 h at 0C plus 72 h at room temperature or 48 h at 0C or similar). This operation is called Polishing- Dewaxing. The operating principle of the plant is similar to the dewaxing already described, but it is usually carried out after deodorization and needs lower quantities of filter aid (0,10,2% max).

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Depending on the use of one or two filters, the plant runs in semi- continuous or fully continuous operation respectively; in most cases one filter only is used.

WINTERIZATION: This process is similar to dewaxing, but it is destined to separate the solid triglycerides contained in the refined oil, instead of waxes. This operation involves: A longer retention time to facilitate the crystals growth (up to 24 h or more); A special type of filter (called WINTERPRESS) with high cake capacity and equipped with heated frames so that the cake is discharged by melting without opening the filter. This process is particularly used for cottonseed oil destined to the production of salad oil, but it can also be used for other oils (olive husk, sunflowerseed, corn).

DRY FRACTIONATION: This process, mainly used for palm oil, is designed to separate the feedstock into two fractions, the so called OLEIN (fluid fraction) and STEARIN (hard fraction) without adding any chemical or solvent or catalyst.

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The fatty matter is cooled according to a prefixed program of temperature reduction, so that crystals can form and grow before being filtered in a continuous rotary filter operating under vacuum, or in a membrane filter press to squeeze the cake properly. An olein yield up to 80% with 5658 I.V. can be obtained. By executing a refractionation in a further step, a super olein can be obtained with I.V. up to 65 and very low cloud point from 2 to 4 C, of course with a lower yield (in the range of 50%). The plant is normally provided with a fully computerized control system. HYDROGENATION: This process is used for hardening the natural oils in order to produce solid or semisolid edible fats, in particular margarine and shortening. Hydrogen with high purity (99,9%) and nickel catalyst are necessary.The proposed process is normally batch, with operating pressures from 0,5 to 5 bar max and tem- peratures in the range of 180 to 220C.The plant can be equipped with partial or integral heat recovery system (in this case there is no steam consumption). TYPES OF REACTOR The Gianazza reactor uses a special type stirrer (particularly designed for gas-liquid reactions in presence of suspended solid catalyst), capable of obtaining the recirculation of gas in the liquid mass without any compressor nor any other external circulation device. In alternative, plants based on the Loop Reactor technology can be supplied. Neutral oils and fats can be hydrogen- ated totally or selectively to any desired I.V. Computerized instruments are avail- able to pre-set and automatically stop the injection of hydrogen as soon as the prefixed quantity and therefore the wanted I.V. are reached. In order to completely remove the nickel catalyst, a post bleaching treatment is normally carried out. Standard capacities cover the range from 10 to 200 t/d.

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CHILLING & PLASTIFYING: The Gianazza TURBOFRIGOR is a conti- nuously operating cylindrical scraped cooler/crystallizer, in which the product flows into an annular section, the outer surface being permanently scraped by several knives mounted on a central rotor. The external jacket is cooled by an evaporating frigorific fluid. One or more cooling tubes can be used in series, normally combined with one or more plastifying tubes (equipped with a special type comb stirrer). The Turbofrigor is used for a wide range of plastified fats, shortening, ghee, etc. SOAPSTOCKS ACIDULATION: Soapstocks proposed. In some cases (mainly for cottonseed soapstocks) it is recommended to carry out a total and complete saponification of the fatty matters in order to obtain, after acidulation, crude fatty acids with 9095% FFA. are transformed into acid oils by means of acidulation with

sulphuric acid. According to the capacity, batch or fully continuous plants can be

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ACIDS OILS obtained by a standard acidulation are normally submitted to splitting in high pressure vessels, in order to produce crude fatty acids with a FFA content ranging between 94 and 96% or more, to be sent to final distillation. The main problems of this process are: corrosion due to the use of sulphuric acid: for this reason the vessels are made of plastic material; Effluent water with very low pH and high C.O.D. levels.

TRANSPORT OF PRODUCTS
The international in oils and fats increases every year in volume and density. It included 18 million tones of shipped cargo in 1984. The system involved in bringing the products from the harvest to the end user is complex, and inevitably a number of independent management is involved in processing, storage and transport. It is clearly in the interest of all parties involved that any deterioration of the products should be minimized. To this end a number of trade associations have published advice for the benefit of their members. Individual sources are available however incomplete and it is therefore proposed by PORIM at the 1983 AOCS world conference on the processing of oils and fats at the Hague, that an attempt should be made to compile and bring up to date the material into a single reference document. STORAGE INSTALLATIONS AND TRANSPORT: A) STORAGE TANKS: The most suitable shape is the vertical circular cross section tank with selfsupporting fixed roof, preferably convex in shape. The tall, narrow tanks are preferred, to minimize exposed surface areas. Tank bottoms should be conical or sloped to be self-draining. The below figure shows the typical type of storage tank.

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For each installation, the storage capacity needs to be related to the expected storage period, the rate of turnover and the number of different products to be handled. The following sizes are suggested: For refineries or end users, the capacity of storage tank should be small, and it is desirable to have a number of tanks ranging from 200-1000 tonnes. For export and import tank farms, suitable capacities for the various products are: Crude liquid oils, 1000-5000 tonnes. Crude non-liquid oils and refined oils, 500-2000 tonnes. High melting fats such as palm stearin, tallow, hydrogenated oils 500-1000 tonnes B) PIPE LINES: At ship loading, pipe lines should reach the bottom of the ship tanks. There should be a proper drain-out pipeline at the base of each tank so that it can be completely drained.

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Loading and Unloading: The various products should be heated up to the temperature which is shown in the below table. The heating up should be start at a time calculated to give required pumping temperature without ever exceeding the maximum rate of 50c/24 hr. if steam is used , the steam pressure should not exceed 1.5 kg/cm 2 guage to prevent localized over-heating. The lower temperature applied to soft grades and the higher temperature applied to hard grades.

The temperatures during storage and transportation

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The temperatures are chosen to minimize the damage to the oil. Some crystallization will occur, but not so much as to require excessively long before delivery.

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Loading and Unloading sequence: Where a number of products are unloaded through a common pipe line system, the system must be cleared between different products or grades. The order of loading or discharge must be carefully chosen to minimize the consequence of contamination.

The following principles should be observed: Fully refined oils before partly refined. Partly refined oils before crude oils. Edible oils before technical grades. Fatty acids or acid oils should be pumped last. Special care should be taken to prevent contamination lauric and non-lauric oils.

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MACHINERY
The machinery used in producing edible oils in the industry is discussed briefly about their specifications, features, operation and types of machinery used are listed below. a) Oil Mills: We are instrumental in manufacturing and supplying wide range of oil mils. These Oil Mills are also known as screw press. These Oil Mills machines are widely used for processing Neem seeds, Astor, maize germs, Mahua and mustard seeds. Availability of these products is in capacity range from 5-100 TPD. All the manufacturing process are done under the supervision of our expert teams, thus we offer defect free products

Features: Precise engineering Robust construction Sound performance.

b) Solvent Extractor: This process basically consist of two steps that includes oil cake preparation which is suitable for removal oil extraction and defatted meal production the another steps includes extracted material hexane extraction. Manufacturing unit is installed with all latest equipment and machines that help us to increase our productivity without

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affecting our quality. Types: Hexane recovery Extraction Distillation Desolventiser

c) Physical & Chemical Refinery:

We are leading names in the field of offering precision designed and manufactured range of physical and chemical refineries for edible oils. The refining of vegetable oil is necessary process for removing of gums, waxes, phosphatides as well as free fatty acid from oil as well as impart to the oil uniform color through removal of coloring pigments and also getting rid of unpleasant smell from oil through removal of odiferous matter. The processing plants offered by us are developed to match up with the demands of physical refining of oil through process where the process uses lower boiling point of FFA as compared to boiling point of triglyceride oil. Its a process after pretreatment where oil is deodorized and physically refined.

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These physical refining systems ensure Free Fatty Acid (F.F.A.) present in oils is distilled off at high temperatures and high vacuum. Other than this, we also hold expertise in offering Chemical Refining Plants that involve process comprising neutralization of crude oil through removing fatty acids by mixing it with caustic soda. The process involves heating oil to around 60oC and stirring oil by stirrer where the fatty acids are settled at bottom in form of alkali soaps called soap stock and is taken out into soap tank. d) Palm Oil Mill: With the assistance of a diligent workforce and innovative production techniques, we are able to provide a quality range of palm oil mills. With our state-of-the-art infrastructure a team of experienced oil technologists we ensure only high grade palm oil machines are provided to our clients. During the manufacturing process of Palm Oil Mills and machines are checked after each step of manufacture, thus these products match the international quality in the market. &

Process includes: Clarification and Purification of the oil FFB reception, transfer and storage Palm Oil Fruit, under favorable conditions of climate, provides the highest yield of all oil bearing plants Stripping The depericarping and kernel recovery station comprising depericarping To prevent damage to Palm Fruit, it is a common practice to process fresh fruit bunches (FFB) instead of stripped fruit

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COMPANY PROFILE

Louis Dreyfus Commodities India Private Limited

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ABOUT LOUIS DREYFUS COMMODITIES:

A vital player in the global food chain, Louis DreyfusCommodities is a world leader in the processing of agricultural products and the merchandising of a diverse range of commodities. The Group is privately held by the Louis-Dreyfus family, controlled by the Robert Louis-Dreyfus trust and approximately 20% employee-owned. Founded and based in Europe, LDC enjoys strong regional presence in North and South America, Europe, Asia, the Middle-East and Africa. Thriving relationships are our lifeblood, each developed for mutual success. A solid global customer base confirms our reputation every day, as do our deep, durable working relations with the worlds farming communities. Together, we produce resources of fundamental importance for this planet. After 100 years of presence in India, Louis Dreyfus Commodities India was reestablished in 1997.Being a 100% subsidiary of Louis Dreyfus Commodities Group, LDCI is spread across 17 locations in India : Gurgaon - Head Office Bangalore- Coffee Platform Kandla- Refinery Krishnapatnam- Refinery Ahmedabad- Cotton Platform Aurangabad- Cotton Platform Guntur- Cotton Platform Coimbatore- Cotton platform Ujjain/Bioara- Oil Platform Punjab & Haryana- Oil Platform/Cotton Platform Bhopal- Grains Platform/Oil Seeds Platform Lucknow- Grains Platform Mumbai- Sugar Platform Adilabad-Cotton Platform

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The Groups diversification and environmentally-sound, socially-responsible expansion strategy has enabled it to post outstanding, sustainable year-on-year growth, with eleven major trade flows covered: Sugar, Vegetable Oils, Soybean, Rape Seed, Wheat, Research, Rice, Corn, Cotton, Coffee, Ocean Freight. Commitment of LDC towards sustainable development and building stable, long-term partnerships is a core priority. We are continually building our Sustainability Process as part of our goal of Value Creation with regard to the Groups role in its Social and Environmental sphere of influence.

COMPANY VALUES
Louis Dreyfus Commodities strong, long-standing corporate identity and values have been built ever since the founding of the Group over 150 years ago. They are constantly evolving and disseminated to ensure the successful integration of new employees.

DIVERSITY

We promote respect for each individual, varied approach to problemsolving and honest communication between employees among geographies, cultures and functions, contributing to the development of the communities where we operate.

COMMITMENT

We build trust-based relationships through consistent ethical personal conduct. We share a passion to better serve our counterparts, better develop our people and deliver superior returns to our shareholders. We share an uncompromising determination to achieve excellence in everything we undertake, respecting the law and the communities where we operate.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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We are entrepreneurial, making fast and clear decisions within our authority and using informed judgment to take measured and controlled risks. We act showing initiative and creativity through energetic and enthusiastic behavior.

HUMILITY

The cycle is not eternal. We create and foster a culture of truth to produce long-term stability and growth. We learn through questioning and feedback. While recognizing that the old way of doing things may still be the best way, we constantly strive to find better solutions and learn from others.

Over time, these values have guided us in decision-making processes both internally as well as with our counterparts. In other words, they have provided the guidelines for our behavior, while enabling us to remain open to constant learning.

CODE OF BUSINESS CONDUCT AND ETHICS

Message from the Chairman LDCommodities is a world leader in the processing of agricultural products and the merchandising of a diverse range of commodities. The Group's diversification and
expansion strategy has enabled it to post outstanding year on year growth. The sustainability of this growth will depend on our capacity to maintain and share our values while deploying our strategy

Many new employees have joined the Group during the last years, as a direct result of our strategic goal to pursue the growth of our asset base. They are increasingly exposed to diverse situations, legislations and cultural environments.

We have set ambitious goals to expand our role in the market place. These goals must be achieved by taking strength from our integrity, and never at the price of compromising with it.

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Our values and employees behavior are a key part of what we bring to our commercial and financial partners when we monetize our expertise. Our success depends on our ability to remain aligned with our
historical ethical standards. To help disseminate them within the Group, they have been formalized in the following Code of Conduct. This code should be complied with by all employees, without prejudice to applicable mandatory legal requirements which by definition must govern all our actions.

Serge Schoen Chairman of the Board and CEO

WORK ENVIRONMENT

The Group strives to build the most appropriate' work environment so that employees may realize their full professional potential in the interest of their future career within the Group as well as in the best interest of the Group and Group Companies. Discrimination including based on
sex, race, origin, religion, age or beliefs, is in contradiction with our values, history, culture and economical interest, and should not be accepted. We aim at creating a safe and healthy work environment for our employees and for third parties invited to access our premises.

PERSONAL CONDUCT
Our individual actions affect the
must: Group's reputation and

standing in the markets and communities where it is active. Accordingly, we

a) act with a high sense of responsibility, loyalty, dignity and respect for our colleagues and business partners, in accordance with our values and

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b) discharge our duties and legal or contractual obligations in compliance with professional standards, the terms and conditions governing them and the Group's and Group Companies' long term interests c) not engage in unfair trade practices; no agreement or understanding having generally prohibited anti-competitive purposes or effects shall be discussed, reached or performed with competitors
Employees are prohibited from making or receiving from customers, suppliers, public officials or any other business relations or partners any inappropriate pecuniary or other benefit and in this respect must always comply with applicable laws and regulations.Gifts and entertainment may be offered and received to strengthen business relationshipsonly if they are of modest value and aligned with local business practice and laws and the policies applicable in the company concerned. In case of any doubt, employees should obtain the management's approval.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
It is critical that we always form a reasoned, independent and informed view on the many issues we need to consider and decide upon in the interest of the Group and the Group.

Companies, Accordingly:
We must avoid engaging directly or through associated parties in actions or with third parties which may not be compatible with the interests or
image of the Group or any Group Company. These include deriving personal benefits from a business decision or action, nepotism, using confidential information for purposes other than the interest of the Group and Group Companies or disclosing such information to associates, family or friends.

Conflicts of interest must be disclosed in due course by the employees to their management. Employees must declare any and all the
transactions in which they are involved directly or through associates, family or legal entities in which they have an interest in or are in the process of entering into with any Group Company whether as partners, clients, suppliers or otherwise. Such transaction must be disclosed and may require the approval of the

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Regional CEO or the Internal Audit Committee in accordance with the Group's Related Party Transactions Policy.

We must refrain from speculating personally in relation with commodities traded by the Group (equity shares in privately held companies, derivatives, cash contracts), and in any case must not engage
into transactions or dealings on the basis of information obtained in connection with our work for the Group.

Employees commit to contribute all of their working hours, professional skills and business relations exclusively to the Group in the
areas where it is active, save where expressly agreed otherwise. Employees must not compete with any Group Company or hold any position as member of the board of directors or of any committee in any company or organization which is a competitor of the Group or a Group Company.

Group Companies' tangible and intangible assets (physical and financial assets, technology, information, research, strategies, name,
image, etc.) must not be used for personal or associated third-party's benefit or outside the scope of the employee's needs for the purposes of carrying out her or his duties for the Group or relevant Group Company.

Exceptions to these rules can only be granted by the Regional CEO or the Group Internal Audit Committee.

COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENT

Sustainable growth is a central issue for each of us and our families, it is also critical to our long term economic interests. We are committed to
environmental responsibility and comply pro-actively with relevant legal and regulatory requirements. We promote the economic development and improvement of the quality of life of the communities where we operate and support actions to this effect. We strongly condemn child or forced labour and

pro-actively apply the UN recommendations in this respect. We promote relations with providers, business partners and operating under the same values sub-contractors

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INFORMATION SECURITY
Information obtained by an employee in relation to work-related activities is strictly confidential and proprietary to the Group, including market positions, financial information, projected strategies and transactions, research data and business intelligence. Employees must always take all necessary steps to protect confidential information, in particular in all public places and in making use of the security codes and software made available to them through the devices and services provided by the Group Companies

COMPANY REPRESENTATION
The only persons with the authority to legally represent any Group Company are those expressly granted such power by applicable law or by relevant powers of attorney complying with Group policies. Employees are prohibited from disclosing
any Group and Group Company related information to the media without the prior approval of the Regional CEO

LAW AND REGULATIONS

Employees should always see that their actions comply with all mandatory laws and regulations of the countries in which it operates. All financial records must be
maintained in accordance with applicable Law and no employee shall participate in the creation of illegal, improper, inaccurate or unreliable records. Whenever an employee

receives a notice or threatened litigation or proceeding from a third party or any communication from legal or regulatory authorities, he must inform the Regional Chief Legal Officer and the direct manager.

CODE APPLICATION

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Questions on the application of this Code of Conduct can be answered by the Human Resources Department, the Legal Department or the Internal
Audit Department.This Code is applicable, subject to its lawfulness and enforceability

under local laws

Working Hours
Corporate/Branch Office Working hours are 9:30 am to 5.30 pm. Working Days are Monday to Friday. Lunch Time is 1.00 pm to 2.00 pm. Refineries/Plants Working hours are 8:30 am to 5.30 pm Working Days are Monday to Saturday. Lunch Time is 1.00 pm to 2.00 pm.

Dress Code
Corporate Office No Formal Dress Code for Corporate and Branch Offices : Smart Casuals Informal Footwear (Slippers, Floaters, etc) are not allowed in the office.

Refineries

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 As laid down by the Plant Head based on company discretion.

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRY

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To evaluate chances of risks of fire hazards. Precautions taking to avoid accidents. Prevent the occurrence of fire and explosion. Regular good maintenance fireman systems, fire exits, fire alarm or suppression system, fire safety equipment, smoke doors, emergency generators, and fire extinguishers. Controlling of fire in industries. Reduce the risk to life caused by fire.

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 Reduce the risk of damage caused by fire to the ship, its cargo and the environment. Contain, control and suppress fire and explosion in the compartment of origin
Evacuation - provide adequate and readily accessible means of escape for

passengers and crew.

SCOPE

OF

FIRE

HAZARDS

AND

RISKS

IN

EDIBLE

OIL

INDUSTRY

High risk area and products have chances occurrence of fire in edible oil industry: 1. Bleaching sand 2. Wax 3. Handling oil drums 4. Boilers 5. Conveyer belt 6. Coal storage area 7. Electrical circuits 8. Diesel tank area

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9. Diesel firing area 10. Hydrogen plant 11. Steam pipe lines 12. Acid oil tank

INTRODUCTION OF FIRE HAZARDS AND RISK IN INDUSTRIES, SAFETY MEASURES

HAZARD is a situation that posses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment. INDUSTRIAL HAZARD may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. SAFETY in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of risk or injury or loss. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial accidents. Safety measures of every company should follow legal and national standards as below:

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Legal Requirements and National Standards:

1. Model Rules of Government of India under Section 7A(3) of the Factories Act, 1948. (State Factories Rules are framed based on the Model Rules)

Rule 82B(5)(e) concerning Health & Safety Policy: The Health & Safety Policy should specify relevant techniques and methods, such as safety audits and risk assessment for periodical assessment of the status on health, safety and environment and taking all the remedial measures. Rule 82G(a) concerning Disclosure of Information to District Emergency Authority: Without prejudice to the generality of clause 82(G), occupier shall furnish the District Emergency Authority a report on status relating to risk assessment and environmental impact assessment and the measures taken for prevention of accidents. Rule 79(7)(e) concerning Safety Committee: Functions and duties of the Safety Committee shall include discussing reports on safety, environmental and occupational health surveys, safety audits, risk assessment, emergency and disaster management plans and implementation of the recommendations made in the reports. Rule 82(A) concerning Site Appraisal Committee: The Format of Application to the site Appraisal Committee under this Rule requires a copy of the Risk Assessment Study as enclosure to the application. 2. The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules (MSIHC), 1989 Rule 10 concerning Safety Reports & Safety Audits Reports: Item 7 of the Schedule 8 under Rule 10(1) requires information on hazard Assessment namely:(a) Identification of hazards (b) The causes of major accidents (c) Assessment of hazards according to their occurrence, frequency, (d) Assessment of accident consequences (e) Safety systems

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(f) Known accident history Item 9 of the same Schedule requires information to be furnished in a Safety Report. This includes information on assessment of the consequences of major accidents, namely:(a) Assessment of the possible release of hazardous chemicals or of energy. (b) Possible dispersion of released chemicals and (c) Assessment of the effects of the releases (size of the affected area, health effects, property damage). 3. Major Accident Hazards Control Model Rules 1997 have the same provisions as MSIHC, 1989 Rules [Some States / Union Territories (eg. Gujarat, Delhi, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan) have notified these Rules under the various Workplace Acts depending on the nature of the workplace. For example the Factories Act, 1948, the Mines Act, 1952 and the The Dock Workers (Safety, Health & Welfare) Act, 1986] 4. Environment Protection Rules, 1986 Schedule II of the Environment Impact Assessment Notification S.O.60(E) dt. 27/01/1994 gives the format for Application (Form A) to be made to Min. of Environment & Forests, GOI for environmental clearance for new projects modifications. This form requires Risk Assessment Report and Disaster Management Plan. National Standards: 1. IS 18001:2000 : Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems Specification with Guidance for Use (Annexure C of this Indian Standards gives Guidance for Hazard Identification and Assessment and Control of Risk). 2. Indian Standard on Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment .

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IMPORTANCE OF FIRE HAZARDS AND RISK IN INDUSTRIES, SAFETY MEASURES

Fire safety is very important in the field of fire fighting and fire prevention. The purpose of fire safety is to eliminate injuries. There are many different forms of safety. There are also safety programs for fire-fighters. The main goals of the safety program consist of preventing damage or loss of equipment, preventing human suffering, casualties, injuries, and exposures to hazardous atmospheres and transmittable diseases.

Involvement in a fire can be a devastating experience and the consequences can be distressing and fatal. It is also important that people retain an adequate level of knowledge about the importance of maintaining functional fire safety equipment.

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The effectiveness of fire safety training is also evident through a dramatic decline in deaths occurring from fires in Industries as a result of increased public safety education and more wide spread use of smoke alarms.

Safety needs to be respected by everyone who works together or else something can go wrong. Fire-fighters have many health considerations. Other considerations even consist of properly cleaning and storing tools and equipment. Fire-fighters also have to keep up with physical fitness also.

All of these things help to maintain a good safety record. The different types of safety consist of being on the apparatus, safety in the fire station, personal safety, tool and equipment safety, safety in training, and emergency scene safety.

ADVANTAGES

The fire safety system is developed with ownership of staff and there is usually a very positive impact on awareness and fire safety culture within the organisation.

This option often adopted by larger firms and organisations relies on the appointment of a fire safety consultant to provide a range of inclusive fire safety management services. These may include definition of policy and procedures and may link this developed strategy with the fire risk.

Assessment process the consultant will prepare a fire safety training regime that reflects the specific fire safety risks of the premises occupied by the

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organisation. The training programme will be based on and analysis of training need and reflect a system for judging competency of trainees to fulfil delegated roles.

Reliability of training of fire safety to company employs in and out of organization.

By conducting regular fire safety audit companies can decrease chances of hazarding to employs,property of company and environment.

DISADVANTAGES

Fewer disadvantages are obvious from this option except for the cost of consultant employment and the down time of the client staff involved in the development of the training regime. It must be accepted that training delivery will have an impact on time utilisation of all staff.

The courses often are very generic and not specific to the risks apparent in the employers business. They can rely on video and other media that may be interesting the first time of watching but become tedious on repeated exposure. Without varied approaches to course development fire safety training can become repetitive and some thin that employees will seek to avoid, totally negating the prime propose of the exercise.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In any work environment where man, machine and material are brought together to produce a product or perform a service, potential conditions may exist which may give rise to accidents. These potential conditions causing accidents at the work place are called as hazards. In order to set realistic goals for accident prevention the organization must identify the hazards prevalent in the workplace and their location and assess the importance and potential effects. Control measures can then be instituted to help reduce risk and potential losses. Thus hazard identification is the first step in the hazard control program. Some general techniques for hazard identification are as follows: Experience Inspection Safety Audit Job Safety Analysis

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What-If Analysis Fault Tree Analysis Event Tree Analysis Hazard Operability Studies

EXPERIENCE Experience is the most fundamental of all methods. Personal experience is important, but this particular section will concentrate on collective experience. One method of building on experience is the safety newsletter approach. Some companies collect and describe accidents and abnormal incidents so that readers can check whether similar circumstances apply to their own units and take corrective action before an accident occurs. Another method of building on experience, used by very large organizations with strong engineering functions, is to use standard designs and keep very careful records. Any defects which develop are analyzed and the standard designs modified to remove or control hazards. A more general method of building on experience is to produce design codes which incorporate the collective experience concerning a particular class of equipment or equipment unique to a particular industry or both (pressure vessels, paper mills, etc.). These design codes are produced by codes writing or standards framing bodies as a collaborative effort by users, suppliers and regulatory bodies. Every effort should be made to prevent the accident. However, if accident occurs it should be investigated to prevent its recurrence. As such accident prevention could be termed as a passive technique of hazard identification since it is conducted only in the aftermath of the accidents. The failure of people, equipment, supplies, or surroundings to behave or react as expected causes most of the accidents. Accident investigations determine how and why these failures occur. By using the information gained through an investigation, a similar or perhaps more disastrous accident may be prevented.

65

Accident investigation needs to be conducted with accident prevention in mind and not to place blame. INSPECTION Inspection is a monitoring function conducted in an organisation to locate and report existing and potential hazards having the capacity to cause accidents in the workplace. Inspection like investigation must be fact-finding and not faultfinding. Its primary purpose is to detect potential hazards so that they can be corrected before an accident occurs. Nearly all management levels and many workers are involved in conducting inspections. Inspections must be carefully thought out and require sound knowledge of the organisation and its processes and equipment; knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes; systematic inspection steps; and methods of reporting, evaluating, and using the data. Types of Inspection Inspections can be classified as one of two types continuous and planned.

Continuous, ongoing inspections Continuous, ongoing inspections are conducted by workers, supervisors and maintenance personnel as part of their job responsibilities. These do not conform to a set schedule, plan, or check-list and are erratic and superficial, that they do not get into out-of-the-way places, and miss too much. The truth is that both continuous and interval inspections are necessary and they complement one another. As part of their job, supervisors make sure that tools, machines and equipment are properly maintained and safe to use and that safety precautions are being observed. Toolroom workers regularly inspect all hand tools to be sure that they are in safe condition. Foremen, Supervisors are often responsible for continuously monitoring the workplace and seeing that equipment is safe and that workers are observing safe practices. Planned Inspection

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This process is what most people regard as "real" safety and health inspection. It is deliberate, thorough, and systematic. Planned inspections permit examination of specific items or conditions. They follow an established procedure and use checklists for routine items. These inspections can be any one of the three types; periodic, intermittent, and general. Periodic Inspection includes those inspections scheduled at regular intervals. They can target the entire plant, a specific area, a specific operation, or a specific type of equipment. Management can plan these inspections weekly, monthly, semiannually, annually, or at other suitable intervals. . Intermittent inspections are those made at irregular intervals. If a particular department or location shows an unusual number of accidents or if certain types of injuries occur with greater frequency, the supervisor or manager should call for an inspection. When construction or remodeling is going on within or around a facility, an unscheduled inspection may be needed to find and correct unsafe conditions before an accident occurs. The same is true when a department installs new equipment, institutes new processes, or modifies old ones, or a new construction site is started. A general inspection is planned and covers places not inspected periodically. This includes those areas no one ever visits and where people rarely get hurt, such as parking lots, sidewalks, fencing, and similar outlying regions. Planning for Inspection Before instituting an inspection program, these five questions should be answered i) What items need to be inspected? ii) What aspects of each item need to be examined? iii) What conditions need to be inspected? iv) How often must items be inspected?

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v) Who will conduct the inspection?

Checklists are effective tools for inspections and can help in follow-up to ensure all hazardous conditions have been corrected. Checklist is the foundation upon which a program of planned inspection is based. It resembles a planned preventive maintenance system and yields many of the same benefits. Management should divide the entire facility - yards, buildings, equipment, machinery, vehiclesinto areas of responsibility. These areas, once determined, should be listed in an orderly fashion. Large areas or departments can be divided into smaller areas and assigned to each first-line supervisor. Once specific areas of responsibility have been determined, managers should develop an inventory of those items that may become unsafe or cause accidents. Checklists are relatively easy to apply and probably will result in the indentification of most of the standard hazards. Checklists usually must be long in order to be comprehensive a disadvantage that can make the application tedious and mechanical. Who Will Conduct the Inspection ? Answering the four previous questions - the items to be inspected, the aspects of each item to be inspected, the conditions to be inspected and the frequency of inspections- will help to determine who is qualified to do the inspection. No individual or group should have exclusive responsibility for all inspections. Some items will need to be inspected by more than one person. For example, while an area supervisor may inspect an overhead crane weekly and maintenance personnel inspect it monthly, the operator of the crane will inspect it before each use. When grinding wheels are received, they are inspected by the store room attendant, but they must be inspected again by the operator before each use. Practical Hints to make Safety Inspections useful:

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A clip board with enough sheets used for noting, makes recording convenient. The inspection should be slow and the inspector should give sufficient time to study each job situation thoroughly. Anticipating the typical findings likely to come across, and having ready-made checklists prepared in advance and readily available for consultation, makes the job easier. The check list helps to ensure that no aspect is left out. Co-operation of workers is important and consulting them is useful. The purpose of the inspections should on no account be treated as a secret or held back from the workmen. Once the inspection is complete, it will be advisable for the inspector to go through the points and whenever in doubt, collect more information. If necessary, a second round can be made. Technical help may be sought from the manager concerned or other experts, whenever needed. Efforts should be made to find out contributory or supplementary causes for unsafe acts/conditions. Inspection reports should be presented in such a way that the reader gets the idea quickly. Vague and general statements are best avoided. So are words like "can be improved" and "proper arrangements". The recommendations should be made known to the persons who are responsiblefor corrective action. In the subsequent inspections, the previous recommendations should be looked into and the new position compared with the old. Whenever recommendations are not implemented, the reasons should be ascertained. Needless to say that senior executives in the company should go through the inspection reports and follow up correction action. Frequency of inspection is determined by five factors: (1) loss severity potential of the problem, (2) injury potential, (3) rate at which the item can become unsafe, (4) past history of failures, and (5) regulatory requirements. SAFETY AUDIT Safety Audit is a systematic, objective and critical appraisal of a company's occupational health systems and safety programmes. It verifies the safety system's ability to achieve defined safety objectives by reviewing the operating procedures, emergency plans, adequacy of maintenance, safety inspection, process hazards,

65

personal protection standards and accident records. It is basically a self-regulatory system adopted by the industry. There are two types of audits, external and internal. External Audits are those carried out by agencies external to the audit organisation. Internal Audits are those carried out by the employees designated by the management for this purpose. Such employees may be selected preferably from amongst not having direct responsibility in the areas being audited nor having responsibility for implementation of recommendations. Objective of a Safety Audit The objective of a safety audit is to critically evaluate the effectiveness of the safety programme being practised in the organisation. It aims at assessing whether the practices being followed comply with the statutory requirements or meet the standard codes of practice. It carries out a systematic and critical appraisal of all potential hazards involving personnel, plant, services and work methods and evaluate the effectiveness of the procedures for controlling them. Above all the audit recommends ways to improve the process and procedures to make the system safer through better management practices. However, safety audit is an effective tool only when its recommendations are accepted and implemented. Elements of an Audit Each safety audit should be conducted under the guidelines of a checklist prepared specifically for the purpose. Following are the broad areas of examination for the audit of any industry/construction establishment: (i) Safety Management (ii) Industrial hazard control (iii) Industrial hygiene (iv) Training (v) Safety promotional activities (vi) Accident reporting, investigation and analysis of records. (vii) Statutory requirements (viii) Fire and explosion hazards (ix) Electrical hazards (x) Chemical hazards (xi) Safety in construction activities (xii) Personal protective equipment Each of the above areas will comprise a number of elements. These elements should find a place in the checklist. An example of such elements in 'Safety.

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Management' may comprise: Safety policy (ii) Safety department (iii) Safety Committees (iv) Standard/ Safe operating procedures (v) Safety manuals (vi) Training at various levels (vii) Plant safety inspections (viii) Accident reporting and investigations (ix) Involvement of top management in safety (x) Medical examination of employees (xi) Assignment of accountability and responsibility. To get an effective feedback from various levels of the management and workers,the top management should instruct the line management to provide all cooperation to the audit team. The audit team should keep the top management informed of the procedure being followed and should involve them in the preparation of the action plan to implement the recommendations. Steps in a Safety Audit The following are the steps that are followed in conducting a safety audit: i) Collection of preliminary information on the process and the safety provisions that are existing, through a pre-audit questionnaire. ii) Preparation of an audit checklist to suit the requirement of the plant to be audited. iii) Field visits - Inspection of various areas discussions with employees at various levels, and examination of documents, procedures and records. iv) Completion of checklist and analysis of the data collected. v) Preparation of the audit report with recommendations vi) Chalking out an action plan in consultation with the management to implement the recommendations. Composition of a Safety Audit Team The Safety Audit Team should be multi-disciplinary. It should consist of persons with wide experience in design, operation, maintenance and safety. For a conventional engineering industry, a team of three to five specialists may be considered adequate. The team should be assisted by a senior manager from the organisation for the purpose of co-ordination. Preparation of Audit Report and Recommendations

65

The audit report may begin with an executive summary of the findings of the audit. This will be followed by the detailed report which may be divided into the following parts: Introduction A brief description of the plant or site under audit Objectives of the audit Methodology. a) Filling up of checklist b) Plant visit c) Perusal of records d) Discussion with management and workers. management principles and indicate the person responsible for implementation of the recommendation and the target date of completion.

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Questioner to the employees

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1. What are the main risks and what can be done? a) SLIPS OR TRIPS b) BURNS c) FIRE HAZARDS d) NONE.

2. How to identify Risk? a) VISIONALIZATIONS OF FIRE NONE b) LEAKAGE OF TANKS c) BOTH a & b d)

3. What elements contribute to fire? a) FUEL, OXYGEN,GAS FUEL d) ALL b) FUEL , OXYGEN, HEAT c) HEAT,WOOD,

4. When should we evacuate industry? a) BEFORE ALARM RINGS b) d) NONE b) AFTER ALARM RINGS c) AFTER FIRE

5. What is meant by PPE? a)PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT b)PROPER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS c) PERSONAL PROTECTIVE ENTERTAINMENT d) ALL

FINDINGS

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 Event trees identify the conditional probability of important conditions (ignition, wind direction). Mapping routes and industrial out ways and safety door and windows mapping at major entrance in and out of industries. Fire safety Training and education to employs Procedures aknowledgement to employs. Safety masks and clothing made complisory systemizing , while coming to work and working. Maintenance and inspection regularly in predefine intervals Communications and instructions of fire safety rules to be maintained by employs.

SUGGESTIONS

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Louis Dreyfus Commodities India Private Limited is an international standard company, which full fills all aspects of fire safety in every step of production. But, to full fill my criteria of submission of project. I am mentioning few special drives of fire safety.

Fire man system is regularizing. Regular maintenances of extinguisher Maintenances of ignition regularly. Sign boards and safety indication boards are placed at high risk areas. Please provide fire man axe at emergency windows. Please provide Breathing apparatus and ELCA sets at plant area and confined space.

Foam type sprinkling system should be placed at Diesel tank area. Employs should be trained fire safety and fire fighting. Maintenance plants in even direction of winds. Suitable label to the chemicals for proper handling.

CONCLUSION

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There should be a committee in each department, responsible for safety in their departments. Every employ should feel highest responsible to safety measures. Systematic training of employees is necessary. Review of industrial safety awareness and recommend suitable improvement measures. Review of safety awareness and safety training requirements of plant employees with respect to hazards present in the plant.

Finally, I conclude this topic Adopted Fire Safety Measures in Edible oil Industries by project that most accidents can be prevented by good management and supervision combined with effective training. Accident prevention is an integral part of running a successful enterprise.

BIBILOGRAPHY

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Australian Bureau of Statistics 2000 , Australian Social Trends: Housing stock: home fire safety, retrieved 10 April 2004

LPS 1204 Requirements for Firms Engaged in the Design, Installation, Commissioning and Servicing of Gas Extinguishing Systems : LPCB (part of BRE Global) Bucknalls Lane,.

Fighting Fires: by Seymour Simon. Burn Unit: Saving Lives After the Flames (Paperback)

by Barbara Ravage. "Fire Protection Engineering" . NASA. 18 December 2006. Cote, Arthur. "History of Fire Protection Engineering" . Fire Protection Engineering. "Historical Sketch of Armour Institute of Technology" . Illinois Institute of Technology. Hazard analysis by HACCP in safety management systems Q.A volume2 pg: 200-2113. Perrys chemical engineering handbook by Robert H.perry Don.W.Green, seventh edition pg:26-49.

Amernic, Jerry, Fire Safety Disaster. Canadian Healthcare Facilities Volume 28 Issue 3, ed Amie Silverwood. Spring 2008, 26.

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WEBOGRAPHY

Association for Specialist Fire Protection: www.asfp.org.uk. Passive Fire Protection Federation: www.pfpf.org Southwales-re:www.southwales-re.gov.uk/English/business_ re_safety/Pages/default.aspx.

Artim, Nicholas. (1993, May). Cultural Heritage Fire Suppression Systems: Alternatives to Halon 1301. WAAC Newsletter, 15-2, 34-36. Retrieved September28, 2008, from http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/waac/wn/wn15/wn152/wn15-209.html

http://www.safercommunitiesscotland.org/. http://www.fireandsafety.com.au/products.html http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_fire/FIRE/Home/Fire+Safety+A cts+and+Rules/

http://dgfasli.nic.in/org_profile/masterdetail2.asp?orgid=1009 http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/departments.asp? dep=23&org=158&category=about

http://www.appcb.ap.nic.in/Env-Standards/category.htm

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