School of Engineering, Dept.

of EE
ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB- EED-204 List of Experiments

1. To Design & measure the frequency response of an RC coupled amplifier using discrete components. 2. Characteristic of FET: FET in common source configuration. Graphical measurement of its parameters gm, rd & from input and output characteristics 3. To design & verify the operation of a Differentiator circuit using 741 op amp and show that it acts as a high pass filter. 4. To design & verify the operation of a Integrator circuit using 741 op amp and show that it acts as a low pass filter. 5. To design & realize using op amp 741 of CMRR & slew rate of 741 op-amps. 6. To design & realize using op amp 741 of Half wave Precision rectifier. 7. To design & realize using op amp 741of RC Phase Shift Oscillator. 8. To design & realize using op amp 741, Wean -bridge oscillator. 9. To design & realize using op amp 741, Square wave generator. 10. To design & realize using op amp 741, Logarithmic amplifier. 11. To design of Operational Amplifier as Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS). 12. To design of Voltage Regulator using IC 723,7805,7905,7812,7912.

(Vakil khan) Lab In-Charge

(Dr. Atul Vir Singh) Faculty Lab In-Charge

Experiment No.1
AIM:- Design & measure the frequency response of an RC coupled amplifier using discrete components.

APPARATUS: BJT BC547, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V Supply, Resistors, Capacitor.

Theory:- Fundamentally, an amplifier is a device that takes in a low power signal and outputs
a magnified (power boosted) version of the input signal. If the output of one amplifier is connected (coupled) to the input of another amplifier, the stages are said to be connected in "cascade" such that it develops an output voltage larger than either stage alone can develop. Generally, at least two or more than two stages are connected in cascade combination. Single amplifier circuits, such as a common emitter, common base and common collector amplifiers are seldom found alone, as a single stage amplifier. The benefit of cascaded amplifiers is to develop an output voltage larger than either stage alone can develop. In fact, the overall gain of the cascaded amplifiers (called system gain) is the product of each individual stage gain:Most amplifiers have relatively constant gain across a range, or band of frequencies. These bands of frequencies are referred to as the bandwidth of the circuit. Bandwidth of an amplifier is a term used to describe the band of frequencies in which it will effectively amplify. A frequency-response curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between amplifier gain and operating frequency. A generic frequency response curve. this particular curve illustrates the relationship between power gain and frequency.

S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Input frequency 10Hz 100 Hz 1000 Hz 10k 100k 1000k 10M

Output amplitude

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Procedure:Apply input by using function generator to the circuit. Observe the output waveform on CRO. Measure the voltage a Output From the readings calculate voltage gain then measure output voltage of first stage calculate voltage gain. Note down various values of gain for different frequencies. A graph is plotted between frequency and voltage gain.

Result: fL (lower 3dB frequency) = . fH (higher 3dB frequency) = . Bandwidth (fH fL) = .

Experiment No.2
AIM:- Characteristic of FET: FET in common source configuration. Graphical measurement of its parameters gm, rd & from input and output characteristics.

APPARATUS: FET, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, Bread board, Resistors,1K, 10K,Capacitor(C1).

Theory :Field-effect transistor : The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that relies on an electric field to control the shape and hence the conductivity of a 'channel' in a semiconductor material. Field-effect transistors are so named because a weak electrical signal coming in through one electrode, creates an electrical field through the rest of the transistor. FET operation : A field effect transistor (FET) is a unipolar device, conducting as current using only one kind of charge carrier. If it is based on an N-type slab of semiconductor, the carriers are electrons. Conversely, a P-type based device uses only holes. At the circuit level, field effect transistor operation is simple. A voltage applied to the gate, input element, controls the resistance of the channel, the unipolar region between the gate regions. Generally two types of FET are used: (1) Junction field effect transistor (JFET), (2) Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET).

Observation table :

Procedure:(1) Connect the circuit for on a breadboard. (2) Connect the input terminal of the function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3) Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4) Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper.

Result

Experiment No.3
AIM: Verify the operation of a differentiator circuit using 741 op amp and show that it acts as a high pass filter.

APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V Supply, Resistors(R1,Rf) 1K, 10K,Capacitor(C1). THOERY: A differentiator gives the derivative of input voltage as output. A differentiator using passive components resistors and capacitors is a high pass filter. The circuit is shown .It acts as a differentiator only when the time constant is too small. The voltage at output is proportional to the current through the capacitor. The current through the capacitor can be expressed as C dvin/dt. The output is taking across the resistor. So output will be RC dvin/dt. Thus differentiation of input takes place. When a square wave is applied at the input, during the positive half cycle capacitor charges. So initially the voltage across the resistor will be the applied voltage. As the capacitor charges, the voltage across resistor decreases. .

Where, fa = 1/ 2Rf C1 (frequency at which gain is 0 dB) & fb = 1/ 2R1 C1 (Gain limiting frequency)

With in frequency range f to fb gain increases at 20 dB/decade

Procedure:(1) Connect the circuit for differentiator on a breadboard.
(2) Connect the input terminal of the op-amp to function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3) Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4) Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper. (5) Similarly you can use different combinations of R & C. Calculation:

Result

Experiment No. 4
AIM:- Verify the operation of a Integrator circuit using 741 op amp and show that it acts as a
low pass filter. APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V supply, Resistors(R1,Rf) 1K, 10K,Capacitor(C1)1f. THOERY: Now consider the case of integrator. It is a low pass filter. Here the time constant of the circuit should be very large. Here output is taking across the capacitor. As the input square wave is applied, during the positive half cycle the voltage across capacitor increases from zero, to the maximum (peak value of applied voltage). During the n half cycle, the capacitor starts to discharge and comes to zero. This process repeats for the remaining cycles and a triangular wave is obtained ergative

Where Fa= 1/ 2Rf C1 (Gain limiting frequency) & Fb = 1/ 2R1 C1 (frequency at which gain is 0 dB) With in frequency range fa to fb circuit works as integrator

Procedure:(1) Connect the circuit for differentiator on a breadboard.

(2) Connect the input terminal of the op-amp to function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3) Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4) Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper. (5) Similarly you can use different combinations of R & C. Calculation:

RESULT:

Experiment No. 5
AIM:- To Design & realize using op amp 741 of CMRR & slew rate of 741 op-amps.
APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V supply, Resistors(R1,R2) 100, 100K,. THOERY: The CMRR of an op-amp is the ratio off differential voltage gain to common mode voltage gain. slew rate is the maximum rate at which the output voltage can be distorted

Procedure:(1).Connect the circuit for on a breadboard. (2).Connect the input terminal of the function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3). Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4). Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper. RESULT:

Experiment No.6
AIM:- To Design & realize using op amp 741 of Half Wave Precision Rectifier.
APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords, Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, Bread board, Diode. THOERY: Typically, the precision rectifier is not commonly used to drive analogue meter movements, as there are usually much simpler methods to drive floating loads such as meters. Precision rectifiers are more common where there is some degree of post processing needed, feeding the side chain of compressors and limiters, or to drive digital meters. There are many applications for precision rectifiers, and most are suitable for use in audio circuits. A half wave precision rectifier is implemented using an op amp, and includes the diode in the feedback loop. This effectively cancels the forward voltage drop of the diode, so Very low level signals (well below the diode's forward voltage) can still be rectified with minimal error.

Procedure:(1).Connect the circuit for on a breadboard. (2).Connect the input terminal of the function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3).Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4).Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper.

RESULT:

Experiment No. 7
AIM:- To Design & realize using op amp 741 of RC Phase Shift Oscillator.
APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board, 12V supply, Resistors(R, Rf) 1K, 10K, Capacitor(.01f). THOERY: RC phase shift oscillator is a sinusoidal oscillator used to produce sustained well shaped sine wave oscillations. It is used for different applications such as local oscillator for synchronous receivers, musical instruments, study purposes etc. The main part of an RC phase shift oscillator is an op amp inverting amplifier with its output fed back into its input using a regenerative feedback RC filter network, hence the name RC phase shift oscillator. The feedback network offers 180 degrees phase shift at the oscillation frequency and the op amp is configured as an Inverting amplifier, it also provide 180 degrees phase shift. Hence to total phase shift around the loop is 360=0degrees, it is essential for sustained oscillations.

Frequency of oscillation(F): F =1/2RC

Procedure:(1).Connect the circuit for on a breadboard. (2).Connect the input terminal of the function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3).Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4).Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper.

RESULT:

Experiment No. 8
AIM:-To Design & realize using op amp 741, Wean -bridge oscillator.
APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V supply, Resistors(R,Rf) 1K, 10K,Capacitor(C).

THOERY: The Wien Bridge is one of the simplest and best-known oscillators and is basically used extensively in circuits for audio applications. Figure1 shows the wien bridge circuit configuration. On the positive side, this circuit has only a few components and good frequency stability. Because of its simplicity and stability, it is the most commonly used audio-frequency oscillator.
In the figure1 shown the Wien Bridge circuit is connected between the amplifier input terminals and the output terminal. The bridge has a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in the adjoining arm. In the remaining two arms of the bridge, resistor R3 and Rf are connected. The phase angle criterion for oscillation is that the total phase shift around the circuit must be 0. This condition occurs only when the bridge is balanced, that is at resonance. The frequency of oscillation Fo is exactly the resonant frequency of the balanced wien bridge and is given by

Fo = 1/2 RC = 0.159 / RC

Procedure:(1).Connect the circuit for on a breadboard. (2).Connect the input terminal of the function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3).Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4).Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper.

RESULT:

Experiment No.9
AIM:- To design & realize using op amp 741, Square wave generator.
APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V supply, Resistors(R1,R2,R3,R4) 1K, 10K,Capacitor(C1). THOERY: Square wave is generated when op-amp is forced to operate in saturation region. i.e. the Output of op-amp is forced to swing respectively between +Vsat & -Vsat resulting in generation of square wave. The square wave generator is also called free running generator or Astable multivibrator assuming the voltage across capacitor C1 is zero at the instant the DC supply voltage at +Vcc & -Vcc are applied. Initially the capacitor acts as a short circuit. The gain of op-amp is very large hence drives the output of op-amp to its saturation. This square wave generator is like the Schmitt trigger circuit in that the reference voltage for the comparator action depends on the output voltage. This circuit is also classified as an astable multivibrator. A wide range square wave generator using IC uA741 is shown here. The circuit uses positive feedback for Schmitt trigger action and negative feedback for timing of the wave form. Let us presume that the output is high and the capacitor C1 is fully discharged.C1 now starts charging via R2 and R1.When the voltage across C1 rises above that the Junction of R3 & R4,the output quickly switches to fully negative voltage.C1 now starts discharging and charges in the opposite direction.Again,when the negative voltage across C1 falls below that at pin 3,the circuit switches back quickly to the fully positive output value. The cycle repeats endlessly.

Procedure:(1).Connect the circuit for on a breadboard. (2).Connect the input terminal of the function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3).Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4).Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper. RESULT:

Experiment No. 10
AIM:- To design & realize using op amp 741, Logarithmic amplifier.
APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V supply, Resistors(R1,) 1K, ,Diode. THOERY: : An electronic component that has a logarithmic relationship between the voltage applied to it and the current flowing through it. Such a component is the semiconductor diode, which can be used as a feedback element as shown to the right. The semiconductor diode has the property that the current through it increases exponentially as the applied voltage increases linearly. In general use, this means that a silicon diode experiences an internal voltage drop of about 0.65 to 0.7 volt for a reasonable circuit current range. (For germanium diodes, it is about 0.3 volt.) However, it also means that the voltage will increase logarithmically if we control the applied current rather than the voltage. This is the normal behavior of the operational amplifier, so this is a highly practical method of generating a logarithm. In the circuit shown, the applied input voltage must be positive, and the output voltage will be a negative logarithmic representation. Mathematically this is appropriate; you cannot find the logarithm of a negative number. However, sometimes you need a logarithmic response of either polarity. In such a case, you can connect a second diode in parallel with the one shown, but oriented in the opposite direction. A log amplifier (logarithmic converter) is one for which the output voltage Vout is K times the natural log of the input voltage Vin. This can be expressed as,

Vout = K ln (Vin/Vref)

The relationship between the input voltage vin and the output voltage vout is given by: Vout = - VT ln (Vin / IsR) Where IS is the saturation current and VT is the thermal voltage. If the operational amplifier is considered ideal, the negative pin is virtually grounded, so the current flowing into the resistor from the source (and thus through the diode to the output, since the op-amp inputs draw no current) is: ID = IR = Vin / R where ID is the current through the diode. As known, the relationship between the current and the voltage for a diode is:

This, when the voltage is greater than zero, can be approximated by:

Putting these two formulae together and considering that the output voltage is the negative of the voltage across the diode (Vout = VD), the relationship is proven. Note that this implementation does not consider temperature stability and other non-ideal effects. A practical problem with a simple diode is the inherent internal resistance of any semiconductor material. This resistance is also subject to change with temperature, and may actually cause some internal heating in some applications. To reduce the problem, a transistor may be substituted for the diode. Calculation: Vout = - VT ln (Vin / IsR) Where: IS is the saturation current, VT is the thermal voltage & Vin is the input voltage Vout = - VD Where VD is the voltage across diode.

Procedure:(1).Connect the circuit for on a breadboard. (2).Connect the input terminal of the function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3).Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4).Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper.

Result: V1 =...V Vout = ...V

Experiment No.11
AIM:- Study of Operational Amplifier as Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS).
APPARATUS: IC 741, Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V supply, Resistors(R1,Rf) 1K, 10K, THOERY: Almost all the natural electrical sources are constant voltage sources (primary and secondary batteries). Actually, there are not constant current sources in nature so, if we need a current source, we have to build it For this purpose, we connect a voltage-to current converter (a resistor R) in series with the input voltage source Vin.

Calculation: V= IR Where, V= Output Voltage, I = Input Current & R = Feedback Resistance (VR2)

Procedure:(1).Connect the circuit for on a breadboard. (2).Connect the input terminal of the function generator and output terminal to CRO. (3).Feed input from function and observe the output on CRO. (4).Draw the input and output waveform on graph paper.

Result: V1 = V Iin = ...A Vout = .V

Experiment No.12
AIM:- Study of Voltage Regulator using IC 723,7805,7905,7812,7912,7815,7915.
APPARATUS: IC 723,7805,7812,7815,7905,7912,7915 Patch Cords , Digital Multimeter , CRO, Function Generator, bread board,12V supply, Resistors(R1,Rf) 1K,10K,Capacitor(C1). THOERY:- The three-terminal regulators have the following limitations 1. No short-circuit protection 2. Output voltage (+ve or ve) is fixed These limitations have been overcome in 723 general purpose regulator. This IC is inherently low current device but can be boosted to provide 5 amps or more currentby connecting external components. The limitation of 723 is that it has no in-built thermal protection. It also has no short-circuit current limits. The IC723 has two sections. The first section consists of Zener Diode constant current source and a reference amplifier. The other section of the IC consists of an error amplifier series pass transistor and a current limit transistor. This is a 14-pin DIP package. The main Features of 723 include an input voltage of 40v max, output voltage is adjustable from 2V to 37V, 150 mA output current without external pass resistor, can be used as either a linear or a switching regulator. A voltage regulator is a circuit that supplies constant voltage regardless of changes in load currents. Except for the switching regulators, all other types of regulators are called linear regulators. IC LM 723 is general purpose regulator. The input voltage of this 723 IC is 40 V maximum. Output voltage adjustable from 2V to 30V. 150mA output current external pass transistor. Output current in excess of 10 Ampere possible by adding external transistors. It can be used as either a linear or a switching regulator. The variation of DC output voltage as a function of DC load current is called regulation.

IC7805, 7812, 7815

IC 7905, 7912, 7915

DATE SHEET

Procedure:1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Power supply is connected to terminals. 3. By increasing the input voltage corresponding volt meter reading is noted.
RESULT: