If Clause

There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language. Examples: The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains. The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late. The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the airport. The third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her. Grammar rules with examples The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the same meaning as when or whenever. If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.) If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally, you pay a fine.) We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses. The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that can really happen at present or in future. We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses). If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on time. If you don't get the ticket, what will you do? We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive. In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably never happen at present or in future. If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you). If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not realistic.) We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive. Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause. If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her. (But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would marry her.) But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than was.) The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations that happened or did not happen in the past.

If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win anything.) If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.) If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.) We make if clauses with if + past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive (have + past participle). But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences. We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the house. She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have been sitting next to her. I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off the bike. Compare the first and second conditionals The main difference between the first conditional and the second conditional is about probability: the first conditional is realistic, the second conditional is unrealistic. Sometimes we can use both with the following difference in meaning. If I see him, I will tell him. (I suppose I will see him, because we go to the same school.) If I saw him, I would tell him. (I don't think I will see him, because he is ill.) If I need your help, I'll call you. (It is probable that I will need your help.) If I needed your help, I'd call you. (It is not very probable that I will need your help.) Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional to make it clear that the situation is real or unreal. If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation) If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation - I am not from your country.) Other forms Apart from the basic structures (if + the present simple + will and if + the past simple + would), we can also make different combinations. Examples - type 1: If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill. If you are feeling tired, take a rest. If he is a good skier, he might make it. If you want to be slim, you should eat less. If you meet her, could you let me know? Examples - type 2: If I knew his address, I might go and see him. If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now. Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more interesting.

Mixed conditionals In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional. If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't here.) If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I am a porter.) If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost now. (We told him and he isn't lost.) Inverted conditionals We can also make conditional sentences by changing the word order in the if clause. Had he booked the hotel room, he wouln't have slept at the camp. (If he had booked ... ) Were I in your position, I would accept it. (If I were ... ) This is less common, quite formal and is mostly used in writing. Note If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible. even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case Examples: You will leave tonight even if you don't want to. You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy. We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash. You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words. Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... ) Exercises: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tell her if you ..her. (see, will see) I would have gone by air if I ..more money. (had, had had) If I were younger you marry me? (did, would) I could have a drink provided I drive. (would not, did not) If I had lost my job what ..now? (would I do, would I have done) 6. I would have eaten the meat if it ..tough. (was not, had not been) 7. If she ..her hairstyle she would be pretty. (changes, changed) 8. Unless she a coat she'll catch a cold. (puts on, will not put on) 9. If he had asked you what would you (do, did). 10. What will you do in case Bob .?(would come, comes) 2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

..we (have) enough time if we wanted to see the castle? In case you ..(buy) a car, will you teach me to drive? If I .(not be) in a hurry, I wouldn't have made so many mistakes She won't finish it on time if she ..(not start) right now She (get angry) if you had told her. On condition that they ..(support) our product, they would get a discount 7. Even if I (ask) him, he won't come 8. Had I driven slowly, I ..(not crash). 9. It will be a disaster unless they ..(help) us. 10. If you (have) something to eat, you wouldn't have felt sick. 11. I wouldn't risk it if I .(be) you. 12. She would get fat if she ..(not stop) eating. 13. The chicken wasn't good. It (taste) better if you had put some spices on it 3. Answer the questions. Use the verbs in brackets. 1. What would you do if you had more free time? (travel) If I ..more free time, I .a lot. 2. Where would you spend your holiday provided that a sponsor paid for it? (in Provence) If I ..more free time, I .a lot. 3. If you had not started this grammar course, what would you have done to improve your English? (go to Britain) If I .this course, I .to improve my English. 4. Where will you go at the weekend, if you aren't too busy? (go to see my friend) If I ..too busy next weekend, I . 5. If you found a stranger in your bedroom, how would you react? (scream) If I a stranger in my bedroom, I .. 6. If you finish this test in fifteen minutes, what will you do? (have a drink) If I ..it soon, I ... 7. If you had not decided to study English, what language would you have chosen instead? French) If I .to study English, I instead. 4. Use if - clauses to respond to the situations. 1. I don't know his address. I can't contact him. But if I ..his address, I him 2. He was ill. He couldn't go skiing. But if he ill, he skiing. 3. He didn't buy any tomatoes. I couldn't make a salad. He didn't buy any tomatoes. I couldn't make a salad. 4. We haven't enough room in our house. You can't stay with us. But if we enough room, you with us.

5. You were not lucky. You didn't win. But if you ..lucky, you . 6. I am eighteen. I can vote. But if ..eighteen, I . 5. Make if - clauses with similar meaning. 1. Go to Corfu. You will like it. If you .. 2. Don't hurry. You will not make mistakes. Unless you ... 3. Will you see her? Say hello to her. If you .. 4. Be careful. You will not fall down. Provided that you .. 5. You mustn't panic. You will manage it. If you . 6. She can't give it up. She will succeed. In case she .. 7. Correct mistakes or copy the correct form if there is no mistake. 1. He would not have been arrested if he informed the police after the robbery. He if he .the police after the robbery 2. If I had been sent to hospital now, how long would I stay there? If I .to hospital now, how long .there? 3. What will happen if I will push this button? What if I ..this button? 4. If you had not overslept, you would not have missed the train yesterday. If you ., you ..the train yesterday. 5. Unless she is not careful, she will fall off the bike. Unless she careful, she ..the bike. 6. What a pity! Had I arrived on time, I would not miss it. What a pity! .on time, I ..it. 7. I would give you the information if I had had it. Shall I fetch it? I ..you the information if I it. Shall I fetch it? 8. I can't tell you now if she comes. Will you wait for her? I can't tell you now if she ... for her? 9. Even if I will lend you some money, it will not be enough. Even if I you some money, it .enough. 10. I could have offered you my help in case I knew all about it. But I didn't. I .you my help in case I all about it. But I didn't. 11. If you did not shout at her so many times, she would not leave you now. If you at her so many times, she .you now 8. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Complete the sentences with if, when or unless. What time will you come? - I'll come I finish my project. I will not be able to do it .you help me. ..it gets dark we are going to observe the stars. I'd like to sit down here ..you don't mind ..you turn off the stereo I'll go mad. .the weather is nice at the weekend we'll go to the seaside.

7. I'll tell you .I come back from work. 8. How much will it cost ..we pay in advance? 9. He can't go to the States .he asks for a visa. 10. Make questions. 1. .if you were rich? I wouldn't be happy. 2. What ..if you hadn't found her telephone number? I would have called her mother. 3. Where ..if you hadn't spent your holiday in Spain last year? We would have gone to Italy. 4. How ..them the prices in case we don't meet at the trade-fair? I'll send them the prices by fax. 5. What .if you were me? I wouldn't answer his letter if I were you. 6. Who if the party had been at your place? I would have invited my close friends. 11. Choose the most appropriate answer. 1. I like this coat. If it.. cheaper, I would buy it. a. is b. would be c. were d. had been

2. If I you, I would call him. a. am b. would be c. were d. had been

3. She would write to him if she .. his address. a. knows b. would know c. knew d. had known

4. Even if I had enough money, I ..buy this car. a. could b. might c. would d. would not

5. What would happen if someone this button accidentally? a. will press b. would press c. pressed d. had pressed

6. What would you do if you.. a million dollars? a. have b. had c. had had d. would have

7. If I had a bicycle, I .for a ride with you. a. can go b.could go c. could have gone d. would have gone

8. I hope she mind if I stayed here. a. doesnt b. wont c. wouldnt d. would

9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. a. could b. might c. should d. would

10. She would be disappointed if we ..her a present. a. wont bring b. wouldnt bring c. didnt bring d. hadnt brought

11. If I her telephone number, I would have called her. a. knew b. had known c. would know d. would have known

12. If he .. harder, he would have passed his exams. a. studied b. had studied c. would study d. would have studied

13. If he .us, we wouldn't have finished our work so quickly. a.hasnt helped b. didnt help c. hadnt helped d. wouldnt help

14. If I . enough money, I could have stayed at a five-star hotel during my vacation. a. had b. had had c. would have d. would have had

15. If you had asked him, he able to help you. a. was b. had been c. would be d. would have been

16. They.. for a picnic yesterday if the weather had been warmer. a. would go b. would have gone c. went d. had gone

17. It .. if he had been more attentive. a. did not happen happened b. had not happened c. would not happen d. wouldnt have

18. If he hadn't been so busy at work last week, he ..more time with his children. ( a. may spend b. might spend c. could spend d. could have spent

19. We were terribly late. If we had taken a taxi instead of a bus, we .. on time. a. could arrive b. may arrive c. might arrive d. might have arrived

20. I known his true intentions, I would not have allowed him to stay in my house. a. have b. had c. should d were

Adjectives and adverbs

Comparison of adjectives Positive Form Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions: as as Example: Jane is as tall as John. not as as / not so as Example: John is not as tall as Arnie. Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est) one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap) two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever) Positive form Clean Comparative form cleaner Superlative form (The) cleanest

Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est silent e is dropped Example: late-later-latest final y after a consonant becomes i Example: easy-easier-easiest final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled Example: hot-hotter-hottest Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most) adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)

Positive form difficult

Comparative form More difficult

Superlative form (The) most difficult

Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons) Positive form good bad / ill little (amount) little (size) much / many far (place + time) far (place) late (time) late (order) near (place) near (order) old (people and things) old (people) Comparative form better worse less smaller more further farther later latter nearer older elder Superlative form best worst least smallest most furthest farthest latest last nearest next oldest eldest

Exercises 1. Fill in the correct forms: Positive form Good Far Stormy Strong Comparative Superlative

2. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative). 1. My house is (big) bigger than yours. 2. This flower is (beautiful) than that one. 3. This is the (interesting) book I have ever read. 4. Non-smokers usually live (long) ..than smokers. 5. Which is the (dangerous) animal in the world? 6. A holiday by the sea is (good) ..than a holiday in the mountains. 7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) .than a beer. 8. Who is the (rich) ..woman on earth? 9. The weather this summer is even (bad) than last summer. 10. He was the (clever) thief of all.

3. Fill in the comparison with as ... as. 1. John is (tall) as tall as Glen. 2. Janet is (beautiful) .Jeniffer. 3. You are (crazy) .my sister. 4. We can run (fast) .they can. 5. My mom is (not / strict) ..your mum. 6. Your mobile phone is (not / trendy) .mine. 7. Matrix II was (not / interesting) .Matrix I. 8. This yoghurt (not / taste / good) the one I bought yesterday. 9. I can do (many / press-ups) you. 10. I (not / earn / much / money) ..you do. 4. Put the adjectives into the correct form. 1. Los Angeles is (large) .than Chicago. 2. But New York is the (large) ..city of the United States. 3. The weather in Hollywood is (good) .than in New York or New Jersey. 4. Nestor Studios is the (old) ..movie company in Hollywood. 5. Disneyland is (interesting) .than any other amusement park. 5. Fill in the correct form of the following adjectives. London is the (large) ..city in Great Britain. No other British city has as (many) inhabitants as London. The London underground, the tube, is the (old) underground in the world. The Tower of London is one of the (famous) London sights. Another sight is the London Eye. With its 135 metres, it is (tall) than any other big wheel in the world. 6. Put in the adjective in bold from the first sentence into the second sentence in its correct form (comparative or superlative). Example: I have a fast car, but my friend has a ______ car. Answer: I have a fast car, but my friend has a faster car. 1) This is a nice cat. It's much than my friend's cat. 2) Here is Emily. She's six years old. Her brother is nine, so he is... 3) This is a difficult exercise. But the exercise with an asterisk (*) is the .exercise on the worksheet. 4) He has an interesting hobby, but my sister has the ..hobby in the world. 5) In the last holidays I read a good book, but father gave me an even .one last weekend. 6) School is boring, but homework is .than school. 7) Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee jumping is ..than skateboarding.

8) This magazine is cheap, but that one is.. 9) We live in a small house, but my grandparents' house is even than ours. 10) Yesterday John told me a funny joke. This joke was the .joke I've ever heard. 7. Put in the adjective from the first sentences into the second sentence in its correct form (comparative or superlative). Example: I have a fast car, but my friend has a ______ car. Answer: I have a fast car, but my friend has a faster car. 1) My father is heavy. My uncle is much than my father. 2) The test in Geography was easy, but the test in Biology was. 3) Florida is sunny. Do you know the .place in the USA? 4) Stan is a successful sportsman, but his sister is .than Stan. 5) My mother has a soft voice, but my teacher's voice is ..than my mother's. 6) Amy has a beautiful baby, but my daughter has the ..baby on earth. 7) I live in a large family, but my grandfather lived in a .family. 8) We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we'll have even time. 9) Lucy is clever, but Carol is than Lucy. 10) Have you visited the old castle? It was the castle we visited during our holidays. 8. Use either as as or not as as in the sentences below. Example: Ben Nevis is __________ as Mont Blanc (not/high). Answer: Ben Nevis is not as high as Mont Blanc. 1) The blue car is ..the red car. (fast) 2) Peter is Fred. (not/tall) 3) The violin is ..the cello. (not/low) 4) This copy is ..the other one. (bad) 5) Oliver is .Peter. (optimistic) 6) Today it's ..yesterday. (not/windy) 7) The tomato soup was .the mushroom soup. (delicious) 8) Grapefruit juice is ..lemonade. (not/sweet) 9) Nick is Kevin. (brave)

10) Silver is .gold. (not/heavy Form and Comparison of Adverbs Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is). Example: The dog sleeps quietly. The dog is absolutely quiet. Form In general: adjective + -ly adjective adverb slow slowly

Exceptions in spelling exception silent e is dropped in true, due, whole y becomes i le after a consonant is dropped after ll only add y example true truly happy happily sensible sensibly full fully

Adjectives ending in -ic: adjective + -ally (exception: public-publicly) adjective fantastic adverb fantastically

Adjectives ending in -ly: use in a way / manner or another adverb with similar meaning adjective friendly likely Exceptions adjective good difficult adverb (meaning) well with difficulty adverb (meaning) adverb in a friendly way in a friendly manner probably

public deep direct hard high late most near pretty short The following adjectives are also used as adverbs (without modification):

publicly deep (place) direct hard high (place) late most near pretty (=rather) short deeply (feeling) directly (=soon) hardly (=seldom) highly (figurative) lately (=recently) mostly (=usually) nearly (=almost) prettily shortly (=soon)

daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yearly,

Comparison Comparison (-er/-est) Comparative ending in Superlative ending in -er -est one-syllable adverbs (hard) adverbs with the same form as adjectives (early) harder earlier hardest earliest

Comparison (more / most) Comparative formed with more adverbs ending in -ly (happily) more happily

Superlative formed with most most happily

Irregular comparisons positive form comparative well badly ill little better worse worse less

superlative best worst worst least

much far (place + time) far (place) late (time)

more further farther later

most furthest farthest latest

Exercises 1. Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill in the blanks with the corresponding adverb. James is careful. He drives.. The girl is slow. She walks... Her English is perfect. She speaks English... Our teacher is angry. She shouts.. My neighbor is a loud speaker. He speaks.. He is a bad writer . He writes... Jane is a nice guitar player. He plays the guitar. He is a good painter . He paints... She is a quiet girl. She does her job. This exercise is easy. You can do it... 2. Fill in the correct adverb form (comparative or superlative) of the adjectives in brackets. I speak English (fluent) .now than last year. She greeted me (polite) .of all. She smiled (happy) ..than before. This girl dances (graceful) .of all. Could you write (clear)..? Planes can fly (high) than birds. He had an accident last year. Now, he drives (careful) than before. Jim can run (fast) than John. Our team played (bad) ..of all. He worked (hard) .than ever before. 3. Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its usual position. Example: I play tennis. (on Mondays) Answer: I play tennis on Mondays. 1) Our friends must write a test. (also) 2) I was joking. (only)

3) Did you enjoy the flight? (both) 4) Mary watches TV. (hardly) (ever) 5) He drives his car. (carefully) 6) The children play football. (in the garden) 7) We went to the cinema. (yesterday) 8) John fell off the bike. (almost) 9) Her boyfriend will buy her some flowers. (probably) 10) My uncle is moving to Stockholm soon. (definitely) . 4. Complete the following exercise with adjective or adverb form of the words. 1. That pitbull looks. (angry) 2. She spoke. (quiet) 3. Erica listened to her mother. (careful) 4. Mary makes ..mistakes. (careless) 5. Children grow (quick) 6. He is very ..today. (happy) 7. It's raining.. (heavy) 8. Morgan was hurt in a car accident. (serious) 9. His situation was very. (serious) 5. Complete the exercise with adjective or adverb form. (Good vs Well) 1. I play tennis but I'm not very. 2. Your exam results were very.. 3. You did very .in your exams. 4. The weather was very while we were on holiday.

5. I didn't sleep very .last night. 6. How are you? Are you doing? 7. George speaks German very. 8. George's German is very. 9. Our new business is going very ..at the moment. 10. I like your jacket. It looks .on you. 11. I've played with him a few times. He plays very. 6. Complete the following exercise with comparative adjectives / adverbs. Use than where necessary. big high reliable crowded important serious early interested simple easily peaceful thin

1. I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed earlier than usual. 2. I'd like to have a car. The one I've got keeps breaking own. 3. Unfortunately her illness was ..we thought at first. 4. You look.. Have you lost weight? 5. I want a flat. We don't have enough space here. 6. He doesn't study very hard. He's in having a good time. 7. Health and happiness are .money. 8. The instructions were very complicated. They could have been .. 9. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was usual. 10. I like living in the countryside. It's living in a town. 11. You'll find your way around the town if you have a good map.

12. In some parts of the country, prices are in others. 7. Complete the exercise using comparative adjectives / adverbs. quiet x2 strong difficult interesting expensive long often bad small warm good far

1. It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter? 2. This engine is very weak. I like it a bit.. 3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be.. 4. The hotel was very cheap. I expected it to be.. 5. The weather is too cold in this country. I'd like to live somewhere ... 6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something... 7. I was surprised how easy it was to learn English. I thought it would be 8. Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do.. 9. Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be... 10. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to . 11. You're talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit. 12. You hardly ever phone me. Why don't you phone me..? 13. You're standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit ..away? 8. Fill in the blanks with the expressions in the box the least developed many more people the most influential far more expensive the safest the oldest much worse a lot more complicated much funnier

less cold

the more suitable

much more interesting

1. I heard a little polite laughter when I told my jokes but every one laughed loudly when Gaby was telling hers. Her jokes are always much funnier than mine. 2. The negative effects of watching too much television are .. than they appear to be at first glance. 3. The Japanese islands have a climate modified and moderated by the sea; winters are . than in those areas that are in the same latitude on the Asian continent. 4. Only by multilateral action, can we give people in .. countries the chance to escape the ugly misery of poverty, ignorance and disease. 5. That movie we saw last night was .. than the one on television. 6. .. known dam, an engineering wonder of the ancient world, lies near Marib, once the home of the Queen of Sheba. 7. I broke my nose in a football game yesterday. Today it's very painful. For same reason, the pain is today than it was yesterday. 8. .. die in car accidents than in plane accidents. Statistics show that driving your own car is more dangerous than flying in an airplane. 9. Marcel Duchamp is considered as one of artists of the 20th century by the modern art world. 10. From my point of view, of the two applicants, the latter one is . for the post. 11. It is to live in London than any other city in Britain. Rents are much higher and it is difficult to find accommodation of any kind. 12. Titanic was said to be . ocean liner in the world. When it set sail, all the cabins were full, from the most expensive to the cheapest ones on the lower deck. 9. Use the adjectives in either the comparative or the superlative form. late hard young tall young exciting cheap long fast old

1. The movie lasted it was expected. 2. I find detective stories . than any other ones. 3. Steve was much any of his classmates. 4. Although she looks younger, she is . of the two. 5. We could barely catch .. train to London. 6. Tom put up his hand to solve . question on the worksheet. 7. The man went to all the shops to find shoes he could find. 8. I don't think we could have come any . Besides, there was a speed limit. 9. Of his three daughters, the king loved best. 10. Edward is his twin Fernando since Fernando was born first.