Dated: _____________

Section: _____________

EE322 Computer Aided Design and Simulation

LABORATORY EXERCISE 1

Filters Frequency Response

Names

Reg. no.

Report Marks / 10

Viva Marks / 5

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Filters and BJT Common Emitter Frequency Response

Introduction
1. This laboratory execise is meant to enble the students to design of Low Pass Filter (LPF), High Pass Filter (HPF) and experiment with simulation of the frequency and time response of these filters using PSpice software. In addition the students will be able to simulate the frequency response of a Common Emitter (CE) BJT amplifier and study the effect on frequency response due to variation of various capacitances in the amplifier circuit.

Objective
2. This laboratory will enable the students to achieve the following: 2.1. To design a low pass filter 2.2. To design a high pass filter 2.3. To analyze the frequency response of a Common-Emitter (CE) amplifier. 2.4. To simulate for AC Sweep analysis and obtain the Gain and phase frequency response curves.

Conduct of Lab
3. The student have to perform this experiment using Pspice. 4. The students are required to work in groups of three to four; each student must attempt to understand the the use of a simple set up for measuring the parameters of the given transistor. 5. In case some aspect of the lab experiment is not understood the students are advised to seek help from the teacher, the lab technicians or the assigned Teaching Assistant (TA).

Theory and Background

Time Response of Filters
An important parameter for any circuit which has energy storage devices like inductor and capacitors is the TIME CONSTANT; which is the amount of time it takes for voltage or current values to change to approximately 63 percent from their starting values to their final values. The time constant plays a very important role in the Transient state. The TIME CONSTANT is denoted by symbol For Resistor-Capacitor Circuit: and is defined below:

For Resistor-Inductor Circuit:

The voltage VO at any time of RC circuit can be given by: ( ) ( ) The voltage VO at any time of RL circuit can be given by: ( ) ( ) The cut-off frequency of the circuit is given by:

Eq. 1.

Eq. 2.

Eq. 3.

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PART 1 Low Pass Filters

Fig. 1: Low-Pass Filter

1. Parts and Equipment:

PSpice software components used are listed below: C=1F R=1K L=5mH

2. Transient Response
2.1. The first part of the experiment is to calculate Time Constant , of the filter and predict the output behavior of the circuit. Subsequently the PSpice Time Analysis simulation will be used to observe the response of the filter to input square wave. Simulate the circuit for 80msec with 0.01msec step size. 2.2. The calculated Time constant of the RC circuit (Fig-1a) is ______________________ 2.3. The calculated Time constant of the RL circuit (Fig-1b) is ______________________ 2.4. Now set up this circuit shown in Fig. 1(a) in PSpice using the components given in Table-1.

Table-1: Components to be used in PSpice

PSpice Name 0

Symbol
0

PSpice Name L Vac

Symbol
L1 1 10uH
V1 1Vac 0Vdc

R1

R
1K

For Frequency Response only

Q1
C1 1u

Q2N2222
Q2N2222
V3

VPULSE

V1 = 0 V2 = 1 TD = 0 TR = 1n TF = 1n PW = 20m PER = 40m

For Transient Response only

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2.5. Simulate the TIME DOMAIN (Transient) analysis of Fig 1(a) and see the response of the circuits. In addition save the graph by using print screen option.

2.6. Now measure the time constant from the curves obtained after simulation, and compare it with the calculated value. Simulated Value ___________________ %age Difference ____________

2.7. Now calculate and simulate the Time Constant of the circuit by increasing the capacitor value to 2F, 3F and 4F. Do save the graphs using print screen option obtained after the simulation.

3. Frequency Response
3.1. The second part of this experiment is to determine the frequency response of the filters. This can be performed by selecting the AC Sweep / Noise option in the simulation settings and giving a logarithmic frequency sweep from 1Hz-1MHz with 10000 Points/Decade. The vpulse voltage source will be replaced by Vac voltage source for the frequency domain analysis. 3.2. The first step is to calculate the Cut-off frequency of the circuit shown in Fig.1(a) by using the formula stated in Eq. 3 _____________________ 3.3. Use the two probe marker for magnitude (VDB) and angle (VP) (in Pspice > Markers >

Advanced > )
3.4. Simulate the frequency response of the filter and measure the cut-off frequency by observing a change of -3dB gain. The simulated cut-off frequency is __________________ In addition save the graphs by using print screen option. 3.5. Now try to design a Low-Pass Filter with Cut-off frequency of 480Hz ___________________. Simulate and save the frequency response.

3.6. Now Calculate and simulate the Cut-off frequency of the circuit shown in Fig.1(b). Calculated Cut-off frequency ___________________________ Simulated Cut-off frequency ____________________________

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PART 2 High Pass Filters

Fig. 2: High-Pass Filter

1. Parts and Equipment:

PSpice software components used are listed below: C=1F R=1K L=5mH

2. Transient Response
2.1. The first step is to calculate the time constant of both the circuits given in Fig. 2. 2.2. The calculated Time constant of the RC circuit (Fig-2a) is ______________________ 2.3. The calculated Time constant of the RL circuit (Fig-2b) is ______________________ 2.4. Now set up this circuit shown in Fig. 2(a) by using PSpice components given in Table-1.

2.5. Simulate the TIME DOMAIN (Transient) analysis and see the response of the Fig. 2(a) circuit. In addition save the graph by using print screen option. What are the output look like (Integrator / Differentiator)

2.6. Now measure the time constant from the curves obtained after simulation, and compare it with the calculated value. Simulated Value ___________________ %age Difference ____________

3. Frequency Response
3.1. The second part of this experiment is to determine the frequency response of the filters. This can be performed by selecting the AC Sweep / Noise option in the simulation settings and giving a logarithmic frequency sweep from 1Hz-10MHz with 10000 Points/Decade. The vpulse voltage source will be replaced by Vac voltage source for the frequency domain analysis.

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3.2. The first step is to calculate the Cut-off frequency of the circuit shown in Fig.1(a) by using the formula stated in Eq. 3 _____________________ 3.3. Simulate the frequency response of the filter and measure the cut-off frequency by observing a change of -3dB gain. The simulated cut-off frequency is __________________ In addition save the graphs by using print screen option. 3.4. Now try to design a High-Pass Filter with Cut-off frequency of 480Hz ___________________. Simulate and save the frequency response.

3.5. Now Calculate and simulate the Cut-off frequency of the circuit shown in Fig.2(b). Calculated Cut-off frequency ___________________________ Simulated Cut-off frequency ____________________________

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