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SIMULATION STUDY OF SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS FOR VARIOUS TRANSFORMER WINDING CONFIGURATIONS

Engr. Michael C. Pacis, MEP EE School of EECE and School of Graduate Studies Mapua Institute of Technology Lhezar H. Patagnan, BS-MS EE Student School of EECE Mapua Institute of Technology

ABSTRACT The electric energy shapes and contributes to the welfare, progress, and technological advances of the countrys industry as well as improves standard of living of its citizens. Electric energy is a form of energy that can be generated centrally in bulk and transmitted economically over long distances. However, interruptions cannot be eliminated as always. This paper aims to evaluate the behavior of a sample system if a fault occurs on a power system and to analyze the effects of different connections of a transformer on the occurrence of a fault. Presented in this paper is a simple power system model with the step by step calculation of a fault that occurs only on bus 1. The faults to be evaluated are as follows and solved by manual computations: three-phase fault, line to line, line to ground and double line to ground fault.. Based on the results, the short circuit three phase and line to line currents on all of the connections were constant because their sequence networks were equal. Meanwhile, the single line to ground and double line to ground fault current were dependent on the connections of the transformers. One major observation was when the Thevenins zero sequence impedance is low; the short circuit currents tends to be higher according to connection. Keywords: Transformer Connections, Fault Currents INTRODUCTION In 1918, one of the most powerful tools for dealing with unbalanced polyphase circuits was discussed by C.L. Fortescue at a meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Since then, it opened the doors of solving unsymmetrical faults on a system and has been the subject of many articles and experimental investigations (Stevenson, 1994). A fault in a circuit is any failure which interferes with the normal flow of current. Most faults in transmission lines are caused by lightning which results in

the flashover of insulators. The study of fault calculation is necessary to investigate the behavior of power system during faults which affects the design of the different adequate protective relaying systems and proper selection of circuit breakers. When a fault occurs in a power system, the current flowing is determined by the internal emfs of the machines in the power system, by their impedances, and by the impedances of contributing components in the power system between the machines and the fault. For analysis of such faults the three separate Sequence Networks of the system namely the positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence of the networks must be drawn. The sequence networks are the equivalent single phase of the system up to location of the fault point (Gupta, 1995). Derived mathematical models or equations to calculate the faults in a power system are very essential. The mathematical models were in terms of variables based on the analysis of Sequence Networks of the system which is also dependent on the fault point. These models can be used for creating a software in the future which can be used for power system short circuit studies. The said faults to be determined are the three phase fault, line to line fault, line to ground fault and double line to ground faults. The sample case study consists of a typical power system configuration which includes typical power system components such as generators, motors, transformers, and transmission lines. In this study, a simple case model is presented with one generator, motor load, transmission line and a transformer. There were also subcases in which the transformer connections can be included for analysis. There are eight (8) available connections for the transformer namely, Ygnd-Ygnd, Ygnd-Y, Y-, Y-Ygnd, -Y, -Ygnd, -, and lastly Ygnd-. (El-Hawary,1995). The connection of the motor and generator in this study is Y grounded which is practically used in the industry. Each of the components in the system has its input parameters for positive, negative and zero sequence impedances.

METHODOLOGY The following steps are for the manual computation of the short circuit current: 1. Convert the sequence impedances of the power system common to the common MVA base. 2. Form the sequence networks using the sequence representation of the power system components. 3. Reduce the sequence networks to obtain the Thevenins Impedance up to the fault point. 4. Calculate the short circuit currents using the short circuit formulas of an open generator. Power System Configuration

ZM1=ZM2=ZM0=0.275778 + j2.0511111pu 3ZMn=0

2) Development of sequence networks: negative, and zero sequence network.

positive,

In the development of positive sequence network, the network is drawn by taking the values of the positive sequence impedances of the different contributing components of the power system and the said network can be deduced to an equivalent circuit consisting of a single generator of internal voltage Ea and a equivalent series impedance ZTH1. The positive sequence network for the above power system configuration is shown below:

Ygnd

Ygnd-

Ygnd

Figure 2. Power system configuration model

1) Begin by converting all the components impedance input parameters from actual value to per unit values. Per unit base values and formulae used are as follows:
Ibase = Sbase 3 Vbase

Figure 3. Positive sequence network


( ZG )( ZT 1 + ZL 1 + ZM ) 1 1 1 1 ZG + ZT 1 + ZL 1 + ZM 1 1 1 1

(Eq.1) (Eq.2) (Eq.3)


2

TH 1 @ 1

(Eq.5)

Zpu = Zact / Zbase

TH 1 @ 1

= ( 0.25 + j12 ) C ( 0.9344 + j 54.2 + 0.0000416 + j 0.00003249 +27.5778 + j 205.1111) = 0.305709 + j11.360381( pu )

2 Zbase = Vbase / Sbase

Zbase

new

Vbaseold = Zbase old Vbase new

Sbasenew (Eq.4) Sbase old

Note: For simplification, all the input parameters of the components are already in per unit values. Let MVAb=100 and KVb=13.8 Generator: SGEN=1MVA VGEN=13.8KV ZG1=ZG2=ZG0=0.0025 + j0.12pu 3ZGn=0 Transformer: ST1=1MVA 13.8KV/10.2KV ZT11=ZT12=ZT10=0.009344 + j0.0542pu Transmission Line: ZL11=ZL12=ZL10= 4.16 + j3.249 exp -7 pu Motor: SMOTOR=1MVA VMOTOR=10.2KV

For negative sequence network, no emfs were present as the generators assumed to generate balanced voltages of positive sequence only. The negative sequence network can be deduced using thevenins theorem with equivalent series impedance ZTH2.

Figure 4. Negative sequence network


( ZG )( ZT 1 + ZL 1 + ZM ) 2 2 2 2 (Eq.6) ZG + ZT 1 + ZL 1 + ZM 2 2 2 2

TH 2 @ 1

TH 2 @ 1

= ( 0.25 + j12 ) C ( 0.9344 + j 54.2 + 0.0000416 + j 0.00003249 +27.5778 + j 205.1111) = 0.305709 + j11.360381( pu )

Yground-Yground. The derived thevenins zero impedance is shown in Eq.7. 4) Application of symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault equations to compute ISC-3, ISC-LG, ISC-LL, and ISC-DLG.
I SC 3 = Vf pu Ibase1 A Z TH 1@ 1 = 3Vf pu Ibase1 Z TH 1 @ 1 + Z TH 2 @ 1 + Z TH 0 @ 1
3 Vf pu Ibase1 A Z TH 1 @ 1 + Z TH 2 @ 1
3Vf pu Z TH 2 @ 1 Ibase 1

Zero sequence networks contains no source or emfs, since zero sequence currents are the same in magnitude and phase at any point in all the phases of the system. However, the connection of the sequence network depends on the connection of the contributing components, for the above power system configuration model the zero sequence is shown below:

(Eq.10)

SC LG

A (Eq.11)

SC LL

( Eq.12) (Eq.13)
A

I
SC DLG

Z TH 2 @ 1 Z TH 1 @ 1 + Z TH 2 @ 1 Z TH 0 @ 1 + Z TH 1 @ 1 Z TH 0 @ 1

Therefore, the short circuit currents at node 1 are as follows:


I SC 3 = 1 pu 4183.6976 A 0.305709 + j11.360381 pu = 9.903 j 368.0044 KA = 0.36813KA
= 3 1 pu 4183.69 A 3( 0.305709 + j11.360381 pu ) = 9.9 j 368.0044 A = 0.36813KA

Figure 5. Zero sequence network


( ZG )( ZT 1 + ZL1 + ZM ) 0 0 0 0 ZG + ZT 1 + ZL1 + ZM 0 0 0 0
I
(Eq.7)

Z Z

TH 0 @ 1 TH 0 @ 1

SC LG

= ( 0.25 + j12 ) C ( 0.9344 + j 54.2 + 0.0000416 + j 0.00003249 +27.5778 + j 205.1111) = 0.305709 + j11.360381( pu )

I SC LL

ACT

3 1 pu 4183.6976 A 2 ( 0.305709 + j11.360381 pu )

3) Derivation of positive, negative and zero thevenins impedance model from the sequence networks considering a fault occurring at node 1 of the power system configuration model. For positive thevenins impedance see Eq.5. The symbol C means that the involve terms are in parallel connection, mathematically it only means product of the involve terms over the sum of the involve terms. Logically, negative thevenins impedance, is similar in representation of positive thevenins impedance; however, the negative impedances of the contributing components must be considered. See Eq.6. The zero thevenins impedance is deduced in accordance to the connection of generator, motor and transformers. For this power system configuration see figure2. The connection of generator and motor is in Yground with zero impedance and for transformer is

= 8.56 j 318.7 A = 0.3818 KA

I SC DLL

ACT

3 1 pu ( 0.305709 + j11.360381 pu ) 4183.6976 A 3( 0.305709 + j11.360381 pu ) = 9.9 j 368.0044 A = 0.36813KA 2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The following tables show the summary of the mathematical equations for the power system configuration model in figure 2. The mathematical models are limited for the short circuit current that occurs on bus 1 and bus 2. The circuit connection of the generator and motor is connected in wye-grounded with impedance Z. Also, the cases for the transformer configurations are also presented as well as the fault summary for nodes 1 and 2. The solution for node 2 is also similar with the solutions

obtained in node 1 but with different fault point. It is also evident that when the impedance @zero sequence becomes higher a much smaller value of short circuit current for single line and double line fault can be attained. The value of the line to line and the three phase fault was equal to all connections because of the positive and negative components of the system are equal to each other. Table 1.1 Thevenins Impedance at node 1 Name Equation model
Z TH 1@1

gnd

( ZL10 + 3 ZM n + ZM 0 )

Table 1.3. Summary of short circuit currents @ node 1 Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Connection


gnd gnd

Isc3ph(KA) 0.36813 0.36813 0.36813 0.36813 0.36813 0.36813 0.36813 0.36813

IscLL(KA) 0.3188 0.3188 0.3188 0.3188 0.3188 0.3188 0.3188 0.3188

IscSLG(KA) 0.36813 0.01026 0.01026 0.01026 0.01026 0.01026 0.01026 0.4457

IscDLG(KA) 0.36813 0.005228 0.005228 0.005228 0.005228 0.005228 0.005228 1.14583

gnd

+ ) C ( ZL11 + ZM 1 + ZT 11 ) ( ZG1 + ) C ( ZL11 + ZM 1 + ZT 11 ) ( ZG1

gnd
gnd gnd

Z TH 2 @1
Z TH 0 @1

gnd gnd

+ 3 ZGn )C ( ZG0 + ZM 0 ) ( ZT 10 + ZL 10 + 3 ZM n + 3 ZG ZG0 n + 3 ZG ZG0 n + 3 ZG ZG0 n


+ 3 ZG ZG0 n + 3 ZG ZG0 n + 3 ZG ZG0 n + 3 ZG ( ZG0 n ) C ZT 10

gnd

Table 1.4. Summary of short circuit currents @ node 2 Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Connection


gnd gnd

gnd

Isc3ph(KA) 0.3514 0.3514 0.3514 0.3514 0.3514 0.3514 0.3514 0.3514

IscLL(KA) 0.3043 0.3043 0.3043 0.3043 0.3043 0.3043 0.3043 0.3043

IscSLG(KA) 0.35148 0.34189 0.34189 0.0710 0.0710 0.0710 0.0710 0.34189

IscDLG(KA) 0.35148 0.48626 0.48626 0.04102 0.04102 0.04102 0.04102 0.48626

gnd

gnd

gnd

gnd
gnd gnd

Table 1.2 Thevenins Impedance at node 2 Name Equation model


ZTH 1 @ 2
ZTH 2 @ 2
+ ZT 11 ) C( ZL 11 + ZM 1 ) ( ZG1

REFERENCES EL-HAWARY, M. E., (1995) Introduction to Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Press, Power System Engineering Series STEVENSON JR, W. D., (1982) Elements of Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, Fourth Edition SAADAT, H., (1999). Power System Analysis, McGraw Hill, (New York) GUPTA, A.P., (1995). Worked Examples in Electrical Power, Mubaruk and Brothers PTE, LTD, (Singapore)

( ZG 2 + ZT 12 ) C( ZL12 + ZM 2)

ZTH 0 @ 2

gnd gnd

( ZG 0 + 3 ZG n + ZT 10 ) C( ZL 10 + 3 ZM n + ZM 0 ) ( ZL10 + 3 ZM n + ZM 0 ) ( ZL10 + 3 ZM n + ZM 0 ) ( ZL10 + 3 ZM n + ZM 0 ) ( ZL10 + 3 ZM n + ZM 0 ) ZT 10 C( ZL10 + 3 ZM n + ZM 0 ) ( ZL10 + 3 ZM n + ZM 0 )

gnd

gnd

gnd

ABOUT THE AUTHORS


.

Engr. Michael C. Pacis is a graduate from MAPA Institute of Technology with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) last November 2001. After graduation, he was absorbed by the Institute as a Research Assistant at the School of EECE. During his time as a researcher, he takes the Registered Electrical Engineer (REE) April 2002 Board Exam and obtained 17th place with an average of 86.85%. After the Board Exam, he eventually took his masters degree at MAPA and graduated with a degree of Master of Engineering-Electrical Engineering (M.Engg-EE) Major in Power Systems last October 2003 with an Grade Point Average of 1.38. He is also the former Program Coordinator for Engineering at the School of Graduate Studies from March 2006 to June 2008. At present, he is the current Branch Adviser of IEEE-Mapua and also a full time Research Faculty member of the School of EEC. He also teaches in the School of Graduate Studies with subjects like Surge and Line Protection, Computer Aided Design and Analysis and Fault Tolerant Power Systems. His research interest includes Power Systems Protection, Planning and Security, AC/DC Machinery, Microcontrollers, Transmission and Distribution and Control Systems. He also published his recent researches at the The Electrical Engineer Magazine last October and December 2006, and March 2007 issues.

Lhezar H. Patagnan is a student from MAPA Institute of Technology with a double degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Program and Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Program Major in Power Systems (Joint BSMS-EE). He was a grantee of State Scholarship Program, SSP on his first year level, an academic scholar for sometimes and also a grantee of Alfonso Yuchengco Foundation, AYF on the said institute. He became a part of the 3rd National EE Research Design Contest last November 2008 with an entry entitled TRANSPRO: An educational tool for the Design and Analysis of Power Transmission Lines. He is a member of Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Phil. Inc, IIEE National Student Chapter and served IIEE-MIT Student Council as an Academic Chairman. His field of interest includes Power Systems, Computer-aided Power Systems Software more specifically Power System Fault Analysis.

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