Chalmers University of Technology

Internet
Internet is a network technology and network formed by a conglomerate of computer networks. That is why it is called Internet

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet history
The original starting point was the ARPA-net. It was the first computer network based on the idea of sending data in form of packets and allowing all to compete for the capacity. The ARPA-net was a success but could not be attached to other networks!!!! It had no idea of other networks!

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet history
Well, why not start it all over again New protocols were designed and implemented and the ARPA-net was converted to the new protocols in 1980-83. Now we could connect a number of networks together, we got an Internet.

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet history
The ARPA-net was replaced by the NSF-net in 1986. Nationwide academic Internets in the Scandinavian countries were established and connected in 1988. At the same time they were connected to the NSF-net, becoming part of Internet.

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet history
Then Internet started to become used and in the last years it has exploded. The growth is tremendous and new business applications are starting everywhere. The commercial use of the Internet has just started

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet management
Who controls the Internet, i.e. the conglomerate of networks? Who has the final word???? Nobody! There is no central management. Various parts are controlled by the owners but not the entirety.

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet management
Therefore the Internet can grow like an organism and no central organization becomes a bottleneck. Competing organizations is not a problem No optimization is possible.

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology management

Internet technology is the crucial part of Internet. Here all must agree otherwise various parts can not talk to each other. The technical work is done and coordinated by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology management

IAB
IETF
IESG

IRTF

Area 1

Area n

...
Working groups

...

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology management

The work in the IETF is very open. Anyone can participate. You become a member of a working group by signing up for the mailing list. But the influence depends on your competence! Some participants are backed by major companies and a staff behind them.

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology management

Strategy: Keep things small and simple. It is better to solve 98% of the problems now than to solve 99% in 3 years. Keep the speed in the technical work!

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology management

The results are published in documents, RFCs (Request For Comments). They are all numbered (e.g. RFC851) and never changed! If and when needed, an RFC may be replaced by a new RFC.

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology
The crucial component in the Internet is the Internet Protocol (IP) which carries the packet through and between networks.
R R R R C R R R R C = Computer R = Router C

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology
Routers do understand IP-addressing and forward packets towards the target, step by step. Routers talk to each other in order to learn what the network looks like and to learn about changes.

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology
Links can be of any technology which can transmit data between at least two points. The speed of a link varies tremendously, possible speeds are from 0.009 Mbit/s to 10000 Mbit/s, a speed factor of more than 1,1 million!

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology
There are some very well known technology like Ethernet. Speed: 10, 100 or 1000 Mbit/s It is cheap, available and well known.
HUB Rest of Internet

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology
An Ethernet HUB receives traffic on one port and resends it on all the others. An Ethernet switch is more intelligent and can receive traffic on more than one port and resends it usually only on the port connected to the receiver. This gives parallelism.

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology
Long distance are nowadays using optical fibers. The potential transmission speed is very high (unlimited almost). The fibers are usually organized into SDH (SONET) rings which give protection against hardware failures. SDH speeds: 155, 622, 2500, Mbit/s

Chalmers University of Technology

Internet technology
IP-equipment (routers) can use SDH directly. Some tele companies put ATM technology on top of the SDH and get adjustable speeds but also extra overhead. IP traffic can be carried over ATM also.