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tcef;(2)
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B.E. (Mechanical), B.A., M.A.(Buddha Dhamma)

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(p)

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(q)

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(Z)

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("rmp&d,)
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("rmp&d,)
B. Sc (Physics)
M.B.B.S. (Mandalay)

B. Sc (Chemistry)
I.D.C.S., UK
2nd Year (Economics),
U.F.L. (Japanese),
Diploma in Japanese, Level (3)

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B.A., M.A.(Buddha Dhamma)

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(ps)

B.A. Environmental Studies.,

Lake Forest College, IL, U.S.A

B.Sc (Zoology)

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16

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(1)
(2)
(3)
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(5)
(6)

17

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raemyom' (pdwftMunf)
xdktm,we*ajcmufyg;teufrS trSwfpOf(u)rS(i)txd tm,weig;yg; (0g)
tMunfig;pHkwdkYonf kyfw&m;wdkYjzpf trSwfpOf(p)rem,weonf emrfw&m;jzpfonf/
lyuEmudk jrif&rnf qdkonfrSm txufyg trSwfpOf(u)rS(i)txd kyfw&m;rsm;
yg0ifaMumif; &nfTef; a[mxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkkyfw&m;onf r[m0dyem\
tIcHtmHkrsm; jzpfonf/ w&m;Iaoma,m*DwdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif odjrifapvdkaom
txufyg
tm,we
ajcmufyg;udk
xl;aomPfjzihf
ydkif;jcm;jrif&rnf/
rSef;qawG;awm od&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfay/ oifMum; odjcif;rsKd;vnf; r[kwfay/
pdwftMunfudkvnf; od&rnf[k bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;onf/ tcsufudk
a,m*DwdkY txl; owdjyKyg/ pdwftMunfqdkonfrSm re (0g) b0ifoufoufudk
qdkvdkjcif;
jzpfonf/
w&m;usifhaoma,m*Donf
xdkpdwftMunf\obm0udk
tIPfjzifh ydkif;jcm; jrif&rnfjzpfonf/ pdwftMunf (0g) raemtMunfESihf
,if;udkIwwfaompdwf(tIPf)wdkY uGJjym;rI&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumihf w&m;usihfaom
a,m*Donf txufyg tqif;? toH? teYH? t&om? tawGU paom
tmHkajcmufyg;ESihfrzuf pdwftMunfoufoufudk ydkif;jcm; jrifEdkifvQif rdrd\tIcHonf
rSefNyD[k odEdkifonf/
(2) ajcmufyg;aom Am[d&m,we
(u)
(c)
(*)

lygHk
o'gHk
*EmHk

=
=
=

puKtMunf wnfqJtqif;
em;tMunf wnfqJtoH
ESmtMunf wnfqJteYH

Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oVm,we0*f? qquokwf-420 ESm-332

rsufpdtMunf? em;tMunf? ESmtMunf? vQmtMunf? udk,ftMunf? pdwftMunfwdkYESifh tqif;?
toH? teHY? t&om? tawGUESifh "rwdkYonf oHo&mudk csJUapwwfaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;
jzpfaomaMumifh tm,we[k ac:onf/
*

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

18

(C) &omHk
=
vQmtMunf wnfqJ&om
( i ) azm|AmHk
=
udk,ftMunf wnfqJtawGU
( p ) "rmHk
=
raemodkY usa&mufqJ tmHkaygif;pHk
w&m;usihfaoma,m*DwdkYonf
txufyg
y&rwfkyfw&m;rsm;udk
rdrd\tIPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;jrifEdkif&rnf/ rsufpdjzihf lygHkudk jrif&mwGif rdrd\
tIPfonf rsufpd tjyifbufrS tqif;rsm;udk tmHkjyKaeygu tjrifrSm;aeonf/
rdrdpuKyom'rS wnfqJ tqif;lygHkudk tIPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;jrifrSomvQif tjrifrSef
tIcHtrSefkyfw&m;jzpfonf/
azmfjycsufudk
txl;owdjyKyg/
tqif;onf
puKyom' puefYydkif;rQ xifNyD; ysufoGm;vQifvnf; xdkpuefYydkif;rQ xifaomlygHkudk
ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkif&rnf/ enf;twdkif; aomwyom'? Cmeyom'? Zd0Sgyom'
ponfwdkYwGifvnf; xifaomtmHkwdkYudk ydkif;jcm; jrif&rnf[k rSwfyg/ tu,f xdkodkY
ydkif;jcm;rjrifao;vQif rdrd tIPf rrSefao;yg/
um,yom'ES i h f azm|A m Hk w d k Y awG U qH k & mwG i f tjyif r S vmxd a wG U aom
oPmefedrdwf kyfw&m;ESihf rdrdcEmudk,fudk tmHkjyKaeao;vQif rSm;aeonf[l
odygav/ tcsdKUonf w&Sdwf&Sdwf? w&G&G? wrGrG jzpfaeaom lyum,(kyfcEmudk,f)\
"mwfrIefrsm;udk jrifjcif;onf y&rwfkyfudk jrifNyD;NyD[l xdkrQESifhyif vrf;qHk;aeMuonf/
um,yom' [lonf ylrI? wif;rI? awmihfrI? xHkrI? usifrI ponfh
ynwftmHkjyKkyfw&m;rsm; r[kwfay/ tdk;pk? tokb? (32)aum|mo paom
ynwfod kyfw&m;wdkYonfvnf; y&rwftmHkrsm; r[k w f M uay/ xd k k y f w &m;wd k Y o nf
wk P 0d y em\ tmHk r Qom &Sd a o;onf / if;tIcHtmHkrsm;udk tajccHNyD;
usihfpOfwufcJh&onfrSm rSefonf/ xdktIcHkyfw&m;rsm;udk jrifjcif;onf kyfay:
rSm;,Gif;pGJ,laom 'd|dtMurf;pm;udk jyKwfaponf/ y&rwfppfppf kyfw&m;rsm;um;
r[kwfao;yg/ r[m0dyemPfodkY qdkufa&muf&ef tMunfig;pHkwnf; [laom
Oyg'gkyfESifh lygHk
paom wdkufqJtmHkig;yg; kyfw&m;rsm;udk jrifzdkY&ef
vdktyfaeao;onf/
xdktMunfig;pHkkyfw&m;ESifh
wdkufqJtmHkig;yg;udk
ydkif;jcm;jrifrSomvQif t&d,mr*fodkY qdkufrnf/ xdkkyfw&m;rsm;udk jrifatmifIEdkifrnfh
usifhpOfrsm;udk usrf;pm a&;om;azmfjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
"rmHkudkvnf; od&rnf/ "rmHk[lonf (1) tqif;? toH? teYH? t&om? tawGU [laom tmHkig;yg;wdkYonf rsufpd? em;?
ESm? vQm? udk,f [laom 'Gg&ig;ayguf* xdawGUNyD;aemuf reodkY
a&muf&Sdaom
xdktmHkig;yg;ESihfwlaom "r"mwf
(2) xdktmHkig;yg;wdkYudk twdwf tem*wfumvwdkYtm;jzifh pGJ,lxifjcif;"r"mwf
(3) emrf (52) - edAmef? ynwfw&m;rsm; jzpfonf/
tqif;? toH? teYH? t&om? tawGUpaom tmHkig;yg;wdkYonf ypKyefqdkif&m
tMunfig;pHk xifNyD;vQif raemodkY "r"mwftjzpf ajymif;vJa&muf&SdoGm;onf/
*

yom'ig;rsdK;udk XmElypmenf;t& 'Gg&[k oHk;EIef;onf/ ]][dkzuftdrfu qlnHvdkufwm}}[kqdkvQif

[dkzuftdrfu qlnHjcif;r[kwfyJ [dkzuftdrf&Sd vlrsm;u qlnHjcif;udk qdkvdkouJhodkY jzpfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

ed'gef;

19

xdkod&ef cufcJonfh "rmkHw&m;rsm;udk rdrdtIPfjzihf rjrifao;ygu w&m;jrifrI

rrSefuefao;yg/
txufyg
tmHkig;yg;wdkYudk
twdwf?
tem*wftm;jzifh
pGJvrf;aomtmHk("rmHk)udkvnf;
rdrdtIPf
ydkif;jcm;rjrifao;ygu
rdrd\tIcHw&m;awGUrI rrSefao;[l rSwf,lyg/
(3) ajcmufyg;aom 0dnmPf
(u) puK0dnmPf
=
jrifodpdwf
( c ) aomw0dnmPf
=
Mum;odpdwf
( * ) Cme0dnmPf
=
eHodpdwf
(C) Zd0Sg0dnmPf
=
&omodpdwf
( i ) um,0dnmPf
=
um,tawGUodpdwf
( p ) raem0dnmPf
=
tmHkaygif;pHkodpdwf
w&m;Iaoma,m*Donf
rdrdw&m;awGUrIjrifrIrSefrrSefudkvnf;
0dnmPfajcmufrsKd; awGUrI &Sdr&Sdtay:rlwnf qHk;jzwf&rnfudk owdjyKyg/
jrifqJtckduf rdrd\ rsufeuf0ef; twGif; puKyom' wnfqJ0dnmPf? Mum;qJtckduf
aomwyom' wnfqJ0dnmPf? eHqJtcdkuf ESmacgif;tMunf wnfqJ0dnmPf?
pm;qJtcdkuf vQmtMunf wnfqJ 0dnmPf? rdrdlyum,ESihf azm|AmHkawGUqJtcdkuf
um,tMunf
wnfqJ0dnmPfwdkYudk
vnf;aumif;?
raemtMunf[laom
b0ifudkvnf;aumif;? b0ifESifh"rmHk wdkufqdkifqJ tcdkuf t[dwfraem0dnmPfESifh
tIPf\teD;uyf a&SUjzpfo[dwfraem0dnmPf wdkYudkvnf;aumif; rdrdtIPfjzihf
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; xif&Sm;pGm jrif&rnf/ puefYydkif;rQ wdkufqdkifrIaMumihf jzpfvmaom
xdk0dnmPfajcmufrsKd;udk 0dyemPfjzihf ydkif;jcm;pGm odjrif&rnf/
tIcHpdwf
tIPfpdwf
jrifpdwf(a&SUpuK0dnmPfpdwf)?
odpdwf(0g)Ipdwf(aemufo[dwfraem0dnmPf)
Mum;pdwf(a&SUaomw0dnmPfpdwf)?
odpdwf(0g)Ipdwf(aemufo[dwfraem0dnmPf)
eHodpdwf (a&SUCme0dnmPfpdwf)?
odpdwf(0g)Ipdwf(aemuft[dwfraem0dnmPf)
&omodpdwf(a&SUZd0Sg0dnmPfpdwf)?
odpdwf(0g)Ipdwf(aemufo[dwfraem0dnmPf)
tawGUodpdwf(a&SUum,0dnmPfpdwf)? odpdwf(0g)Ipdwf(aemufo[dwfraem0dnmPf)

,ck azmfjycJhaom (1) ESihf (2) tmHkrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;jrif&rnf[lonfrSm oifa,m*Dtdyfruf

ruf&mwGif tdyfrufxJ rdrdonf vl? wd&dpmef? opfyif? awmawmif? a&ajrponfh tmHkwdkYudk
ydkif;jcm;jrifaeonf/ tdyf,mEdk;vmaomtcg rawGUjrifEdkifawmhyg/ tdyfrufxJ jrifrufaeaom
tmHkwdkYonf
"rmHkjzpfonf/
tdyfrufxJ
rdrdonf
xdktdyfrufruf&mtmHkwdkYudk
tdyfrufxJydkif;jcm;jrif&ouJhodkY
w&m;IrSwfqJvnf;
"rmHkkyfw&m;rsm;udk
xdkenf;twdkif;
ydkif;jcm;jrif&rnf jzpfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

20

"rodpdwf? (a&SUt[dwf?
odpdwf(0g)Ipdwf(aemufo[dwfraem0dnmPf)
o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwf)
rSwfcsuf/
/ae&m w&m;IolwdkYonf pdwfudkwpfrsKd;wnf; (0g) wpfpdwfwnf;
odxm;Muaomcg
pdwmEkyemowdy|meftm;jzihf
I&mwGif
owduif;aom
wPSmOyg'gef pGJaom a&SUpdwfudk owdjyefxm;aom aemufpdwfjzihf Ijcif;rsdK;om
jzpfaeonf/ xdktIcHpdwf ESihf tIPfpdwfwdkYonf [dwfajcmufyg;udef;aom
pdwfwpfrsdK;wnf;om jzpfonf/ xdkodkY Ijcif;rsdK;wGif owdvpfvQif pdwfwpfcgjyefay:
owd
jyefxm;aomtcg
wPSm
Oyg'geftm;jzifh
pGJ,lxm;aompdwfonf
csKyfoGm;jyefonf/
,if;onf
jrwfpGm
bk&m;&Sif
odjrifapvdkaom
[dwfajcmufyg;rudef;aom txufyg y0dnmPfpdwfrsm;udk Ijcif;rsdK; r[kwfyg/
xkd0dnmPfwdkY\ oabmobm0udk ay:vGifatmif usrf;pmtkyf t"dym,fESihfwuG
yHkpHxkwf qufvuf &Sif;jyoGm;rnf jzpfonf/
(4) ajcmufyg;aom z
(u) puKor
=
puKtawGU
( c ) aomwor
=
aomwtawGU
( * ) Cmeor
=
CmetawGU
(C) Zd0Sgor
=
Zd0SgtawGU
( i ) um,or
=
um,tawGU
( p ) raemor
=
raemtawGU
zonf 0dnmPfajcmufrsKd;ay:wdkif; xdk0dnmPfrsm;ESihf ,SOfzufapwoduf
(o[Zmwyp n f ; ) jzpf o nf / tmHk u d k reod k Y ydkY a qmif a p tmHk E S i h f reud k
xdawGUqufpyfaponhf
emrf"mwf
jzpfonf/
xdkemrf"mwfonf
od&ef
tvGefcufcJygonf/ if;emrf"mwfudkvnf; rdrd0dyem tIPf xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
ydkif;jcm;jrif&rnf/ xdkzwnf;[laom emrf"mwfudk rjrifao;ygu rdrdtIPf
rrSefao;[l rSwf,lyg/ w&m;rawGUao;[l vnf;rSwf,lyg/
(5) ajcmufyg;aom a0'em
(u)
(c)
(*)

puKorZma0'em
aomworZma0'em
CmeorZma0'em

= puKtawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rI
= aomwtawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rI
= CmetawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rI

"rodpdwfqdkonfrSm pdwftMunf "rmHkay:qJ(Oyg'fqJ) [dwfajcmufyg;r&dSao;aom t[dwfraem

0dnmPfpdwfESifh [dwfajcmufyg;udef;aom o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwfwdkYudk qdkvdkonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

ed'gef;

21

(C) Zd0SgorZma0'em
= Zd0SgtawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rI
( i ) um,orZma0'em
= um,tawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rI
( p ) raemorZma0'em
= raemtawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rI
qdkif&m'Gg&odkY usa&mufvmaom tmHk\ aumif;&o? qdk;&oudk cHpm;aom
a0'ememrfw&m; jzpfonf/ xdkazmfjyqJ a0'emuEm\oabmudk rdrdtIPfjzihf
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; IjrifEdkif&rnf jzpfonf/ rdrd\ 0dyemPf rSefrrSef odvdkvQif
a0'emuEmudk ydkif;jcm;jrifrI &Sdr&Sdjzihf tajzxkwfyg/

(6) ajcmufyg;aom wPSm

(u)
(c)
(*)
(C)
(i)
(p)

puKorZma0'emrSwPSm
= puKtawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rIrSwPSm
aomworZma0'emrSwPSm= aomwtawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rIrSwPSm
CmeorZma0'emrSwPSm = CmetawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rIrSwPSm
Zd0SgorZma0'emrSwPSm
= Zd0SgtawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rIrSwPSm
um,orZma0'emrSwPSm = um,tawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rIrSwPSm
raemorZma0'emrSwPSm = raemtawGUaMumihfjzpfaomcHpm;rIrSwPSm2
ajcmufyg;aomwPSm [lonfrSm avmb? arm[OD;aqmifaom o[dwfraem
0dnmPfpdwfudk qdkvdkonf/ xdktIcHwPSmpdwfudk tIPf aemufo[dwfraem0dnmPf
pdwfjzifh ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif I&rnfjzpfonf/ azmfjycsufudk a,m*DwdkY txl;owdjyK
oHk;oyfyg/
wPSmudk
jrifEdkifyghrvm;[l
awG;awmwwfonf/
pdwfqdkwmjrifEdkifyghrvm; [lvnf; oHk;oyfMuonf/ odkY awG;awm oHk;oyf
&jcif;rSm jrifEdkifaom orm"d (0g) pdw0dok'djzifhjynfhpHkaom pifMu,faompdwf r&Sd
jzpfonf/
qquokwef jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifu (36)rsKd;aomqqukyfemrf
wdkYudk jrif&rnf[k rdefYqdkjcif;rSm om0ursm;jrifEdkif a[mMum;awmfrlxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ xdkodkY a[m&mwGif b,fenf;? b,frljzihf usifh&onf[l ryg&SdyJ?
jrifEkdifonfh orm"d&SdvQif jriftyfonhf y&rwfkyfemrf w&m;rsm;udkom azmfjyxm;onf/
w&m;jyaomq&monf ,ck azmfjycJhNyD;aom (36)rsKd;aom tIcH y&rwf
kyfemrfwdkYudk udk,fwdkif xdk;xGif;odjrifEdkifNyD; jzpf&rnf/ ,if;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif
vrf;rTefEdkif? rjyoEdkifaom q&monf q&maumif;q&mrSef rjzpfEdkif[k rSwf,lyg/
w&m;jyq&monf rdrd\ wynhfa,m*Dtm; (36)rsKd;aom qqukyfemrfwdkYudk
jrifEdkif&ef yef;wdkifxm; w&m;usihfaeonf [lvnf;aumif; ,if;wdkYudk jrifrSomvQif
y&rwf kyfemrfudkjrifonf? cEmudkjrifonf? Zmwdudkjrifonf? 'kuopmudkjrifonf?
w&m;jrifonf [k rSwf,lxm;&rnf[lvnf;aumif; TefMum;ay;&rnf/
2

Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oVm,we0*f? qquokwf-420 ESm-332

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

22

aomwmyefyk*dKvfwdkY vuPma&;oHk;yg;wifI&ef w&m;rsm;

]]&m[kvm xdkt&mudk tb,fodkY xifrSwfoenf;? rsufpdonf NrJoavm?
rNrJoavm/ rNrJyg toQifbk&m;/ rNrJaom rsufpdonf qif;&Javm? csrf;omavm/
qif;&Jyg toQifbk&m;/ rNrJaom qif;&Jaom azmufjyefjcif;oabm&Sdaom rsufpdudk
rsufpdonf ig\ Opmjzpf\? rsufpdonf igjzpf\? rsufpdonf ig\
udk,f]tw}wnf;[k Ijcif;iSm oifhavsmfygrnfavm/ roifhavsmfyg toQifbk&m;/
tqif;tmHkwdkYonf NrJukefoavm? rNrJukefoavm/ rNrJygukef toQifbk&m;/
puK0dnmPfonf NrJoavm? rNrJoavm/ rNrJyg toQifbk&m;/ puKoronf
NrJoavm? rNrJoavm/ rNrJyg toQifbk&m;/ puKor[laom taMumif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI ]a0'em} rSwfom;rI]onm} jyKjyifrI ]ocFg&} odrI
]0dnmPf}onfvnf; NrJoavm? rNrJoavm/ rNrJyg toQifbk&m;/ rNrJaom
t&monf qif;&Javm? csrf;omavm/ qif;&Jyg toQifbk&m;/ rNrJaom
qif;&Jaom azmufjyefjcif;oabm&Sdaom t&mudk t&monf ig\ Opmjzpf\?
t&monf igjzpf\? t&monf ig\udk,f]tw}wnf;[k Ijcif;iSm
oifhavsmfygrnfavm/
roifhavsmfyg
toQifbk&m;/y/
---y--oabmw&m;wdkYonf NrJukefoavm? rNrJukefoavm/ rNrJygukef toQifbk&m;/y/
raem0dnmPfonf
NrJoavm?
rNrJoavm/
rNrJyg
toQifbk&m;/y/
raemoronf
NrJoavm?
rNrJoavm/
rNrJyg
toQifbk&m;/y/
raemor[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI ]a0'em} rSwfom;rI
]onm} jyKjyifrI ]ocFg&} odrI ]0dnmPf}onfvnf; NrJoavm? rNrJoavm/ rNrJyg
toQifbk&m;/ rNrJaom t&monf qif;&Javm? csrf;omavm/ qif;&Jyg
toQifbk&m;/ rNrJaom qif;&Jaom azmufjyefjcif;oabm&Sdaom t&mudk
t&monf
ighOpmjzpf\?
t&monf
igjzpf\?
t&monf
ig\udk,f]tw}wnf; [k Ijcif;iSm oifhavsmfygrnfavm/ roifhavsmfyg
toQifbk&m;/3

'd|dpifMu,fpGmjyKwf&eftwGuf pifMu,fpGmod&rnfh tIcHy&rwf kyfemrfrsm;udk

azmfjyxm;aom txufyg &m[kavm0g'okwefa'oemawmfvm atmufygtcsuf(3)csuf
udk w&m;Iaoma,m*DwdkY od&Sdxm;&ef txl;vdktyfonf/
(1) tedp? 'ku? tew[k I&rnfh y&rwfkyfemrfrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
(2) y0dnmPfonf aemufxyfraem0dnmPfjzpfaponf/
tcsufudk w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwdkY txl;od&rnfjzpfonf/ puKtMunfESifh
tqif;lygHk
awGUqHkrIaMumifh
puKtMunf&Sd
lygHkudk
tmHkjyKaom
[dwfajcmufyg;r&Sdonfh
jrifodHkoufoufrQom
&Sdaom
puK0dnmPfonf
puKtMunfudk rSD jzpfay:\/ xdkpuK0dnmPf? lygHkESifh puKtMunf [laom
oHk;rsdK;aom ocFg&taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ jyKjyifrIaMumifh aemufxyfjzpfaom tusdK;w&m;
puKor"mwf
jzpfay:vmonf/
xdkjyKjyifwwfaompuKoraMumifh

oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? avmuumr*kP0*f? &m[kavm0g'okwf-121 ESm-317

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

ed'gef;

23

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ppfrSefaom0dyemPf
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qdktyf\ (ynm)/4

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4
"ro*FPDygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? edauyu@ okwEdu'kuedauy? orx'kuf-1363(1) ESm-499

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

24

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raem0dnmPfudk/ y/ raemor[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh
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t&d,mom0u tppfESifhtwk cGJjcm;yHk

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csKyfjcif;
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5

oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oVm,weoH,kwf? oA0*f? yXr ty&dZmeeokwf-26

ESm-240
6
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

ed'gef;

xdkemrfw&m;rsm;
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ysufjcif;udkjrifrS

25

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vQmud k
tZwoEmef
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rsuf p d o nf
t0d Z m aMumif h
jzpf \ [k
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uH a Mumif h jzpf \ [k yd k i f ; jcm;rS w f o m;\? rsuf p d o nf tm[m&aMumif h
jzpf \ [k yd k i f ; jcm;rS w f o m;\? rsufpdonf r[mbkwf"mwfav;yg;wdkYudk pGJ
jzpf\[k ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;\? rsufpdonf jzpfqJ[k ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;\?
rsufpdonfaumif;pGm jzpf\[k ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;\? rsufpdonf rjzpfrl jzpf\?
jzpfNyD; aemifrjzpfvwHU[k ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;\? rsufpdudk tqH k ; tyd k i f ; tjcm;
&Sd a omtm;jzif h yd k i f ; jcm;rS w f o m;\? rsuf p d o nf rNrJ ? NrJaomoabmr&Sd?
azmufjyefaom oabm&Sd\[k ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;\? rsufpdonf edpoabmr&Sd?
jyKjyiftyfaom oabm&Sd\[k ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;tyf\? rsufpdonf edpoabmr&Sd?
jyKjyiftyfaom oabm&Sd\? taMumif;udkpGJ jzpf\? ukefjcif; oabm&Sd\?
ysufjcif;oabm&Sd\?
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7
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ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;jrif&rnfjzpfonfudk
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
txufygtwdkif;
a[mMum;xm;onf/
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em*dw (jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI) Oyg'gefw&m;\ tmkHjzpfaom cEmig;yg;wdkY
jzpfjcif;ysufjcif;udk tzefzef Iavh&Sdonfjzpf aeaomoltm; jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI
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Ivsufaejcif;)\ tusdK;qufaywnf;[k (rdefYawmfrl\)/8

txufyga'oemawmfwGif ]]tm,weajcmufyg;wdkY tedp[k tzefzef Iavh

&Sdonfjzpf
aeaomoltm;}}
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y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? r[m0*f? Puxm? 0wKemewPf tus,fjyjcif;-66? ESm97

8
t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 'kwd,wGJ? yXryPmou? y*u0*f? em*dwokwf-30 ESm-32

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

26

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tyg,foHo&modkY vm;apwwfaom oHa,mZOfoHk;yg;wdkY csKyfrnfjzpfonf/
&[ef;wdkY rsufpdudk rsufarSmufjyKtyf\? tqif;wdkYudk rsufarSmuf
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]puKor}udk rsufarSmufjyKtyf\? rsufpdtawGU ]puKor}aMumifh jzpfaom
okca0'em 'kua0'em Oayuma0'emudk rsufarSmufjyKtyf\/9

txufyga'oemawmft& 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrif&rnfh kyfemrfwdkYonf w&m;

usifhaom
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tIPfjzifh
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]]w&m;wdkYudk
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tmoa0gw&m;ESifhwuGjzpfaom Oyg'gef\tmHkjzpfaom z[laom wyg;aom
w&m;udk ydkif;jcm; odtyf\/
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a0'emoHk;yg;w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odtyfukef\/
tm[m&av;yg;w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odtyfukef\/
Oyg'gefwdkY\tmHkjzpfaom cEmig;yg;w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odtyfukef\/
tZwoEmefjzpfaom tm,weajcmufyg;w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odtyfukef\/
0dnmOfwnf&mckESpfyg; w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odtyfukef\/
avmu"H&Spfyg;w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odtyfukef\/
ow0gwdkYaexdkif&mudk;yg; w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odtyfukef\/
wnf&m]tm,we}q,fyg; w&m;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odtyfukef\/10

txufyga'oemawmft& t&d,mr*fwdkifatmif a&S;Iw&m;tm;xkwfMuaom

a,m*DwdkYonf
aomwmyefyk*dKvfwdkY\
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ydkif;jcm;odtyfonfh w&m;rsm;udk rdrd\tIPf ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; jrif&rnfjzpfonf/

rsufpdtodpdwf ]puK0dnmPf}udk xl;jcm;pGmodtyf\ ---y--- pdwftod

]raem0dnmPf}udk xl;jcm;pGmodtyf\/
rsufpdtawGU ]puKor}udk xl;jcm;pGmodtyf\ ---y--- pdwftawGU
]raemor}udk xl;jcm;pGmodtyf\/
rsufpdtawGUaMumifhjzpfaom cHpm;rIa0'emudk xl;jcm;pGmodtyf\ ---y--pdwftawGUaMumifhjzpfaom cHpm;rIa0'emudk xl;jcm;pGmodtyf\/11

y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? r[m0*f? Puxm? okwr,Pf tus,fjyjcif;-29 ESm-46

y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? r[m0*f? Puxm? okwr,Pf tus,fjyjcif;-20 ESm-31
11
y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? r[m0*f? Puxm? okwr,Pf tus,fjyjcif;-3 ESm-8
10

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

ed'gef;

27

txufyga'oemawmfwGif ]]puK0dnmPfudk xl;jcm;pGmodtyf\? raem0dnmPfudk

xl;jcm;pGm
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wvufpGef;rQaom aoG;tMunfudk rSDwnfaom b0ifokdYusa&mufvmonfh "rmHkESifh
aygif;qHkrdjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom raem0dnmPfudkvnf;aumif; tIPf
o[dwfraem0dnmPfjzifh xl;jcm;pGm odjrif&rnf[k wdkufdkuf a[mMum;xm;onf/
yk*dKvftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
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pif M u,f o nfh tI Pf j zif h [k w f w d k i f ; rS e f p G m xd k ; xG i f ; od a om todudkomvQif
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/

opmav;yg;jrif&ef cufcJyHk
opmav;yg;w&m;awmfonf tvGefw&m eufeJ tvGefrS od&ef cufcJaom
w&m;awmf jzpfonf/ t&d,mwdkYomvQif odtyfaomt&myif jzpfayonf/ 'kuopm
[lonf qquokwef azmfjyxm;aom (36)rsdK;aom kyfemrfwdkYyif jzpfonf/
xdkkyfemrfwdkYudk jrifwwfaomoabmonf PfESifh,SOfaom o[dwfraem0dnmPf
jzpfonf/ om;NrD;zsm;tcsif;csif; azmufxGif;Edkifjcif;xuf xdk(36)rsdK;aom kyfemrfwdkYudk
jrifzdkY&ef ydkyif cufcJeufeJonf[k jrwfpGmbk&m; uJhodkY a[mxm;onf/
tmeEm xdkt&mudk tb,fodkY rSwfxifoenf;/ tMuifolonf a0;aom
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(tzsm;jzifhtzsm;udk)
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12
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rQcufcJeufeJaom opmav;yg;w&m;awmfudk ,cktcg vG,fvG,fESifhusifhHk?

emHkESifh
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12

r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? opoH,kwf? yygw0*f? 0gvokwf-1115 ESm-401

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

28

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tvGefcufcJyifyef;pGm BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEdkifrS aygufajrmufEdkifaom w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/
]'H acg ye? bdua0 'kuH t&d,opH} 13 - 'kuopmonf t&d,mwdkYomvQif
jriftyfaom trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;onf/ oifMum;rIjzifh
odaom opmav;yg; w&m;awmfonf em,lrSwfom;aom todom &Sdao;onf/
t&d,mopmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif; odjrifEdkif&ef pifMu,faompdwf(pdw0dok'd) &Sd&rnfudk
owdjyKyg/ usrf;pmtkyf pdwfpifMu,frI(pdw0dok'd) &&Sd&ef usifhpOftqifhqifhudk
azmfjyxm;onf/
w&m;usifhaom a,m*DwdkYtwGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;aom
qqua'oemawmftusOf;udk vdk&if;rQ ed'gef;taejzifh azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ ppfrSefaom
0dyemPf\tIcHrsm;jzpfaom(36)rsdK;aomqquy&rwfkyfemrfwdkYonf a,m*Dwdkif;
twlwl
&SdMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh
olUw&m;
ighw&m;[lvnf;aumif;?
olw&m;jrifrIESifh
igw&m;jrifrI
rwlbl;[lvnf;aumif;
r&SdoifhMuay/
rnfonfhenf;jzifh
usifhonfjzpfap
Ijrif&onfrSm
twlwlyif
jzpfonf/
tusifhMurf;onfEkonfrSm y"mer[kwf/ ydkif;jcm;jrifrI tay:om rlwnf
qHk;jzwf&rnf/ w&m;jyq&mwdkYonfvnf; (36)rsdK;aom qqu kyfemrfrSwyg;
tjcm;kyfemrfjrif&ef
jyp&mr&Sdojzifh
q&mwdkY\
&nf&G,fcsufvnf;
wlnD&rnfjzpfonf/

13

r[m0*oH,kwfygVd? opoH,kwf? "rpuy0we0*f? "rpuy0weokwf-1081

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

d
tcef;(1)
tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0
bk&m;&Sif odjrifapvdkaom tIcHy&rwfkyfemrfwdkY\ obm0ESifh qufpyfyHkwdkYudk
w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwdkY odjrifvG,f&ef yHkpHESifhwuG &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;ygrnf/

1?1/ tjyiftwdkuf"mwfajcmufyg;ESifh cEmjzpfpOf (tydkif;-u)

ouf&Sdow0gjzpfap? oufrJht&m0wKjzpfap a,bk,stm;jzihf tqif; toH
teHY t&om tawGUESihf "rmHk[laom tjyiftwdkuf"mwfajcmufyg; (tmHkajcmufyg;)
tjynfhtpHk &SdMuygonf/ w&m;tm;xkwfrnfh a,m*Donf tmHkajcmufyg; jzpfay:vmyHk
t&Sdoabmw&m;udkodvdkvQif
kyfw&m;wdkY\
ed,mrudk
a&S;OD;pGm
okwr,ynm(emMum;od)? pdEmr,ynm(BuHqod)wdkYjzihf em;vnfxm;oifhygonf/
odkYrSomvQif 0dyemynm bm0emjzihf IrSwfyGm;rsm;&mwGif cufcJyifyef;rIr&Sd
vG,fulrnfjzpfygonf/ ow0gwdkYonf xdktmHkajcmufyg;\ oabmtrSefudk rodojzihf
xdktmHkajcmufyg;wdkY tay: a,musfm;? rdef;r? yk*dKvf? ow0gponfjzifh
t&SdxifpGJ,lMu wPSm rme 'd|dwdkY jzpfMuum (11)yg;rD; awmufavmifMu&onf/
xdkYaMumifh
(11)yg;rD;csKyf&eftwGuf
rdrd\lyum,ESifh
A[d'tmHk
wdkY\
oabmobm0wdkYudk
vuPma&;oHk;yg;jzifh
ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif
Ijrif&rnfjzpf
,if;wdkYudk tpOftvdkufod&ef BudKwifavhvmrSwfom;xm;NyD;rS ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkifrnfh
orm"d &&Sd&ef oDv0dok'd pdw0dok'd usifhpOf wuf&rnfjzpfonf/
'Gg&ESifhyom'&Sdaom
rnfonfh
yk*dKvf
ow0grqdk
twdkuf"mwfajcmufyg;rS wpfyg;yg;ESifh xdawGUqufqHae&onf/ ow0gwdkY\
cEmudk,fudk
tNrJwrf;wdkufcdkufaeaom
tjyiftwdkuf"mwfajcmufyg;udk
Am[d&m,weajcmufyg;[k ac:onf/ ow0gwdkY\ pdwfonf xdktjyiftwdkuf"mwf
wnf;[laom tmHkajcmufyg;ESifh uif;onf[lr&Sday/ xkdtmHkajcmufyg;wdkY ESifh
qufqH awGUxdaomtcg ,if;wdkYtay: vdkcsifwyfrufrI avmb? rausreyfjzpfrI
a'go? xdktmHkwdkYudk&&Sd&efjyKvkyfrI ocFg&? xdktmHkwdkYudk pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef ponfwdkY
pdwf jzpfvmMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdktwdkuf"mwfajcmufyg;wdkYudk pdwf\rSD&m

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

30

tjyiftmHkajcmufyg;? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf ow0gwdkYtm; udavomESihf oHa,mZOfwdkY

jzpfapaMumif; w&m;rsm;[k ac:onf/
xdkoabmtm; ay:vGifap&ef Muufwpfaumiftm; Oyrm,l tmHkajcmufyg;
cGJjy&vQifMuufwpfaumifwGif-1/ rsufpdjzifh jrifEdkifaom (kyf0wK) tqif;tmHk&Sdonf/
2/ em;jzifh Mum;Edkifaom (wGefoH awmifyHcwfoH) toHtmHk&Sdonf/
3/ ESmacgif;jzifh eHodEdkifaom (arT;jcif; eHjcif;) teHYtmHk&Sdonf/
4/ vQmjzifh pm;odEdkifaom (csKdjcif;) t&omtmHk&Sdonf/
5/ udk,fjzifh xdawGUEdkifaom(aysmhjcif;? rmjcif;) tawGUtmHk&Sdonf/
6/ xdkMuuf\ tqif;? toH? teHY? t&om? tawGU tmHkwdkYudk pdwf twdwf
tem*wf tm;jzifh BuHpnfpOf;pm;onfhtcg xdkMuufonf oabmtm;jzifhod&aom
"rmHkjzpfonf/
txufyg Oyrmoabmudk axmufI opfyifrsKd;pHk? wd&dpmefrsKd;pHk? vlrsKd;pHk? a&
ajr ae v ponfh avmuudk tusOf;csKyfoHk;oyfvdkufvQif tmHkajcmufyg;om
&SdMuonf/ avmu[lonf tmHkajcmufyg;yifjzpfonf/ xdkoabmudk Pfjzihf
oHk;oyfyg/ ig olwyg; a,musfm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0gr&Sd? opfyif awm
awmif a& ajr ork'&mr&Sd? tmHkajcmufyg;om&Sd\ [laomoabmudk Pfjzihf
jrifatmifMunfhyg/
xdktmHkajcmufyg;
wd k Y w G i f
wpf r sKd ;
wpf r sKd ; pD
om,mzG , f ( |)*k P f ? rom,mzG , f ( ted | )*k P f [l ESpfrsKd;pDuGJjym;Muonf/
tmHkajcmufyg;wdkYwGif
wrsKd;rsKd;ESihf
qufqHrdonfhtcg
,if;wdkY\om,mzG,f (|)*kPf? rom,mzG,f(ted|)*kPf oabmtrSefudk rjrifu
ow0gwdkY\pdwf wPSm rme 'd|dwdkY uyfa&mufwdk;yGm;vmygonf/ xdkYaMumihf
tmHkwdkY\ | ted|oabm onfvnf; trSefrjrifaom ow0gwdkYtm; oHo&m
cEmwdk;yGm;aMumif;
taxmuftyHh
jzpfonf/
w&m;usihfaoma,m*DwdkYonf
oHo&mjywfaMumif;tusihf tmHkajcmufyg;ESihf ,if;wdkY\ |&o ted|&owdkYudk
vuPma&;oHk;yg; wifumI&rnf jzpfonf/
rdrd\lyum,onfvnf;
tmHkig;yg;tpkta0;jzpfonf/
rdrd\lyum,oabmudk
Ijcif;jzifh
jyifytmHkig;yg;udk
INyD;jzpfonf/
tmHkig;yg;wdkY\ tajccHtzGJUtpnf;udk atmufygtwdkif; Iyg/

1?1?1/ "mwfav;yg;wdkY\ y&rwfoabm

ynwftm;jzihfac:qdktyfaom
yx0D"mwfonf
rmrI
aysmhrIkyf?
awaZm"mwfonf
ylrI
at;rIkyf?
0ga,m"mwfonf
wGef;rI
uefrIkyf?
tmayg"mwfonf ,dkpD;rI zGJUpnf;rIkyf/
xdk"mwfav;yg;wdkYonf ouf&Sdow0gwdkY ur pdw Owk tm[m& [laom
taMumif;wdkYESihf oufrJhwdkYwGif Owk tm[m& [laom taMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh
jzpfvmaom oabmyif jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg tusKd;w&m; "mwfav;yg;onf txuf
azmfjycJhNyD;onfhtwdkif;
udk,fydkifvuPmtoD;oD;&SdMuaomfvnf;
wpfckESihfwpfck
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

31

oD;jcm;pGm
cGJ
jzpfay:dk;r&SdMuay/
jzpfay:vmvQifaomf
vnf;aumif;?
ysufpD;aysmufuG,foGm;vQif aomfvnf;aumif; twlwuG jzpfMu csKyfMu&ygonf/
xdk"mwfav;yg;wdkYonf
o[Zmw?
tnrn?
ed,?
twd?
t0d*w
ig;ckaomyp,owdjzihf tcsif;csif; aus;Zl;jyK &yf w nf a eaMumif ; ud k ]]{uH
r[mbl w H y#d p wa,m r[mbl w m}} ponf j zihf y|mef;a'oemawmf jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mxm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/
odkYaomf
pifMu,faom
PfjzihfMunfhvQif
r[mbkwfav;yg;wdkY\ oabmvuPm toD;oD;udk wpfckESihfwpfck uGJuGJjym;jym;
IjrifEdkif&rnf jzpfygonf/
twlwuG wNydKifwnf; jzpfMu? csKyfMu? ysufMuaom r[mbkwfav;yg;[laom
oabmowdav;ck aygif;pkvmaomtcg j'yfrIefwpfck jzpfay:vmygonf/ j'yfrIefwpfck
jzpfvmonfESihf 0P = tqif;? *E = teHY? &o = t&om (*kPf)? MoZm =
tqD? tap;wdkYonf vnf; xdkj'yfrIefwGif wNydKifwnf; xif&Sm;vmygonf/*

1?1?2/ uvmytrIefrS aum|mo (0g) j'yfrSoPmef

(1) yx0D? (2) awaZm? (3) 0ga,m? (4) tmayg? (5) 0P? (6) *E? (7)
&o? (8) MoZm oabmowd&SpfrsKd;aygif;pkxm;aomj'yfrIefwpfckudk y&rwuvmy
(razmufjyefaom
j'yfrIef)
wpfck[k
ac:ygonf/
tqdkygj'yfrIefwpfck\
jzpfwnfysufyHkudk rnfuJhodkYaom taxmuf t yHh u d k ,l v suf Munfh Ia pumrl
yuwd r suf p d
(dk ; dk; rsuf p d ) jzif h
vH k ; 0
rawGUjrifEdkifay/
pifMu,faom
0dyemPfjzifhom awGUjrifEdkifygonf/
xdkoabmowd&SpfrsKd;aygif;pkrI y&rwuvmyfrIefrsm; odef;aygif;rsm;pGm aygif;pk
rdMuaomtcg 'dApuK(ewfwdkY\rsufpd)jzifh jrifawGUEdkifavmufaom y&rmtPkjrL[k
ac:aom j'yfrIefwpfcktjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ xdky&rmtPkjrLaygif; (36)ck
aygif;qHkrdvQif tPkMunfhrSefajymif; ponfjzihf awGUjrifEdkifavmufaom j'yfrIeftqifhodkY
a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ if;udk tPkjrL[k ac:ygonf/ ,if;tPkjrLaygif; (36)ckwdkY
aygif;pkrdMuvQif aea&mifcHMunfhvQif jrifEkdifavmufaom j'yfrIefwpfcktjzpfodkY
a&muf&Sd vmygonf/ if;udk wZm&DjrL[k ac:ygonf/ tqdkyg wZm&DjrLrIefaygif;
(36)ck
aygif;pkrdMuvQif
jrif;&xm;
armif;oGm;onfhtcg
aumif;uif,H
t&yfav;rsufESmodkY
ysHUESHU
oGm;aom
(yuwdvlwdkYrsufpdjzifh
jrifEdkifaom)
j'yfrIefyrmPtqifhodkY BuD;xGm;vmygonf/ if;udk &xa&PkjrL[k ac:ygonf/
xdk&xa&PkjrLrIefaygif;(36)ck
aygif;pkrdvQif
vdumjrL
(ac:)
oef;ysOcefYrQ
1
BuD;xGm;vmygonf/
xdkuJhodkY oef;ysOcefYrQjrLrIefaygif; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif aygif;pnf;&mrS (Oyrm
tm;jzifh vlom;wpfOD;wGif qHyif arG;nif; tom; taMum tdk; ponf) oPmef
*

ae&mwG i f owd j yK&ef r S m ouf &Sd o w 0 gwd k Y ur w pf c k o nf k y f " mwf o abm

wpf c k u d k o m
jzpfay:apygonf/
tcsufudk
om0uwdkY
ydkif;jcm;rjrifEdkifaomfvnf;
oabmem;vnf&ef a&;om; azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tus,fudk tbd"rwo*F[usrf;? kyfydkif;?
lyork|meu@ avhvmygav/
1
0db*Ft|uxm? psme0dbif;-515 ESm-328

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

32

tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdvmjcif; jzpfygonf/ oufrJht&m0wKwdkYwGifvnf; (Oyrmtm;jzifh

opfyif wpfyifwGif tacguf tcGH tayG; tESpf) ponhf oPmeftjzpfodkY
a&muf&Sdvmygonf/

tmHkajcmufyg;
lygHk/ /vlom;wdkY\cEmudk,f yx0D"mwfvGefuJaom qHyif arG;nif; ajconf;
vufonf; oGm; ta&xlta&yg; tom; taMum tdk; dk;wGif;jcifqD tdIU
ESvHk; tonf; tqkwf tajr; tzsOf; tlodrf tlr tpmopf tpma[mif;
OD;aESmuf [lvnf;aumif;? tmayg"mwfvGefuJaom oPmeftpkudk onf;ajc ovdyf
jynf aoG; acR; tqDcJ rsuf&nf tqDMunf wHawG; ESyf tap;
usifi,f[lvnf;aumif; (32)aum|mojzihf zGJUpnf;xm;onf[k od&ygrnf/
xdkenf;wl oufrJhwdkYwGifvnf; (Oyrmtm;jzifh opfyifwpfyifwGif) tacguf tcGH
toD; taph tom; tayG; t&Guf tjrpf ponfjzihf oPmefuGJjym;aom
tpdwftydkif;wdkYjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;rIudk od&ygrnf/
tqdkyg(32)rsKd;aom oPmefwdkYonf yuwdrsufpdjzifh xif&Sm;jrif&aomaMumihf
lygHk[k ac:qdktyfyg\/** NcHKiHk oHk;oyf&vQif --(1) toD;oD;aom "mwfav;yg;onf obm0owdtqifh
(2) y&rmtPkjrLtqihfonf y&rwuvmytqihf (j'yftqifh)
(3) tPkjrL wZm&DjrL &xa&PkjrL tqihfwdkYonf orl[uvmytqifh
(j'yftqifh)
(4) toD;oD;aom (32)aum|motqihfonf oPmeftqihf (j'yftqihf)
[l tqihfav;qihf uGJjym;aeonf/
trSwf(2) y&rmtPkjrLtqihfonf tEkpm; lygHktqihf jzpfonf/ trSwf(3)
tPkjrL wZm&DjrL &xa&PkjrL tqihfwdkYonf tvwfpm; lygHktqihf jzpf
trSwf(4) (32)aum|motpk tqih f o nf tMurf ; pm; l y gHk t qih f jzpf o nf /
wenf ; tm;jzih f ajym&vQif trSwf(1)tqihfonf obm0owdtqihfrQom jzpf
trSwf(234)wdkYonf 'Abm0(j'yf)tqihfjzpfygonf/ obm0owdtqihf lygHk[l
r&Sdao;ay/
"mwkoabm
(pG r f ; tif o abm)rQom
jzpf
'A b m0(j'yf ) tqif h w d k Y om
l y gHk [ l
&Sd y gonf /
trSwf(2)j'yfonf
rxif&Sm;aomtqifh? trSwf(3)j'yfonf xif&Sm;aomtqihf? trSwf(4)j'yfonf
ay:vGifaomtqifh[l uGJjym;pGm em;vnf&ef vdkygonf/

**

ae&mwGif qHyif arG;nif;ponfjzihf trnfynwftwyfcH&m ]]t&m0wKj'yf}} wdkYonf

lygHky&rwf
jzpf
t&m0wKj'yfwdkYtm;
wpfckESihfwpfck
uGJjym;atmifcGJjcm;
qHyif
arG;nif;ponfjzifh
emrnfay;
wHqdyfcwfxm;jcif;onf
ynwfjzpfonf[l
uGJuGJjym;jym;
od&efvkdygonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

33

o'gHk/ /azmfjycJhNyD;aom r[mbkwfav;yg;wdkY jzpfpOf? &ifhusufpOf? ay:vGifpOfwdkY

ouf&Sdow0g wdkYwGif pdwfudktajccH (pdwfaMumihf) oufrJhESihf urZkyfwdkYwGif Owkudk
tajccH (OwkaMumifh) o' toHkyf"mwfonf jzpfay:vm&ygonf/
qufvuf wifjy&vQif ouf&Sdow0gwdkY pum;ajymvdk? &,farmvdk?
idka<u;vdk? atmf[pfvdkaompdwfrsm; jzpfay:vmonfhtcg tqdkygpdwfESihf,SOfaom
aZmapwemonf
pdwZyx0Dkyf"mwfudk
jzpfay:apvsuf
(,cifwifjycJhaom)uHaMumihf &SdESihfaeNyD;aom urZyx0Dkyf"mwfwdkY xdcdkufMu&mrS
o'kyf [laom toHtmHk jzpfay:vmygonf/ wcgw&H ouf&Sdow0gwdkY\
cEmudk,fxJ (0rf;usKwfoHponf) toHrsm; tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:aewwf\/
,if;toHum;
Owkudk
taMumif;cHvsuf
urZyx0D"mwfwpfckESihf
urZyx0D"mwfwpfckwdkY
tcsif;csif;xdcdkuf&mrS
jzpfay:vmjcif;
jzpfygonf/
t0dnmPu oufrJhwdkYwGif Owkudk taMumif;cHvsuf OwkZyx0D"mwf tcsif;csif;
xdcdkufMu&mrS (rdk;csKef;oH? avwdkufoH ponf) toH"mwfrsm; jzpfay:vmygonf/
qdkvdkonfrSm toH kyf"mwfjzpfrI taMumif;cH uGJjym;aomfvnf; yx0D"mwf tcsif;csif;
xdcdkufrdvQif (0g) xdcdkufapvQif toHkyf"mwf jzpfonf[k em;vnf&ygrnf/
*EmHkESifh&omkH/
/*EmHk=teHYkyf"mwfESihf
&omHk=t&omkyf"mwfwdkYum;
y&rwjrL tqif h u yif pwif xif &S m ;Muygonf / tb,f h a Mumih f q d k a omf
r[mbk w f a v;yg; aygif;pnf;rI y&rm tPkjrLj'yf wpfck jzpfay:vmonfESihf
0P=tqif;? *E=teHY? &o=t&om? MoZm=tqDtap; wdkYonfvnf; wNydKifwnf;
jzpfay:vmMuaomaMumihf jzpfygonf/*
0P? *E? &o? MoZm[laom kyfav;yg;onf r[mbkwfav;yg; wdkYESihftwl
wNydKifwnf; jzpfcsKyfMuaomfvnf; um&Pzv? ed,eddw? XmeXmeD oabm
ygaomaMumifh r[mbkwf[l rqdkEdkifyJ Oyg'gkyf (rSDwwfonfhkyf)om jzpfonfudk
em;vnf&ygrnf/ odkYaomfvnf; tqdkyg r[mbkwfav;yg;ESihf Oyg'gkyfav;yg;
aygif;&Spfyg;aom kyfwdkYonf y&rwuvmyj'yfrIef wpfcktjzpf wnf&SdMuaomtcg
*

ae&mwGif uGJjym;pGm od&efrSm yx0D? awaZm? tmayg? 0ga,m "mwfav;yg;onf tajccHkyf

"mwfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ 0Pponhf tjcm;aom kyfwdkY\ trSDcH&m kyfwdkYjzpfaomaMumifh
]]r[mblwkyf}} [kac:onf/ 0Ppaom kyfav;rsKd;wdkYonfum; r[mblwkyfav;yg;wdkYudk
taMumif;cH jzpfvmaom aMumihfvnf;aumif;? rSDwwfaomoabm &SdaomaMumihfvnf;aumif;
]]Oyg'gkyf}} [k ac:ygonf/ wqufwnf;yif r[mblwkyf av;ckwdkYonf wpfckESihfwpfck
tcsif;csif;rSDMuaomfvnf;
"mwfwpfck
jzpfay:vmvQif
usef"mwfoHk;yg;wdkYvnf;
twlwuGjzpfay:vm "mwfwpfckysufpD;oGm;vQif usef "mwfoHk;yg;wdkYvnf; wNydKifwnf;
ysufpD;Mudk;
"rwmjzpf&um;
"mwfwpfckonf
"mwfwpfck\
tajccHrlvjzpf\[l
ajymqdkEdkifzG,fr&SdaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;?
aemufwpfcsufrSm
um&Pzvoabm
ruGJjym;aomaMumifhvnf;aumif; tqdkyg r[mbkwfav;yg;wdkYudk Oyg'gkyf (rSDwwfonfhkyf) [l
rac:qdkEdkifay/

taMumif;ESifh tusdK;

rSDwwfolESifh trSDcH

ae&mESifh aeol

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

34

wpfckESihfwpfck cGJjcm;xm; r&paumif;ay/ xdkYaMumihf tqdkyg "mwf&Spfck aygif;pkrI

y&rwuvmywpfckudk ]]t0dedaAm*kyf}} (cGJjcrf;r&onfh uvmyfwpfck) [k
ac:ygonf/
azm|AmHk/ /azm|AmHk[lonf yx0D? awaZm? 0ga,mwdkY\ aygif;pkkyfwpfrsKd;yif
jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg azm|AmHkonfvnf; y&rwuvmywpfcktjzpfodkY a&mufrS
xif&Sm;ygonf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh ouf&Sdkyfjzpfap? oufrJhkyfjzpfap "mwfav;yg;aygif;pkrIwpfck
y&rwuvmytqihf(j'yfEktqihf) a&mufonfESihfwNydKifeuf lygHk? o'gHk? *EmHk?
&omHk? azm|AmHk[laom tmHkig;rsKd; toD;oD; &SdMuygonf/ ,if;tmHkig;rsKd;onf
qdkif&m'Gg&odkY wdkufaomtcg ymHk [laomtrnfudk &ygonf/
"rmHk/ /"rmHkwGif "rt&- pdwf? apwoduf? yom'kyf(5)? okckrkyf(16)? edAmef?
ynwfw&m;wdkY
yg0ifonf/
twdwf?
tem*wftm;jzihf
tmHkjyKEdkifaom
ymHkwdkYonfvnf; um&Pl y pmtm;jzih f ynwf w &m;wG i f tusKH ; 0if a omaMumih f
"r m Hk rnf y gonf / tusKH;0ifyHkrSm rjrif&aom ta0;wpfae&mrS ]]0kwf? 0kwf}}
[laom toHtmHkudk Mum;&m Mum;qJoabmonf o'gHkomjzpf "rmHk rjzpfay/
odkYaomf ]]0kwf? 0kwf}} [lonf bmoHygvdrfh[k pdwfjzihf BuHpnfESvHk;oGif;&mwGif
]]acG;a[mifoH}} [laom ynwfonf jzpfay:vm\/ acG;a[mifaeonf[laom
ynwfESvHk;oGif;rI
taMumif;cHaMumifh
rdrd
twdwfu
awGUBuHKcJhzl;aom
]]acG;oPmef}}onf
pdwfxJ
ay:vm\/
tqdkyg
pdwfxJ
ay:vmaom
acG;oPmefonf
ypKyef
rsufpdjzifh
awGUjrif&jcif;r[kwfyJ
acG;[laom
ynwfESvHk;oGif;aMumifh
jzpfay:vm&um;
,if;acG;
oPmef(lygHk)onf
ynwdw&m;wGif yg0ifaom "rmHkyifjzpfygonf/* oabmudk tIPfu@
tus,f&Sif;jyxm;onf/

1?1?3/ tmHkajcmufyg;ESifh ynwfig;rsKd;taMumif;cH wPSm rme 'd|djzpfyHk

ynwf [ l o nf y&rw k y f e mrf w d k Y \ obm0tay: bmompum;tvd k u f
wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; qufqHrI &&Sd&ef ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfxm;aom oauFwtrnf jzpfonf/
*

ykaAed0gotbdnmOfjzifh b0tpOftqufudk tmHkjyK&m pdwfxJwGifay:vmaom ly o' *E

&o azm|AtmHkwdkYonf ypKyef xif&Sm;r&Sdjcif;aMumihf ]]ynwfESvHk;oGif; twdwf"rmHk}} [l
rSwf&ygrnf/ vlaumif? ewfaumif? wd&dpmefaumif? opfyif? awm? awmif? a&? ajr? ork'&m
ponfjzihf emrnfynwf twyfcH&aom t&m0wKj'yf toD;oD;wdkYonf r[mbkwfav;yg;aygif;pkrI
y&rwuvmytajccH toD;oD;&SdMu&um; tmHkajcmufyg; toD;oD; tjynfht0&SdMuonf[k
rSwf&ygrnf/ um; j'yfudk yrmPjyK tmHkajcmufyg;cGJjyyHk jzpfygonf/ yom'kyf(5)?
okckrkyf(16)?
pdwf(1)?
apwoduf(52)?
edAmeftmHkwdkYonf
j'yfudkyrmPjyKr&ay/
"rudkomyrmPjyK&onf/ "r[lonfrSmvnf; owdoabm rQomjzpf xdkoabmtmHkwdkYudk
raem0dnmPfpdwfjzifhom odEdkifMuygonf/ y0dnmPfpdwfwdkYjzihf odEdkifaom tmHkr[kwfay/ odkYjzpf
"rmHk[l&m (1) twdwf tem*wf ynwfESvHk;oGif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ly o' *E
azm|Awnf;[laom j'yfyrmP"rmHkESifh (2) yom'kyf-5? okckrkyf-16? pdwf-1? apwoduf-52?
edAmefwnf;[laom "ryrmP"rmHk [l ESpfrsKd;cGJ em;vnf&ygrnf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

35

ynwfig;rsKd;
&Sdonf/
(1)emrynwf?
(2)orl[ynwf?
(3)oPmeynwf?
(4)Ceynwf? (5)oEwdynwf wdkYjzpfonf/
trSef&Sdaom (32)aum|mo oPmeftpkta0;aygif;pkrIudk vl[l t,lrSm;rI
'd|d0dyvmo? vl[l trSwfrSm;rI onm0dyvmo? vl[l todrSm;rI pdw0dyvmo
jzpf u m xd k t qif ; oP m ef tmHk \ |oabmaMumif h vd k c sif w yf r uf r I avmb?
xd k t qif ; oP m ef t mHk \ k y f y &rwf o abmud k rod r I arm[? xd k t qif ; tmHk
qefYusifbufjzpfum a'gopaom udavomw&m;rsm; jzpfvm&onf/
ynwfig;rsKd;wdkYwGif a&SUoHk;rsKd;onf 'd|d0dyvmoudk y"metaMumif;cH jzpfay:
vmonf/ aemufESpfrsKd;um; onm0dyvmoudk y"metaMumif;cH jzpfay:vmonf/
xdkynwfig;rsKd; zHk;tkyfcHxm;&aom pdwf wPSm rme 'd|dwdkYjzpfum ur0#f
0dygu0#f udavom0#fwdkYjzifh oHo&mvnf 'kucEm &&SdMujcif; jzpfonf/
t|uvmyfkyfwdkY\ aygif;pkrIaMumihf jzpfay:vmaom oPmefoabmw&m;[k
rodjcif;udk taMumif;cH ouf&SdwdkYtay: (vl wd&dpmef i&J Nydwm tol&um,f
ewf jA[m) oufrJhwdkY tay: (opfyif awm awmif a& ajr ork'&m ae v
euwf wm&m) ponfwdkY &Sdonf[l 'd|djzifhpGJ,lrI jzpfay:vmonf (orl[ynwf)/
vl[l t&SdpGJ,ljcif;aMumifh a,musfm; rdef;r t&SdpGJjzpfay:vmonf/
a,musfm;[k t&SdpGJ,ljcif;aMumihf taz tpfudk bBuD; baxG; tazBuD; om;
om;ruf nD oli,fcsif; rif;om; &[ef; omraP bk&m; oHCm ponfh
yk*dKvfpGJ ynwfpGJrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ rdef;r[k t&SdpGJ,lrIaMumifh tar tr ta':
tzGm; tarBuD; a,mif;r q&mr oDv&if rif;orD; acR;r orD; nDr ESr
paom yk*dKvfpGJ ynwfpGJrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ wd&dpmef[k t&SdpGJ,ljcif;aMumifh acG;
EGm; Muuf bJ 0uf paom wd&dpmefrsKd;pHk? txD; tr paom yk*dKvfynwfpGJrsm;
jzpfay:vmonf/ xdkYtwl i&J[l t&SdpGJ,l&mrS i&JBuD;&Spfxyf i&Jtdk; i&JrD; [laom
ynwfpGJrsm;? NydwmtrsKd;rsKd; ewf jA[mtrsKd;rsKd; tol&um,f trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\
trnfemrynwfpGJrsm; jzpfay:vm&onf (emrynwf)/
tqk d y g yk * v emrynwf p G J u d k tajccH t|uvmyf k y f t pk w d kY aygif ; pk r I r S
jzpfay:vmaom oPmefwdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd; (oPmeynwf)udk trSefrodEdkifawmhyJ
taz vmw,f taz udkifw,f taz pm;w,f taz aomufw,f taz
tdyfw,f taz zsm;w,f taz tdkw,f taz aow,f ponfjzifh trlt&mtay:
tjrifrSm;?
todrSm;?
trSwfrSm;jcif;wdkY
qufwdkufjzpfay:vmum
udavomoHa,mZOfrD;rsm;
wdk;yGm;
vm&onf/
xdkuJhodkY
jyifyolwyg;wdkYudk
t&SdpGJaomaMumifh rdrd[laom twpGJ,lrIonf vnf; jzpfay:vm&onf/ xdkrdrd[laom
twt&Sd pGJ,lrIaMumifh ig pm;w,f ig oGm;w,f ig xdkifw,f ig tdyfw,f ig
vkyfw,f ig udkifw,f ig ,dkw,f ig aygufw,f ig emw,f ig zsm;w,f ig
tdkw,f ig aow,f paom trlt&mtay: t,lrSm;? todrSm;? trSwfrSm;wdkYjzpfum
udavomoHa,mZOfrD;rsm; wdk;yGm;vm&onf/
tqif ; \ om,mzG , f o abmaqmif r I u d k v nf ; yk * v emrynwf t&Sd pGJ , l
xm;jcif;aMumifh taz vSw,f taz rvSbl; taz tkyfqdk;w,f taz
t&yfykw,f taz t&yf&Snfw,f tar vSw,f tar rvSbl; tar
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

36

tom;rnf;w,f tar tom;jzLw,f ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;? acG;uav; jzLw,f

0w,f ydefw,f ykw,f ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;? tw'd|dpGJudk tajccHvsuf ig
vSw,f ig rvSbl; ig &Snfw,f ig wdkw,f ig rnf;w,f ig jzLw,f
ponfjzifhvnf;aumif; obm0tm;jzifh&Sdaom |*kPf ted|*kPfudkyif todrSm;
trSwfrSm; t,lrSm;jzpfum wyfrufrI avmb? uyfndrI &m*? rauseyfrI a'go?
axmifvTm;rI rme? remvdkrI m? 0efwdkrI rp&d,? t&Sdy&rwf\ |*kPf
ted|*kPfudk rjrifrIESifh ynwfudk t&SdxifrI arm[ paom udavomrD;rsm;
wdk;yGm;vm&onf/
ynwftm;jzifh
ouf&Sd[kac:qdk&aomt|uvmyfkyftpkta0;rsm;jzpfonfh
qHyif arG;nif; tom; taMum tdk; paom (32)aum|mo\oabmudk
rodrjrifjcif;aMumihf ajc vuf udk,f acgif; a,musfm; rdef;r taz tar
om;orD;[k
t&SdpGJ,lonfh
'd|dESifhwuGOyg'gefw&m;rsm;
jzpfay:vmonf/
oHa,mZOfw&m;rsm;vnf;jzpfay:vmonf/ xdkyk*dKvfow0gwdkYtay: om,mESpfoufrI
wPSm jzpfay:vmonf/ qefYusifbuf yk * d K vf o w 0 gwd k Y t ay: remvd k r I m?
Nyd K if q d k i f v d k r I rme? cuf x ef r I a'go? umr*kPfjzifh qufqHvdkrI umr&m*wdkY
jzpf&onf/
tmHk(kyfw&m;)wdkY\ ta&miftaoG; oPmefrsm; pkaygif;xm;onfh oabm
trSefudk rodyJ yk*dKvfow0g? t&m0wKwdkY[k t&SdpGJ,lrIaMumifh wPSm rme 'd|d
paom tukodkvfw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
oufrJht|uvmyfkyftpkta0;udk tajccH jzpfay:vmaom tqif;oPmef
trsKd;rsKd;\ oabmaqmifrItrSefudk rodyJ opfyif wdkufwm tdk;tdrf a&T aiG
ausmufoH ywjrm; aumif;uif ajrBuD; apwD ykxdk; aev euwf ork'&m
ponfjzifh t&SdpGJ,l&mrS r&SdaomemrynwfwdkYudk t&Sdt[kwfpGJ,lrI jzpfay:vmonf/
xdkoufrJhtqif;oPmef\ |*kPfESifh ted|zG,f*kPfwdkY\ oabmtrSefudk
rodrjrifyJ emrynwfudk t&SdpGJ,lxm;rIaMumihfvnf;aumif;? tw'd|dpGJ tajccHrIaMumihf
vnf;aumif; igha&T aumif;w,f? igha&T b,favmuft&nftaoG;aumif;w,f?
ighausmuf b,favmuf t&nftaoG; aumif;w,f? b,favmufwefzdk;&Sdw,f? ightdrf
ighwdkuf ighum; ightoHk;taqmif ighypnf; ighOpm b,favmuf wefzdk;&Sdw,f [l
om,mrI wPSm? axmifvTm;rIrme? tqdkyg ypnf;rsm; ysufpD;aysmufqHk;csKdU,Gif;vQif
pdwfqif;&JrI a'gre? ES v H k ; rom,mrI aomu? id k a <u;jrnf w rf ; &rI y&d a '0?
xyf z ef w vJ v J
qif;&Jae&rI
Oyg,mo
paom
udavomrD;rsm;
awmufavmifvm&onf/
,ckazmfjycJhNyD; t|uvmyfkyftpk aygif;qHkrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
tqif; oPmefudk tajccHvsuf 0dyvmow&m;rsm; pdwf zHk;tkyfcHxm;&rIaMumihf
ynwfrsm;ESihf ,SOfaom 'd|d wPSm Oyg'gefjzpfyHk? xdk 'd|d wPSm Oyg'gefaMumihf
udavomrD;rsm;
awmufavmifwdk;yGm;vmyHkwdkY
enf;wl
uvmyfkyfpkrItay:
taMumif;jyKrIaMumifh jzpf a y:vmaom o' k y f (toH t mHk) ? *E k y f (teH Y t mHk ) ?
&ok y f (t&omtmHk) ? azm|Akyf (tawGUtmHk)? "rkyf ("rmHk)wdkYudk oabmtrSef
t&Sdtwdkif; rodrI(t0dZm) aMumifh pdwf 0dyvmow&m;wdkY\ vSnfhpm;rIcH&um
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

37

r&Sdynwf tmHkrsm;udk t&SdpGJ xm;jcif;? xdkynwftmHkrsm; pGJ,lrIudk taMumif;cH

'd|d wPSm Oyg'gefrsm; zHk;jcif; cH&awmhonf/ om,mzG,f&mtmHkESifh BuHKawGUvmvQif
xdktmHkay: wyfrufrI avmb? uyfNidrI &m*? igrSpGrf;Edkifonf[laom axmifvTm;rI
rme? wG,fwmrI oHa,mZOf? pdk;&drfrI aomu? aMumifhMurI Asmyg'? remvdkrI m?
0efwdkrI rp&d,[laom udavomrD;rsm;? &atmif jyKvkyfrI uHocFg&? &&SdrI urb0
paom 'kurD;rsm; pdwf avmifuRrf;rI cH & awmh o nf / rom,mzG , f & m tmH k vnf ;
a'go?
aomu?
y&d a '0
paom
udavomrD;rsm;
pdwfudk
avmifuRrf;ESdyfpufMuonf/
tusOf;csKyfazmfjy&vQif kyftaygif;tpkjzpfaom tqif;? toH? teYH? t&om?
tawGU? "rmHkwnf;[laom tmHkajcmufyg; kyfw&m;wdkY\ |*kPfESifh ted|*kPfwdkYudk
t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif; rodaomtcg trSwfrSm;rI? todrSm;rI? tjrift,lrSm;rIwdkY jzpf&NyD;
xdkrSwqifh pdwf wPSm paom yyw&m;wdkY uyfNidum oHo&mudk
csJUxGifawmhonf/
if;wPSmjzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;onf tmHkkyfw&m;rsm;\ y&rwfoabmudk
rodjcif;(t0dZm)yifjzpfonf/ if;tmHkkyfw&m;rsm;\ y&rwfoabmudk 0dyemPf
tjrif(0dZm)jzifh odjrifatmif IEdkifvQif wPSmcsKyfonf/ tmHkkyfwdkY\ |*kPfonf
t0dZm zHk;vTrf;xm;aom pdwf avmbudk jzpfaponf/ tmHkkyfwdkY\ ted|*kPfonf
t0dZm zHk;vTrf;xm;aom pdwf a'goudk jzpfaponf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf kyfw&m;
wdkYonf ocFg&avmu? MoumoavmuwdkYyifwnf;/ bHktm;jzifh lyavmu (lybHk)?
umravmu (umrbHk) jzpf xdkbHkavmuwdkYudk taMumif;cHum umrwPSm?
b0wPSm? 0db0wPSmwdkY jzpf&jyefonf/
kyfw&m;wdkY\ t&Sdoabmudk odatmifIrIonf um,mEkyemowdy|mef
jzpfonf/ xdkkyfw&m;wdkY\ |&o ted|&owdkYudk taMumif;cH xdk&owdkYudk
cHpm;aom a0'em\oabmudk Ijcif;onf a0'emEkyemowdy|mef jzpfonf/
kyfw&m;wdkYESifh cHpm;rIemrfw&m;wdkYudk taMumif;cH pdwftrsKd;rsKd;jzpfay:vmonf/
xdkpdwftrsKd;rsKd;udk Ijcif;onf pdwmEkyemowdy|mef jzpfonf/ kyf a0'emESifh
pdwfwdkY\ rNrJjcif;oabm? azmuf j yef y suf p D ; jcif ; oabm? tES p f r &Sd o nf h o abmwd k Y u d k
I j cif ; onf "r m Ek y em owdy|mef jzpfonf/ tmHkajcmufyg;wdkYudk owd\wnf&m
owdy|meftm;jzifh txufyg twdkif; cGJjcm;onfudk w&m;usihfaoma,m*DwdkY
em;vnfoabmaygufxm;&rnf/
w&m;usifh&jcif;\ wpfckwnf;aom &nf&G,fcsufonf tmHkajcmufyg;wdkYudk
(32)aum|mooPmefaygif;pkrItaetm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? "mwfav;yg; tpkta0;
taetm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
(36)rsdK;aom
qquy&rwfkyfemrftaetm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;
ydkif;jcm;IjrifEdkif&ef
jzpfonf/
xdkuJhodkY
ydkif;jcm;IjrifEdkifvQif
usifhpOfrSefNyDjzpfonf/
xdkuJhodkY
ydkif;jcm;IjrifEdkif&ef
jrifEdkifavmufonfh
pdwfpifMu,foefY&Sif;rI pdw0dok'd (0g) ormorm"d &&ef y"meusonf/
tmHkajcmufyg;wdkYudkyif-1/ (32)aum|mooPmefaygif;pkrIudk jrifvQif orl[ynwf (ajc vuf udk,f acgif;
tNrD; tarmuf opfyifponf orkwfrIrsm;)? emrynwf (armifjzL armifeD
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

38

OD;av; bBuD; taz tar ponf) tpGJrSm;csKyfonf/ ]]om,mzG,f&m

IjrifzG,f&mr[kwf? rom,mzG,f&m}}[k odNyD; okb onmcsKyfonf/
2/ "mwf a v;yg;? t|uvmyf k y f j zif h zG J U pnf ; xm;aom Cek y f u d k yd k i f ; jcm;od v Qif
(32)aum|mooPmefkyf
ynwfpGJ(oPmeynwf)csKyfonf/
trlt&may:rS
(xw,f xdkifw,f <uw,f vSrf;w,f uw,f qdkw,f ponfh trlt&mrsm;)
tpGJcsKyfonf/
3/ azmufjyefonfh oabmoufoufrQ jrifvQif CeynwfpGJ csKyfonf/ yx0D
awaZm tmayg 0ga,m ylw,f wif;w,f awmifhw,f xHkw,f usifw,f
paom ynwftpGJ? ynwftjrif csKyfonf/ tqif; toH teHY t&om tawGU
"r paom tmHkwdkY\ Murf;rI EkrI om,mrI paom |mHkH? ted|mHkay:rS
wPSmcsKyfonf/
tusOf;csKyfqdk&aomf
tmHkajcmufyg;wdkYonf
pdwfudkjzpfaponfh
cEm\
tjyifA[d' taMumif; jzpfaMumif; azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYukd rdrdlyum,ESifh
woabmwnf;[k em;vnf,lyg/ tmHkajcmufyg;wdkY\ *kPfowdonf puKpaom
yom'kyfwdkYESifh
reudk
xdcdkufwwfaom
oabm&Sdjcif;aMumifh
xdkA[d'tmHkajcmufyg;wdkYudk twdkuf"mwfajcmufyg; [kac:qdkonf/ xdktIcHtmHkrsm;
ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif vufawGUusifhpOfwufyHkudk tcef;(3) azmfjyxm;ygonf/

1?2/ y'Gg&&Sd tcH"mwf? twdkuf"mwf? tay:"mwf (tydkif;-c)

ow0gwdkY
tjyiftmHkig;yg;wdkY
0ifa&mufxdcdkuf&m
'Gg&(5)ayguf
&SdMuonf/
tmHkwdkY
0ifxGuf&moabm&Sd
]]'Gg&}}[k
a'oemawmf
oHk;EIef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
twdkuf"mwf[laom
tmHkig;yg;wdkYukd
vufcHazmfjyjcif;aMumifh
,if;wdkYudk
tcH"mwf[k
ac:onf/
tMunfig;pHk?
,if;wdkYxifaom tmHkig;yg;? xdktmHkig;yg;ESifh,SOfzuf 0dnmPfig;vHk;wdkYonf
w&m;usifhaom a,m*D\ 0dyemtIcH tmHkrsm;jzpfonf (yHkpH-1? tydkif;-c Iyg)/
xdktMunfig;pHkwdkYonf twdwfuHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK;w&m;kyfwdkY jzpfMuonf/
raem'Gg&du\
tmHkjzpfwwfaomaMumifhvnf;
b0if
ukodkvfaZm?
tukodkvfaZmwdkYudk jzpfapaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;teufrS wpfckjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
w&m;rusifhrD xdktIcH obm0vuPmwdkYudk BudKwifem;vnf&ef puK'Gg&jzifh
&Sif;jyygrnf/

1?2?1/ puK'Gg&ESifh puK0dnmPf&Sif;wrf;

puK'Gg&wGif puKyom' (0g) rsufpdtMunf"mwf &Sdonf/ rsufeuf0ef;\
tv,f&Sdaom if;tMunfonf oef;OD;acgif;yrmP&Sd tqif;oPmef trsKd;rsKd;udk
rl&if;rysuf vufcH&mXmejzpfonf/ if;tMunf"mwfESifh tqif;tmHkwdkY xdcdkufaygif;qHk
Muaomtcg puK0dnmP"mwf (jrifodpdwf) jzpfay:vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh puK'Gg&onf
tMunf"mwfESifh
puK0dnmP"mwfwdkY\
wnf&mrSD&mjzpfonf/
tqif;"mwfESifh
wdkufqdkifvQif tqif;\udef;&mvnf; jzpf\/ xdktIcHoabmwdkYudk w&m;rusihfrD
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

39

Pfjzifh
em;vnf,l
tewoabmjrifatmif
(igr[kwfaMumif;odatmif)
oHk;oyfqifjcifxm;&rnf/
oifa,m*D\a&SUwGif &Sdaom vlwpfOD;udk oifMunfhvdkufonf qdkygpdkY/
oifa,m*D\
puKyom'
vl&dyf
lygHktqif;kyfxifjcif;onf
taMumif;w&m;(4)yg;aMumifhjzpfonf/ if;wdkYrSm-(u) jyify tqif;lygHk xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;
( c ) tvif;a&mif vHkavmufjynfhpHkjcif;
( * ) jyifytqif;ESifh
puKyom'tMum;
wpfpHkwpf&m
umuG,frIr&Sd
yuwd
[if;vif;jyif &Sdjcif;
(C) puKyom'\ aumif;rGefjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/
(u) jyify tqif;lygHk xif&Sm;&Sdjcif;/
jyifyA[d'
tvif;a&mifonfvnf;aumif;?
[if;vif;jyifonfvnf;aumif;?
puKyom'\ aumif;rGefjcif;onfvnf;aumif; xdktaMumif;w&m;(3)yg;wdkYonf
jynfhpHk\/ odkYaomf puKyom'\ a&SUwnfhwnfh jyify vl\tqif;oPmef
xif&Sm;r&Sdu puKyom' tcH"mwf vl\ tqif;lygHkonf rxifEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh
puKyom'\ a&SUwnfhwnfh jyify vl[laom tqif; oPmef&Sdaejcif;onf
puKyom' tqif;lygHkxifjcif;\ taMumif;wpfyg;jzpf\/ (jyifytqif;oPmef
ajymif;onfESifhtrQ
puKyom'
xifaom
yHk&dyftqif;
lygHkonfvnf;
ajymif;vJoGm;onf/)
(c) tvif;a&mif vHkavmufjynfhpHkjcif;/
puKyom'\ a&SUwnfhwnfh jyifywGif vl\tqif;oPmefonfvnf;aumif;? jyify&Sd
vl\oPmefESifh
puKyom'wdkY\
(2)cktMum;wGif
yuwd[if;vif;jyifonfvnf;aumif;? puKyom'\ aumif;rGefjcif;onfvnf;aumif;
xdktaMumif;w&m;(3)yg;wdkYonf jynfhpHk\/ odkYaomf vHkavmufaom tvif;a&mif
r&Sdu puKyom' vl\ tqif;lygHkonf rxifEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh tvif;a&mif\
vHkavmufjynfhpHkjcif;onfvnf;
puKyom'
vl[laomtqif;lygHkxifjcif;\
taMumif;wpfyg;yif jzpfonf/
(*) jyifytqif;oPmefESifh puKyom'wdkYtMum; yuwd[if;vif;jyif &Sdjcif;/
puKyom'\ a&SUwnfhwnfhjyifywGif vl\tqif;oPmefonfvnf;aumif;? vHkavmuf
jynfhpHkaomtvif;a&mifonfvnf;aumif;?
puKyom'\
aumif;rGefjcif;onfvnf;aumif; xdktaMumif;w&m; (3)yg;wdkYonf jynfhpHkonf/
odkYaomf jyifyA[d' tqif;oPmefESifh puKyom'wdkYtMum; rsufpd rSdwfxm;jcif;
paom wpfpHkwpf&m umuG,fxm;vQif pu K yom' tqif ; l y gHk o nf rxif E d k i f a y/
xd k Y a Mumif h jyif y tqif ; oP m ef E S i f h puKyom'wkdYtMum; wpfpHkwpf&m umuG,frIr&Sd
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

40

yuwd [if;vif;jyif&Sdjcif;onf vnf; puKyom' vl\ tqif;lygHkxifjcif;\

taMumif;wpfyg;yif jzpfonf/
(C) puKyom'\aumif;rGefjcif;/
puKyom'\
a&SUwnfhwnfhjyifywGif
vl\tqif;oPmefonfvnf;aumif;?
tvif;a&mif \ vHkavmufjynfhpHkjcif;onfvnf;aumif;? jyifytqif;oPmefESifh
puKyom'wdkYtMum;
wpfpHkwpf&m
umuG,frIr&Sd
yuwd[if;vif;jyif
&Sdjcif;onfvnf;aumif; xdktaMumif;w&m; (3)yg;wdkYonf jynfhpHk\/ odkYaomf
puKyom' raumif;rGefvQif puKyom' tqif; lygHkonf rxifEdkifay/ xdkYaMumifh
puKyom'\ aumif;rGefjcif;onfvnf; puKyom' vl\tqif;kyf lygHkxifjcif;
taMumif; wpfyg;yif jzpfonf/
xd k t aMumif ; w&m;(4)yg;
jynfh p H k r S o mvQif
pu K yom'tcH " mwf
jyif y vl \ oPmefESifh wlnDaom tqif;lygHkonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
puK0dnmPf jzpfay:vmyHk
puKyom'xifaom vlyHk&dyf tvif; ESvHk;oGif;rI(reodum&)wdkY taMumif;
nDGwfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;quf puK0dnmPf jzpfay:vm\/ puK0dnmPfjzpfjcif;\
rkcstaMumif;rSm puKyom'kyf lygHk(tqif;tmHk)xifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ tvif;?
reodum& paom taMumif;rsm;uvnf; avsmfnDpGm jyKjyifMuonf/ um; ]]puK
y#dp
lay
p
OyZwd
puK0dnmPH}}2
[laom
a'oemawmfESifhtnD
puK'Gg&(puKyom') tqif ; l y gHk k y f w &m;ES i f h pu K 0d n mPf emrf w &m;wk d Y \
jzpf a Mumif ; oabmud k azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkpuK'Gg&wGif wnf&Sdaom puKyom' kyfw&m;udkvnf;aumif;? puKyom'
xifaom lygHk(tqif;)kyfw&m;udkvnf;aumif; pGJ tqif;lygHkudk odumrQ
odjrifaom puK0dnmPf emrfw&m; jzpfay:vm\/ xdkpuK0dnmPf emrfw&m;wGif
avmb a'go arm[ paom udavomwdkY rudef;ay/ xdkYaMumifh puK'Gg&&Sd
puKyom'kyf?
tqif;
lygHkESifh
puK0dnmPfwdkYonf
tusKd;w&m;
'kuuEmoufoufrQomjzpfonf/ rSef\/ xdkoabmw&m;wdkYonf taMumif;taMumif;
wdkYaMumifh
jzpfay:vmaom
tusKd;quf
w&m;wdkYomjzpfonf/
twdwf
taMumif;r&SdvQif aomfvnf;aumif;? ypKyeftaMumif;wdkY rjynfhpHkvQifaomfvnf;aumif;
xdkpuKyom' lygHk puK0dnmPfwdkY jzpfay:vmrnf r[kwfay/
aomw'Gg&/
/aomw'Gg&wGif
aomwyom'
tMunf"mwf&Sdonf/
if;tMunf"mwfonf em;pnftwGif; vufpGyfuGif;oPmef&Sd toHtrsKd;rsKd;udk
rl&if;rysuf vufcH&mXme jzpfonf/ if;tMunf"mwfESifh o'gHk (toHtmHk)wdkY
xdcdkufaygif;qHkMuonfhtcg aomw0dnmP"mwf (Mum;odpdwf) jzpfay:vmonf/
xdkYaMumifh aomw'Gg&onf tMunf"mwfESifh aomw0dnmP"mwf wdkY\ wnf&m
2

Oy&dyPmoygVd? oVm,we0*? qquokwH-421 ESm-327

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

41

rSD&mjzpfonf/ toH"mwfESifh wdkufqdkifvQif toH"mwf\ udef;&mvnf;jzpf\/

xdkaomw'Gg&rS kyfemrfjzpfpOfudk puK'Gg& kyfemrfjzpfpOfrSmuJhodkY EdIif;,SOfoHk;oyfyg/
Cme'G g & / /Cme'G g &wG i f Cmeyom' tMunf " mwf &Sd o nf / if ; tMunf " mwf o nf
ESmacgif;twGif;
qdwfcGmoPmef
&dS
teHYtrsKd;rsKd;udk
rl&if;rysuf
vufcH&mXmejzpfonf/
if;tMunf"mwfESifh
*EmHk
(teHYtmHk)wdkY
xdcdkufaygif;qHkMuaomtcg Cme0dnmP"mwf (eHodpdwf) jzpfay:vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh
Cme'Gg&onf tMunf"mwfESifh Cme0dnmP "mwfwdkY\ wnf&mrSD&mjzpfonf/
teHY"mwfESifh wdkufqdkifvQif teHY"mwf\ udef;&mvnf; jzpf\/ xdkCme'Gg&rS
kyfemrfjzpfpOfudk puK'Gg& kyfemrfjzpfpOfrSmuJhodkY EdIif;,SOfoHk;oyfyg/
Zd0Sg'Gg&/ /Zd0Sg'Gg&wGif Zd0Sgyom' tMunf"mwf&Sdonf/ if;tMunf"mwfonf vQm\
tvnft&yf MumzwfoPmefuJhodkY &Sd t&omtrsKd;rsKd;udk rl&if;rysufapyJ vufcH&m
Xme
jzpfonf/
if;tMunf"mwfESifh&omHkwdkY
xdcdkufaygif;qHkMuaomtcg
Zd0Sg0dnmP"mwf (t&omodpdwf) jzpfay:vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh Zd0Sg'Gg&onf
tMunf"mwfESifh Zd0Sg0dnmP "mwf w d k Y \ wnf & mrS D & m jzpfo nf / t&om"mwf E S i h f
wd k u f q d k i f v Qif t&om"mwf \ udef;&mvnf;jzpf\/ xdkZd0Sg'Gg&rS kyfemrfjzpfpOfudk
puK'Gg& kyfemrfjzpfpOfrSmuJhodkY EdIif;,SOfoHk;oyfyg/
um,'Gg&/
/um,'Gg&wGif um,yom'tMunf"mwf&Sdonf/ if;tMunf"mwfonf
cEmudk,fwGif aoG;ESifh tpkd"mwf&Sd&m ae&mwdkif;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ tawGUtxd
trsKd;rsKd;udk
vufcHEdkifonf/
if;tMunf"mwfESifh
azm|AmHkwdkY
xdcdkufaygif;qHkMuaomtcg um, 0dnmP"mwf (xdodpdwf) jzpfay:vmonf/
xdkYaMumifh
um,'Gg&onf
tMunf"mwfESifh
um,0dnmP"mwfwdkY\
wnf&mrSD&mjzpfonf/ tawGU"mwfESifh wdkufqdkifvQif tawGU"mwf \ udef;&mvnf;
jzpf\/
xdkum,'Gg&rS
kyfemrf
jzpfpOfudk
puK'Gg&kyfemrfjzpfpOfrSmuJhodkY
EdIif;,SOfoHk;oyfyg/
uJhodkY
yom'kyfig;rsdK;?
if;wdkYudk
rSDjzpfaom
ig;rsdK;aom
tjyiftwkduf"mwf kyfw&m;wdkYESifh qdkif&m y0dnmP"mwfwdkYonf 0dyem I&m
tIcHtmHkrsm; jzpfonf/ xdktIcHtmHkrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkifonfh orm"d&&Sd&ef
tm;xkwfjcif;udk w&m;usifhonf w&m;&Smonf[kac:onf/*
*

w&m;usifhonfh a,m*Dwdkif;wGif 'Gg&ig;rsKd;&Sdonfvnf; wl\/ ypKyefwdkufqdkifqJ tmHkESifh

xdktmHktoD;oD;udk vufcHaom qdkif&m0dnmPfig;vHk; &Sdonfvnf; wl\/ if;kyfemrfwdkYudk
jrifatmif Irnfh r*if&Spfyg;vnf; wl\/ xdkYaMumifh w&m;awGUvQifvnf; wl&rnfjzpfonf/
rdrdenf;ESifhrdrd xdky&rwfkyfemrfrsm;udk awGUjrifatmif usifhBuHtm;xkwfMu&mwGif rdrdESpfoufovdk
usihfEdkifonf/ usifhBuHtm;xkwfaomtcg Murf;Murf;yJSLSL? jznf;jznf;yJSLSL? rSLbJESifhyJ usifhusifh?
em&Dwdk em&D&SnfyJ usihfusifh? rSwfNyD;awmhyJ usifhusihf?
tjiif;yGm;zG,f r[kwfyg/ tu,f
w&m;usifhaoma,m*Donf xdky&rwfkyfemrfrsm;udk rawGUjrifao;vQif usifhpOfrSm;aomfvnf;aumif;?
tusifhtm;enf;aomf vnf;aumif; jzpfvdrfhrnf/ ESpfcsufudkom qef;ppfoifhonf/ y'Gg&&Sd
tIcHtmHkrsm; jrifEdkif&ef vufawGUusifhpOfwufyHkudk tcef;(3) a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

42

um; y'Gg&\ oabm*kPfowd t"dym,ftusOf;rQ jzpfonf/

1?3/ twGif;twdkuf"mwfajcmufyg;ESifh cEmjzpfpOf (tydkif;-*)

twGif;twdkuf"mwf[lonf tmHkajcmufyg;wdkY\ aumif;&o? qdk;&owdkYtm;
qd k i f & m a0'emu E m ES i f h quf p yf a y;aom z jzpf o nf / qd k v d k & if ; rS m yH k p H ( 1)
cEmwnfaqmufzGJUpnf;yHk tydkif;(*)atmufwGif awGUjrif&onfhtwdkif; tydkif;(c)yg
'Gg&(5)ckESifh tydkif;(C)yg raem'Gg&tm; tjyeftvSef qufoG,fay;wwfaomoabm
jzpfonfh ocFg&uEm emrfw&m;udk qdkvdkygonf/ if;udk a'oemawmfwdkY z
(awGUxdapjcif;)[k
a[mawmfrlonf/
z\oabmonf
tmHkESifhreudk
qufpyfay;jcif; [kvnf; em;vnfyg/ xdkzonfvnf; jzpf&mt&yfudk pGJ
(6)rsKd;&Sdonf/ if;wdkYrSm-(1) pu K yom'od k Y usa&muf a om l y gHk u d k l y "r m Hk( oabm)tjzpf aqmif
b0ifpdwfodkY ydkYaqmifay;jcif; (puKor)
(2) aomwyom'odkY
usa&mufaom
o'gHkudk
o'"rmHk(oabm)tjzpf
aqmif b0ifpdwfodkY ydkYaqmifay;jcif; (aomwor)
(3) Cmeyom'od k Y usa&muf a om *E m Hku d k *E " r m Hk ( oabm)tjzpf aqmif
b0ifpdwfodkY ydkYaqmifay;jcif; (Cmeor)
(4) Zd 0 S g yom'od k Y usa&muf a om &omHk u d k &o"r m Hk ( oabm)tjzpf aqmif
b0ifpdwfodkY ydkYaqmifay;jcif; (Zd0Sgor)
(5) um,yom'odkY usa&mufaom azm|AmHkudk azm|A"rmHk(oabm)tjzpfaqmif
b0ifpdwfodkY ydkYaqmifay;jcif; (um,or)
(6) ypKyef y'Gg&wdkYwGif usa&mufqJ tmHkudk raemrS a&S;ITwfvsuf tmHkESifh
reudk xdawGUay;jcif;ESihf twdwf tem*wf umv0drkwf "rmHktrsKd;rsKd;odkY
a&SUITwfaom raemor
[l jzpfonf/

1?3?1/ z jzpfay:vmyHk
rD;jcpfOyrm
rD;jcpfwGif rD;awmuf&eftwGuf bD; rD;pmESifh ausmufwdkY &SdMuonf/
rD;awmuf&ef twGuf qdkif&mypnf;rsm;u ausmufESifhbD;udk apmifha&SmufrI
taMumif;nDGwfpGm jyKxm;onf/ oHbD;onf rmausm tqG,ftpif;rsm;jzifh
jyKvkyfxm;onf/ ausmufudk rD;yGifhap&ef "mwkaA'enf;jzifh jyKvkyfzefwD;xm;onf/
xdkoabmw&m;wdkYonf taMumif;cH w&m;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ oHbD;udk vufrjzifh
zdyGwfvdkufonfESifhwNydKifwnf; bD;onf vnfywf ausmufudkyGwfwdkufjcif;aMumifh
tusKd;w&m; rD;yef; jzpfay:vmonf/

kyfESifh kyfcsif; xdawGUjcif;udk z[k r,ltyf/ kyf kyfcsif; xdcdkufjcif;onf ]]oy#dC}}[l

a'oemawmf oD;oefY a0g[m& &SdNyD;jzpfonf/

puKor csKyfpOf raemor jzpf\/ xdkoabmudk qufvuf &Sif;jyay;rnf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

43

xdkrD;yef;onf taMumif;w&m; jyefjzpfNyD; rD;pmudk oGm;wdkufckdufonf/

xkdrD;yef;ESifh rD;pm awGUqHkrI taMumif;opf xyfjzpfonfESifhwNydKifwnf; avmifpmqDrS
rD;awmufrI tusKd;w&m; jzpfay:vmonf/ rD;pm avmifpmqDESifh rD;awmufwdkY
taMumif;nDGwfpGm taMumif;opf xyfjyKMujyefonf/ xdktaMumif;nDGwfrIaMumifh
tusKd;w&m;]]tvif;"mwf}}
kyfopfxyfjzpfay:vmonf/
wzef
xdktvif;"mwf[laomtaMumif;aMumifh tusKd;w&m; tjzpf tarSmifatmufwGif &Sdaom
ypnf;rsm;udk rD;jcpfjcpfoltm; jrifawGUaponf/
xkdOyrmwGif
oHbD;oufoufrSvnf;
rD;yef;rxGuf?
ausmufoufoufrSvnf; rD;yef;rxGuf? vufroufoufrSvnf; rD;yef;rxGufyg/
vufru bD;udk pwif yGwfwdkuf vdkuf bD;uausmufudk yGwfwdkufvdkufrSom
ausmufrS rD;yef;xGufvmonf/ vufrESifh bD;onf ausmufrS rD;yef;xGuf&ef
taxmuftyhHay;onfhoabmrQom jzpfonf/ bD;ESihf ausmufwdkY BudwfyGwfrIvnf;
taMumif;taejzifh yg0if\/ ausmuf bD; vufr xdkoHk;rsKd; wdkY wpfae&mwnf;
awGUqHk BudwfyGwfvdkufjcif;onf ]wdPH o*Fwd}ESifh oabmcsif;wl\/
xdkOyrmuJhodkYyif
puK'Gg&onf
rD;jcpfwpfckESifhwl\/
puKyom'onf
bD;ESifhwl\? tqif; lygHkonf vufrESifhwl\? puK0dnmPfonf ausmufESifhwl
puKoronf
rD;yef;ESifhwl\/
puK'Gg&[laom
rD;jcpfwpfvHk;wGif
vufrESifhwlaom tqif;lygHku oHbD;vHk;ESifhwlaom puKyom'udk yGwfwdkufouJhodkY
xdawGUvdkufonfhtcg ausmufESifh wlaom puK0dnmPfrS rD;yef;wnf;[laom
tusKd;w&m; puKor jzpfay:vmonf/ xdkYaMumifh puKyom' lygHk puK0dnmPf
puKoronf
puK0dnmPfESifh
xdkoHk;rsKd;awGUqHkjcif;(wdPHo*Fwd)aMumifh
wNydKifwnf;
xGufay:vmjcif;
jzpfonf/
puKyom'ESifh
lygHkwdkYonfum;
puK0dnmPfrS puKor jzpfap&ef taxmuftyHhay;onfhoabm rQom jzpfonf/
]0dnmPyp,memrlyH} t& 0dnmPfonf emrfwnf;[laom zudk arG;zGm;ay;\/
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf zjzpfaMumif; taxmuftyHhay;\/
xdkz\ oabmudkrodu ow0gwdkY\ pdwf wPSm rme 'd|djzpf&onf/
wPSm
rme
'd|dcsKyf&ef
w&m;usifh&mwGif
tIcHtmHkjzpfaom
xdkz\oabmudkvnf; od&rnf/ w&m;usihfaoma,m*Dwdkif; zajcmufrsKd;pD
&SdMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh tIcH tmHkcsif;vnf; wlMuonf/ xdktIcHtmHkjzpfonfh

ae&mwGif zonf 0dnmPfrS rkcsjzpfay:vmaMumif;udk owdjyK&rnf/ xdkYaMumihf ]]puHKp y#dp

layp OyZwd puK0dnmPH wdPH o*Fwd zam}}- puK0wKESihflygHkudk tpGJjyK puK0dnmPf
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0d n mPf r S
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t"du wifjyvdkjcif; jzpfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

44

zoabmudk jrifEdkifonfh orm"d rsufpd&&Sd&ef tm;xkwfjcif;onf w&m;usifhonf

w&m;&Smonfrnf\/ xdkoabmw&m; udkvnf; w&m;usifhonfh a,m*Dwdkif;
em;vnfxm;&rnf
jzpfonf/
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zudk
0dyemPfjzihf
ydkif;jcm;jrifvQif twlwlyifjzpfonf/ xdkz\ oabmudk jrifatmif usifhpOfwufyHkudk
usrf;pmtkyf\ usifhpOfydkif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/

1?4/ twGif;tm,we"mwf (ac:) b0iftMunf (tydkif;-C)

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raem'Gg&onf "rmHkwdkY\ oufa&mufxif&Sm;&m Xmejzpfonf/ b0if\oabmonf
yuwdpdwftMunf"mwf
jzpfonf/
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jzpfonf/
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tmHk usa&mufqJ (Oyg'fqJ) cPwnfaom t[dwfraem0dnmPfESihf Oyg'fNyD;aemuf
ukodkvf
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raem'Gg&[kqdkvQif
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oabmtrSefudk rodojzifh ow0gwdkY\ pdwf wPSm? rme? 'd|d jzpfum
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3
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tbd"rwo*F[? yudPuy&dap' tmvrPo*F[-52

tbd"rwo*F[? yudPuy&dap' 'Gg&o*F[-38
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

45

xdkb0if[laom
raem'Gg&onf
taMumif;cHtmHkudkvdkuf
ajcmufrsKd;
uGJjym;onf/
if;wdkYrSm1/ ly"rmHk xifaom raem'Gg&
2/ o'"rmHk xifaom raem'Gg&
3/ *E"rmHk xifaom raem'Gg&
4/ &o"rmHk xifaom raem'Gg&
5/ azm|A"rmHk xifaom raem'Gg&
6/ edAmefMuOfaom"rmHkrsm; xifaom raem'Gg& [l raem'Gg& ajcmufrsKd;&Sdonf/
xdkYtwl yuwdMunfvifaoma&ESifhwlaom rlvb0iftMunfonf taMumif;cH
tmHkudk vdkuf ajcmufyg;aom"rmHkwdkYtjzpf ajymif;vJ xifaomfvnf; tm&rPdu
tm;jzifh b0if[laom raem'Gg& wpfrsKd;om&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh yHkpH(1)? tydkif;(C)udk
twGif;tm,we"mwf wpfyg; [k qdkxm;ygonf/
w&m;usifhaoma,m*Dwdkif;
b0iftMunfemrf"mwf
&SdMuonf/
xdkb0iftMunf\ oabmudk awGUjcif;onf w&m;awGUjcif; rnf\/ xdkuJhodkY
w&m;usifhaoma,m*Dwdkif; wpfrsKd;wnf; woabmwnf;&Sdaom b0iftMunfudk
jrifvQif
rdrdw&m;usifhpOfenf;vrf;
rSefNyD[krSwfyg/
b0iftMunf\oabmESifh
rSefom;jyif\oabm wlnDonf/ rSefonf tmHkudk vdkuf&Smjcif;rjyK? rSefa&SUodkY
a&mufvmaom tqif;kyfudkom vufcHazmfjyonf/ xdkYtwl b0iftMunfonf
tmHkudk vdkuf&Smjcif;rjyK/ a&muf&Sdvmaom tmHkudkom
vufcHazmfjyonf/
ypKyefxif&Sm; r&Sdaom twdwftmHkjzpfonfh rdrdaqGrsKd;taygif;toif; wpfOD;OD;udk
tmHkjyKvQifaomfvnf;aumif;?
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xif&Sm;r&Sdaom
tmHkudk,lvdkvQifaomfvnf;aumif; b0iftMunf xdktmHkrsm; xif&Sm;pGm jzpfay:
aeonfudk ydkif;jcm;jrif&rnf/ xdkuJhodkYjrifrS b0ifjrifonf[k owfrSwf&rnf/ xdk
b0ifESihftmHk trsKd;rsKd;wdkYonf w&m;Iaom a,m*DwdkY\ tIcHtmHkrsm; jzpfMuonf/
enf;rSefonf? rrSefonfudk xdkb0iftMunfudk ydkif;jcm;jrifjcif;rjrifjcif;tay: rlwnf
qHk;jzwf&rnf/ xdkoabmudkjrifvQif rdrd\oDv0dok'd? pdw0dok'd usihfpOfenf;vrf;
rS e f c J h j cif ; aMumif h jzpf a Mumif ; ud k , f w d k i f y if oH o ,r&Sd vuf c H NyD ; jzpf y gvd r f h r nf /
xdkb0iftMunfoabmudkrjrifvQif rdrdusihfpOfrSm;aomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdusifhtm;enf;
aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ b0iftMunfudk jrifEdkif&ef usifhpOfwufyHkudk
tcef;(3) vufawGUusifhpOfwufyHk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
rSDwwfaomoabmonf tjyifoabm &Sd trSDcH&moabmonf twGif;oabm
&Sdonf/ yHkpH(1)? tydkif;(c)&Sdtm,we(5)yg;ESifh(C)wdkY&Sdaom b0iftMunf tygt0if
jzpfaom twGif;tm,we(6)yg;wdkYonftrSDcH&moabm&Sdonfjzpf&um; tZwdum,we
[k a'oemawmf oHk;EIef;xm;onf/
'Gg&wpfaygufaygufudk
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tIcH0dnmPf
ESpfckpDESifh tIPf 0dnmPf wpfckpD&Sdonfudk owdjyKem;vnfyg/ ,if;0dnmPfwdkYonf
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

46

qdkif&m'Gg&ESifh b0iftMunfudkrSD jzpfMuNyD; rdrdwdkY rSD&mXme toD;oD;rSmyif

csKyfMuonf/ if;udk y'Gg&dupdwf[kac:onf/
]ly gHk o nf pu K yom' xif o nf&Sda omf pu K yom'udk rSD jzpf a om
puK0dnmPfESihf b0iftMunfrS jzpfaom t[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYonf tIcH
0dnmPfrsm;jzpf b0iftMunfrS jzpfaom ukodkvf tukodkvfaZmxdkufaom
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf tIPf0dnmPf jzpfonf/}
]o' g Hk o nf aomwyom' xif o nf &Sd a omf aomwyom'udk r S D jzpf a om
aomw0dnmPfESihf b0iftMunfrSjzpfaom t[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYonf tIcH
0dnmPfrsm;jzpf b0iftMunfrS jzpfaom ukodkvf tukodkvfaZmxdkufaom
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf tIPf0dnmPf jzpfonf/}
]*Em Hk o nf Cmeyom' xif o nf&Sda omf Cmeyom'udk rSD jzpf a om
Cme0dnmPfESihf b0iftMunfrSjzpfaom t[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYonf tIcH
0dnmPfrsm; jzpf b0iftMunfrS jzpfaom ukodkvf tukodkvf aZmxdkufaom
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf tIPf0dnmPf jzpfonf/}
]&omHkonf Zd0Sgyom' xifonf&Sdaomf Zd0Sgyom'udkrSDjzpfaom Zd0Sg0dnmPf
ESihf b0iftMunfrSjzpfaom t[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYonf tIcH0dnmPfrsm;jzpf
b0iftMunfrSjzpfaom ukodkvf tukodkvf aZmxdkufaom o[dwfraem
0dnmPfonf tIPf0dnmPf jzpfonf/}
]azm|AmHkonf um,yom' xifonf&Sdaomf um,yom'udkrSDjzpfaom
um,0dnmPfESihf b0iftMunfrSjzpfaom t[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYonf tIcHrsm;
jzpf b0iftMunfrS jzpfaom ukodkvf tukodkvf aZmxdkufaom o[dwf
raem0dnmPfonf tIPf0dnmPf jzpfonf/}
NcHKiHkqdk&aomf tIcH t[dwfraem0dnmPfESihf tIPfpdwf (ac:) ukodkvf
tukodkvf aZmxdkufaom o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwfwdkYonf b0ifudkyifrSDjzpfonf/
if;wdkYudk
t&mXme
tm;avsmfpGm
y'Gg&dupdwf[kvnf;aumif;?
raem'Gg&dupdwf[lvnf; ac:onf/

1?5/ twGif;tay:"mwf (tydkif;-i)

tay:"mwf[lonf raem'Gg&0Zef;ESihfwuGjzpfaom ukodkvfapwoduf tukodkvf
apwodufwdkYESifh,SOfaom aZmpdwfyif jzpf\/ if;udk o[dwfraem0dnmPf[kac:onf/
xdk o[dwfraem0dnmPfudk-- yHkpH(1)yg tydkif; (u c * C)wdkY\
kyfemrfcEmjzpfpOfudkjrifaom(y&rwftmHkod) raem0dnmPf?
yHkpH(1)yg tydkif; (u c * C)wdkY\ kyfemrfcEmjzpfpOfudk rjrifaom
(ynwftmHkod) raem0dnmPf?
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

47

edAmefudk odjrifaom (y&rwftmHkod) raem0dnmPf

[l pGrf;&nftvdkuf ac:qdkowfrSwf&onf/ if;o[dwfraem0dnmPfudk umrpdwf?
psmefpdwf? r*fpdwf? zdkvfpdwf? tIPfpdwf? edAmeftmHkjyKpdwf ponfjzifhvnf;
ac:qdkonf/ ow0gwdkY igyJ? ighpdwfyJ[k pGJ,lxm;aompdwf jzpfonf/*
yHkpH(1)&Sd tydkif;(c)wGif pdwf(5)rsKd;? tydkif;(C)wGif pdwf(1)rsKd;? tydkif;(i)wGif
pdwf(1)rsKd; [l awGU&vdrfhrnf/ tkyfpktm;jzifh oHk;tkyfpkom&Sd trsKd;tpm;tm;jzifhrl
(7)rsKd ; &Sd a Mumif ; od x m;&rnf / rl & if ; *k P f o wd t m;jzif h tmHk u d k od j cif ; oabm
(tm&rP0dZmee) wpfckwnf;om &Sdonf/ wpfpdwfwnf;yif jzpfonf[k qdkvdkonf/
od k Y aomf v nf ; 0d y guf p d w f ? b0if p d w f ? t[d w f p d w f ? o[d w f p d w f (uk o d k v f p d w f ?
tukodkvfpdwf) ponfjzifh tajctaeudkvdkuf uGJjym;oGm;onf/ pdwfwdkYudk
azmfjy&mwGif tydkif;(i)pdwfudk oD;jcm;cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;jcif;rSm ,if;onf ,SOfwGJaom
ukodkvfapwoduf
(odkY)
tukodkvfapwodufwdkYudkvdkuf
ukodkvfpdwf?
tukodkvfpdwftjzpf ajymif;vJ aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tmHkudk wPSm rme 'd|djzifh
pGJ,lonfrSmvnf; pdwf? tmHk \ oabmud k yd k i f ; jcm;od a tmif I o nf r S m vnf ;
o[d w f r aem0d n mPf p d w f ?
pdwfpdwfcsif;
jyefIonfrSmvnf;
o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwfyifjzpfonf/
w&m;usifhaom a,m*Dwdkif; xdko[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwf&SdMuonfrSmtwlwlyif
jzpfonf/ wPSm rme 'd|djzpfMuonfcsif;vnf; wlonf/ tIcHtmHkudk
jrifonfvnf;
wl&rnf/
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jrif a tmif
w&m;usif h M ujcif ; jzpf o nf /
xd k p d w f t pk t a0;ud k jrif & ef t m;xk w f j cif ; ud k w&m;tm;xkwfonf[k ac:onf/
xdkpdwfwdkYudk trSefawGUvQif enf;rSefNyD[k rSwf,lyg/ if;pdwftpkta0;udk jrifEdkifonfh
orm"d&&ef usifhpOfwufyHkudk usrf;pmtkyf\ usifhpOfydkif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/

1?5?1/ b0ifESihf raem0dnmPfwdkY\oabm

bk&ifOyrm
wdkif;jynfwpfjynf tkyfcsKyfaom bk&ifwpfyg;onf wHcg;ig;ayguf&Sdaom
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*

tqd k y g tay:"mwf o [d w f r aem0d n mPf u d k yH k p H ( 1)?tyd k i f ; (i) awG U jrif & vd r f h r nf /

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tukodkvfapwodufwdkYESifhvnf;aumif;?
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apwodufwdkYESifhvnf;aumif;
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taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmojzihf vnf; tay:"mwf[k ac:onf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

48

wHcg;rSL;ig;OD;onf qdkif&mwHcg;0wdkY wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY vma&muf qufoaom

vufaqmifyPmrsm;udk vufcHNyD; xdkvufaqmifwdkYudk trwfig;OD;rS bk&ifhxH
oGm;a&mufqufo&onf/
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twdwfta&;? tem*wfta&;rsm;ESifh ywfouf bk&ifhxH taxGaxG tBuHay;rIrsm;
jyKvkyf&onf/ bk&if? rdzk&m;ESifhwuG rdom;pku vufaqmifyPmrsm;udk eef;awmfwGif;
oHk;aqmifcHpm;Muonf/
xdkvufaqmifyPmrsm;udk bk&ifudk,fwdkif wdkif;jynftwGif; vdkuf&Smjcif;rjyKyg/
wHcg;aygufudkvnf;
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bk&ifonf
qufoaom
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qdkif&mtrwfESifhom wpfBudrfvQif wpfOD;pD vufcHawGUqHkygonf/
Oyrm raem0dnmPfwnf;[laompdwfonf bk&ifESifhwl a0'em onmESifh
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b0iftMunfonf bk&ifpHjref;aomyvifESifhwl\/
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t&om? tawGU[laom tmHkig;yg;ESifhwl\/
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if;tmHkwdkYudk qdkif&mzrS raem'Gg&odkYom OD;wnfydkY&onf/ raemoronf
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bk&ifBuD;onf yxrtqifh tmHktoD;oD;wdkYudk vufcH,lHkrQom &SdNyD;
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o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf tajctaeudkvdkuf atmufygapwodufrsm;ESihf
,SOfwGJMuonf/

xdkzESpfrsdK;wdkY tvkyfvkyfyHkoabmudk ESm(53) Iyg/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

49

1?5?2/ apwodufwdkY\ oabmvuPm

pdwfESifh twljzpf twlcsKyfaom apwodufwdkY\ oabmvuPmtoD;oD;udk
w&m;tm;xkwfolwdkY
vG,fulpGm
em;vnfEdkif&ef
yd#uwfpmayusrf;*efwdkY
azmfjyxm;onf udkrSD; vdk&if;rQom t"dym,fzGifhqdkwifjyygrnf/*
apwodufrsm;
oApdwom"m&Papwoduf 7 vHk;
yudPf;apwoduf
6 vHk;
tukodkvfapwoduf
14 vHk;
aombeapwoduf
25 vHk;
oApdwom"m&Papwoduf(7)vHk; (pdwfwdkif;ESifhqufqHaom apwoduf-7vHk;)
1/ zapwoduf
= tmHkESifhreudk awGUxdwwfaomemrf
(twGif;twdkuf"mwf)
2/ a0'emapwoduf
= tmHk\t&omudk cHpm;wwfaomemrf
3/ onmapwoduf
= tmHktrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk trSwfjyKwwfaomemrf
4/ apwemapwoduf
= aphaqmfwwfaomemrf
5/ {u*wmapwoduf
= pdwfudktmHk cdkifNrJatmif apmifha&Smufaomemrf
6/ ZD0dwda`Eapwoduf
= emrfw&m;rsm;udk apmifha&Smufwwfaomemrf
7/ reodum&apwoduf
= tmHk\oabmudk ESvHk;oGif;aomemrf
pdwfjzpfwdkif;yg0ifonfh apwoduf(7)vHk;wdkY pdwfudkNcH&HyHk
txufyg apwoduf(7)vHk;wdkY\ oabmudk aocsmpGm qef;ppfMunfhvQif
pdwfudk
trsKd;rsKd;
jc,fvS,fwwfaomoabmaqmifaeonfh
emrfw&m;\
*kPfowdckESpfrsKd;udk awGU&onf/ xdkYaMumifh apwoduf[lonf pdwfudkNcH&H trsKd;rsKd;
jc,frIef;wwfaom emrfw&m;rsm; jzpfonf/ rodvQif pdwfoufouf wpfrsKd;wnf;[k
xifMuonf/
w&m;
tm;xkwfMu&mwGif
tcsKdUa,m*DwdkYonf
pdwfudkaysmufatmif?csKyfatmif?
jzpfysufqHk;atmif
usifhMuonfrSm
rSm;aomtusifhjzpfonf/ (eda&m"ormywfrSwyg;) edAmefudk tmHkjyKonfh wdkifatmif
pdwfonf jzpfysuftpOfESifh &SdaeOD;rnf/ &[EmonfyifvQif pdwftpOftwef;
&SdaeOD;rnf/ if;ESifh,SOfzuf pdwf&Sdwdkif;,SOfwGJaeonfh z? a0'em? onm? apwem?
Zd 0 d w d ` Ed , ? reod u m&? {u* w m apwod u f ( 7)vH k ; ES i f h yud P f ; apwod u f ( 6)vH k ;
,SOfaeMuonf/ xdkYtjyif aombeom"m&Papwoduf(25)yg;vnf; &SdaeOD;rnf/
emrfw&m;rsm; jzpfysufqHk;onfrSm cEy&dedAmef jyKNyD;rSomvQif pdwftpOftwef;
*

y&rwftmHkjzpfaom kyf"mwfemrf"mwfwdkYudk 0dyemPfjzifhIaepOf oabmowdoufoufrQom

odjrif&NyD; trnfemrynwfrsm;azmfjyrI rawGU&yg/ odkYaomf a&;om;ajymqdkrI jyKvkyfaomtcg
ynwfudk toHk;jyK&onf/ xdkodkYynwfudk toHk;jyK&mwGif bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrS teD;pyfqHk;
ynwfrsm; xnfhoGif; toHk;jyK&onf/ pmzwfolwdkYonf oabmowdrsm;udkom t"duxm;
Pfjzifh tmHkjyKyg/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

50

jzpfysufqHk;rnf/
xdkpdwf
apwodufwdkYudk
tjzpfqHk;?
tysufqHk;atmif
usifhvQifrSm;onf/
tukodkvfapwoduf(14)vHk;om
jzpfysufqHk;&rnf/
aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf 'd|d? 0dpdudpm emrfESpfrsdK;om jzpfysufqHk;onf/ &[EmwdkYonf
y&dedAmefjyKaom pkwdpdwfwdkifatmif arm[paom tukodkvfapwodufESifh r,SOfaom
pdwfapwodufwdkYonf r&yfrem; jzpfysuftpOftwef;jzifh &Sdaernf/ if;emrfw&m;rsm;
jzpfysufqHk;atmif usifhzdkYr[kwfyg/ y0dnmPf t[dwf o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwfwkdY
jzpfysufqHk;&ef rusifh&yg/
pdwf NydK;NydK;ajymufajymuf ,SOfwwfaom apwoduf(6)rsKd;
1/ 0dwu
= tmHkudk &SmazGBuHpnfjcif;
2/ 0dpm&
= &SmazGBuHpnf&aom tmHk\oabmudk tzefzefoHk;oyfjcif;
3/ yDwd
= tmHkudk ESpfoufjcif;
4/ qE
= tmHkudk tvdk&Sdjcif;
5/ t"darmu = tmHk\ obm0udkqHk;jzwfjcif;
6/ 0D&d,
= tm;xkwfjcif;
yudPf;apwoduf[lonf pdwf (6)yg;vHk;aomfvnf;aumif;? avsmhenf;aomf
vnf;aumif; yg0if tukodkvfpdwfjzpfap? ukodkvfpdwfjzpfap? psmefpdwf r*fpdwf
zdkvfpdwfwdkYjzpfap? edAmefudk tmHkjyK&mjzpfap yg0ifMuonf/ if;apwodufwdkYonf
puK0dnmPftp&Sdaom y0dnmPf ig;vHk;wdkYjzifh vHk;0r,SOfyg/
tukodkvfapwodufrsm; (tukodkvfpdwf NcH&H,SOfwGJaomapwodufrsm;)
1/ arm[ = trSm;trSef aumif;raumif;udk rodjcif;
2/ t[d&du = raumif;rIudk jyK&m r&Sufjcif;
3/ taemwy = raumif;rIjyK&m aMumufvefYwkefvIyfrI r&Sdjcif;
4/ O'p
= ysHUvGifhjcif;
5/ avmb = vdkcsifwyfrufjcif;? awmifhwjcif;
6/ 'd|d
= tjrifrSm;? t,lrSm;jcif;
7/ rme
= axmifvTm;jcif;
8/ a'go = onf;rcHEdkifjcif;? Murf;wrf;cufxefjcif;
9/ m = rdrdxufomvQif remvdkjcif;
10/ rp&d, = ESajrmwGefYwdkjcif;? 0efwdkjcif;
11/ ukuKp = aemifwwzefylyefjcif;
12/ xde
= pdwfudk av;vH xdkif;rdIif;apjcif;
13/ rd'
= apwodufwdkYudk av;vHxdkif;rdIif;apjcif;
14/ 0dpdudpm = ,HkrSm;oHo,&Sdjcif;? rqHk;jzwfEdkifjcif;
tukodkvfpdwfapwodufwdkY\ oabm
za,mif;wdkifrD;Oyrm
rD;awmufavmifaeaom za,mif;wdkifudkMunfhvQif rD;avmifrIudk taxmuftyHh
ay;aom za,mif;om;? rD;pGJavmifp&mrD;pm? rD;awmuf[l oHk;rsKd;&Sdaeonf/ rD;onf
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

51

rD;pmESifh za,mif;om;udk ukefcef;atmif avmifuRrf;aponf/ rD;vnf;tpOfukefcef;

ouJh o dkY rD ;pmES ih f za,mif; om;vnf; tpOf ukef cef;oGm ;onf/ ae&mwGi f
rD;awmuf onf tuk od k vfapwod uf (14)vH k;ESi fh wl \/ rD ;pmonf pd wf ESi f hw l\/
za,mif;om;onf twdwfujyKcJhaom uHtusKd;ESifh "mwfBuD;av;yg; aygif;pyfxm;rIESifh
wl\/ rD;onf rD;pmudkrSD avmifbdouJhodkY apwodufonf pdwfudkrSD jzpfMuNyD;
pdwfudk avmifuRrf;ESdyfpufonf/ rD;pmESifhwlaom pdwfESifh rD;awmufESifhwlaom
tukodkvf apwodufwdkYonf twljzpf twlcsKyfMuonf/
tukodkvfapwoduf(14)vHk;wdkYonf
rl&if;obm0udku
ylavmifysHUvGifh
Murf;wrf; onfh oabm &Sdonf/ xdkapwodufwdkY pdwf ,SOfaeoa&GU pdwfonfvnf;
ylavmifysHUvGifh
Murf;wrf;vdrfhrnf/
w&m;usifhBuHtm;xkwf
xdktukodkvfapwodufwdkYudk csKyfNidrf;atmif y,fowf&mwGif igy,fowfjcif;r[kwfbJ
e*dk&Sd&if;pGJ
arG;&myg
ukokdvfapwodufwdkYjzihfom
y,fowfjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkoabmudkvnf; w&m;usihfaom a,m*DwdkY qifjcifoHk;oyfyg/
ow0gwdkY\ pdwfudk tpOf ylyefESdyfpufaeonfh txufazmfjyyg tukodkvf
apwodufwdkY csKyfNidrf;apjcif;iSm w&m;usifhMujcif; jzpfonf/ w&m;usifh&if; rdrdpdwf
rD;ESifhwlonfh tukodkvfapwodufrsm; rodrom ,SOfvmwwfonf/ odkYjzpf
w&m;usifhaoma,m*Donf rdrdtIPfpdwfudk y,ftyfaom tukodkvfapwodufESifh
,SOfaompdwfwdkYESifh rrSm;atmif txl;owdjyK&rnf/ rmejyKwfaMumif;? 'd|djyKwfaMumif;
w&m;usifh&if; 'd|d rmepdwfwdkY jzpfaewwfMuonf/ w&m;I&if;vnf; Ipdwftpm;
'd|dpdwf? a'gopdwf? avmbpdwfrsm; jzpfaewwfMuonf/
txufygtukodkvfapwoduf(14)vHk;wdkYudk
r*fav;yg;jzifh
ydkif;jcm;y,fowf&onf/
xdktukodkvfapwoduf(14)rsKd;tm;
tydkif;av;ydkif;cGJumr*fav;yg;y,fowfyHkudk Z,m;wGif MunfhIavhvmyg/
ukodkvfapwodufrsm; (aombeom"m&Papwoduf)
ocFg&uEmtaygif;tpkjzpfaom aombeapwoduftm;vHk;wdkYonf pdwfudk
NcH&Honf/ apwoduftm;vHk;wdkYonf pdwfESifhtwljzpf twlcsKyfonf/
aombeapwodufrsm;ESifh tnormef;apwoduf[kac:aom bufvdkuf (0g)
ESpfbuf&apwodufrsm;\
*kPfowdoabmrsm;udk
wpfckcsif;
em;vnfoabmaygufatmif avhvm aocsmpGm rSwfom;xm;vQif w&m;usifh&m
vG,fulapNyD;
usifhpOfwuf&mwGif
vsifjrefpGm
aygufajrmufatmifjrifaponf/
w&m;usifhaoma,m*D\ tIPfpdwfwGif if;apwodufrsm; ,SOfae&ef rjzpfrae
vdktyfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

r*fav;rsdK;Z,m;
xnfh&ef

(1) o'gapwoduf
(2) owdapwoduf
(3) [d&Dapwoduf
(4) Mowyapwoduf
(5) tavmbapwoduf

=
=
=
=
=

,HkMunfrI
atmufarhrI
&SufrI
aMumufrI
tvdkr&SdrI

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

52

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

53

(6) ta'goapwoduf
= rcufxefrI
(7) wMwrZwwmapwoduf
= pdwfapwodufrsm;udk nDGwfaprI
y'dapwoduf
= pdwfapwodufrsm;udk Nidrf;at;aprI
(8) um,y'dapwoduf? (9) pdwy'dapwoduf
v[kwmapwoduf
= pdwfapwodufrsm;udk ayghyg;aprI
(10)um,v[kwm? (11) pdwv[kwm
rk'kwmapwoduf= pdwfapwodufrsm;udk El;nHhaprI
(12) um,rk'kwm? (13) pdwrk'kwm
urnwmapwoduf= pdwfapwodufrsm;udk cdkifcHhaprI
(14) um,urnwm? (15) pdwurnwm
yg*knwmapwoduf
(16) um,yg*knwm? (17) pdwyg*knwm
OZkuwmapwoduf
= pdwfapwodufrsm;udk ajzmifhrwfaprI
(18) um,kZkuwm? (19) pdwKZkuwm
0d&wDapwoduf (3) vHk;
(20) orm0gpmapwoduf
0pD'kpdkufav;yg;rS a&SmifMuOfaomapwoduf jzpfonf/
(u) vdrfnmrI (rkom0g')
( c ) Murf;wrf;pGmajymqdkrI (zko0gpm)
( * ) acsmypfukef;wdkufajymqdkrI (ydokP0gpm)
(C) Nydefzsif;aompum;ajymrI (oryvmy0gpm)
(21) ormurEapwoduf
um,'kpdkuf oHk;yg;rjzpfatmif apmifhxdef;aomapwodufjzpfonf/
(u) olwyg;toufudkowfrI (ygPmwdygw)
( c ) olwyg;Opmcdk;,lrI (t'dEm'ge)
( * ) umr*kPf rSm;,Gif;usL;vGefrI (umarokrdpmpm&)
(22) ormtmZD0apwoduf
rdrd\ kyfZD0dw emrfZD0dwwdkYudk wnfwHhcdkifNrJ&eftwGuf tukodkvfruif;aom
toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rI rjyKrd&ef xdef;odrf;aom apwodufudkac:onf/
tyrnmapwoduf (2) vHk;
(23) ukPmapwoduf
=oem;Muifemwwfaomapwoduf ESifh
(24) rk'dwmapwoduf
=olwyg;aumif;usdK;ay: 0rf;ajrmufjcif;
(25) ynda`Eapwoduf
=ynmapwoduf
(1) o'gapwoduf
avmuwGif
o'gw&m;onf
tjrwfqHk;&wem
wpfckyifjzpfonf/
w&m;usifhaom a,m*D\ pdwftwGuf w&m;usifh&mwGif rdwfaumif;jzpfonfh
o'gapwoduf t"du yg0if&ef vdkonf/ pdwf o'gapwoduf cdkifcHhpGm ,SOfaevQif
if;udk o'da`E [kvnf; ac:onf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

54

(2) owdapwoduf
tmHkudk atmufarhaom emrfw&m; jzpfonf/ pdwfudk twdwf tem*wf
tmHkwdkYESihf qufpyfay;onf/ tmHk\oabmudk xif&Sm;atmif jyKwwfonf/
owdapwodufESifh vufESdyf"mwfrD;wlyHk
vlwpfa,mufonf ntarSmifxJ c&D;wpfckudk oGm;aomtcg c&D;oGm;&mt&yf
ESifh vrf;udkodaomfvnf; vrf;udkrjrifyJ jzpfaeonf/ vrf;\ tauGUtaumuf url
ql;ajimifh acsmufurf;yg;ESifh vrf;cGJrsm;onf tarSmifxk\ zHk;uG,frIaMumifh aysmufuG,f
aeonf/ xdktarSmifxkudk NzdKcGif;&ef vufESdyf"mwfrD; xGef;vdkufaomtcg vrf;\
t&Sdoabmw&m;rsm; ay:vGifvmonf/ xdktcgusrS c&D;oGm;olonf vrf;t&Sdoabmudk
ydkif;jcm;jrifNyD; vdk&mc&D;odkY oGm;Edkifawmhonf/
xdkOyrmtwdkif; owdonf vufESdyf"mwfrD;ESifhwlonf/ pdwf ,SOfaeaom
arm[wnf; [laom tarSmifudkcGif; vrf;wnf;[laom t&SdkyfemrfwdkY\oabmudk
Pf xif&Sm;atmif ulnDay;wwfonfh oabmESifhwlonf/ Pfynm jzpfap&ef
taxmuftyHhay;onf/ ayghqrI r&Sdaom tyrm'oabmonf owdapwodufudkyif
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ 'get&m? oDvt&m? bm0emt&mwdkYvnf; pdwfudk rarhravsmh?
rayghqatmif wdkufwGef;aomapwoduf"mwfjzpfonf/ tmHkay: xif&Sm;atmif pdwfudk
EdI;aqmfwwfonf/
oabmonf
owdapwoduf\
*kPfowdjzpfonf/
w&m;usifhaom a,m*D\pdwf tNrJwrf; ,SOfwGJxm;&rnfh apwodufjzpfonf/
pdwfowdapwoduf r,SOfr dv Qif tvdkvdk tukodkvfarm[apwod uf ,SOfNyD ;om;
jzpfaeawmh onf/ tvif;aysmufvQif tvdkvdk tarSmifa&mufvmouJhodkY jzpfonf/
(3) [d&Dapwoduf
raumif;aom um,uH 0pDuH 'kpdkufwdkY jyKvkyfusL;vGef&rnfudk &Sufwwfjcif;?
a`E odum ysufpD;rnfudk &Sufjcif;ponfh oabmwdkYonf [d&Dapwoduf\
*kPfowd jzpfonf/ oHo&m raumif;aom ,kwfnHhaom b0cEmrsm; r&&Sdvdkjcif;?
ykxkZOf todtjrifESifh raevdkjcif; ponfwdkYonf a,m*D\pdwf [d&Dapwoduf
,SOfaejcif;
aMumifhyifjzpfonf/
oHo&m0JMoCrSvGwfajrmuf&ef
tm;ay;ulnDaomapwodufjzpfonf/
(4) Mowyapwoduf
raumif;rIjyK&m aMumufwwfjcif;jzpfonf/ aMumufonfqdkonfrSm rdrdtm;
Ekdifonfh yk*dKvfudk aMumufonfrsdK;r[kwf/ rdrd um,uH 0pDuH raemuH paom
tukodkvfwdkY jyKrdrSmudk aMumufjcif;? oHo&mab; cEmab; aMumufjcif;udk
qdkvdkonf/ rdrd\a`EESifh udk,fusifhodum ysufjym;rIudkvnf; aMumufjcif;ponfh
oabmonf Mowyapwoduf\ *kPfowdjzpfonf/ b0'ku? cEm'kuab;qdk;udk
aMumufwwfaom apwoduf jzpfonf/
(5) tavmbapwoduf
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

55

avmbapwoduf\
qefYusifbufoabm
jzpfonf/
ukodkvfjyKwdkif;
yg0ifonf/ vdkcsifwyfrufrIudk pGefYvTwfjcif;jzpfonf/ w&m;usifhaom pdwf\ t"du
tm;xm;&aom
rdwfaqGapwodufjzpfonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf
wPSm\tvdktrsKd;rsKd;udk pGefYvTwfjcif; oabmaqmifonfh apwoduf jzpfonf/
w&m;usifhaom a,m*DwdkY w&m;tm;xkwf&mwGif w&m;IpdwfESifh t"du ,SOfwGJ&rnfh
apwodufjzpfonf/ if;tavmbapwoduf\ oabmudk txl;em;vnfatmif
oHk;oyfqifjcifyg/ tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ tavmb apwod u f arG ; jrLaejcif ; onf
w&m;usif h j cif ; wpf r sKd ; yif
jzpf o nf /
xd k a pwod u f u d k
ow0gwdkY
pdwfrarG;jrLEdkifojzifh oHo&m&Snfjcif; jzpfonf/ w&m;usihfaom pdwfESifh tNrJwrf;
uyfxm;&rnf/
(6) ta'goapwoduf
a'goapwodufESifh qefYusifbufoabmudk aqmifonf/ arwmoabmESifh
cED o abmaqmif o nf / w&m;usif h a ompd w f \ t"d u aygif ; zuf t m;xm;&aom
apwoduf jzpfonf/ xdkapwoduf\oabmudk w&m;a,m*DwdkY em;vnf,l
rdrd\pdwf arG;jrLxm;&rnf/ onf;cHvQif edAmefa&mufonf qdkonfhtwdkif;
edAmefa&mufvdkvQif (0g) wpfr*fwpfzdkvf &vdkvQif xdkta'goapwodufudk rdrd\
usifhpOf jznfhqnf; w&m;usifh&rnf/
(7) wMwrZwwmapwoduf
pdwfapwodufrsm;udk
nDGwfrQwatmif
xdef;nday;aom
apwodufudk
ac:onf/ w&m;usifh&m o'gapwoduf? 0D&d,apwoduf paom vGefuJwwfonfh
apwodufrsm;ukd
xdef;nday;aomoabmonf
wMwrZwwmapwoduf\
*kPfowdjzpfonf/ w&m; usifhaom pdwf txl;yg0if aygif;zuf&rnfh apwoduf
jzpfonf/
(8-9) um,y'dapwoduf? pdwy'dapwoduf (y'dapwoduf)
pdwfESifh apwodufwdkYudk Nidrf;at;atmif aqmifwwfaom apwodufjzpfonf/
tukodkvfapwoduf(14)vHk; pdwf uyfNidrIuif;onfESifh wNydKifeufwnf; pdwfESifh
usefapwodufrsm;udk Nidrf;at;atmif aqmif&Gufwwfaomoabmonf y'dapwoduf
wdkY\ *kPfowd jzpfonf/
(10-11) um,v[kwm pdwv[kwm (v[kwmapwoduf)
pdwftukodkvfapwodufwdkY uyfNidrIuif;aomtcg pdwfESifhusefapwodufwdkYudk
ayghyg;atmif aqmif&Gufwwfaom oabmonf v[kwmapwodufwdkY\ *kPfowd
jzpfonf/
(12-13) um,rk'kwm pdwrk'kwm (rk'kwmapwoduf)

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

56

pdwf
tukodkvfapwodufrsm;
uyfcGifhr&onfhtcg
pdwfESifh
usefapwodufwdkYudk
El;nHh
aysmhajymif;atmif
aqmifwwfaomoabmonf
rk'kwmapwodufwdkY\ *kPfowd jzpfonf/
(14-15) um,urnwm pdwurnwm (urnwmapwoduf)
pdwftukodkvfapwodufrsm; uyfcGifhr&onfhtcg pdwfESifh usefapwodufwdkYudk
tmHk cdkifcHhapaomoabmonf urnwmapwodufwdkY\ *kPfowd jzpfonf/
(16-17) um,yg*knwm pdwyg*knwm (yg*knwmapwoduf)
pdwf
tukodkvfapwodufrsm;
uyfcGifhr&Sdonfhtcg
pdwfESifh
usefapwodufwdkYudk
cdkifrmawmifhwif;atmif
pGrf;aqmifay;aom
oabmonf
yg*knwmapwodufwdkY\ *kPfowd jzpfonf/
(18-19) um,kZkuwm pdwKZkuwm (OZkuwmapwoduf)
pdwf tukodkvfapwodufrsm; uyfcGifhr&Sdonfhtcg pdwfESifhusefapwodufwdkYudk
ukodkvft&mvnf;aumif;?
psmef
orx
0dyemt&mvnf;aumif;
ajzmifhrwfatmif aqmif&Gufwwfaomoabmonf OZkuwmapwodufwdkY\ *kPfowd
jzpfonf/
(20-22) 0d&wDapwoduf(3)vHk;
tyrnmapwoduf
tyrnmapwoduf\oabmonf
yk*dKvftrsKd;tpm;
tedrfhtjrifh
cGJjcm;owfrSwfrI r&Sd y J ow 0 g ynwf u d k us,f u s,f j yef Y j yef Y tmHk j yKjcif ;
oabmud k qd k v d k o nf / if;tyrnmonf ukPm? rk'dwm[l ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/
(23) ukPmapwoduf (oem;Muifemwwfaomapwoduf)
ukPmapwoduf tpGrf;onf vlrsKd; bmom yk*dKvf ow0g tedrfhtjrifh
rcGJjcm;yJ wdkufqdkifrIwpfckjzpfay:vmygu rdrduJhodkY cHpm;rItoD;oD;ay: udk,fcsif;pmem
xm;wwf a omoabmjzif h wpf j cm;ol w yg;tay: ,k , Muif e mwwf a ompd w f r sm;
jzpfatmif pdwfudk EId;qGay;wwfaom *kPfowd&Sdonf/ udk,fcsif;pm Muifemwwfaom
oabmaMumifh 'kurS vGwfajrmufapvdkrI? oufomapvdkrI? csrf;omapvdkrIoabmESifh
aemufqufwGJukodkvfapwodufrsm;udkyg qGJiifwwfaomoabmonf ukPmapwoduf
\ *kPfowd jzpfonf/
(24) rk'dwmapwoduf
auseyf0rf;ajrmufjcif;udk ac:onf/ tjcm;olwyg; pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh
tjcm;BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIwdkYtay:
&&Sdaom
atmifjrifrIwdkYudk
rdrd&&SdatmifjrifbdouJhodkY auseyf0rf;ajrmufrI oabm? jynfhpHkrIr&Sdao;vQifvnf;
rdrduJhodkY jynfhpHkatmifjrifrI &SdapaMumif; pdwfudk EdI;qGay;wwfaom oabmonf
rk'dwmapwoduf\ *kPfowd jzpfonf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

57

(25) ynda`Eapwoduf (ynmapwoduf)

tmHktrsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ xl;axGqef;jym;aom oabmobm0wdkYudk ydkif;jcm; odEdkif
pGrf;aom apwodufjzpfonf/ twdwf? tem*wf? ypKyef umvoHk;yg;wdkYtay:vnf;
taMumif;tusKd; avsmfnDrIoabm obm0rsm;udk ay:vGifxif&Sm;pGm ydkif;jcm;odjrifaom
oabmonf ynda`Eapwoduf\ *kPfowd jzpfonf/*
txufyg apwodufwdkY\ udk,fydkifvuPmoabmudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzihf
igwnf; [l a om oabmr&Sd y J apwod u f w d k Y \ trl t &mvu P moabmrQom
&Sd o nf u d k oHk;oyfMunfhEdkifygonf/

1?6/ cEmzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk(yHkpH-1)\ oabmw&m;wdkYudk

xyfqifh&Sif;vif;jcif;
yHkpH(1)\
tydkif;(c)rS
tydkif;(i)txd
kyfemrfzGJUpnf;rIonf
w&m;usifhaoma,m*D\ twGif; tm,weydkif;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ wpfydkif;pD\
oabmrsm;udk azmfjycJhNyD; ,ckwzef xdktydkif;tm;vHk;wdkY\ tquftpyfoabmwdkYudk
w&m;Irnfha,m*DwdkY w&m;rIrD Pf rSef;qodjrifEdkif&ef avmuOyrmjzifh
EdIif;,SOfjyygrnf/
ADG'D,dkdkufpufESifh wDADGpufOyrm
ESpfxyf"rmHkwpfck w&m;yGJwpfyGJ usif;yaepOf w&m;a[mq&mawmfonf
tay:xyf w&m;a[maeonf q d k y gpd k Y / xd k t ay:xyf w&m;emy&d o wf r qH h
atmufxyfvnf; w&m;em,lonfhy&dowfrsm; &SdaeMuonf/ q&mawmfw&m;a[monfh
tcg q&mawmf\ yHkawmfESifh toHawmfudk atmufxyf&Sd w&m;emy&dowfrsm; zl;jrif
emMum;Edkif&ef
AGD'D,dkuifr&mjzifh
dkuful;
xdkAGD'D,dkuifr&mrS
kyfoHwdkYudk
o,faqmifaom 0g,mBudK;jzifh atmufxyfwGif&Sdaom wDAGDpufESifhaqmif;abmufwdkYtm;
qufoG,fum
wdkufdkuf
kyfoHvTifhay;xm;onf/
atmufxyf
wDAGDzefom;jyifwGifay:aom kyfyHkonf tay:xyfrS w&m;a[maeaom q&mawmf\
kyfyHkESifh wxyfwnf; wlnDaeonf/ aqmif;abmufr S xG ufa om toH onfv nf;
tay:xyfr S q&mawmf \ toHE Sif h wxyfwnf; wlnDaeonf/ atmufxyf&Sd
w&m;emy&dowfwdkYonf
wDAGDzefom;jyif
ay:aom
q&mawmfw&m;a[maeyHkudkzl;ajrmfaeMuum
wNydKifwnf;rSmyif
aqmif;abmufrS
xGufay:vmaom q&mawmf\w&m;oHudk MunfndKpGm em,laeMuonf/
kyfyHkjzpfay:vmyHk
*

oifMum;rIudk rSwf,lrIonf onmapwodufjzpf xdkoifMum;rI\ oabmobm0udk

ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyf odjrif qHk;jzwfEkdifrIonf ynmapwodufjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh 0dyemIonfh
a,m*DwdkY\tvkyfonf xdkynda`Eapwoduf\ vkyfaqmifcsufjzpfonf/ w&m;usifhaoma,m*Donf
onmESifh,SOfaompdwfESifh ynmESihf,SOfaompdwfwdkYudk cGJjcm;em;vnfwwf&ef vdktyfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

58

w&m;a[mq&mawmf\ yHk&dyfESifh tvif; tmumowdkY nDGwfpGm taMumif;

jyKjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? AGD'D,dkkdufpuf&Sd qdkif&m"mwfwdkY\ qdkif&m taMumif;jyKjcif;
aMumihfvnf;aumif; AGD'D,dkdkufpuf zvifay:wGif yHk&dyfrsm;ay:onf/ xdkyHk&dyfudk zvifrS
qGJ,lxm;onf/ xdkzvifrS qGJ,lxm;aom yHk&dyfudk "mwfBudK;rSwqifh atmufpufwDADGodkY
ydkYvdkufojzihf xkdyHk&dyfrsm; atmufpuf wDAGDzefom;ay:wGif ay:vmonf/ xdkpuftm;vHk;
wdkYwGif vQyfppf"mwf yg0ifaerI taMumif;wpfyg; &Sdaeonf/ jyifyrS q&mawmf\
tqif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;onf zvifwGif qHk;aeygvsuf atmufxyf&Sd
wDADGzefom;jyifay:wGif tb,faMumifh a&mufaeoenf; [l qef;ppfMunfhMuygpdkY/
jyifyyHk&dyfudk
twGif;yHk&dyftjzpf
zvifu
"mwfobm0tavsmuf
taMumif;tusdK; nDGwfpGm qGJ,lxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tjyiftmHkudk
taMumif;cH
twGif;tmHk
jzpfay:vmonf/
wzef
yHk&dyfxifaomzvif?
dkufpuftwGif;rSud&d,mESifh
vQyfppf"mwf
wnf;[laom
taMumif;w&m;rsm;u
puftwGif;&Sd
kyfoHwdkYudk
tjyifxkwf0g,mBudK;xJodkY
xyfqifhpD;0ifap&ef
taMumif;jyKjyefonf/ 0g,mtwGif;&Sd aMu;BudK;wavQmuf jzwfvsuf vQyfppf"mwfu
o,faqmifvmaom yHk&dyfwnf;[laom twdkuf"mwftaMumif;w&m;ESifh wDAGDpuf\
zefom;jyifwnf;[laom tcH"mwf taMumif;w&m;wdkY nDGwfpGm taMumif;
jyKMujyefonf/ xdktaMumif;wdkYaMumifh wDAGDzefom;jyif tusdK;w&m;yHk&dyfay:jcif;
jzpfonf/ uJhodkY yHk&dyfay:aepOf qufoG,fxm;aom aMu;BudK;xJudkMunfhvQif
aMu;BudK;xJ yHk&dyfrsm; &Sdonfudk rsufpdjzihf rjrifawGUEdkifyg/ odkYaomf yHk&dyfrsm;r&Sd[k
,lqvQifrSm;rnf/
txufyg Oyrm\oabmudk oHk;oyfjy&vQifw&m;a[mq&mawmf\ rl&if;tqif;yHkudk y"me taMumif;cH AGD'D,dkdkufpuf
yHk&dyfwpfck? atmufxyfwDAGDpuf yHk&dyfwpfck jzpfay:vmonf/ AGD'D,dkdkufpufESifh
oifa,m*D\ puK'Gg&wdkY oabmcsif;wlonf/ wDAGDzefom;jyifonf b0iftMunfESifh
oabmcsif;wl
zefom;jyifwGif
ay:aom
q&mawmf\kyfyHkonf
b0iftMunfay:aom "rmHkESifhwlonf/ yHk&dyfray:ao;aom wDAGDzefom;jyifonf
b0iftMunfoufoufESifh oabmcsif;wlonf/ aMu;BudK;ESifh blwtmHkaMumwdkY
oabmcsif;wlonf/ vQyfppf"mwfESifh zwdkY oabmcsif;wlonf/ atmufxyfwDAGDa&SU&Sd
w&m;emaeaom
y&dowfrsm;ESihf
oifa,m*D\
o[dwfraem0dnmPftpkwdkY
oabmcsif;wlonf/ vQyfppf"mwfonf AGD'D,dk dkufpufrS q&mawmf\ tqif;yHkudk
aMu;BudK;tm;trSDjyKvsuf wDAGDpufodkY o,faqmifyHk onf puK'Gg&rSlygHkudk
blwtmHkaMumudk trSDjyKvsuf puKoru b0iftMunfodkY o,faqmifoGm;yHkESifh
woabmwnf; jzpfonf/
w&m;emaeaomy&dowfwdkYonf wDAGDay:aomyHk&dyfudk Iae&ygvsuf rdrdwdkY\
pdwf w&m;a[maeaomq&mawmfudk wdkufdkufwu,fzl;jrif&ovdk xifaeMu\/
xdkYtwl o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf tqif;tmHk wdkufqdkifaomtcg b0ifay:aom
"rmHkyHk&dyfudk Ijrifae&ygvsuf xdkoabmtrSefudk rodyJ jyify&SdtmHkudk wdkufdkuf
awGUjrifae&onf [l txifrSm; tjrifrSm; jzpfMuonf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

59

xdkoabmudk rodjcif;onf t0dZmjzpfonf/ pifppf b0iftMunfay:aeaom

yHk&dyftwk"rmHkudk odjrifcHpm;ae&onf[laom trSefw&m;udk rodyJ jyifytwdkuf"mwf
tqif;(vl wd&pmef opfyif)wdkYudk wdkufkduf awGUjrifae&onf[k t,lrSm;rI
'd|d0dyvmo? trSwfrSm;rI onm0dyvmo? todrSm;rI pdw0dyvmowdkY jzpfaeMuonf/
w&m;usifhonf qdkonfrSm puK'Gg&ESihf raem'Gg&&Sd y&rwfkyfemrfw&m;rsm;udk
odjrifEdkif&ef tm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ w&m;[lonf azmfjycJhaom 'Gg&wdkY&Sd
ypKyefjzpfqJ
kyfemrfwdkYyifjzpfonf/
kyfemrfwkdY\
jzpfysufudkjrifjcif;qdkonfrSm
puK'Gg&odkY tqif;usa&mufrIaMumihf puKyom' lygHk puK0dnmPfwdkY jzpfjcif;ESifh
tqif;csKyfu xdkkyfemrfwdkY csKyfjcif; (0g) ysufjcif;udk ydkif;jcm;jrifjcif;udk
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
trSef&Sdygvsuf
rawGUjrifjcif;
onf
tIPfpdwf
arm[apwoduf
zHk;tkyfxm;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf/
xdkarm[
apwodufudk
pdwfrzHk;tkyfatmif z,f&Sm;aejcif;onf oDv? orm"d xlaxmifjcif; (0g)
w&m;usihfjcif; jzpfonf/ ,ck&Sif;jyaomoabmudk w&m;usihfaoma,m*DwdkY Pfjzihf
owdjyKqifjcif oHk;oyfynm,lyg/

1?6?1/ puK'Gg&taMumif;cHaom kyfemrfcEmjzpfpOf

yHkpH(2-u) zcifjzpfol OD;olawmf\ om;jzpfol armifvStm; awGUjrifyHkudk
taMumif;cH OD;olawmf\ cEmtpOf jzpfay:vmyHkudk okyfjy a&;qGJxm;onf/
txufyHkpHonf a&m*g jyif;xefpGm &aeaom om;jzpfol armifvStm;jrifaom
OD;olawmf\ twGif;kyfemrfjzpfpOfESifh pdwfarm[zHk;um y#dporkyg'fvnfyHkjzpfonf/
tydkif;(u c * C)wdkYonf OD;olawmf\ o[dwfraem0dnmPfudk
jzpfay:apaom
taMumif;w&m;wdkY
jzpfonf/
OD;olawmf\
puKyom'
a&m*ga0'em jyif;xefpGm cHpm;ae&aom armifvS\ tqif;ESifh wxyfwnf;
wlnDonfh tqif;lygHk (y&rwfkyf) jzpfay:aeonf/ xdkpuKyom'(y&rwfkyf) ESifh
tqif;lygHk(y&rwfkyf) ESpfyg;udkpGJ puK0dnmPf (y&rwfemrf) jzpfay:vmonf
(puK y#dp layp OyZwd puK0dnmPH)/
xdkoHk;rsKd;aom y&rwfkyfemrfwdkYonf wpfae&mwnf; jzpfay:awGUqHkMujcif;
(wdPH o*Fwd zam)aMumifh tusKd;w&m;(tydkif;-*) puKor(y&rwfemrf) jzpfay:
vmonf/ xdkpuKoronf puK'Gg&&Sdaom lygHkyHk&dyfudk b0ifftMunfESifh qufpyf
ay;onf/*
,if;puKor\
"red,mrtpGrf;jzifh
raem'GGg&wnf;[laom
b0iftMunf jyifyrSarmifvS\ yHkoPmeftwdkif; tqif;"rmHktjzpf usa&mufonf/
xdk"rmHk (tqif; yHk&dyf y&rwfkyf)ESifh b0iftMunf (0g) re (y&rwfemrf)
ESpfckwdkYudk tpGJjyK jrifodumrQ odaom Oyg'fqJ t[dwfraem0dnmPfESifh ukodkvf
tukodkvf aZmxkdufaom o[dwf raem0dnmPf (y&rwfemrf)wdkY qufum
jzpfMuonf (re y#dp "arp OyZwd raem0dnmPH)/ xdkoHk;rsKd;aom
y&rwfkyfemrfwdkYonf wpfae&mwnf; jzpfay: awGUqHkjcif;aMumihf tusKd;w&m;
*

AGD'D,dkdkufpuf OyrmjyefI&ef
pmrsufESm(8) ed'gef; jyefIyg/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

60

raemor
(y&rwfemrf)
jzpfay:vmonf
(wdPH
o*Fwd
zam)/
xdkraemoronf puKtMunfodkY ajy;TwfNyD; puKtMunfrS ]taz} [laom
tqif;"rmHkudk b0ifodkY o,faqmifjyefonf/ xdkraemoronf raem'Gg&
,SOfzuf a0'emtm; tmHk\ | ted|oabmudk ydkYaqmifay;onf/ puKorESifh

yHkpH (2-u) xnfh&ef

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

61

[laom tqif;"rmHkudk b0ifodkY o,faqmifjyefonf/ xdkraemoronf

raem'Gg& ,SOfzuf a0'emtm; tmHk\ | ted|oabmudk ydkYaqmifay;onf/
puKorESifh raemor jzpfwkdif; a0'em? onm? ocFg&? t[dwf
o[dwfraem0dnmPfwkdY
jzpfMuonf/
xdkodkY
cEmig;yg;
wNydKifwnf;p
jzpfay:vmjcif;onf Zmwd? &ifha&mfjcif;onf Z&m? ysufpD;jcif;onf r&Pjzpfonf/
pdwf Oyg'gef uyfa&mufESdyfpufyHk
OD;olawmf\ ig[kpJG,lxm;aom o[dwfraem0dnmPfonfjyifyom;jzpfol armifvS\ lygHkESifh wdkufdkuf xdawGUjcif; r&Sdyg/ tydkif;(c)&Sd kyfemrf
(lygkH+puK0dnmPf)wdkYESifh wdkufdkuf xdawGUjcif; r&Sdyg/ xdktay:"mwf o[dwfraem
0dnmPf\
yifudk,fobm0rSm
raem'Gg&
xifaom
"rmHkudkom
tmHkjyKodjcif;jzpfonf/
OD;olawmf\
ig
ighpdwf[k
pGJ,lxm;aom
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
t0dZmtarSmifxk (arm[apwoduf) zHk;xm;jcif;aMumifh xdktydkif;(u c * C)ESifh
tydkif;(i)
a&SUjzpf
t[dwfraem0dnmPfESifh
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
kyfemrfjzpfpOfwdkY\oabmudk rodyJ 'dd|dapwoduf uyf ighom;yJ? armifvSyJ [l
ynwfrsm;pGJum trSwfrSm;? todrSm;? t,lrSm; jzpfaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh OD;olawmf\
o[dwfraem0dnmPf (ig[kpJGxm;aompdwf) udk udavomrD;wdkY avmifuRrf;
EdSyfpufMuawmhonf/
tydkif;(u)rS
tydkif;(i)txd
kyfemrfjzpfpOf\oabmudk
rodjcif;onf
t0dZmjzpf\/ rSm;,Gif;pGm ESvHk;oGif;jcif;apwemonf uHjzpf\/ yk*dKvf[k om;[k
t,lrSm;jcif;onf
'd|djzpf\/
xdktmHk
om;wnf;[laom
'd|dESifhwuG
wG,fwmjcif;onf wPSmjzpf\/ jyifytqif;udk kyfemrf[l rjrifodyJ ighom;yJ
armifvSyJ [l r&Sdynwfudk t&Sdxif pGJ,ljcif; 'd|Kyg'gef? xdkYtwl tmHkodkY
Twfwwfonfh raemor\ oabmaqmifrI udkvnf; igTwfonf[l pGJ,ljcif;
'd|Kyg'gef? raem'Gg&&Sd ted|tmHkudk cHpm;aom a0'emudk igcHpm;w,f[l pGJvrf;jcif;
'd|Kyg'gef?
jrifodpdwfudkvnf;
igjrifw,f[l
pGJ,ljcif;
tw0g'kyg'gef?
jyifytqif;jzpfaom armifvS zsm;emaeonfudk usef;rmapvdkjcif; umrkyg'gef toD;oD;
jzpfMu\/ tqdkyg Oyg'gefudef;aeaom OD;olawmf\ o[dwfraem 0d n mPf t pk o nf
ur b 0rnf \ / *
xk d O yg'gef u d e f ; aeaom
cE m ig;yg;
ud a vomrD ;
avmifuRrf;aejcif;aMumifh OD;olawmf\ ig[k pJG,lxm;aom o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf

om;armifvS[k tjrifrSm;pGJ,lrI 'd|Kyg'gefESifh usef;rmapvdkrI umrkyg'gefwdkYudef;aom a&SUpdwf

o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf taMumif;w&m;Oyg'gefjzpf xdktwdkif; jzpfrvmaomtcg a'grerD;
avmifaom aemufo[dwfraem0dnmPfonf tusdK;w&m; urb0jzpfonf/ (Oyg'geyp,m
urba0g)

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

62

qif;&JrD;awmufaom 'kuuEm jzpfoGm;&onff/ w&m;usihfaoma,m*Donf OD;olawmf

uJhodkYyif rdrdcEm\"rjzpfpOfudk rodaomtcg 'Gg&ESihf tmHkwdkufqdkifvmvQif wPSm
rme 'd|djzpf&onfudk Pfjzihf oHk;oyfem;vnf,lyg/
yHkpH(1)t&qdkaomf tydkif;(c)&Sd puKyom'? lygkH? puK0dnmPf? tydkif;(*)rS
puKorESifh raemor? tydkif;(i) a0'emtxd Oyg'geuEmig;yg; jzpfonf/
xd k c E m ig;yg;onf tI c H ( tmHk ) jzpf Oyg'gef ( avmb arm[ 'd | d )
rud e f ; aom
Oyg'geuEm
jzpfonf/
ig[kpJGxm;aom
o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwftpkonf Oyg'gef udef;aeaom Oyg'geuEmjzpfonf/
if;udk opmzGJUaomf -(u) tydkif; (u c * C) ESifh tydkif; (i) a0'emtxd kyfemrfwdkYonf
twdwftaMumif; ypKyef tusKd;w&m; 'kuopm/
( c ) twdwfb0tpOfrS udef;vmcJhaom wPSmonf taMumif; ork',opm/
( * ) ypKyeftmHk xyfpGJaom wPSmonf tem*wftusdK;jzpfapaom taMumif;
ork',opm/

1?6?2/ aomw'Gg&taMumif;cHaom kyfemrfcEmjzpfpOf

AGD'D,dkkdufpufOyrm
AGD'D,dkdkufpufOyrm tay:xyfrS w&m;a[maom q&mawmf\ toHonf
tmumo?
av
ESifh
j'yfrIefrsm;
yg0iftaMumif;jyK
AGD'D,dkdkufpuf&Sd
toHzrf;rdkufodkY usa&mufonf/ if;wGif vQyfppf"mwfrsm;vnf; pD;0ifaeonf/
toHzrf;rdkufrS "mwfBudK;ESifh wDAGDpufwdkY qufoG,fxm;onf/ wDAGDpufrS toHBudK;udk
toHcsJUpufodkY "mwfBudK;jzifh qufoG,fum toHcsJU toHvTifhabmufodkY toHudk
wqifhjyefydkYonf/ toHvTifhabmuf&Sd pyDumrS w&m;a[maomtoHrsm; xGufaeonf/
if;toHudk w&m;emy&dowfrsm;u tmHkjyK w&m;emaeMuonf/
toHzrf;rdkufrS zrf;,lxm;aom q&mawmf\w&m;oH? vQyfppf"mwf ESifh
toHzrf;
rdkufcGufwdkY
wpfae&mwnf;wGif
awGUqHktaMumif;jyKMuonf/
xdktaMumif;w&m;aMumifh
tusKd;w&m;jzpfaom
w&m;a[moHESifhwlonfh
"mwfwpfckjzpfay:vmonf/ w&m;a[moH ESifhwlaom xdk"mwfudk vQyfppf"mwfu
"mwfBudK;rSwqifh pD;qif;o,faqmifoGm; toHcsJUpufodkY xdawGUoufa&mufonf/
xdkw&m;a[moHESifh
wlaom"mwfonf
toHcsJUpuf
xJodkY
a&muf&SdoGm;NyD;
taMumif;xyfjyKMujyefonf
(ydktoHus,f&ef)/
xdktaMumif;jyKrI
aMumifh
ydktoHus,fonfh w&m;a[mtoHESifh wlaom "mwftopf jzpfay:vmjyefonf/
xdk"mwftopfrSm
toHvTifhabmufudk
xyfqifha&muf&SdNyD;
w&m;a[mtoH\

um; puK'Gg& ]]tmHkwdkufqdkifqJ}} kyfemrfjzpfpOfESifh y#dporkyg'fvnfyHkjzpfonf/ aomw'Gg&

Cme'Gg& Zd0Sg'Gg& um,'Gg& raem'Gg& kyfemrfjzpfpOfESifh y#dporkyg'fvnfyHkudkvnf;
enf;twdkif; odygav/

a0'emuEmudk ydkif;jcm;IjrifaepOf ,SOfzuftjcm;emrfcEmoHk;yg;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm;rIjrifEdkifyg/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

rl&if;twdkif;
pyD umrS
toH jzpfay:aeonf/
if;w&m;a[moHr sm;udk em,laeMuonf/

1/aomwtMunfonf toHzrf;rdkufESifhwl\/
2/aomworESifh raemoronf vQyfppf"mwfESifhwl\/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

63

w&m;emy&d o wfrsm;onf

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

64

3/aomwtmHkaMum (r[mbkwf)onf aMu;BuKd;ESifhwl\/

4/b0iftMunfoufoufoabmonf toHra&mufao;aom vQyfpD;"mwfvTwfxm;onfh
toHvTihfabmufrS pyDumESihf wl\/
5/b0if xifaeaom o'"rmHkonf pyDum usa&mufaeaom w&m;a[mtoHESifh
wl\/
6/b0ifESifh o'"r"mwfwdkY wdkufqdkifazmfjyaeyHkonf pyDumrS toHjrnfaeyHkESifh wl\/
7/o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf w&m;emaomyk*dKvfrsm;ESifh wl\/
toHzrf;rdkufESihf toHcsJUpufwdkYonf kyfw&m;oufoufrQjzpf emrf"mwfESifh EdIif;,SOf
rjyEdkifaomfvnf;
emrf"mwf\
ay:rIoabmudk
kyf"mwfjzpfay:rIoabmESihf
EIdif;,SOf,lyg/ w&m;a[m q&mawmf\ toHkyfwpfrsKd;? toHzrf;rdkuf toHkyfwpfrsKd;?
toHvTifhabmuf rS toHkyfwpfrsKd; jzpfay:vmyHkwdkYudk rdrd\cEmESihf EIdif;,SOf,l
tew0dyemPfodkY a&mufatmifjrifatmif Pfjzifh oHk;oyfyg/
toHay: kyfemrfjzpfpOf&Sif;wrf; (yHkpH 3-u)
jyifytwdkuf"mwfjzpfaom om;jzpfolarmifvS\ taz[kac:aomtoHonf av?
tmumo
paom
taMumif;w&m;rsm;
nDGwfaomtcg
OD;olawmf\
aomwtMunfudk wdkufcdkuf aomwtMunf toHkyf (o'gHk) ]taz}[k ay:onf/
aomwtMunfESifh ]taz}[l a om
toH k y f ( o' g Hk ) ud k
pGJ
]taz}[l a om
aomw0d n mPf jzpf & onf (aomw y#dp oa'p OyZwd aomw0dnmPH)/
xkdoHk;rsKd;wdkY wpfae&mwnf; awGUqHk taMumif;jyKMuaomtcg o'"rmkHudk
o,faqmifaom zwnf;[laom tusKd;w&m; emrfw&m; ay:vmonf/
aomwtMunf r S o' " r m kH u d k o,f a qmif v maom aomwor onf
b0iftMunfudk ]taz}[laom o'"rmHkESifh qufpyfay;onff/ ,if;aomwor\
"red,mrtpGrf;jzifh
b0iftMunf
]taz}
[laom
o'"rmHkay:onf/
b0iftMunfESifh
]taz}[laom
o'"rmHkwdkYudkpGJ
Oyg'fqJ(usa&mufqJ)
o'"rmkHudkodaom t[dwf raem0dnmPfESifh ukodkvf tukodkvf aZmxkdufaom
o[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkY qufum jzpfay:vmMuonf/ xdkoHk;rsKd; wpfae&mwnf;
jzpfay:awGUqHkjcif;aMumihf tusKd;w&m; twGif;twdkuf"mwftopf (raemor)
jzpfay:vmonf/
xdkraemoronf
aomwtMunfodkY
ajy;TwfNyD;
aomwtMunfrS ]taz} [laom o'"rmHkudk b0ifodkY o,faqmifjyefonf/
xdktwdkuf"mwfrS o,faqmifvmaom ]taz} [laom o'"rmHk\ |
ted|oabmudk a0'emuEmu cHpm;onf/ onmuEmrS o'"rmHkay: ]taz}[k
trnfay;onf/ (ig[kpJGxm;aom) o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf taz[laom o'"rmHkudk
Mum;odoabmjzifh vufcHonf/ if;]taz}onfyifvQif t[dwfraem0dnmPfESihf
o[dwf raem0dnmPfpdwfjzpfonf/ ocFg&uEmapwoduftpku 0dkif;tHkum tuJjzwf
oHk;oyf csD;rGrf;qHk;jzwfjcif; jyKMuonf/*
*

em;rSMum;aomtoHudk EIwfrS wzefjyefajymvnf;aumif;? pmjzifha&;vnf;aumif; azmfjyEdkifonf/

Oyrm-vlwpfa,mufu wjcm;vlwpfa,mufudk usD;uef;atmfoH Mum;zl;ovm;[k ar;aomtcg

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

65

xdktcg OD;olawmf\ aomwtMunf rodoabmaqmifonfh ]taz} [laom

o'kyfESifh odoabmaqmifonfh ]taz} [laom emrf"mwf(aomw0dnmPf)[l
kyfemrfwpfpHkay:aeonf/ b0iftMunfvnf; rodoabmaqmifonfh ]taz} [laom
o'"rmHkESifh odoabmaqmifonfh ]taz}[laom emrf"mwf (t[dwfraem0dnmPf
(odkY) o[dwfraem0dnmPf)[l kyfemrfwpfpHk ay:aeonf/ AGD'D,dkdkufpufOyrmt&
w&m;a[m q&mawmf\ toHonf pyDumabmuf xGufay:aeaom w&m;a[moHESifh
wxyfwnf; wlaeouJhodkY aomwtMunf&Sd ]taz}onf b0iftMunf&Sd ]taz}ESifh
wxyfwnf; wlaeonf/

1?6?3/ y#dporkyg'fvnfyHk

wjcm;vlwpfa,mufu Mum;zl;aMumif;ajymjyvQif ar;aomolu b,fvdkvJ? ajymjyprf;ygOD;[k

xyfar;vQif tm [laom toHjzifh atmfjyvdkufonf/ xdkYaMumifh toHudk toHjzifhyif wlatmif
oabmaqmifjy &onf/ Mum;aomol\ em;rSmvnf; tm [k aomwtMunf xif\/
od"mwfuvnf; tm [laom od"mwfay:onf/ usD;uef;atmfaom toH"mwf\ oabmudk pmjzihf
a&;jyaomf ta&;cstm [k tqif;"mwf jzpfay:vmonf/ toH"mwf\oabmudk tqif;oauFwjzihf
azmfjyEdkif\/ xdkYtwl tm [laom 0dnmPf"mwf\ oabmudkvnf; tqif;"mwfoauFwpmjzihf
azmfjyEdkifonf/ pmjzihfa&;jyaom oauFwudk taMumif;cH Pfjzihf oabmudk tmHkjyKyg/
w&m;usihfaoma,m*Drsm; PftjrifpifMu,f&ef twwfEdkifqHk;BudK;pm; &Sif;jyjcif;jzpfonf/
ynwfudk z,f y&rwfudk tmHkjyKyg/
aomw0dnmPfE Si hf t[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkY onf csD;rGrf;jcif;? qHk;jzwfjcif;? om,mjcif;?
rom,mjcif;rsm; r&Sdyg/ ukodkvf tukodkvfjzifhvnf; rqufqHyg/ toH\ t&Sdoabmtwdkif;emrf\
obm0jzifh azmfjyumrQ oufoufyif &Sdygonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumifh toHay: csD;rGrf;jcif;?
trnfay;jcif; jzpf&eftwGuf o[dwfraem0dnmPf&Sd&m raem'Gg&odkY ydkY&onf/ xdktcg raem'Gg&wGif
]]rodoabm
aqmif o nfh
tm}}[l a om
"r t oH " mwf ( "r m Hk ) ES i h f
]]od o abmaqmif o nfh t m}}[l a om
t[d w f
raem0d n mPf
emrf " mwf w d k Y onf
aomwyom'rS m uJ h o d k Y
vuf c HHk r Qjzpf a om
k y f e mrf w pf p H k t jzpf
ay:ay;&onf /
if ; k y f e mrf w d k Y rS o[d w f r aem0d n mPf u 0D x d t qif h q if h c sum tm qd k o nf r S m usD;uef;oH[k
qHk;jzwfonfh tqifha&mufNyD;rS om,mvQif 0rf;ajrmufrI(aomre)? rom,mvQif qif;&JrI
(a'gre) pdwfrsm; qufvuf jzpfay:&onf/ xdkYaMumifh aomw'Gg&rS toH*kPfowdESifh
raem'Gg&rS tm [laom "rtoH"mwf\ *kPfowd wlrSomvQif o[dwfraem0dnmPf ukodkvf
tukodkvfajrmufzdkY woabmwnf; wpfpdwfwnf;wlMurnf jzpfonf/

emrlyy&dap'Pf ]]y&dap'Pf}} [lonf cGJjcm;odjrifaom Pfjzpfonf/ txufyg

&Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif;
aomw'Gg&
rodoabmaqmifonfh
taz
toHkyfw&m;ESihf
odoabmaqmifonfh
taz
emrf w &m;wd k Y
wxyf w nf ;
woabmwnf ; uJ h o d k Y
cG J j cm;r&Ed k i f a tmif wl a eMuonf / yp K y e f q wf q wf jzpf a om wxyf w nf ; ? wpf a e&mwnf ;
ud e f ; aeaom rwl n D o nfh xd k k y f o wd ? emrfowdwdkYudk cGJjcm;odjrifE dki faom PfrSomvQif
emrlyy&dap' Pf trSefjzpfonf/ xdkY twl b0if(ac:) pdwftMunfvnf; aomw'Gg&rSmuJhodkY
ay:aeaom kyfemrfwpfpHkudkvnf; tIPfjzifh cJGjcm;od&SdEdkif&rnf jzpfonf/ xdkodkY r[kwfbJ ajc
vuf udk,f acgif;[k odaeaom ynwftjrif kyfw&m;ESihf ig[k pGJxm;aom raem0dnmPfpdwfwdkY
wjcm;pD jzpfaeonfudk kyfemrfuGJonf[l emrlyy&dap'PfwyfvQif rSm;,Gif;aeonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

66

b0ifodkYa&muf&Sdaom tmkHaygif;pHk"rmHkwdkY\ aumif;oabm qdk;oabmudk

vufcHaom a0'emwnf;[laom emrfw&m;udk ,SOfzufjzpfaom o[dwfraem0dnmPf
pdwfu ydkif;jcm;rjrifvQif wPSmul;onf (a0'em yp,m wPSm)/ a0'emESifh a0'em
jzpfaMumif;udk ydkif;jcm;rodrI (t0dZm)onf a0'emrSwPSmul;jcif;\ taMumif;w&m;
jzpfaomaMumifh ]]t0dZmork',m tmo0(wPSm) ork'a,m}}6 [kqdkjcif;jzpfonf/
ypKyefwdkufqJ qif;&JrD;awmufaeaom a&SUo[dwfraem0dnmPf\ jzpfaMumif;
onf ypKyef? twdwf? tem*wfudk tmHkjyK BuHpnfawG;awmrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
"rmHkkyfemrfwdkYudk
ydkif;jcm;rodrIt0dZmyif
jzpfonf/
xdkrodrIt0dZmonf
wPSmESifh ,SOfaom ocFg& (apwem)oHk;rsKd; (yknmbdocFg& tyknmbdocFg&
tmembdocFg&)wdkYudk jzpfay:aponf/ Oyg'gefESifh,SOfaom xdkocFg& (apwem)
oHk;rsKd;aMumifh umrb00dnmPf (tyg,fav;bHkESifh vlUbkH ewfjynfajcmufxyf)
lyb00dnmPf (lyjA[mq,fhajcmufbHk) tlyb00dnmPf (tlyjA[mav;bHk)
tusKd;w&m;wkdYudk jzpfaponf/ (ocFg& yp,m 0dnmPH) wPSm[lonf umrwPSm?
b0wPSm? 0db0wPSm jzpfonf/

t0dZm ocFg& wPSm Oyg'gef uH jzpfaMumif;ESifh jzpfyHk

o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
rD;pmavmifpmjzpf\/
tukodkvfapwoduf(14)yg;onf
rD ; jzpf \ /
o[d w f r aem0d n mPf \
yuwd o abmonf jzLpif o ef Y &S i f ; onf / xd k Y twl tydkif;(c)rS 0dnmPf(5)rsKd; ESifh
tydkif;(C)rS 0dnmPf(1)rsKd;onfvnf; jzLpifoefY&Sif;onf/ xdk0dnmPftm;vHk;wdkYonf
tmHk\oabmudkvdkuf tcdkuftwefYtm;jzifh cGJjcm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ rl&if;rSm
odrI[laom pdwfwpfrsKd;wnf; (0g) 0dnmPfwpfrsKd;wnf;om jzpfygonf/
yH k p H - 1t& tk y f p k t vd k u f zG J U aomf tyd k i f ; (u c * C) wd k Y o nf
taMumif ; ]]y#dporkyg'}} jzpf tydkif;(i)onf tusKd; ]]y#dporkyE}} jzpfonf/
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
tusKd;y#dporkyE
jzpf&jcif;\
taMumif;&if;jzpfaom
y#dporkyg'tkyfpk&Sd pdwf(6)rsKd;onf tusKd ; w&m; tAsmuw"r o uf o uf r Qjzpf N yD ;
uk o d k v f
tuk o d k v f
apwod u f r sm;
,SOfwGJrIr&Sdojzifh
ukodkvfuH
tukodkvfuHwdkYudkvnf; rjyKvkyfwwf? (11)yg;rD;vnf; awmuf a vmif r I r &Sd & um;
xd k 0 d n mPf ( 6)rsKd ; wd k Y onf
rnf o nfh t cgrQ
rD ; pmavmif p m
rjzpfMu/
taMumif;taxmuftyHh oufoufrQ jzpfonf/
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf rD;pmavmifpmjzpf tukodkvfapwoduf[laom
udavomrD;wdkY\ awmufavmifjcif;udk cH&onf/ ukodkvf tukodkvfapwodufwdkYESifh
wJGaom o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf twdwftaMumif;aMumifhjzpfaom ypKyeftusKd;w&m;
vnf; jzpf\/ xdko[dwfraem0dnmPfonf tukodkvf ukodkvf apwodufrsm;ESifhvnf;
,SOfwGJaomtcg tem*wfcEmwnfaqmufrnfh (t0dZm ocFg& wPSm Oyg'gefESifh
ukodkvf^tukodkvfuHwdkY\rSD&m) taMumif;w&m;vnf;jzpf\/ (11)yg;rD; awmufavmifrI
vnf ;
&Sd \ /
xd k Y a Mumif h
o[d w f r aem0d n mPf o nf
6

rlvyPmoygVdawmf? rlvy&d,m,0*f? orm'd|dokwf-104 ESm-67

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

67

twd w f t aMumif ; ud k a xmuf a omf

(ypKyefjzpfaom)tusKd;w&m;jzpf
tem*wftusdK;w&m;udkaxmufvQif(ypKyefjzpfaom) taMumif;w&m;jzpf\/

1?6?4/ 0dnmPfoHk;rsKd;oabm
yHk&dyfoHk;rsKd;
a&;om;azmfjycJhNyD;aom AGD'D,dkdkufpuf Oyrmjzihf &Sif;jy&aomf
1/jyify taMumif;cH yuwdyHk&dyfwpfck &Sd\/ (w&m;a[mq&mawmfyHk)
2/AGDG'D,dkdkufpuf
tusKd;yHk&dyfxifovdk
puKyom'vnf;
tusKd;yHk&dyfwpfckxif\ (&Sd\)/
3/wDAGDzefom;jyif tusKd;qufyHk&dyfwpfckxifovdk raem'Gg&vnf; tusKd;quf
yHk&dyf wpfckonf xif\ (&Sd\)/
0dnmPfpdwfoHk;rsKd;
lygHkonf puKyom'odkY xdcdkufonf&Sdaomf tusKd;tm;jzifh
1/ tcH"mwfpuKyom' puK0dnmPf (tydkif;-c)?
2/ tcH"mwfraem'Gg& tay:"mwft[dwfraem0dnmPf (tydkif;-C)ESifh
3/ tay:"mwf o[dwfraem0dnmPf (tydkif;-i)
wnf;[laom
0dnmPfpdwfoHk;rsKd;wdkYonf
tpOftwdkif;jzpfay:Muonf/
xdkodkY
yHk&dyfoHk;rsKd;ESihf
pdwfoHk;rsKd;wdkY\
obm0vuPmudk
odjrifIjrifEdkifrSomvQif
orm'd|dPf&onf[k rSwf,l qHk;jzwfyg/
a&oHk;rsKd;Oyrm
vlwpfa,mufonf a&wGif;xJrS a&udkcwf (1) ajcaq;tdk;xJodkYvnf;aumif;?
(2)
aomuf a &td k ; xJ o d k Y vnf ; aumif ; ?
(3)
[if ; csuf t d k ; xJo d k Y vnf ; aumif ;
xnfh \ / xdktdk;oHk;vHk;xJ&Sd a&wdkYonf a&csif; wlnDMuaomfvnf; tdk;csif;rwl
ae&mcsif;rwl *kPfcsif;jcm;em;oGm;onf/
[if;csuftdk;xJ&Sd a&onf qD qm; ikyf MuufoGef toD; t&Guf om;
ig; wdkY\ t&om tqif; teHY *kPfwdkY\ yg0ifaygif;pyfrIaMumifh rlva&\
*kPftwdkif; rawGU&awmhay/ odkYaomf xdk [if;tdk;xJrS a&udk "mwfcGJ
oefYpifvdkufvQif
rl&if;a&\
*kPfowdtwdkif;
jyefxGufvmNyD;
ajcaq;tdk;?
aomufa&tdk;wdkY &Sdaom a&wdkYuJhodkYyif rl&if;*kPftwdkif; jyefjzpfoGm;onf/
xd k e nf ; twl uH u zef w D ; ay;vd k u f a om pd w f o nf od j cif ; vu P mtm;jzif h
wpfrsKd;wnf;om&Sd\/ puKyom' jzpfaomtcg puK0dnmPfpdwfjzpfoGm;onf/
tcH"mwf
raem'Gg&
jzpfaomtcg
(tay:"mwf)
t[dwfraem0dnmPfESifh
o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwf jzpfoGm;onf/ o[dwfraem0dnmPfjzpfaomtcg ,SOfzuf
apwodufwdkY\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk vdkufaumif;aomo[dwfraem0dnmPf(ukodkvfpdwf)?
raumif;aomo[dwfraem0dnmPf
(tukodkvfpdwf)?
aumif;
raumif;rS
vGefajrmufaom o[dwfraem0dnmPf (Bud,mpdwf) [l oHk;rsKd;uGJjym;oGm;onf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

68

xdkraem0dnmPfudkyif opmav;yg; odqJtcg r*fpdwf[l vnf;aumif;?

edAmefudk tmHkjyKaomtcg zdkvfpdwf[lvnf;aumif; 'd|dESifhwJGvQif 'd|dpdwf? wPSmESifh
wJGvQif wPSmpdwf? arm[ESifhwJGvQif t0dZmpdwf ponfjzifh ac:Muonf/ rnfodkYyif
ac:onfjzpfap ,SOfazmf,SOfzuf apwodufwdkYudk z,fvdkufvQif tmHkudkodjcif;
vuPm wpfckom ay:vmonf/ if;onfyif 0dnmPf\ rl&if;yifudk,fowdjzpfonf/
puK0dnmPfonf ajcaq;tdk;xJ&Sda&ESifhwlonf/ t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
aomufa&tdk;xJ&Sd
a&ESihfwl\/
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
[if;tdk;xJ&Sd
[if;a&ESifhwlonf/ xdkpdwfoHk;rsKd;wGif puK0dnmPfESifh t[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYonf
tmHkudk odumrQom odaom tusKd;w&m;oufoufjzpfaom 0dnmPfwdkYjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh xdk0dnmPfwdkY ukodkvfapwoduf tukodkvfapwodufwdkYonf ,SOfwGJrIr&SdyJ
tqif;tmHkudk odumrQ od o nf / vl y J ? a,musf m ;yJ ? rd e f ; ryJ ? yk *d K vf y J ? ynwf y J ?
y&rwf y J ? tqif ; k y f y J ponfjzifhowfrSwfjcif; qHk;jzwfjcif; r&SdMuay/ tay:"mwf
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonfum; ukodkvf tukodkvf apwodufwdkYESihf,SOfwGJonf/
xdktay:"mwf o[dwfraem0dnmPf\ yifudk,fobm0rSm raem'Gg&xifaom
"rmHkudk tmHkjyKodjcif;rQomjzpfNyD; ,SOfzuf jzpfMuaom a0'emuEmonf
cHpm;jcif;?
onmuEmonf
rSwfom;jcif;?
ocFg&uEmonf
jyKjyifpD&ifjcif;oabmoufoufrQ jzpfonf/ w&m;usifhjcif;qdkonfrSm txuf azmfjy
a&;om;cJhaom yHk&dyfoHk;rsKd;ESihf pdwfoHk;rsKd;wdkY\ obm0vuPmudk odjrif&ef
tm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkobm0udk rodojzifh w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwdkY\ pdwf
wPSm rme 'd|djzpf&onf/ wPSm rme 'd|dcsKyfvdkvQif txufazmfjycJhaom
kyfemrfjzpfpOfwdkYudk ydkif;jcm;jrifatmifI&rnf/ txufazmfjycJhaom y&rwfkyfemrfwdkYudk
ydkif;jcm;rjrifao;vQif vdk&if;yef;wdkif ra&mufao;yg/ ,if;odkY ra&mufjcif;onf
oDv0dok'd? pdw0dok'd rjynfhpHkao;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ w&m;usifhaom a,m*Drsm;
txl;owdjyKyg/

1?6?5/ zESpfrsKd; tjyeftvSef tusKd;jyKyHkoabm

a&qGJyHkOyrm
a&wGif;xJrSa&udk yHk;jzifhqGJolonf BudK;udkvufjzifh qGJwif&mwGif b,fvufrS
BudK;qGJrI t&SdefqHk;cgeD;vQif nmzufvufu qGJwifjyefonf/ b,fvufESifh
nmvuf ajymif;qGJaomfvnf; t&Sdefr&yfyJ wqufwnf;uJhodkY BudK;ESifha&yHk;onf
tay:odkY
wufvmonf/
b,fvufESifhnmvufwdkYonf
rjcm;aomtm;jzifh
aumif;pGmrjcm;aom tm;jzifh (teE&? oreE&)ypnf;quf aus;Zl;jyKMuonf/
xdkYtwl puK'Gg&rS xGufay:vmaom twdkuf"mwf (puKor)onf
tmHkwdkYESifh tmHk\ *kPfowdrsm;udk raemodkY ydkYay;NyD; csKyf&onf/ xdkodkY csKyfonfESifh
wNydKifwnf; raemrS xGufaom Twfwwfonfh twdkuf"mwf (raemor)onf
raemwGif tmHkudk tvsifrysufap&ef puK'Gg&odkY jyefTwfNyD;,l raemodkY ydkYaponf/
pdwftpOf tvsif rjywfap&ef tmHkudk o,faqmifay;aeonfh obm0"r
aqmifMujcif;
jzpfonf/
a&yHk;ESifh
BudK;onf
tmHkESifhwl\/
puKtwdkuf"mwf(puKor)onf nmvufESifh wl\/ raemrS xGufTwfaom
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

69

twdkuf"mwf (raemor)onf b,fvufESifhwl\/ w&m;usihfaom a,m*DwdkYonf

xdkzESpfrsKd;udk ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif I&rnfjzpfonf/
puK'Gg&rS
puK0dnmPfudktrSDjyKjzpfay:vmaom
ly"rmkHudko,faqmifvmaom puKoronf raem'Gg& a0'em onm ocFg&
ESifht[dwf(odkY)
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
wd k Y ud k
{uk y g 'o[Zmwtm;jzif h
jzpf a y:ap\/ ( pu K or yp , m a0'em? puKorZma0'emyp,m -----onm ocFg& t[dwf^o[dwfraem0dnmPf)
tvm;wlyif b0if (ac:) raem'Gg&rS Twfaom raemoraMumifhvnf;
raem'G g & a0'em onm ocF g & t[d w f ES ifh o[d w f r aem0d n mPf wdk Y onf
{ukyg'o[Zmwtm;jzifh twlwuG jzpfay:vm&\/ (raemoryp,m a0'em?
raemorZma0'emyp,m------onm ocFg& o[dwfraem0dnmPf)
yp K y e f w d k u f q J qif ; &J rD ; awmuf a eaom a&SU o[d w f r aem0d n mPf o nf
tukokdvfapwoduf(14)vHk; ,SOfwGJaeaom? t0dZm zHk;xm;aom o[dwfraem0dnmPf
tydkif;(i) tay:"mwftkyfpk jzpfonf/ (raemorZma0'em yp,m ------ wPSm?
wPSm yp,m Oyg'geH)
yHkpH(1)udk oabmaygufatmif aocsmpGm qifjcifoHk;oyfMunfhyg/ puKorudk
taMumif;cHum raem'Gg& wNydKifeufwnf;yif a0'em onm ocFg& t[dwfESifh
o[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYonf obm0ed,mrtwdkif; jzpfay:Mu&onf/ if;a0'em
onm ocFg& t[dwfESifh o[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYonf raem'Gg&udk rSD
jzpfMuaomfvnf; puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;pk
jzpfjcif;aMumifh ]]puK'Gg&du}} [laomtrnfjzifh a'oemawmfwdkY oHk;EIef;onf/
b0if
(ac:)
re
ly"rmHk
xdkly"rmHkudk
odumrQodaom
t[dwfraem0dnmPf
oHk;rsKd;
aygif;qHkjcif;aMumifh
b0ifrS
jzpfay:vmaom
raemoronf puK'Gg&&Sd lygHkodkY jyefTwfvsuf |oabm ted|oabmudk
raem'Gg&&Sd a0'emtm; ay;ydkYonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]raemoryp,m a0'em onm
ocFg&
o[dwfraem0dnmPf}}[k a&SU wifjycJhjcif; jzpfonf/ raemorudk
taMumif;cH jzpfvmaom tusKd;w&m;pk jzpfjcif;aMumifh xdk a0'em onm ocFg&
o[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkYudk ]]raem'Gg&du}} [laom trnfjzifh a'oemawmfwdkY
ynwfwyf
oHk;EIef;xm;onf/
yHkpH-1onf
raem'Gg&rSaygufzGm;vmaom
raemorudk taMumif;cHum jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m; emrftpkudk azmfjyjcif;
jzpfonf/
xdktusKd;w&m;pkonfvnf;
raem'Gg&xifaom
ly"rmHkudkyif
cHpm;jcif; rSwfjcif; ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfonf/
raem'Gg& &Sif;wrf; (tydkif;-C)
puKoronf puKyom'&Sd lygHk\oabmudk rD;pmESihfwlonfh b0if (ac:)
raem'Gg&odkY ydkYay;onf/* rD;pm rD;awmufbdouJhodkY puKyom'&Sd lygHkudk
taMumif;cH
b0if
(ac:)
raem'Gg&
ly"rmHk
jzpfay:vmonf/
*

zjzpfay:vmyHk rD;jcpfOyrmudk jyefIyg/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

70

xdkb0ifxifaom tqif;yHk&dyf (ly"rmHk)onf ypKyefjyifytqif;r[kwfyJ

puKyom'&Sd lygHkonf puKor\ tpGrf;jzifh twGif;tmHktjzpf ajymif;vJum
raem'Gg& xifaom (re y#dp "r OyZwd raem0dnmPH ESifhtnD) "rmHk jzpfonf/
xdk"rmHkESifh
b0iftMunfwdkY
aygif;qHkjcif;aMumifh
(rD;awmufonfESifh
tvif;jzpfay:ouJhodkY) b0if (ac:) raem'Gg& ly"rmHkudk odumrQoabm
t[dwfraem0dnmPf
jzpfay:vm\/
xdkYaMumifh
b0ifudkrSD
ly"rmHkESifh
t[dwfraem0dnmPf emrf[l kyfemrf wpfpHkjzpf&onf/
xdkb0if(ac:)raem'Gg& tqif;ly"rmHk b0if(ac:)re t[dwfraem0dnmPf
xdkoHk;rsKd; aygif;qHkrIaMumifh tusKd;w&m; raemoronf puK'Gg&odkY jyefTwfvsuf
pu K 'G g &&Sd l y gHk \ |oabm ted | oabmud k b0if (ac:) raem'G g &od k Y
pD;0ifapjyefonf/ qufvuf t[dwfraem0dnmPfrS o[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkifatmif
emrfw&m;rsm; qufjzpfonf/ if;raemor\ oabmonf rD;aMumifhjzpfaom
tvif;a&mifrS rlvrD;xGef;oludk wefjyef tusKd;oufa&mufrI jzpfaponfESifh wl\/
,ck&Si f;jyNyD;cJha om yH k& d yf oH k;rsKd;rS pdw f oH k;rsKd; txd k yf emrf jzpfpOf wd kY onf
w&m;Iaom a,m*DwdkY\ tIPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;jrif&rnfh tIcHrsm; jzpfonf/
puKor\oabm
za,mif;wdkifrD;tvif;Oyrm
ae&mwGif puKoronf puK'Gg&yif puK0dnmPfESifh twlwuGjzpfNyD;
twlwuG csKyfygvsuf tb,faMumifh b0if (ac:) raem'Gg&odkYa&muf if;ESifhtwl
lygHk\ |oabm ted|oabmwdkYudkyg o,faqmifay;ydkYygoenf;[k pOf;pm;zG,f
&Sdonf/ puKoronf puK0dnmPfESifh wNydKifeufcsKyfonfrSm rSefonf/ odkYaomf
oabmvuPm ESifh jyKvkyfyHkudp uGJjym;MuaomaMumifh xdkpuKoronf b0if
(ac:) raem'Gg&odkY lygHk\ |oabm ted|oabmudk ay;ydkYonf[k qdkxm;jcif;
jzpf\/ xdkoabmudk atmufygOyrmjzihf em;vnf,lyg/
tcef;wpfcef;twGif; rD;xGef;xm;aom za,mif;wdkifwpfwdkif vif;aeonf/
xdkza,mif;wdkif rD;awmufaeonfudkvnf;aumif;? tcef;twGif; tvif;a&mif ysHUESHU
aeonfudkvnf;aumif; awGU&vdrfhrnf/ ,if;udk Pfjzihf oHk;oyfMunfhygu (rD;GefY)
rD;awmufonf w&dyf&dyf jzpfcsKyfoabmjzihf awmufavmifaeovdk tvif;a&mifonf
vnf; rD;awmufESifhtNydKif w&dyf&dyf jzpfumcsKyfum ywf0ef;usif t&yfq,frsufESmodkY
tvif;pGrf;tm; &Sdoavmuf ysHUESHUaernf jzpfonf/ rD;awmufonfESifhwNydKifeuf
tvif ; a&mif o nf xG e f ; vif ; ysH U ESH U aernf / rD ; awmuf c sKyf o nf E S i f h wNyd K if e uf
tvif;a&mifonfvnf; csKyfaysmufoGm;onf/
xdkodkY rD;awmufESifh tvif;a&mifonf wNydKifeuf jzpfMu csKyfMuaomfvnf;
oabmvuPmESifh jyKvkyfyHk udptm;jzihfrl uGmjcm;onf/ (rD;GefY)rD;awmufonf
za,mif;wdkif\ rD;pmxuf0ef;usifom jzpf\/ tvif;a&mifrSmrl t&yfq,frsufESmodkY
pGrf;tm;tvdkuf ysHUESHU tarSmifudk cGif;apNyD;rS csKyf\/ xdkoabmudk Pfjzifh
oHk;oyfyg/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

71

puK0dnmPfESihf rD;awmufwl\/ puKorESifh tvif;a&mifwl\/ rD;onf

rD ; pmyif j zpf rD ; pmyif csKyf o uJ h o d k Y pu K 0d n mPf o nf pu K yom'yif jzpf
puKyom'yif csKyf\/ rD;\ tvif;a&mifonf ywf0ef;usift&yfq,frsufESmodkY
xGef;vif;ysHUESHU jzpf&csKyf&ouJhodkY puKoronf puK'Gg&rSjzpf b0if (ac:)
raem'Gg&odkY lygHk\*kPf(|oabm ted|oabm)udk ay;ydkYvsuf csKyf&onf/ odkY
uGJjym;onf/ xdkenf;wlyif t[dwfraem0dnmPf? o[dwfraem0dnmPfESifh if;wdkYESifh
,SOfaom
raemorwdkY\
wNydKifwnf;jzpfjcif;?
wNydKifwnf;csKyfjcif;?
wpfckwnf;aom tmHk,ljcif; ({umvre)? wpfckwnf;aom rSD&m&Sdjcif; ({u0wKu)
oabmwdkYudk enf;twdkif; em;vnfoabmayguf&rnf/
xdkenf;wlpGm aomworonf aomw'Gg&rS toHkyfESifhwlonfh "r"mwfudk
o,f a qmif b0if t Munf rl & if ; twd k i f ; uJ h o d k Y toH " r " mwf jzpf a y:aponf /
Cmeoronf
Cme'Gg&rS
teHYkyfESifhwlonfh
"r"mwfudk
o,faqmif
b0iftMunf rl&if;twdkif;uJhodkY teYH"r"mwf jzpfay:aponf/ Zd0Sgoronf
Zd0Sg'Gg&rS t&omkyf ESifhwlonfh "r"mwfudk o,faqmif b0iftMunf
rl&if;twdkif;uJhodkY t&om"r"mwf jzpf a y:aponf / um,or onf um,'G g &rS
awG U xd r I k y f E S i f h w l a om "r " mwf u d k o,faqmif b0iftMunf rl&if;twdkif;uJhodkY
tawGU"r"mwf jzpfay:aponf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh--iSufaysmoD;udkpm;onf qdkygpdkY/ iSufaysmoD;\ t&omESihfwuG
tom;wdkYonf
vQmESihfawGUxdNyD;
tpmrsdK>yefwavQmuf
usqif;oGm;onf/
if;iSufaysmoD; t&omESihf tom;wdkYonf pdwf wdkufkduf xdawGUqufqHrI r&dSyg/
iSufaysmoD; t&om"mwfESihf vQmtMunfwdkY awGUxd&mwGifvnf; iSufaysmoD;\
rl&if;t&omonf
vQmtMunfxJodkY
pdrfh0ifoGm;jcif;r&dS/
vQmtMunfrS
Zd0Sg0dnmPfESihf,SOfzuf
zwnf;
[laom
emrfw&m;u
vQmtMunfESihf
iSufaysmoD;\ t&om"mwfwdkY awGUxdonfhtcg t&omowdESifhwlonfh "mwfwpfrsKd;
jzpfay:apNyD; if;"mwfudk reodkYydkYay;onf/ rerS aygufzGm;vmaom raem0dnmPfESihf
,SOfzufa0'emu cHpm;onf/*
cEm&Sd
kyfemrf"red,mrjzpfpOfudk
ydkif;jcm;rodaom
ow0gwdkYonf
jyifyrSytmHk ud k wd k u f kd u f cH p m;ae&onf [l txif r S m ;NyD ; wPS m ES i h f w uG
oH a ,mZOf r sm; jzpfaeMuonf/ trSefrSm t0dZm(arm[)\ vSnhfpm;rIaMumifh
*

zwnf;[laomemrf"mwf\ ydkYaqmifrIudk rSef;qjrifEdkif&ef Oyrmaqmif&aomf-- jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd

vlwpfOD;ESifh rdkifaygif;(6000)a0;uGmaom t*FvefEdkifiH&Sd vlwpfOD;wdkY tjyeftvSef w,fvDzkef;jzihf
pum;ajymMu&mwGif vlESpfOD; ESpfawmiftuGmwGif pum;ajymqdkaeouJhodkY wpfOD;ajymqdkonfhtoHudk
wpfOD;u tcsdefuGmjcm;rI r&SdyJ Mum;&onf/ odkYjzpf&jcif;rSm a&'D,dkvdIif;wGif;&Sd vQyfppf"mwfonf
toHo,faqmifrI vsifjrefjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ xdkY twl y'Gg&tmHkwkdY onf b0iftMunf
wNydKifeufuJhodkY usa&muf xif&jcif;rSm zemrf"mwf\ vsifjrefjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ txufyg
'Gg&(5)aygufrS z(5)rsKd; o,faqmifvmjcif;aMumifh raem'Gg& xifaom tmHk(5)rsKd;wdkYonf
"rmHktjzpf jzpfay:vmonf/ raemoronfvnf; ypKyeftmHk &Sd&m 'Gg&odkY Twf tmHkwkdYudk
raem'Gg& xifaponf/ twdwf tem*wf tmHkrsKd;pHk "rmHkESifh umv0drkwf "rmHkwdkY onffvnf;
raem'Gg& xifaponf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

72

trSwfrSm;? todrSm;? t,lrSm; (onm0dyvmo? pdw0dyvmo? 'd|d0dyvmo)wdkY

jzpfaeMu&jcif;jzpfonf/

1?6?6/ t[dwfraem0dnmPfESifh o[dwfraem0dnmPf

t[dwfraem0dnmPf
t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf tydkif;(i)&Sd 0dnmPfyif jzpfonf/ xdkt[dwfraem
0dnmPfonf tmHkudk taMumif;cH (0g) tmHktvdkuf ajymif;vJ jzpfay:jcif;jzpf\/
ypKyeftmHk(5)yg;onf
"rmHktjzpf
b0iftMunf
wpfae&mwnf;odkY
OD;wnfusa&mufNyD; usa&mufonfhtmHk\oabmtwdkif; b0iftMunf xifMuonf/
xdkokdYusa&muf&mwGif vnf; wpfBudrfwGif xif&Sm;onfh t"dywdtmHkwpfrsKd;om
raem'Gg&0Zmef;jzifh vufcHonf/
tu,f lygHkusa&mufvQif b0iftMunf ly"rmHkyHk&dyf jzpfay:onf/
xdkb0iftMunfESifhly"rmHkwdkYudkpGJ b0ifpdwfrStmHkudkvufcHaom t[dwfraem0dnmPf
tjzpf
ajymif;vJ
jzpfay:vm\/
xdkt[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
puK'Gg&&Sd
puK0dnmPfuJhodkY ly"rmHkudk jrifodumrQ oufoufjzpfonf/
puK'Gg&wGif puKyom'ESifh lygHk raygif;qHkrDu puK0dnmPfonf jzpfay:jcif;
r&SdyJ?
puKyom'ESifh
lygHk
aygif;qHkrS
puK0dnmPf
jzpfay:vmouJhodkY
b0iftMunfESifh l y "r m Hk raygif ; qHk r D u t[d w f r aem0d n mPf ( jrif o d p d w f ) onf
jzpf a y:jcif ; r&Sd ? b0iftMunfESifh ly"rmHk aygif;qHkrS jzpfay:vm\/
xdkYtwl
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b0iftMunfodkYusa&mufaomtcg
t[dwfraem0dnmPf onf aomw'G g &&Sd aomw0d n mPf u J h o d k Y Mum;od p d w f t jzpf
ajymif ; vJ a zmf j yonf /
teHY"rmHkonf
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t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
Cme'Gg&&Sd
Cme0dnmPfuJhodkY
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ajymif;vJazmfjyonf/ t&om"rmHkonf b0iftMunf odkY usa&mufaomtcg
t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf Zd0Sg'Gg&&Sd Zd0Sg0dnmPfuJhodkY t&om odpdwftjzpf
ajymif;vJazmfjyonf/ txdtawGU azm|AmHkonf b0iftMunfodkY usa&muf aomtcg
t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
um,'Gg&&Sd
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tvdkuf t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf ajymif;vJonf/
tmHktvdkuf ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmaom xdkt[dwfraem0dnmPf 'Gg&(5)aygufrS
0dnmPf(5)rsKd;uJhodkYyif ukokdvf tukodkvf apwodufwdkYESifh r,SOfojzifh tmHktrsKd;rsKd;
tay: wPSm rme 'd|d wdkYjzifh rpGJvrf;? udavomrD;wdkY\ avmifNrdKufcH&rIvnf;
r&Sd? tem*wf b0cEmtwGuf
uHudk
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odumrQodaomoabm
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wdkufqdkifaomtcg qdkif&m'Gg&ESifh tmHkudk taMumif;cH 0dnmPfESpfrsKd; (y0dnmPfESifh
t[dwfraem0dnmPf)
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ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif I&rnf/ tmHkjyKyHkcsif; wlae pdwfwpfvHk;wnf;uJhodkY
jzpfaeojzihf uGJuGJjym;jym; ydkif;jcm;odEdkif&ef cGJjcm;odEdkifonfh orm"drsufpd &&Sd&ef
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

73

rjzpfrae vdktyfonf/ usifhpOfrrSefu xdkorm"drsKd; r&Edkif/ txl; BudK;pm;&ef

vdktyfygonf/

o[dwfraem0dnmPf
tydkif;(i)
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonfvnf;
ypKyeftqif;tmHkwdkufqJ
puK'Gg&&Sd
puK0dnmPfuJhodkYvnf;aumif;?
raem'Gg&&Sd
t[dwfraem0dnmPfuJhodkYvnf;aumif; jrifodpdwfyif jzpfonf/ (a&oHk;rsKd; Oyrmudk
jyefIyg)
xdkYaMumifh puK0dnmPf(jrifodpdwf)? t[dwfraem0dnmPf (jrifodpdwf)? o[dwf
raem0dnmPf (jrifodpdwf) wdkYonf woabmwnf; wlaejcif; jzpfonf/
tb,fhaMumihf qdkaomf 0dnmPfwdkif;onf tmHkudkvufcHonfh tvkyfwpfrsKd;wnf;om
&Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ w&m;usihfaoma,m*DwdkYonf xdk0dnmPfwdkY\toD;oD;aom
obm0vuPmudk ydkif;jcm;IjrifEdkif&rnf jzpfonf/
xdkenf;wl jyifylygHk? puK'Gg&&Sd lygHk? b0iftMunf&Sd ly"rmHkwdkYonfvnf;
woabmwnf; wpfyHkpHwnf; wlaeonf/ xdkuJhodkY 0dnmPfoHk;rsKd;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;?
lygHkoHk;rsKd;wdkYonfvnf;aumif;?
tcsif;csif;woabmwnf;wlaejcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
t0dZm
zHk;vTrf;cHxm;&jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;
trSefpifppf
raem'Gg&xifaom
ly"rmHkudkom tmHkjyKjrifodjcif; jzpfygvsuf xdkoabmudkvnf;rodyJ trSefwu,f
qufpyfr&aom
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(rdrdpdwf
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pGJ,lxm;aom)
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf rSm;,Gif;pGm ESvHk;oGif;jrifodaeonf/ o[dwfraem0dnmPf
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wkdY zHk;vTrf;cH&onf/ xdktcg tjrifrSm;tmHkjyKaom cEmhtjyif&Sd A[d'lygHk
om,mjcif; avmb? rom,mjcif ; a'go paom tuk odk v f ? ud a vom?
oH a ,mZOf r D ; rsm;
awmufavmifvsuf
y#dporkyg'f
puf&[wfvnfywfum
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf 'kuuEm jzpf&awmhonf/
,cktcg
y&rwfkyfemrfwdkY\
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kyfemrfjzpfpOf
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cGJjcm;azmfjycJhNyD; jzpfonf/
qefYusifbufESpftkyfpk
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tukodkvfapwoduf? tnormef;apwodufwdkY xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm ,SOfMuukef\/
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apwodufwdkY tkyfpkESpftkyfpkwdkYonf qefYusifbuftkyfpkrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkESpftkyfpk
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

74

wdkYonf o[dwfraem0dnmPfudk tkyfcsKyfzdkY&ef ae&mvkMuonf/ qefYusifbufjzpfaom

ukodkvfapwodufwdkY 0ifa&mufcGifh&vQif tukodkvfapwodufwdkYonf 0ifa&mufcGifh
vHk;0r&ay/
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tukodkvfapwodufwdkY
0ifa&mufcGifh&vQif
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tNydKifwdkufcdkufMuaomtkyfpk[k ac:onf/
tukodkvfapwoduftkyfpkonf tprxif oHo&muwnf;u pdwf vTrf;rdk;
tkyfcsKyfum b0opfudk zefwD;Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh tukodkvfapwodufwdkY
csKyfNidrf;rS
b0cEm'kuNidrf;rnf
jzpfojzifh
if;tukodkvfapwoduftkyfpkonf
y,fowfcH&rnfhtkyfpk
jzpfonf/
pdwf
tukodkvfapwodufwdkY
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tkyfpkonf tukokdvfapwodufwdkYtm; yxrtqifh taejzifh pdwf ruyfNidatmif
0durey[meftm;jzifh z,f&Sm;Edkifjcif;onf pdwfpifMu,fjcif; (pdw0dok'd)rnf\/
csKyfNidrf;atmif
y,fowfjcif;onf
r*frnf\/
xdkYaMumifh
ukodkvf
apwod u f t k y f p k u d k y,f o wf a omtk y f p k [ k ac:onf / xk d o abmud k a,m*D w d k Y
em;vnfoabmaygufatmif Pfjzifh oHk;oyf w&m;usihf&rnf/
bufvdkuftkyfpk
oApdwom"m&Papwoduf(7)yg;
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vnf;aumif;?
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tnormef;apwoduftkyfpkonf
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apwodufbufodkYvnf;aumif;?
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tm;om&m
bufodkY vkdufEdkif&um;
bufvdkuftkyfpk[k ac:onf/

1?6?7/ cEmzGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk (yHkpH-1)udk tusOf;csKyfoHk;oyfjcif;

tydkif;(u c * C) ESifh tydkif;(i)rS a0'em paom kyfemrftkyfpkwdkYonf-1/ tIcHoufouf kyfemrfrsm; jzpfonf/
2/ oum,'d|djzpf&m tmHkjzpfonf/
3/ ukodkvf tukodkvf r&Sdaom tAsmuw kyfemrfrsm;jzpfonf/
4/ tydkif;(i)&Sd tay:"mwf o[dwfraem0dnmPf jzpfaMumif;w&m;wdkY jzpfonf/
5/ t0dZmESifh 0dZm rudef;yg/
6/ wPSmudef;&m kyfemrfrsm; r[kwfyg/
7/ vuPma&; oHk;yg;wifI&m tmHkrsm;jzpfonf/
8/ psmef r*f zdkvfwdkY\ wnf&m r[kwfyg/
9/ y,fowfcH&rnfh kyfemrfrsm; r[kwfyg/
10/
cEmESifhb0rcsKyforQ
taMumif;wdkufqdkifvQif
jzpfysuftpOfwef;jzifh
taMumif;tusKd; jzpfum &Sdaeonf(0duvbHkESifh yk*dKvfrSwyg; ykxkZOfrSp
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

75

&[Emtxd &Sdaeonf)/
11/ cEmESifh b0csKyfrSomvQif tNyD;tydkifcsKyfonf/
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2/ oum,'d|djzpf&m jzpfonf/ (pdwf+tukodkvfapwoduf)
3/ ukodkvf tukodkvf &Sdonf/ (&Hcgukodkvfapwoduf &Hcgtukodkvfapwoduf)
4/ t0dZm (okdY) 0dZm udef;onf/ (arm[apwoduf tarm[apwoduf)
5/ wPSmudef;&mXmejzpfonf/ (o[dwfraem0dnmPf)
6/ vuPma&;oHk;yg;wifrI jyKvkyfonf/ (pdwf+aombeapwoduf)
7/ psmef r*f zdkvfwdkY wnf&mjzpfonf/ (pdwf+aombeapwoduf)
8/ y,fowfcH&rnfhemrf"r&Sdonf/ (tukodkvfapwoduf)
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11/ twdwfb0tpOftqufqufrS
ygvmaom
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wnf&mXme jzpfonf/
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13/ tem*wftusdK;0dygufcEm wnfaqmuf&ef p&H,lxm;jcif;ESifhwlonfh ur0#frsm;
pkaqmif;&m Xmejzpfonf/ (urb0)

1?7/ oum,'d|d &Sif;wrf;

w&m;[lonf ukodkvfw&m;? tukodkvfw&m;ESifh ukodkvftukodkvfr[kwfaom
tAsmuww&m;
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a0'emwdkYonf tAsmuw"r jzpfonf/ tydkif;(i)tay:"mwf o[dwfraem0dnmPfESifh
,SOfzufjzpfaom
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tuk o vm"r ?
aombeapwod u f
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o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwfonf
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tukovm"rjzpf
zd k v f y k *d K vf ( 4)a,muf r S w yg; usef y k *d K vf w d k Y jzpf a om o[d w f r aem0d n mPf o nf
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jzpf a om o[d w f r aem0d n mPf o nf tAsmuw"r j zpf M uonf / od k Y a omf usrf ;
tajccHw&m;usifholwdkYtwGuf &nf&G,fjcif;aMumifh tIcH tIPf uGJjym;&efom
t"du xm; a&;om;wifjyxm;onf/
xd k oH k ; rsKd ; aom "r w d k Y wG i f ]]w&m;&S m onf ? w&m;I o nf } }[l & m &S m jcif ;
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&S m wwf j cif ; (0g) Iwwfjcif;oabm[laom uwm; &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh tIcH"rwdkY[lonf yHkpH(1)t& tydkif; (u c * C)ESifh
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

76

tydkif;(i)&Sd
a0'em
[laom
tAsmuwkyfemrfwdkYyif
jzpfonf/
if;udk
tIcHoum,"r[kvnf;
ac:onf /
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I w wf a om
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tyd k i f ; (i)
tay:"mwf o[dwfraem0dnmPf
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(tay:"mwf ou m ,"r [ k v nf ; ac:onf ) / if ; o[d w f raem0dnmPfpdwfonf
qdkcJhNyD; tIcHtAsmuwoum,"rwdkYudk trSeftwdkif; rod rjrifjcif;aMumifh
xdkoum,"rwdkYudk
igyJ
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rSm;,Gif;pGmpGJ,lxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
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uwDygxkyf Oyrm
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pdw0dyvmo onm0dyvmo)
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jzpf&jcif;onf tusKd ; w&m; jzpf uw D y gxk y f \ twG i f ; oabmud k trS e f r od j cif ;
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(umrkyg'gef)rsm; tvdkvdk csKyfaysmuf oGm;onf/
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trSm;pdwfrsm;udk
tysufqHk;atmif
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tusKd;owf
jzpfaeonf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

77

uwDygxkyf
Oyrmtwdkif;
w&m;usihfonfqdkonfrSm
txifrSm;cH&aom
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kyfemrfoabmwdkYudk
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cspfMu? cifMu? rkef;Mu? a'gojzpfMu? oHa,mZOfwG,fMu? umr&m*jzpfMu? rmewufNyD;
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jzpfonf/ puLpkwfESihfwlonfh twGif;cEm (32)aum|mokyftpktm;vnf;aumif;?
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pGJvrf;rI
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w&m;usih f M uaomol w d k Y onf
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rwl b l ;
[l vnf ;
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

78

ajymMuonf / igwdkYenf;rS rSefonf[kvnf; ajymMuonf/ [dkenf;raumif;bl;?

rSm;onf [lvnf; ajymMuonf/ [dkenf;u a'oemESifh rudkufbl;? 'Denf;rS
a'oemESihf udkufonf [lvnf; ajymMuonf/
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[l vnf ;
ajymMuonf /
pcef ; rsm;rsm;0if r S
w&m;tawG U tBuHK rsm;onf
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awmif;cHMuonf/
q&mwdkYuvnf;
qufomIyg[lvnf;
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tajzrSefpHudef;udk rodaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
rsufrjrifykPm;ajcmufa,muf
rsufrjrifykPm;ajcmufa,mufwdkYonf qifudk rjrifzl;ojzifh pdwfjzifh rSef;q
odEdkifatmif qifxdef;orm;udk tultnDawmif;&m qifxdef;onf qif&Sd&modkYac:oGm;NyD;
wpfOD;udk tNrD;udkvnf;aumif;? wpfOD;udk cEmudk,fudkvnf;aumif;? wpfOD;udk
ESmarmif;udk
vnf;aumif;?
wpfOD;udk
tpG,fudkvnf;aumif;?
wpfOD;udk
em;&Gufudkvnf;aumif;? wpfOD;udk ajcaxmufudkvnf;aumif; udkifwG,fprf;oyfcdkif;\/
tNrD;udkif&aom
ykPm;u
qifqdkwm
BudK;ESifhwlonf[k
oHk;oyfajymqdkonf/ cEmudk,fudk udkifMunfhaom ykPm;u qifqdkwm eH&HBuD;ESifh
wlonf[k
qHk;jzwf
ajymqdkonf/
ESmarmif;udkifaomykPm;u
qifqdkwm
a>rESifhwlonf[k qHk;jzwfajymqdkonf/ tpG,fudkifaom ykPm;u qifqdkwm
vSHESifhwlonf[k ajymqdkqHk;jzwfonf/ em;&Guf udkifaom ykPm;u qifqdkwm
,yfawmifESifhwlonf[k qHk;jzwfajymqdkonf/ ajcaxmuf udkifMunfhaomykPm;u
qifqdkwm wdkifBuD;ESifhwlonf[k qHk;jzwfajymqdkonf/
xd k y k P m ;wd k Y o nf trS e f &Sd a om qif u d k ud k i f M unfh & aomf v nf ; pd w f qif
r[kwfaom tmHkrsm;udk ESvHk;oGif;cH,l qHk;jzwfvdkufojzifh qifudk trSeftwdkif;
rodawmhyJ vHS? ,yfawmif? a>r? wdkif pojzifh rSm;,Gif;pGm qHk;jzwf
ajymqdkMuawmhonf/ tcsif;csif; olrSefw,f igrSefw,f paom jiif;ckefrIrsm;rSm
qHk;awmhrnf r[kwfay/
yk x k Z Of w d k Y o nf pd w f arm[ zH k ; xm; t&Sd k y f e mrf w d k Y u d k I M uaomf v nf ;
ppfrSefonfh kyfemrfwdkYudk rjrifyg/ txifkyfemrf? rSef;qkyfemrf? qifwldk;rSm;
k y f e mrf w d k Y ud k o m ppf r S e f a om k y f e mrf r sm;? w&m;rsm;? op m rsm;[k xif & mrS e f ; NyD ;
qHk;jzwfMuonf/ qif\ em;&GufESifh ,yfawmifwdkYonf eD;pyfaomfvnf; em;&Gufonf
em;&Guf[k? ,yfawmifonf ,yfawmif[kom trSeftwdkif; jzpfoifhonf/ qifwl,dk;rSm;
jzpfwwfonf/
ajymawmh
toHwl
taMumif;t&mum;
uGJjym;aeonf/
rsufjrifolrsm;onf qifudk tukef NcHKMunfhEdkifojzifh qifudkqifyJ[k ajymygonf/
qif\ t*Fg tpdwftydkif; tm;vHk;udkvnf; olUtrnfESifh olUoabmudk udkufnDatmif
trSeftwdkif; t&Sdtwdkif; ajymEdkifonf/ em;&Gufudk em;&Guf[k? ,yfawmifudk
,yfawmif[k? tpG,fudktpG,f[k ajymonf/ em;&GufrS ,yfawmif rjzpfawmhyg/
ESmarmif;rS a>rrjzpfawmhyg/ tpG,frS vHSoGm; rjzpfawmhyg/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIcHkyfemrfrsm;\oabmobm0

79

w&m;I o l w d k Y o nf
pdk u f c sif ; ?
yg&rD c sif ;
uG m jcm;Ed k i f M uaomf v nf ;
w&m;I & m
tmHk j zpf a om
(32)aum|mo
k y f w &m;aygif ; pk r I
(od k Y )
Cek y f r sm;aygif ; pk r I o nf
twlwlyifjzpfonf/
cHpm;rI
a0'emuEmrSmvnf;
twlwlyifjzpfonf/
pdwfapwodufwdkY
&SdonfrSmvnf;
twlwlyifjzpfonf/
w&m;rusifhrD t0dZmarm[ tzHk;cHxm;&onfrSmvnf; twlwlyifjzpf wPSm rme
'd|djzpfaeonfrSmvnf; twlwlyifjzpfonf/ xdkkyfw&m; wdkYESifh cHpm;rIa0'emwdkYudk
taMumif;cH wPSm rme 'd|dcsKyfatmif usifh&rnfrSm &nf&G,fcsufwpfckwnf; jzpfNyD;
tIcH tmHkrsm;rSmvnf; cEmig;yg;? owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;om jzpfonf/
r*if&Spfyg;jzifh
w&m;oabmjrifatmifIjcif;onfvnf;
wlonf/
aAm"dPf\taxmuftyHHhuvnf;
(37)yg;om&Sdonf/
odkYqdkvQifw&m;awGUonfcsif;vnf; wl&rnf/ w&m;usifhjcif;\ tajzrSefpHudef;udk
odvQif IyfaxG;p&mr&Sd? jiif;ckefp&mvnf; rvdkawmhyg/
tIcHqqukyfemrfwdkYudk ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkifonfh orm"dodkY qdkufa&muf&ef tajccH
usif h p Of , med u ES p f y g; &Sd o nf / rnf o nfh e nf ; jzif h usif hu sif h ? Murf ; Murf ; yJ
usif h u sih f ? oufoufomomyJ usifhusifh? tcsdefenf;onfjzpfap? tcsdefMumonf
jzpfap? rSwfonf jzpfap? rrSwfonfjzpfap? udk,fhenf;ESifh udk,hfpdwfBudKuf
a&G;cs,fusifhEdkifonf/ xdkur|mef; av;q,fteufrS wpfyg;yg;udk usifh&mwGif
enf;rSef&rnf/
jrefjref
a&mufcsifaomol
jyif ; jyif ; avQmuf & rnf /
jznf ; jznf ; a&muf c sif a omol
aES ; aES ; avQmuf & rnf /
tompH
csifaomol
temcHEdkif&rnf/ rsm;rsm;tjrwf&vdkvQif rsm;rsm;t&if;pdkuf&rnf/ olUenf; udk,fhenf;
jiif;p&mrvdkyJ udk,fhenf;ESifhudk,f w&m;awGUatmif usifh&efom vdkonf/
w&m;usifhjcif;\ wpfckwnf;aom tajzrSefpHudef;onf 0dyemtIcH qqu
kyfemrfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;jrifjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkif&eftwGuf usihfpOf
enf;vrf;rSefuef&efESihf o'g 0D&d, paom Adkvfig;yg; jynfhpHk&efwdkYrSm y"meusonf/
0dyemPf\tIcHjzpfaomkyfemrfwdkY\ oabmobm0wdkYudk tquftpyfESifh
wuG a&;om;wifjycJhNyD;NyD/ xdkkyfemrfwdkY\oabmudk w&m;rusifhrD okwr,Pfjzifh
xif j rif a eatmif zwf I a vh v mum pd E m r,Pf j zif h Bud r f z ef r sm;pG m oH k ; oyf
rS w f o m;oifh o nfh
t&mrsm;ud k v nf ;
usuf r S w f x m;yg/
od k Y r S o mvQif
w&m;usif h & m vG,fulacsmarmrnf/ xdktIcHkyfemrfwdkYudk udk,fydkifbm0emr,Pfjzifh
rjrif&ao;yg/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
oifa,m*D\pdwfonf
t0dZm(arm[)
zHk;tkyfxm;rIcH&jcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf/
xdkt0dZm(arm[)udkpdwfruyfNidatmif
z,f&Sm;&rnfhtvkyfonf
w&m;usihfjcif;
rnf\/
xdktIcHkyfemrfwdkYudk
udk,fydkifbm0emr,Pfjzifh
ydkif;jcm;jrif&ef
tm;xkwf&rnfh
]]usihfpOfwdkY\oabmobm0}} udk tcef;(2) qufvufavhvmyg/

www

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

D
tcef; (2)
usifhpOfwdkY\ oabmobm0
tcef ; wG i f 0d y emPf a yguf a tmif trS e f w u,f usif h B uH r nfh o l r sm;
od&Sdxm;tyfaom tcsufrsm;? jznfhqnf;xm;oifhonfh tcsufrsm;udk OD;pGmwifjyvsuf
0dyemusifhpOfvrf;aMumif; tp tv,f tqHk;udk tquftpyfESifhwuG oHk;oyfum
a&;om;oGm;rnfjzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk oabmayguf em;vnfatmif oHk;oyfqifjcifNyD;rS
vufawGUusifhBuHMu&ef jzpfonf/

2?1/ w&m;usifh&mwGif odxm;tyfonfhtcsufrsm;

2?1?1/ aAm"dyud,(37)yg;
aAm"d y ud , [l o nf aAm"d Pf (op m av;yg;ud k od a omPf ) &zdk Y &ef
taxmuf t yHh
(0g)
t&d , mr*f \
taxmuf t yHh
jzpf o nf /
wenf ; tm;jzifh q d k a omf w&m;usihfaoma,m*D\ w&m;usihf&m vdkufemjznfhusifh&rnfh
t*Fg&yfrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkaAm"dyud,w&m; (37)yg;wdkYonf-1/ owdy|mef (4)yg;
2/ ory"mef (4)yg;
3/ 'dyg'f (4)yg;
4/ a`E
(5)yg;
5/ Adkvf
(5)yg;
6/ aAmZif (7)yg;
7/ r*if
(8)yg;
aygif; (37)yg; (w&m;udk,f - 10yg;)

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

81

owdy|mef (4) yg;

owd+y|me = owdjyKtyfonfhXme (0g) w&m;I&mXme/
1/ um,mEkyemowdy|mef = kyfay: owdxm;Ijcif; (32-aum|mo? "mwf 4yg;)
2/ a0'emEkyemowdy|mef = cHpm;rI (emrf)\ oabmudk owdxm;Ijcif;
3/ pdwmEkyemowdy|mef = avmuDpdwf (emrf)\ oabmudk owdxm;Ijcif;
4/"rmEkyemowdy|mef
= "rmHkwdkY\oabmudkvuPma&;oHk;yg;jzifh owdxm;
Ijcif;
ory"mef (4) yg; (0D&d,)
or+y"me = jyif;pGm tm;jyKjcif;? jyif;pGm vHkYvjyKjcif;
1/OyEmeH ygyumeH y[mem, 0g,r
= jzpfNyD; &SdNyD;aom tukodkvfwdkYudk
y,f&ef
vHkYvjyKjcif;
2/tEkyEmeH ygyumeH tEkyg'g, 0g,r
= rjzpfay:ao;aom tukodkvfwdkYudk
rjzpfvm&ef vHkYvjyKjcif;
3/tEkyEmeH ukovmeH Oyg'g, 0g,r
= rjzpfay:ao;aom ukodkvfudk
jzpf&ef vHkYvjyKjcif;
4/OyEmeH ukovmeH bda,smbm0g, 0g,r = jzpfNyD;aom ukodkvfudk wdk;yGm;&ef
vHkYvjyKjcif;
]]ory"me
=
jyif;pGmtm;xkwf&rnf}}
[l&m
tb,frQ
1
jyif;pGmtm;xkwf&rnfenf;/ (wp p e[mkaem ponfESihftnD) tdk;aMuaMu?
tom;awGyJyJhyJh? taMumawGyJ jywfjywf? taoG;awGyJcef;cef; ravQmhaomZGJvHkYvjzifh
tm;xkwftyf\/
,cktcg
w&m;
usihfaoma,m*DwdkYonf
0dyemw&m;tm;xkwf&mwGif
wpfem&DrQaom
tcsdefavmufjzihf
w&m;tm;xkwfaeMuonfrSm
txufyg
ory"mefav;yg;ESihf
rjynfhpHkawmhay/
tb,frSm
r*fzdkvf&Edkifygawmhrnfenf;/
wu,fjyif;xefpGm
tm;xkwfrIudk
w&m;ESihfravsmfnDbl;? Mumw,f? Murf;w,f? jyif;xefw,f[k tjypfjrifaeMuonf/
xdktjypfjrifjcif;onf y#dywd omoemESihf y#da0"omoem uG,faysmufawmhrnfh
edrdwfjzpfonf/
0dyemw&m;onf
ayghayghwefwef
vG,fvG,fulul
oufoufomomjzihf usihf&aom w&m;rsKd; jzpfae awmhonf/ wenf;tm;jzihf
qdkaomf r*fwm; zdkvfwm; tjrifrsm; jzpfonf/ r*fzdkvf vdkvm;aom a,m*Drsm;
txl;owdjyKoifhonf/
xdkuJhodkY
ory"mef0D&d,jzifh
r*if&Spfyg;
avsmfnDpGm
tm;xkwfusifhBuH&m aovkrwwf jzpfapumrl ]]twudvrxmEka,m*}} r[kwfonfudk
txl;owdjyKMuygav/ ykxkZOftjrifjzifh a0zefrdvQif rSm;wwfonf/
1

tbd"mey'DydumygX? o*u@-157

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

82

'dyg'f (4) yg;

'd+y' = NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;+tajccH
1/ qEd'dyg'f = NyD;jynfhpkHjcif;\ tajccHjzpfaom xufjrufaomqE
2/ 0D&d,d'dyg'f = NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;\ tajccHjzpfaom vHkYv0D&d,
3/ pdwd'dyg'f = NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;\ tajccHjzpfaom pdwf
4/ 0DrHod'dyg'f = NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;\ tajccHjzpfaom ynm
a`E (5) yg;
E+, = tpdk;&jcif;(rdrdESifhoufqdkifaomw&m;rsm;udk rdrdtvdktwdkif; jzpfapEdkifrI)?
vTrf;rdk;Edkifjcif;? tkyfcsKyfEdkifjcif;/
1/ o'da`E
=,HkMunfrI tpdk;&jcif; (wkefvIyfrIr&Sdaom ,HkMunfrI) tm*r
yom' Mouye t"d*r [l av;yg;&Sd\/ (0dpdudpmudk Ekdif\)
(o'gapwoduf pdwf cdkifNrJpGm ,SOfaejcif;)
2/ 0D&d,da`E =tm;xkwfrI\ tpdk;&jcif; (xde rd'udk Edkif\)
(0D&d,apwoduf pdwf cdkifNrJpGm ,SOfaejcif;)
3/ owda`E =atmufarhrI\ tpdk;&jcif; (awGa0rI-oarm[udkEdkif\)
(owdapwoduf pdwf cdkifNrJpGm,SOfaejcif;)
4/ orm"da`E =wnfMunfrI\ tpdk;&jcif; (ysHUvGifhrI-O'pudkEdkif\)
(pdwf {u*wmapwoduf cdkifNrJpGm,SOfaejcif;)
5/ ynda`E
=tjym;tm;jzifh odjcif;\ tpdk;&jcif; (rodrI-t0dZmudk Edkif\)
(ynda`Eapwoduf pdwf cdkifNrJpGm ,SOfaejcif;)
Adkvf (5) yg;
Av = tm;? pGrf;&nf
1/o'gAdkvf =pdwf
apwodufwdkY\
MunfvifrIpGrf;tm;?
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
w&m;awmf tay: ,H k M unf r I tm;aumif ; jcif ; ? txl ; tm;jzif h
r* i f &Sp f y g;onf
tocFw"mwfedAmefcsrf;om&aMumif;enf;aumif;[k
,HkMunfrItm;BuD;jcif;? q&mtay: ,HkMunfrI tm;BuD;jcif;/
2/0D&d,Adkvf =aumoZ (ysif;&drI)udk wdkufzsufEdkifrIpGrf;tm;? usifhBuHtm;xkwfrI
pGrf;tm;BuD;jcif;/
3/owdAdkvf =ukodkvftmHk a&S;IodjrifEdkifrI pGrf;tm;? a&S;IatmufarhrI
pGrf;tm;BuD;jcif;/
4/orm"dAdkvf =0dyem
psmef
paom
tmkHwdkYudk
tmkHjyKod&m
eD0&PudavomwdkYudk
wdkufzsuf
EdkifrIpGrf;tm;?
tIPfpdwf
tukodkvftnpftaMu;rsm;
wzef
jyefuyfa&mufrIr&Sdatmif
{u*wmapwodufu cdkifNrJpGm tkyfcsKyfxm;jcif; pGrf;tm;BuD;jcif;/
5/ynmAdkvf =oabmobm0wdkYudk tjym;tm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;EdkifrI pGrf;tm;BuD;jcif;/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

83

avmuynm? pD;yGm;aomfrS tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;rI enf;yg;vQif ratmifjrifEdkifyg/

avmucsrf;omESifh rEdIif;,SOfEdkifaom tEdIif;rJh edAmefcsrf;om&aMumif; usifhpOfudk
oufoufomom ayghayghwefwefESifh usifhHkESifh tb,frSm &Edkifygrnfenf;/ rsm;rsm;
csrf;omvdkvQif rsm;rsm;tm;pdkufxkwf usifh&rnf/
txufyg 'dyg'fw&m;av;yg;? a`Eig;yg;? Adkvfig;yg; ponfwdkYonf
r*fzdkvf vdkvm;aom a,m*DwdkY usihfpOf rjzpfrae jynfhjynfh00 yg0ifae&rnf/
,cktcg rsm;pGmaom w&m;usihfaom a,m*DwdkYonf ESpfem&DrQaom tcsdefavmufudkyif
Mumonf
[l
aps;qpfum
vHkYvrjyKcsif
Muawmhay
(0D&d,enf;jcif;)/
w&m;usihfpOftay:
,HkMunfrIvnf;
enf;Muonf
(o'gw&m;enf;jcif;)/
w&m;xdkifcsdeftwGif; aqmufwnf &rnfh `Ed,oH0&oDv jynfhpHkatmif rxdef;odrf;
raqmufwnfEdkif?
pdwfudk
ESpfem&DrQ
ur|mef;tmHk
ajzmifhrSefpGmxm;aom
orm"drQudkyif
raqmufwnfEdkifygu
oDv0dok'd?
pdw0dok'drQodkYyifra&mufEdkifay(orm"dtm;enf;jcif;)/
w&m;tm;rxkwf&ao;rD
Murf;w,f? Mumw,f? jyif;xefw,f? rjzpfEdkifbl;[k o'gvnf; acgif;yg;?
tm;xkwf&mwGifvnf;
0D&d,
enf ; yg;Muojzih f
owd t m;vnf ;
jynfh 0 rI
r&Sd a wmh a y/ xd k Y a Mumif h orm"d E S i h f y nm pcef;odkYvnf; ra&muf&SdEdkifawmhay/ qE
pdwfpaom
'dyg'fw&m;
rsm;vnf;r&Sdawmhyg/
odkYtwGufaMumihf
0dyemw&m;awmfonf
taeacsmifaom
usihfpOf
oabmrsKd;odkY
rodrom
a&muf&SdoGm;onf/
r*fzdkvfESihfwefaom
txufyg
a`Eig;yg;?
Adkvfig;yg;?
'dyg'fw&m;av;yg;wdkY &if;ESD;pdkufxkwfrI r&SdyJESihf w&m;usihfvQif yg&rDukodkvfavmuf
jzihfom ,ckomoem usefaecJhrnf/ w&m;usihfonfqdkonfrSm [if;jrnf;aomoluJhodkY
r[kwfyJ Adkufjynfhatmif tm;yg;w& xrif;pm;aomoluJhodkY w0BuD; usihf&rnf/
r*fzdkvfvdkvm;aom a,m*DwdkY txl;owdjyKyg/
aAmZif (7) yg;
aAm"d+t*F = opmav;yg;w&m;udk odaMumif;jzpfaom w&m;taygif;
1/ owdoarmZif
= kyfemrfay: owdxm;rI
2/ "r0dp,oarmZif = kyfemrfay: vuPma&;oHk;yg;jzifh qifjcifodjrifjcif;
3/ 0D&d,oarmZif = kyfemrfay: tm;pdkufxkwfIrI
4/ yDwdoarmZif
= 0dyemIjcif; ESpfoufjcif;
5/ y'doarmZif = pdwf apwodufwdkY\ Nidrf;at;jcif;
6/ orm"doarmZif = tIcHkyfemrfwdkYay: wajzmifhwnf; tIPf wnfMunfjcif;
7/ OayumoarmZif =tbdZm a'greESifh arm[paom udavomwdkYrS pdwfudk
vGwfajrmufapaom vspfvsLIjcif;

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

84

r*if (8) yg;

oDvr*if (3) yg;
1/ orm0gpm = rSefuefpGm ajymqdkrI
2/ ormurE
= rSefuefpGm jyKvkyfrI
3/ ormtmZD0 = rSefuefpGm toufarG;rI
orm"dr*if (3) yg;
4/ orm0g,r
= rSefuefpGm tm;xkwfrI
5/ ormowd = rSefuefpGm atmufarhrI? a&S;IrI
6/ ormorm"d = rSefuefpGm pdwfudk wpfckwnf;aomtmkH aumif;pGmxm;rI
ynmr*if (2) yg;
7/ orm'd|d = opmav;yg; trSefjrifrI
8/ ormouFy = kyfemrfwdkYtay: vuPmoHk;yg;tm;jzifh oHk;oyfjcif;/
txufyg aAm"dyud,w&m; (37)yg;wdkY rdrd\usifhpOf jynfhpHkatmif jznfhusifh&rnf/

2?1?2/ tajccH t"dym,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;

oDv/ /oDv[lonf rdrdpdwf um,uHtukodkvf? 0pDuHtukodkvfraemuHtukodkvfwdkY

rjzpfatmif
apmifhxdef;jcif;jzpfonf/
&[ef;a,m*Donf
pmwkyg&dok'doDv
pifMu,f&rnf/ if ; oD v rS m (1) ygwd a rmu o H 0 &oD v (tusOf ; tm;jzif h 227
oG , f a om od u m yk ' f vHkNcHKjcif;)? (2) yp,oEddwoDv (ausmif; ouFef; qGrf;
aq; qifjcifoHk;pGJjcif;)?
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0
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wnf f M unf j cif ; jzpf o nf /

w&m;usif h o l w d k Y onf
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wnfaejcif;onf psmeorm"d rnf\/ o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf if;\rSD&m
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wnfNidrfaeaom
pm;yGJay:
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wnfNidrfaom tmHkay: rysUHvGifhyJ pdwfwnfaejcif;udk psmeorm"d[kac:onf/
(2) um;vrf;ay: um;oGm;aejcif;
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vG,fulpGm oabmaygufEdkifvdrfhrnf/ um;armif;olonf um;udk um;vrf;ay:
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rd r d t vk y f j zpf o nfh
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apmif h x d e f ; &mwG i f vd k & m psmef r *f z d k v f & onfh w d k i f a tmif tpOf r jywf apmifh x d e f ; &ef
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

86

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ta&;BuD;onf/
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Nidrf;at;apjcif;
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udavomwdkYrS
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tmHk\tpGrf;jzifh udavomtylNidrf;ae at;csrf;aeaom pdwf[lvdk

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

87

t&SdpGJaeoa&GU wPSm rme 'd|d e,fy,frS rvGwf/ y&rwftmHk ppfppfjzpfrS

r*fzdkvfqdkufrnf/
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tIcH y&rwfkyfonf tESpfr&Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpf&mrS ysufoGm;jcif;onf kyf\
tpdk;r&jcif; vu P m (ky f \ tew v u P m) ponfh k y f \ obm0ud k Pf j zif h
yd k i f ; jcm;I j rif oHk;oyfjcif;jzpfonf/
tIcHonf kyf? rNrJjcif;oabmonf vuPm?
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tIcHonf kyf? tpdk;r&jcif; tESpfr&Sdjcif;oabmonf vuPm?
bm0em/ /bm0em[lonf
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pGefYaejcif; wkdYonf bm0emrnf\/
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

88

w&m;usih f a oma,m*D o nf
w&m;usih f & m
q&mT e f M um;aom
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5/ rk'k - El;nHhjcif;
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6/ tewdrmeD - rmefr&Sd&jcif;
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7/ oEKaum - a&mifh&JvG,fjcif;
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rsm;aevQif w&m;tm;xkwfrIudk ysufjym;aponf/ xdkYaMumifh trIudp enf;EdkiforQ
enf;ap&rnfjzpfonf/
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ayghyg;aom0ef &Sd&rnf/
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&Sdae&rnf/
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

89

w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwdkYonf r*fzdkvfESifh qefYusifaom? ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkY

uJh&JUtyfaom tukodkvftrIwdkYudk jrLrIefrQyif rjyKvkyf&/ jrLrIefrQ tukodkvfyif
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y"med,*Fw&m; (5) yg;

w&m;tm;xkwfaom a,m*Donf y"med,*Fig;yg;ESihf jynfhpHk&rnf/
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enf;vrf; tay:vnf; ,HkMunfrI&Sd&rnf/ uH uH\tusdK;udk ,HkMunfjcif;
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r&Sdawmhay/
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

96

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

97

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

98

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

99

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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wzufurf;odkYul;&ef rdwfaqGaumif;u xyfajymjyefonf/ opfukdif;opf&Gufrsm;jzifh
azmifzGJUNyD; ajcESpfzuf? vufESpfzufudk tm;,lavSmfcwfum jrpfwzufurf;odkY ul;onf/
jrpf\ av;yHkwpfyHk? jrpf\av;yHk ESpfyHk? jrpf\av;yHk oHk;yHkrS wzufurf;odkY
ul;ajrmufEdkifum &efolab;rS tNyD;wdkif vGwfajrmufoGm;onf/21
1/ a>rBuD ; av;aumif [ l o nf "mwf BuD ; av;yg;jzif h zG J U pnf ; xm;aom l y um,ud k
ac:onf/*
21

oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oVm,we0*oH,kwf? tmoD0do0*f?

tmoD0daomyrokwf- ESm-377
*
blwkyfav;yg; t&Sdoabmoufoufudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

105

2/ tqd y f a v;rsKd ; [l o nf
xd k " mwf a v;yg;wd k Y
jyif ; xef p G m
azmuf j yef a zmf j yvmrI u d k ac:onf/
3/ wpf a umif a om a>rud k u f j cif ; \oabmud k azmf j yjcif ; onf "mwf w pf y g;yg;\
jyif;xefyHkudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf/
4/ axmifusom;[lonf w&m;Iol\ pdwfudkac:onf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

106

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

107

5/ axmif[lonf b0oHk;yg;udk ac:onf/

6/ tjypfusL;vGefjcif;onf uHoHk;rsKd; jyKxm;jcif;udkac:onf/
7/ xdka>rav;aumifudk wG,fwmESpfoufaejcif;udk azmfjyjcif;onf w&m;Iol\ pdwf
oum,(kyf) tay:wGif wPSm rme 'd|d jzpfaejcif;udk ac:onf/
8/ rdwfaqGaumif;[lonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
ur|mef;jyq&m
paom
olawmfaumif;wdkYudk ac:onf/
9/ a>rav;aumifvdkufjcif;onf
"mwfBuD;av;yg;
jyif;xefpGm
azmufjyefvmjcif;jzpfonf/
10/ a>rBuD ; av;aumif a b;rS
ajy;jcif ; onf
"mwf BuD ; av;yg;
jyif ; xef p G m
azmuf j yef EdSyfpufrIwdkYrS
pdwfudk vGwfatmif qdkif&mur|mef;tmHkodkY
ydkYaqmifjcif;ESifh wlonf/
11/ vG w f & mod k Y [l o nf "mwf BuD ; av;yg; ESd y f p uf r I r S vG w f & m qd k i f & mur | mef ;
wnfaeaom orm"dudkac:onf/
12/ ajy;&mvrf;aMumif;onf orx,medu ESifh 0dyem,medu usifhpOfudk
qdkvdkonf/
13/ a>rBuD;av;aumif tE&m,frS vGwfjcif;onf "mwfBuD;av;yg; azmufjyefrI
um,du 'kua0'emudk taMumif;cH jzpfaom 0Dwdurudavom (avmb?
a'go? arm[) w'*F 0dure csKyfjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ (oDvcsKyf? orm"dcsKyf?
psmefcsKyf? avmuDr*fcsKyf)
14/ vlowform; ig;a,muf[lonf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;**udk qdkvdkonf/
15/ vGwfajrmufjcif;[lonf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;rS 'd|djyKwfjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/
16/ twGif;vl,Hk vlowform;[lonf eED&m*(wPSm)udk qdkvdkonf/
17/ &GmBuD;ajcmuf&Gm[lonf tMunfajcmufpHkudk qdkvdkonf/
18/ tdrfBuD;ajcmufvHk;[lonf 0dnmPfajcmufvHk;udk qdkvdkonf/
19/ "m;jyBuD;ajcmufa,muf[lonf tmHkajcmufyg;udk qdkvdkonf/
20/ jrpfjyifus,f[lonf MoCav;yg;udk qdkvdkonf/
21/ ]]pdk;&drfzG,f&mESifhwuG
abbsrf;ESifhwuGjzpfaom
zufurf;}}[lonf
avmuoHk;yg;udk qdkvdkonf/ ]]pdk;&drfzG,fuif;&m ab;r&Sd&m xdkzufurf;}}[lonf
edAmefudkqdkvdkonf/
22/ azmif[lonf r*if&Spfyg;udk qdkvdkonf/

umr ly tly
tukodkvf^ukodkvf um,uH 0pDuH raemuH

pmtkyf\ usihfpOfyxrydkif;
**
aomwmyef\'eudp

avmukw&mr*ful;jcif;

umarmC? ba0gC? 'da|mC? t0daZmC

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

108

23/ ajcESpfzuf
vufESpfzuf[lonf
ory"mefw&m;av;yg;
(pwk&*F0D&d,)udk
qdkvdkonf/
24/ jrpf\av;yHkwpfyHk[lonf
'da|mCudky,fowfNyD;onfh
aomwmywdzdkvfudk
qdkvdkonf/
25/ jrpf\av;yHkESpfyHk[lonf
umarmCtMurf;pm;udk
y,fowfEdkifNyD;onfh
ou'g*grdzdkvf udk qdkvdkonf/
26/ jrpf\av;yHkoHk;yHk[lonf
umarmCudk
tNyD;owf
y,fowfEdkifNyD;onfh
tem*grdzdkvfudk qdkvdkonf/
27/ jrpf \ wzuf u rf ; od k Y
a&muf &SdNyD ; jcif ; onf
t0d a Z m C
ba0gCwd k Y ud k
t<uif ; rJ h y,fowfNyD;aom t&[wzdkvfudk qdkvdkonf/
vufawGUusifhpOfwufonhf IaxmifhrS oHk;oyfaomf a>rBuD;av;aumifonf
"mwfBuD;av;yg; kyfw&m;wdkY\ obm0vuPmESifh kyf\ ted|mHk? |mHkwdkYudk
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ajy;&onf[lonfrSm (orx,medu oDv orm"djzifhqdkif&m
uodkPf;tmHkodkY pdwfudk ydkYaqmifjcif;? 0dyem,meduwGif avmuDr*f(oDv
orm"d ynm)jzifh 'd|dudavom tMurf;pm;udk ydkif;jcm;Ijcif;) "mwfBuD;av;yg;
kyfw&m;wdkYtay: wPSm rme 'd|dwdkYjzifh pGJvrf;xm;rIudk w'*F 0durey[mef
y,fjcif;jzifh usihfpOfwufyHkudk qdkvdkonf/ uJhodkYtm;jzifh tqifhqifhajy;&mwGif
r*ful;yHkudk
a&SUydkif;
azmfjyrxm;yJ
jrpf j yif u s,f t yd k i f ; om
r*f u l ; yH k u d k
azmf j yxm;onf / jrpf j yif u s,f t yd k i f ; onf avmukw&mr*fjzpf a&SUydkif;onf
avmuDr*fjzpfonfudk w&m;IolwdkY em;vnfxm;&rnf/ jrpfjyifus,fodkY ra&mufrD
tIcHkyfemrfrsm;ESifh usifh&mvrf;aMumif;udk azmfjyxm;NyD; aomwmywdr*fusihfpOf?
ou'g*grdr*fusifhpOf? tem*grdr*fusifhpOf? t&[wr*fusifhpOf [l rcGJjcm;yJ
jrpfjyifus,ful;aom tydkif;usrSomvQif r*fav;rsKd; cGJjcm;xm;onfudk owdjyK&rnf/

"mwfBuD;av;yg; a>rBuD;av;aumifrS &GmBuD;ajcmuf&Gm? tdrfBuD;ajcmufvHk;txd yk*dKvfav;rsKd;vHk;ESifh

qdkifaom tydkif;jzpfonfudk em;vnfMu&rnf/ ,ck pmtkyfwGif yk*dKvfav;rsKd;usifhpOfrS
aomwmywdr*f usifhpOfESihf oufqdkifaom usifhpOfwufyHkudk a&;om;xm;ygonf/
qquokwef\ vdk&if;aumufEkwfcsuf tusOf;csKyf
okwefa'oemawmfonfvnf; r*fav;rsKd;ESihf oufqdkifaeonf/ okwefa'oemawmf
0dyem tIcH&m tmHkrsm;udk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/
1/ puKtMunf? aomwtMunf? CmetMunf? Zd0SgtMunf? um,tMunf? retMunf[laom
tMunfajcmufpHk
2/ puK0dnmPf? aomw0dnmPf? Cme0dnmPf? Zd0Sg0dnmPf? um,0dnmPf? raem0dnmPf [laom
0dnmPfajcmufvHk;
3/ tqif;? toH? teHY? t&om? tawGUESifh "rmHkwnf;[laom tmHkajcmufyg;
4/ puKor? aomwor? Cmeor? Zd0Sgor? um,or? raemor [laom
zajcmufyg;
5/ a0'emajcmufrsKd;
6/ wPSmajcmufrsKd;
okwefa'oemawmfwGifusifhpOfwufyHk ra[mxm;yg/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

109

w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwpfOD;twGuf usifhpOf\oabmudk tp tv,f tqHk;

tquftpyfESifhwuG
vrf;Tefxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
w&m;usifhrnfha,m*Donf
w&m;rusifhrD okwef TefMum;xm;aom usihfpOf? wufpOfoabmrsm;udk
em;vnfatmif oHk;oyf qifjcifNyD;rS w&m;usifh&rnf/
usifhpOfvrf;aMumif;wpfckvHk;udk tqifhig;qifhjzifh oHk;oyfjy&aomf-okweft& axmifusom;udk oifa,m*Dw&m;IrnfhpdwfESifh EIdif;,SOfyg/
oif\ pdwfwGif (1500)udavom(udavom0#f)ESifh twddwf0#fa<u; (ur0#fESifh
0dygu0#f)rsm; &SdaeNyD;jzpfojzifh w&m;rusifhrDuwnf;u avmb arm[ udavom
tkyfcsKyfESifhNyD; jzpfonf/ w&m;usifholwdkif; "mwfBuD;av;yg; ,SOfwGJaeaomaMumifh
usifhpOftpwGif rnfonfh&d,mykxfjzifh tm;xkwfonfjzpfap "mwfBuD;av;yg;
jyif;xefpGm azmufjyefrI aMumifh jzpfaom um,du'kua0'emESifh a&S;OD;pGm
&ifqdkif&rnfjzpfonf/
xdktcg
'd|dESifh
a'greudavomrsm;
pdwf
uyfa&mufESdyfpufvdrfhrnf/
xdk"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI
'k u r S v G w f & ef
ur | mef ; tmHk w pf c k
xm;
pd w f u d k
od r f ; qnf ; &rnf
jzpf o nf /
a>rBuD;av;aumifrS vGwfatmif xGufajy;jcif;qdkonfrSm tcsufudk qdkvdkonf/
,if;onfyifvQif w&m;usifholwdkY\ usifhpOf\yxrtqifhjzpfonf/
usifhpOf'kwd,tqifh vGwfrnfxifrnfhvrf; a&G;cs,fjcif;qdkonfrSm ur|mef;
tmHk pdwfudk odrf;qnf;&mwGif orx,meduESifh 0dyem,medu wpfvrf;vrf;
a&G;cs,f usifhBuHtm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh orx,meduusifhpOf\
t"dym,fESifh
tquftpyfudkvnf;
em;vnf&rnf/
0dyem,meduusifhpOfjzifh
usifhrnfqdkvQifvnf; 0dyem,meduusifhpOf\ t"dym,fESifh tquftpyfudkvnf;
em;vnf&rnf/ rnfonfh vrf;udka&G;cs,fapumrl a>rBuD;av;aumiftqdyfESifhwlaom
"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI'kurS w'*F0durey[meftm;jzifh vGwfajrmufjcif;onfom
wpfckwnf;aomtajzjzpfonf/
usifhpOfwwd,tqifhonf
vlowform;ig;a,mufESifhwlonfh
Oyg'gefudef;aeaom eD0&Pw&m;ig;yg;udk vGefajrmufatmif usifhaomtydkif;jzpfonf/*
usif h p Of p wk wt qif h o nf &G m BuD ; ajcmuf &G m ? td r f BuD ; ajcmuf v H k ; ? "m;jyBuD ;
ajcmufa,mufESifhwlonfh tmHkajcmufyg;? tMunfajcmufpHk? 0dnmPfajcmufvHk;paom
qqukyfemrfwdkYudk ydkif;jcm;jrifaom tydkif;jzpfonf/
usifhpOfyrtqifhonf 'da|mCy,frI aomwmywdr*fusifhpOfrS usefaom
MoCoHk;jzmtm; tqifhqifh y,fowfaom ou'g*grdr*f? tem*grdr*fESifh t&[wr*f
usifhpOfwdkY jzpfonf/
xdktIcHajcmufrsKd;ajcmufvD oHk;q,fhajcmufyg;wdkYudk tedp 'ku tewtm;jzifh vuPma&;oHk;yg;
wif wPSm rme 'd|d csKyfaMumif; IrSwfyGm;rsm;&rnf/ xdkuJhodkY IrSwfyGm;rsm;&if;
aomwmywdr*f? ou'g*grdr*f? tem*grdr*f? t&[wr*fwdki fatmif a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
xkdokwefudk
oHk;oyfMunfhvQif
0dyemtIcH&m
y&rwftmHkwdkYudk
wdwdusus
wdkufdkufazmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
*
eD0&Pw&m;ig;yg;onf w&m;usifhrnfhpdwfudk owfwwfonfhoabmaMumifh
vlowform;ESifhwlonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

110

tmoD0daomyrokwefjzifh 0dyemusifhpOfudk oHk;oyfaomf a>rav;aumif

tqdyfESihfwlonfh "mwfBuD;av;yg; azmufjyefrIrS vGwfajrmufatmif yxrqHk; (qdkif&m
orx,medu odkYr[kwf 0dyem,medutvdkuf) pwifusifh&rnf[l em;vnfyg/

2?5?2/ 0rduokweftusOf;
---toQifukrm&uyonf
xdknOfhvGefaomf
jrwfpGmbk&m;xHodkY
csOf;uyf dkaopGm &Sdcdk;vsuf oifhwifhavsmufywfaom ae&m xdkifum--y-]]toQifbk&m;
awmifydkY[lonf
tb,fygenf;?
nOfh
tcdk;vTwfjcif;[lonf tb,fygenf;? aeYawmufyjcif;[lonftb,fygenf;?
ykPm;[lonf tb,fygenf;? ynm&Sd[lonf tb,fygenf;? "m;vufeuf[lonf
tb,fygenf;?
tqifhqifhwl;jcif;
[lonf
tb,fygenf;?
wHcg;usnf;rif;wkyf[lonf
tb,fygenf;?
zm;[lonf
tb,fygenf;?
vrf;ESpfcG[lonf tb,fygenf;? qyfjyma&ppf[lonf tb,fygenf;? vdyf[lonf
tb,fygenf;? oefvQufESifh pOf;wDwHk;[lonf tb,fygenf;? om;wpf[lonf
tb,fygenf;? e*g;[lonf tb,fygenf;}}[k avQmuf\/
]]awmifydkY}}[laom trnfonf trdtzwdkY\ okwfaoG;aMumifhjzpfaom
xrif;rka,mrHkYwdkYaMumifh BuD;yGm;aom rNrJjcif; yGwfoyfay;&jcif; qkyfe,fay;&jcif;
NydKuGJjcif;
ysufpD;jcif;
oabm&Sdaom
r[mbkwfav;yg;wdkYaMumifhjzpfaom
udk,f\ trnfwnf;/ (1)
&[ef; aeYu jyKxm;aom trIudk tmHkjyK nOfh BuHpnf\? pOf;pm;\?
BuHpnfpOf;pm;jcif;onf nOfhtcdk;vTwfjcif;wnf;/
&[ef; nOfhu BuHpnfpOf;pm; aeY trIwdkYudk udk,f EIwf pdwftm;jzifh
tm;xkwf\? tm;xkwfjcif;onf aeY awmufyjcif;wnf;/ (2-3)
&[ef;
]]ykPm;}}[laom
trnfonf
udavom&efoludk
(y,f)owfNyD;aom
(w&m;tm;vHk;udk)
tvdkvdk
udk,fwdkifrSefpGmodawmfrlaomjrwfpGmbk&m;\ trnfwnf;/
&[ef ; ]]ynm&Sd } } [l a om trnf o nf usif h q J ] aou } &[ef ; \
trnfwnf;/ (4-5)
&[ef;
]]"m;vufeuf}}[laomtrnfonf
t&d,mr*fynm\
trnfwnf;/
&[ef;
]]tqifhqifh
wl;jcif;}}
[laom
trnfonf
vHkYvtm;xkwfjcif;\ trnfwnf;/(6-7)
&[ef ;
]]wH c g;usnf ; rif ; wk y f } }
[l a om
trnf o nf
rod r I ] t0d Z m }\ trnfwnf;/ wHcg;usnf;rif;wkyfudk z,fypfavmh? rodrI

pmrsufESm(76)wGif azmfjyyg&Sdaom uyjrwfpGmbk&m; omoem toufpGefY w&m;usifhcJhaom

&[ef;oHk;yg;wGif
wpfyg;onf
a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;omoem
yuKomwdrif;jzpfvmonf/
aemufwpfyg; onf Am[d,'gkpDrax&f jzpfvmNyD; aemufqHk;wpfyg;onf t&Sifukrm&uyrax&f
jzpfvmonf/ tem*grf jzpfoGm;aom &[ef;onf pkwdaomf ok'g0gojA[mjzpfvmNyD; ,ck
a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m; omoem ,cifu w&m;usifhazmfjzpfol t&Sifukrm&uyrax&ftm;
w&m;vufaqmiftaejzifh
edAmefvrf;jypum;xmudk
ay;um
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH
ar;jref;avQmufxm;ap&mrS jrwfpGmbk&m;u &Sif;vif; a[mMum;awmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ tus,fudk
rlvyPmot|uxm 'kwd,wGJ? pmrsufESm(32) Iyg/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0
]t0dZm}udk y,fpGefYavmh? ynm&Sd "m;vuf e uf u d k ,l tqif h q if h w l ; avmh
[l a om 0gusonf y if jyem\ teuft"dym,fwnf;/ (8)
&[ef; ]]zm;}} [laom trnfonf tm;BuD;aom trsufxGufjcif;\
trnfwnf;/ zm;udk z,fypfavmh? tm;BuD;aom trsufxGufjcif;udk y,fpGefYavmh?
ynm&Sd "m;vuf e uf u d k ,l tqif h q if h w l ; avmh [l a om 0gusonf y if
jyem\ teuft"dym,fwnf;/
&[ef ; ]]vrf ; ES p f c G } } [l a om trnf o nf awG ; awm,H k r S m ;jcif ; \
trnfwnf;/ vrf;ESpfcGudk z,fypfavmh? awG;awm,HkrSm;jcif;udk y,fpGefYavmh?
ynm&Sd "m;vufeufudk ,l tqifhqifhwl;avmh [laom 0gusonfyif
jyem\ teuft"dym,fwnf;/ (10)
&[ef; ]]qyfjyma&ppf}} [laom trnfonf umr vdkcsifjcif;[laom
tydwftyif ysufpD;apvdkrI [laom tydwftyif xdkif;rIdif;jcif;[laom tydwftyif
ysH U vG i f h j cif ;
aemif w &jcif ;
[l a om
tyd w f t yif
awG ; awm,H k r S m ;jcif ; [l a om tyd w f t yif [ l a om tyd w f t yif i g;rsd K ;wd k Y \
trnf w nf ; /
qyf j yma&ppf u d k z,fypfavmh? tydwftyif ig;rsdK;wdkYudk
y,fpGefYavmh? ynm&Sd "m;vufeufudk ,l tqifhqifhwl;avmh [laom
0gusonfyif jyem\ teuft"dym,fwnf;/ (11)
&[ef; ]]vdyf}} [laom trnfonf kyf[laom pGJ,ltyfaom cEm
cHp m;jcif;[laom pGJ,ltyfaom cEm rSwfom;jcif;[laom pGJ,ltyfaom cEm
jyKjyifpD&ifrI[laom pGJ,ltyfaom cEm txl;odrI[laom pGJ,ltyfaom
cEm[laom pGJ,ltyfaom cEmig;yg;wdkY\ trnfwnf;/ vdyfudk z,fypfavmh?
pGJ,ltyfaom cEmig;yg;wdkYudk y,fpGefYavmh? ynm&Sd "m;vufeufudk ,l
tqifhqifhwl;avmh [laom 0gusonfyif jyem\ teuft"dym,fwnf;/
&[ef; ]]oefvQufE Sifh pOf;ESD;wHk;}} [laom trnfonf tvdk&Sdtyf
ESpfouftyf pdwfudk qGJaqmifwwfukefaom puK0dnmPfjzifh txl;odtyfaom
tqif;/y/ aomw0dnmPfjzifh txl;odtyfaom toH/y/ Cme0dnmPfjzifh
txl;odtyfaom teHY/y/ Zd0Sg0dnmPfjzifh txl;odtyfaom t&om tvdk&Sdtyf
ESp fouftyf pdwfudk qGJaqmifwwfukefaom cspfwwfaom oabm&Sdukefaom
umr&m*ESifh pyf,Sufwwfruftyfukefaom um,0dnmPfjzifh txl;odtyfukefaom
tawGUtxd[lukefaom umr*kPfig;yg;wdkY\ trnfwnf;/
oefvQufESifh
pOf;ESD;wHk;udk
z,fypfavmh?
umr*kPfig;yg;wdkYudk
y,fpGefYavmh? ynm&Sd "m;vufe ufudk ,l tqifhqifhwl;avmh [laom
0gusonfyif jyem\ teuft"dym,fwnf;/ (13)
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(11) tukodkvf0dwuf (3)yg;
umr0dwuf = tmHkig;yg; BuHpnfjcif;
Asmyg'0dwuf = pdk;&drfaMumifhMuzG,f&m BuHpnfjcif;
0d[o
0dwuf = pdwf zdpD;ESdyfpufzG,f&mBuHpnfjcif;
w&m;rusihf&ao;aom yk*dKvfwdkif; 0dwuf(3)yg;onf wpfrsKd;r[kwfwpfrsKd;
taMumif;wdkufqdkifum
uyfa&mufaerI&Sdonf/
xdk0dwuf(3)yg;onf
A[d'ESifh
tZwtmkH ESpfrsdK; ,SOfaeonf/ w&m;usifhaepOf "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI
umrkyf\
ESdyfpufrIrS
oufom&mudk
BuHpnfrI
umr0dwuf?
,if;umrkyf\ESdyfpufrIoabmaMumifh aeomcHcuf jzpf rnfuJhodkY oufom&ef
jyK&rnfenf;[k pdk;&drfaMumifhMujzpfaerI Asmyg'0dwuf? xdkESdyfpufaeaom tmHkudkyif
rpGefYvTwfEdkifyJ xdktmHk pdwfudk uyfNidESdyfpufapjcif; 0d [ o 0d w uf [l
0d w uf ( 3)yg;ES i f h awG U BuH K &rnf j zpf o nf / xd k 0 d w uf ( 3)yg; pd w f ruyfNidatmif
apmihfxdef;z,fcGmaeaom trIonfyifvQif usihfpOftpjzpfonf/
(12) ukodkvf? tukodkvfvrf;
r*f(r*)[lonf vrf;yifjzpfonf/ aumif;aomvrf;udk ormr*f? raumif;aom
vrf;udk rdpmr*f[k ac:onf/ r*f[lonf t*Fg (8)rsKd;&Sdonf/
(1) 'd|d
=
jrifrI
(2) ouFy
=
BuHrI
(3) 0gpm
=
ajymrI
(4) urE
=
jyKvkyfrI
(5) tmZD0
=
arG;jrLrI
(6) 0g,mr
=
vHkHYvjyKrI
(7) owd
=
atmufarhrI
(8) orm"d
=
ajzmihfrI
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

118

rdpmr*if
ormr*if
1/rdpm'd|d =rSm;,Gif;pGmjrifrI
1/orm'd|d
=rSefuefpGm jrifrI
2/rdpmouFy =rSm;,Gif;pGm BuHpnfrI
2/ormouFy =rSefuefpGm BuHpnfrI
3/rdpm0gpm =rSm;,Gif;pGmajymrI
3/orm0gpm =rSefuefpGm ajymrI
4/rdpmurE =rSm;,Gif;pGm jyKvkyfrI
4/ormurE =rSefuefpGm jyKvkyfrI
5/rdpmtmZD0 =rSm;,Gif;pGm arG;jrLrI
5/ormtmZD0 =rSefuefpGm arG;jrLrI
6/rdpm0g,mr =rSm;,Gif;pGm vHkYvjyKrI
6/orm0g,mr =rSefuefpGm vHkYvjyKrI
7/rdpmowd =rSm;,Gif;pGm atmufarhrI
7/ormowd =rSefuefpGmatmufarhrI
8/rdpmorm"d =rSm;,Gif;pGm ajzmifhrI
8/ormorm"d =rSefuefpGm ajzmifhrI26
w&m;rusih f & ao;aom
vl o m;wd k Y \ pd w f
rd p m r* i f ( 8)yg;
,S O f w G J a eonf / ormr*if(8)yg; pdwf,SOfEdkif&ef rdpmr*if (8)yg;udk y,fcGm&rnf/
tukodkvfr*if (8)yg; pdwfruyfNidatmif apmihfxdef;rIonf w&m;usifhonfrnf\/
w&m;usihfaoma,m*Donf
w&m;usihfonfh
t"dym,fudk
oHk;oyfaomf
tjrifrSm;aeonfudk tjrifrSefjzpfatmif jyKjcif;? tBuH r S m ;aeonf u d k tBuH r S e f a tmif
jyKjcif ; ? arG ; jrLrI rS m ;aeonf u d k rS e f u ef a tmif jyefarG;jrLjcif;? atmufarhrI
rSm;aeonfudk atmufarhrI rSefatmif jyefjyKjcif;? vHkYvjyK rSm;aeonfudk rSefuefaom
vHkYvjzpfatmif jyKjcif;? rSm;aomajzmihfrwfrIudk rSefaom ajzmihfrwfrIjzpfatmif
jyKjcif;wdkY jzpfonf[k em;vnf&rnf/ w&m;usihfpOfwdkif; xdkoabmESihfavsmfnDrI
&Sdr&Sd oHk;oyf&rnf/
(13) ynwfcGmjcif;
vlom;wdkif;onf
udk,fhbmom?
udk,fhvlrsKd;ESihf
oHk;EIef;Muaom
a0g[m&ynwfrsm; &Sdaeonf/ pdwfonf ynwfjzifh t&Sdxif pGJ,lxm;NyD; wdkufqdkif&m
tmHkwdkYtay: ynwfpGJjzihf tmHkjyKMuonf/ xdkYaMumihf trSef&Sd y&rwfudk tmHkrjyKEkdif
rodEdkifMuawmhyg/ w&m;xdkifaepOf "mwfav;yg; azmufjyefrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
ynwfudef;aeaom pdwfrsm; (aygif ajcaxmuf ylw,f wif;w,f awmifhw,f
ponfh pdwfrsm;) udk odrf;qnf; qdkif&mur|mef;odkY pdwfudk ykdYaqmifaom
tvkyfonfyifvQif w&m;usihfpOf tpjzpfonf/
(14) ykxkZOf tavhtusifhodrf;qnf;jcif;
ykxkZOf[lonf
rdrdxifovdkaMumif;usKd;rJh
vkyfcsifovdkvkyfwwfaom
tavhtusihf
&Sdonf/
t&SuftaMumufvnf;r&Sd?
vdkvQifvdkovdkvkyf
rvdkvQifrvdkovdk vkyfwwfonf/ xdktjyKtrlwdkYonf avmb a'go arm[
'd|dpaom
tukodkvfapwodufwdkYESifh,SOfaom
pdwf\oabm
jzpfonf/
w&m;pusihfaoma,m*Donf
ykxkZOfjzpfojzihf
"mwfav;yg;
azmufjyefrIESifh
26

oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef wwd,wGJ? r*oH,kwf? t0dZm0*f? t0dZmokwf? ESm-1

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

119

BuHKvmaomtcg rdrdtvdktwdkif; vkyfcsifovdk vkyfwwfonfh ykxkZOf tavhrsm;

(vIyfr,f jyifr,f kef;r,f ponfrsm;) ay:vmonf/ xdkYaMumihf "mwfav;yg;
azmufjyefrIESifh BuHKvmaomtcg ykxkZOf"avhESifh,SOfaeaom pdwfudk y,fpGefY qdkif&m
ur|mef;tmHkodkY pdwfudk odrf;qnf;aom tvkyfonfyifvQif w&m;usihfpOftpjzpfonf/

tESpfcsKyfpkaygif;oHk;oyfcsuf
w&m;usifhpOftpudk
t"dym,fESifhwuG
txufyg(14)csufjzifh
azmfxkwfoHk;oyfcJhNyD/ tmoD0daomyrokweft& "mwfav;yg; (a>rBuD;av;aumif)rS
vGwfatmifajy;xGufjcif;? 0rduokweft& zm;wnf;[laoma'goudk z,f&Sm;jcif;?
r[mowdy|meokwft& tbdZm ESifh a'greudk w'*F 0dure cGm&jcif;?
orx,medut& 'kuda`Eudk yXrpsmefjzifh ausmfvTm;jcif;wdkYonf vdk&if;tm;jzifh
woabmwnf;
jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh
rnfonfh
&d,mykxfjzifhjzpfap?
rnfonfhae&mwGifjzpfap? rnfonfhenf; rnfonfhrljzifh jzpfap usifhapumrl
0dyemusifhpOf\tponf wpfrsdK;wnf; wpfoabmwnf;om &Sdonfudk odEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwdkYonf "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrIum,du'ku udk
rausmfvTm;Edkifu ppfrSefaom kyfw&m;? emrfw&m;rsm; IjrifEdkifrnf r[kwfojzifh
,if;udk ausmfvTm;jcif;onfyifvQif w&m;usifhpOf\tpjzpfonf[k rSwf,l&rnf/
xdkoabmudkaxmufI 'kua0'emudk a&SmifvTJ w&m;jyaomq&m? 'kua0'em
udk t&if;wnf w&m;usifhjcif;udk tjypfwifaomq&m? 'kua0'emudk ausmfvTm;atmif
rjyEdkifaom q&mwdkYonf w&m;ppfw&m;rSefudk jyoEdkifonfhq&m r[kwfaMumif;?
xdkq&mwdkYxHwynfhcH
w&m;usifhBuHu
w&m;r&EdkifaMumif;
a,m*DwdkY
txl;owdjyKMuyg/

2?7/ orx,meduusifhpOfESifh 0dyem,meduusifhpOf EdIif;,SOfcsuf

w&m;usifhjcif;&nf&G,fcsuf yef;wdkifrSm qqukyfemrfrsm; jrif&ef jzpfonf/
xdkkyfemrfwdkYudkjrif&ef usifhpOfenf;vrf; a&G;cs,f&rnfjzpfonf/ usifhpOf\oabmudk
avmuOyrmjzifh
jy&aomf
jynf-rEav;-armfvNrdKif
NrdKUBuD;oHk;NrdKU\teD;
aus;&GmoHk;&GmrS c&D;onfwpfOD;pDwdkYonf &efukefNrdKUodkY OD;wnfvmMuonf qdkygpdkY/
yxrtqihftaejzifh rd r d w d k Y &G m rS xk d Nrd K UoH k ; Nrd K UqD o d k Y vm&onf / xd k Nrd K UBuD ; oH k ; Nrd K UrS
&ef u k e f o d k Y oG m ;aom um;pD;&onf/ armfvNrdKifESihf rEav;c&D;onfwdkYonf yJcl;
qHkvdrfhrnf/ xdkc&D;onf ES p f O D ; onf jynf c &D ; onf E S i f h axmuf M uef Y r S m qH k M urnf /
axmuf M uef Y r S
&ef u k e f o d k Y
c&D;wpfaMumif;wnf;jzpfoGm;onf/
&efukefNrdKUBuD;em;a&mufavav vrf;aMumif;wlavav jzpfonf/ &efukefNrdKUudk twlyif
jrifMu? a&mufMurnf jzpfonf/ &efukefNrdKUBuD;onf tIcH (36) rsKd;aom
qqukyfemrfwdkYESihf
wl\/
c&D;onfokH;OD;wdkYonf
tIPfESihfwl\/
vrf;aMumif;onf r*if(8)yg;ESihfwl\/ vrf;tm;vHk;onf &efukefNrdKUudk oGm;&ef
taMumif; jyKjcif; wpfckwnf;om jzpf\/ olUvrf;? ighvrf;? jiif;p&mrvdkyg/
&efukefa&mufaMumif; vrf;trSefrsm;om jzpfMuonf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

120

OyrmuJhodkYyif orx,meduenf;? 0dyem,meduenf;? ,k*e'enf;[laom

vrf;oHk;oG,fjzifh
pdw0dok'dusifhpOf
wufEdkifonf/
jiif;ckefaep&mrvdkyg/
tusOf;csKyfvQif
orx,meduESifh
0dyem,medu
ESpfrsKd;om&onf/
xdk,meduESpfrsdK;\ wpfckwnf;aom &nf&G,fcsufrSm y&rwfkyfemrfwdkYudk IjrifEdkifaom
ormorm"d a&muf&Sd&efjzpfonf/ oDv0dok'd? pdw0dok'djzifh jynfhpHkaompdwfudk
ormorm"d[k ac:onf/ ormorm"d[lonf Oayum{u*wmorm"dudk qdkvdkonf/
xdkorm"dudk a&muf&Sd&ef enf;vrf;ESpfoG,fjzifh usifhpOfwuf&mwGif edrdwfudk trSDjyK
lyyXrpsmefrS lypwkwpsmeftxd tqifhqifh wufaomenf;rSm orx,meduusifhpOf
jzpfNyD; edrdwfcsKyf&m (tedrdwapawmorm"d) trSDjyK orm"dxlaxmifaomenf;rSm
0dyem,meduusifhpOfjzpfonf/
usrf;pmtkyf
0dyem,meduusifhpOfudkom
t"duxm;wifjyoGm;NyD;
orx,meduusihfpOf\oabmudk
EdIif;,SOfEdkifHkrQom
azmffjyay;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/
w&m;usihfaoma,m*DwdkYonf rdrdusihfhonfh usifhpOfvrf;aMumif;\ tp tv,f
tqHk;udk tquftpyfESifhwuG em;vnfoabmayguf&ef q&mxH ar;jref;pHkprf;&rnf/
rdrdvGwfajrmufzdkY? vrf;rSefa&mufzdkY&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ q&mudk tm;em&efrvdkyg/
0dy emusifh pOf o nf OD ;wnfr d& m xifo vdk usif hc sifw dk if; usif hr&yg/
orx,medu usifhpOfvnf;aumif;? 0dyem,meduusifhpOfvnf;aumif; tqifhqifh
usifhpOfrSefatmif usifh&onfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;onf uJhodkY a[mxm;onf/
&[ef;wdkY pvQifpcsif;yif t&[wz dkvf wnfjcif;udk igra[m?
&[ef;wdkY pifppfaomfum; odumpOf vkyfief;pOfusifhpOfjzifh t&[wzdkvf
wnfjcif;onf jzpf\/27

2?7?1/ orx,meduusihfpOf\t"dym,f
orx,med u [l o nf pd w f u d k ed r d w f trSD j yKvsuf psmef t *F g wd k Y jzif h
wPS m ES ifh eD 0 &Pw&m;rsm;ud k w'*F 0d u r e tm;jzifh oG , f 0 d k u f y ,f cG m NyD ;
Oayum{u*wmorm"dodkY a&mufNyD;rS tIcHy&rwfkyfemrfw&m;rsm;udk Iaomenf;
jzpfonf/
"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI um,du'kuudk cHpm;aom 'kua0'em(emrf)ESifh,SOfzuf
pdwf rD;ESifhwlonfh 'd|da'goapwodufwdkYtm; wPSmu qufpyfavmifNrdKufaponf
('kua0'em yp,m wPSm)/ xdktcg pdwf a'gorD;awmufavmifojzifh 0dyem
rIEdkifyg/
,if;tusdK;w&m;a'goudkcsKyfNidrf;ap&ef
taMumif;w&m;jzpfaom
('kua0'emrS) wPSmudk y,fcGm&rnf/ xdkodkYy,fcGm&ef okca0'em\ tmHkjzpfaom
uodkPf;edrdwf pdwfudkajymif; (okca0'em yp,m wPSm) wnfwHhcdkifNrJatmif
usifhaomenf;jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf 'kua0'emudk okca0'emjzifh
tpm;xdk;vsuf okca0'emrS wPSmul;apjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkoabmonf zm;udk
z,fypfjcif; (0g) a>rav;aumifrS vGwfatmifajy;jcif;jzpfonf/ yXrpsmeform"d
cdkifNrJaeaompdwfonf
zm;udkz,fypfNyD;jcif;
(0g)
a>rav;aumifrS
27

rZdryPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? bduK0*f? uD#m*d&Dokwf-183 ESm-147

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

tNyD;tydkifvGwfjcif;jzpfonf/
um,du'kuaMumifhjzpfaom
&d,mykxfudk jyKjyifay;jcif; r[kwfyg/

121

a'go

csKyfNidrf;&ef

&[ef ; wk d Y omoemawmf &[ef ; onf umrwd k Y rS qd w f omvQif

tukodkvfw&m;wYdkrS qdwfomvQif BuHpnfrI ]0dwuf}ESihfwuGjzpfaom oHk;oyfrI
]0d p m&}ES i h f w uG j zpf a om eD 0 &P qd w f j cif ; aMumih f j zpf a om ES p f o d r f h j cif ;
]yD w d } csrf;omjcif; ]okc} &Sdaom yXrpsmefodkY a&muf&Sdae\? jzpfay:vmaom
'kuda`Eonf
yXrpsmef
t<uif;rJhcsKyf\/
&[ef;wdkY
&[ef;udk
'kuda`EcsKyf&mudk odNyD;ol xdk'kuda`EcsKyf&m (yXrpsmef) tusKd;iSmpdwfudk
uyfaqmifol[k qdktyf\/28

txufyg a'oemawmft& orx,meduusifhpOf\ yxrtqifhjzpfaom

yXrpsmef aqmufwnf&jcif;udponf "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrItajccHaom 'kuda`EESifh
ESvHk;rom,mrI a'greda`EwdkYrS vGwfajrmufatmif pwifusifhaomtusifh jzpfonfrSm
xif &S m ;aeonf / xd k Y a Mumif h orx,med u tm;jzif h w&m;pusif h a om a,m*D o nf
w&m;xdkifaepOftwGif; rdrd\ &d,mykxfudk jyKjyifvIyf&Sm;aeao;vQif yXrpsmefodkY
ra&mufao;aMumif; od&SdEdkifonf/
rnfonfh&d,mykxfjzifh usihfonfjzpfap? rdrdkyfcEmonf tNrJygaernf
jzpfonf/ xd k Y a Mumih f w&m;pusif h a omol o nf a>rBuD ; av;aumif E S i h f w l o nfh
"mwf BuD ; av;yg; azmufjyef azmfjyvmrIudk tNrJ awGUBuHKae&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkodkY
rcHomp&mudk cHpm; ae&aomtcg pdwfonf ur|mef;tmHkrS vGwfum OD;pD;&m
xkd'kua0'emodkY Twfonf/ xdktcg rcHpm;csifaom a'grepdwfrsm;ay:vmNyD;
ylw,f wif;w,f xHkw,f usifw,f paom ynwf r sm; uyf Nid j cif ; wk d Y a Mumih f
pd w f o nf Murf ; wrf ; pG m vI y f &S m ;aernf / xdk'kua0'emrS oufom&m &ap&ef
cEmtdrfudk jyKjyifvdkrI tbdZmonf pdwf zdpD;awmh\/ xkd'kua0'emaMumihfjzpfaom
tbdZmESihf a'greudk ry,fazsmufEdkifygu (rcGmEdkifygu (0g) rvGefajrmufEdkifygu)
yXrpsmeform"d
vHk;0
r&Edkifawmhyg/
xkdYaMumihf
'kutmHkjzpfaom
"mwfBuD;av;yg;azmufjyef&modkY a&mufaeaompdwfudk tm;ig;yg;jzihf rdrdur|mef;odkY
a&mufatmif
qGJ,l&rnf
(0g)
cGm,l&rnf
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xkdYaMumihf
w&m;tm;xkwfonfqdkonfrSm rcHpm;csifaoma'go? &d,mykxfudk jyKjyifvdkaom
avmb(wPSm)
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pdwfudkvGwfatmif
rdrdur|mef;odkY
tm;ig;yg;jzihf xk w f , l j cif ; yif jzpf o nf / oabmonf y if v Qif 0d y emw&m;
tm;xk w f & m orx,meduusihfpOf\ tajccHtcsuf jzpfonf/
psmeft*Fgig;yg;
rdrdur|mef; tmHkodkY pdwfudk ydkYaqmifjcif;onf
-0dwuf
rdrdur|mef; tmHkudk oHk;oyfaejcif;onf
-0dpm&
rdrdur|mef; tmHk ESpfoufjcif;onf
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rdrdur|mef; tmHk wajzmihfwnf; wnfaejcif;onf -{u*wm
28

r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? `Ed,oH,kwf? okcd`Ed,0*f? Oy#dyg#duokwf-510 ESm-194

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

122

yXrpsmeform"d y,fcGmxm;rIrsm;
(1) twdwf tem*wftmHkaygif;pHkESifh,SOfaompdwfcsKyf\/
(2) u&ZcEmtdrfudk tmHkjyKaompdwfcsKyf\/
(3) ysHUvGifhaom O'pcsKyf\/
(4) tmHkudk rqHk;jzwfEdkifaom 0dpdudpmcsKyf\/
(5) idkufjrnf;jcif; xderd'csKyf\/
(6) aemifwwzefylyefjcif; ukuKpcsKyf\/
(7) MumMumrxdkifcsifrI (0g) pdwfr&SnfrI csKyf\/
(8) ysif;&drI aumoZcsKyf\/
(9) 'Gg&ig;aygufudk tmHkjyKaompdwfcsKyf\/
(10) tmHkig;yg;ESifh,SOfaompdwfcsKyf\/
(11) 'kuda`EESifh,SOfzuf a'grecsKyf\/ (tjcm;a'gre usef\/)
xd k Y a Mumif h w&m;usih f j cif ; \ vd k & if ; tcsuf o nf txuf y g tuk o d k v f
tnpftaMu;rsm; pdwf ruyfNidatmif jyKvkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf/
rnfonfhenf;jzifh usihfonfjzpfap? rnfonfhq&mESifh usifhonfjzpfap txuf
azmfjyyg (11)csuftwdkif; pdwfudk tnpftaMu;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufapvsuf pifMu,frI
&&Sdatmif jyKvkyfjcif;onfyifvQif w&m;usifhjcif;\ vdk&if;jzpf\/ rdrd\usifhpOf
rSefrrSef
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q&maygif;pHkESifh
vSnfhvnftm;xkwfMu
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usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

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35
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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

128

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

129

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&Sdao;onf/ r[m0dyem r[kwfao;yg/
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

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xdktmHkESpfoufaejcif;onf yDwd
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

131

tp&Sdaom
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

132

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

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(7) tokbur|mef;
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txufazmfjycJhaom
(32)aum|mour|mef;ESifh oabmcsif; twlwlyif jzpfonf/
tu,f
tokbedrdwfudk
vuPma&;oHk;yg;tm;jzifh
oHk;oyfvQif
0dyemtmHk jzpf o nf / xd k o d k Y oH k ; oyf j cif ; aMumif h k y f t ay: pGJ a om
'd | d t Murf ; pm;jyKwf o nf / "mwfav;yg; azmufjyefvmaomtcg 'kua0'em cHpm;&NyD;
qif;&JrIa'go jzpfvmonf/ xdka'gorSvGwfatmif ur|mef;enf;jzifh rnfuJhodkY
usifhrnfenf;/ puKtMunf? puK0dnmPf tp&Sdaom qqukyfemrfrsm;udk
IjrifEdkif&ef ur|mef;enf;jzifh usifhpOf rnfuJhodkY a&SUqufwufrnfenf;/
(8) av;yg;aom&d,mykxf ur|mef;usifhpOf
r[mowdy|meokwft& avsmif;? xdkif? &yf? oGm; av;yg;aom &d,mykxf
ur|mef;xm;vnf;
w&m;usifhMuonf/
udk,ftrlt&m\oabmudk
tmHkjyK
usifhaom enf;vnf; &Sdonf (Oyrm/ auG;w,f? qefYw,f? vSrf;w,f? csw,f)/
ay:&mtmHkudk
trSwfjyK(IrSwfrIjyK)
IrSwfrI
ydkydktm;aumif;atmif
usifhaomenf;vnf; &Sdonf/ yxrenf;t& &d,mykxf\ trlt&moabmudk
0dyemIonfqdkonfrSm kyfur|mef;? um,mEkyemowdy|mefom &Sdao;onf/
a0'emowdy|mefodkY
a&mufaomtcg
"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI 'kua0'emESifh
awGUBuHKaomf cHpm;wwfonfh emrf\vuPmudk ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif rnfuJhodkY
IjrifEdkifrnfenf;/
xdkcHpm;onfhoabmukd
rjrifEdkifygu
'kua0'em
qif;&Jjcif;jzpfvmrnf/
xdkqif;&JrIudk
ausmfvTm;atmif
&d,mykxfav;yg;\
trlt&mIenf;jzifh rnfuJhodkY ausmfrnfenf;/
tmHkay:wdkif; worwfwnf; trSwfjyKaom 'kwd,enf;onf orm"dtajccH
aumif;atmif trSwfjyKaejcif;yif jzpfao;onf/ rlvur|mef;twGuf taxmuftyHHom
jzpfao;onf/ IrSwfrItm;aumif;atmif usifhEdkifNyD;vQif rlvur|mef; yXrpsmefusifhpOf
wuf&rnf/ yXrpsmef a&muf&SdrS 'kuda`Eausmfrnfjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh trSwfpdwfatmif
tm;xkwfaejcif;onfyifvQif 'kua0'emausmfatmif orm"d BudKwifysdK;axmifaejcif;
jzpfonf/ xdktrSwfjyKaomenf;onf tcsdefrsm;pGm ay;Edkifaom &[ef;a,m*DwdkYjzifhom
oifhavsmfonf/ tu,f yXrpsmefodkY ra&mufapyJ 0dyem,medu[k qdkcJhvQif
trSwfpdwfaomenf;jzifh 'kua0'emudk rnfuJhodkY ausmfrnfenf;/ puKtMunf?
puK0dnmPf tp&Sdaom qqukyfemrfrsm;udk rnfuJhodkY jrifatmif IEdkifygrnfenf;/
av;yg;aom &d,mykxfwdkYwGif wpfyg;anmif;vQif tjcm;wpfyg;odkY ajymif;
usif h E d k i f o nf q d k u m ur | mef ; ay;Muonf v nf ; &Sd o nf / enf ; jzif h usif h a epOf
"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI 'kua0'emrS a'gojzpfvmrnf/ xdka'gorS vGwfajrmufatmif
ur|mef;enf;jzifh rnfuJhodkY usifhrnfenf;/ tu,f wpfyg;aom &d,mykxfjzifh
usifhaepOf "mwfav;yg; azmufjyefrIaMumifh a'gojzpfvmvQif tjcm;wpfyg;aom
&d,mykxfjzifh ajymif;usifhvQif a'govGwfonf[k apm'emzG,f&m&Sdonf/ xdkuJhodkY
&d,mykxfajymif;
a'goudky,fjcif;onf
rrSefuefaMumif;
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

134

r[mowdy|meokwfOa'o ]]uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD---y---0dae,s

avmau tbdZm a'greH}} [k jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ rdefYrSmcsuft& odEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh av;yg;aom&d,mykxfjzifh w&m;usifhonfqdkonfrSm w&m;rusifhrD
a&SUtzdkYuyif xdka'goudk rdrdESpfoufaom ur|mef;jzifh y,fowfNyD;om;jzpf&rnf/
tu,f xdkuJhodkY a'goudk OD;pGm ry,f&ao;yJ av;yg;aom &d , myk x f
'k u a 0'emuk d onf ; rcH E d k i f w d k i f ; ajymif ; ajymif ; w&m;usifhrnfqdkvQif
puKtMunf?
puK0dnmPf
tp&Sdaom
qqukyfemrfrsm;udk
tb,frSm
IjrifEdkifygrnfenf;/

tESpfcsKyfoHk;oyfcsuf
rnfonfh,medu? rnfonfhur|mef;jzifh usifhapumrl um,du'kurS a'goudk
rausmfvGefEdkifyJESifh 0dyemPfodkY rqdkufa&mufEdkifaMumif; wifjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/
0dyem,meduusifhpOfwGif y"metcsufonf pdwf 'd|dESifha'gorD;udk qufpyf
avmifNrdKufapaom wPSmudk avmuDr*fjzifh w'*F 0dure orkap'y[mef wdkufdkuf
Ijrify,fowfjcif; jzpfonf/ rnfonfh 0dyem,medu ur|mef;rqdk 'kua0'em
('kuda`E)udk rausmfvGefyJESifh (0g) 'kua0'emudk taMumif;cH jzpfaom
tyg,fav;yg;ESifh qufpyfapaom 0gewPSmudk wdkufdkufIjrifum ry,fowfyJESifh
r[m0dyemPfokdY qdkufa&mufrnfr[kwfay/
ae&m tcsdefMum&SnfpGmxdkifEdkifwdkif; 'kua0'em (0g) 'kuda`Eudk
ausmfvGefonf [k rqdkEdkifyg/ tcsdefMum&SnfpGmxdkifEdkifjcif;onf y"merusyg/ wPSmukd
avmuDr*fjzifh ykdif;jcm;jrifrI? rjrifrIom y"meusygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
r*f\udponf wPSmudk ydkif;jcm;jrif&rnfhudp jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ tu,f
a,m*DwpfOD;onf omref &d,mykxfjzifh Mum&SnfpGm (10-em&DESifhtxuf)
xdkifEdkifygaomfvnf; r[myvif &d,mykxfjzifh tenf;qHk; ESpfem&DrQ xdkifMunfh
'kua0'emudk onf;rcHEkdifaom a'go jzpfay:vmvQif 'kuda`Eudkrausmfao;aMumif;
(0g) 'kua0'emrS wPSmul;aeao;aMumif; od&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf/
opmav;yg;zGJUjy&aomf "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrIESihf qif;&Jaeaompdwfponfh
cEmig;yg; tpkonf 'kuopm? pdwf 'd|dESifh a'gowdkYudk qufpyfaom wPSmonf
ork',opm? xdkqufpyfaomwPSm (vIyfcsifaompdwf? jyifcsifaompdwf? vdkufavsm
vdkaompdwf)udk ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif Ijcif;onf r*opm? qif;&JrIESifh wPSmcsKyfjcif;onf
eda&m"opmwdkY jzpfMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh txufyg ur|mef;enf;wdkYwGif w&m;usifh&m yxrtwm;tqD;
jzpfaom
'kua0'emrS
a'goudky,f&ef
vdktyfaeaMumif;
awGU&onf/
usrf;pmtkyfwGif 0dyemw&m; tm;xkwf&m ,if;yxrtwm;tqD;jzpfaom
'kua0'emrS a'goudk y,fonfh usifhpOfrSp puKtMunf? puK0dnmPf? lygHk
paom qqukyfemrfwdkYudk jrifEdkifonfh orm"da`E (0g) ormorm"dokdY
a&mufonftxd 0dyem,meduusifhpOfjzifh tqifhqifh vufawGUusifhpOf wufyHkrsm;udk
tcef;(3) qufvufwifjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ xd k o d k Y wif j y&mwG i f jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

usifhpOfwdkY\oabmobm0

135

0d y emw&m; tm;xk w f M uaoma,m*D (90)&mcdkifEIef;cefYonf tcsdefMum&SnfpGm

ray;Edkifaom vl0wfaMumif a,m*Drsm; jzpfojzifh tcsdefwdkwdkESifh tusdK;&Sdc&D;a&mufrnfh
0dyem,medujzifh
usifhpOfwufyHkudkom
a&;om;
azmfjyoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
usrf;pmygusifhpOfrsm;twdkif; pepfwus vdkufemusifhBuH tm;xkwfygu ppfrSefaom
0dyemPfokdY trSefqdkufa&mufrnf jzpfygaMumif; pma&;ol tmrcHygonf/

www

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

d
tcef;(3)
vufawGUusifhpOfwufyHk
,cka&;om;azmfjyrnfh 0dyem,meduvufawGUusifhpOf (pdw0dok'dtydkif;)
y"metcsufonf pdwfuyfNidaeaom avmb a'go arm[ paom udavomwdkYudk
tqifhqifh y,fcGm orm"da`Exdkufatmif tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ uJhodkY
y,fcGm&mwGif pdw0dok'dusifhpOfudk tqifh(3)qifh cGJjcm;xm;onf/ pdw0dok'dusihfpOf
yxrqifhonf 'kuda`Eudk w'*F 0dure orkap'y[meftm;jzifh y,fowfaom
usifhpOfjzpfonf/
pdw0dok'dusihfpOf
'kwd,qifhESifh
wwd,qifhwdkYwGif
tedrdwapawmorm"dusifhpOfenf;jzifh
usif h p Of w uf y H k u d k
wif j yxm;onf /
orx,med u usif h p Of o nf "rm Hk jzpf a om uodkPf;ynwfur|mef;edrdwfudk
tm;jyK
avmb
a'go
arm[wdkYudk
y,fcGmjcif;
jzpfonf/
,ck
0dyem,meduusifhpOfonf
"rmHklyedrdwfudk
trSDrjyKyJ
edrdwfr&Sdaom
tedrdwapawmorm"d xlaxmif avmb a'go arm[ udavomwdkYudk w'*F
0duretm;jzifh y,fcGmum orm"da`E cdkifcHhonfhwdkifatmif usifhaomenf; jzpfonf/
0dyem,medu[k qdkaomfvnf; orxtajccHaom 0dyem,meduusihfpOfur|mef;
ESihf 0dyem,meduusihfpOfur|mef;oufouf[l ESpfrsKd;yg0ifrnfjzpfonf/
owdy|mef(4)yg;wdkYwGif wpfyg;yg;jzifh usifhaeaoma,m*D\ tIPfwGif
vu P mwpf c suf r*f p d w f w pf c suf op m av;csuf wNyd K if e uf jrif & rnf (w'*F
avmuDr*frsm;)/ w&m;usihfaom a,m*DwdkYonf usihfpOfwavQmuf rdrd\tIPfwGif
txufygoHk;csuf yg0ifrI&Sdr&Sd ppfaq;oHk;oyf&rnf/ xdkoHk;csufrygvQif rdrdusifhpOf
rjynfhpHk? rrSefuefao;yg/ txl;owdjyK&rnf/
0dyem,meduusifhpOf (pdw0dok'dpcef;)udk oDv orm"d tEkt&ifhtvdkuf
atmufygtwdkif; tqihf(3)qifh cGJjcm;xm;onf/

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

137

pdw0dok'dusihfpOfyxrqifh
um,du'kua0'emrS a'goESihfwPSmudk orkap'y,fonfhusifhpOf
IjrifEdkifonfh w&m;rsm;
(u) (32)aum|mo? "mwfav;yg; (um,mEkyemowdy|mef)
( c ) azmufjyefrI y&rwfkyf (um,mEkyemowdy|mef)
( * ) cHpm;rI y&rwfemrf (a0'emEkyemowdy|mef)
(C) TwfrI raemor(y&rwfemrf) (pdwmEkyemowdy|mef)
( i ) y&rwfkyfemrfwdkY tay: vuPma&; oHk;yg;wifIjcif; ("rmEkyemowdy|mef)

pdw0dok'dusifhpOf'kwd,qifh
eD0&Pw&m;ig;yg;rS pdwfudk ESpfem&DMumrQ odrf;qnf;EdkifonfhusifhpOf
IjrifEdkifonfh w&m;rsm;
(u) uvmytrIef (y&rwfkyf) (um,mEkyemowdy|mef)
( c ) cHpm;rI y&rwfemrf (a0'emEkyemowdy|mef)
( * ) TwfrI raemor(y&rwfemrf) (pdwmEkyemowdy|mef)
(C) y&rwfkyfemrfwdkYtay: vuPma&;oHk;yg;wifIjcif; ("rmEkyemowdy|mef)

pdw0dok'dusifhpOfwwd,qifh
eD0&Pw&m;ig;yg;rS pdwfudk rdrdqE&Sdoavmuf odrf;qnf;EdkifonfhusifhpOf
IjrifEdkifonfh w&m;rsm;
(u) tMunfajcmufpHk? tmHkajcmufyg;? y&rwfkyf ("rmEkyemowdy|mef)
( c ) cHpm;rI y&rwfemrf (a0'emEkyemowdy|mef)
( * ) zajcmufrsKd;?
y0dnmPf?
b0ifpdwf?
a&SUt[dwfraem0dnmPf
ESifh
aemufo[dwf raem0dnmPf (pdwmEkyemowdy|mef)
(C) txufyg y&rwfkyfemrfwdkYtay: vuPma&;oHk;yg;wifIjcif; ("rmEkyem
owdy|mef)
[l usifhpOftqifhoHk;qifhESifh tIcHoHk;rsdK; cGJjcm;xm;onf/ pma&;ol\qEjzifh
cGJxm;jcif; r[kwf/ usihfpOf\obm0yif jzpfonf/ Oyrmjy&aomf tkef;EdkYonf
tkef;tcGHyGwpfxyf tcGH r mwpf x yf tom;rmwpf x yf wnf a eonf / tk e f ; Edk Y
vdk c sif a omol o nf
wpfxyfcsif;cGm
tkef;jcpfjzifh
jcpf
npf,l&rnfrSm
obm0yifjzpfonf/
xdkYtwl
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
tukodkvfapwoduf
(14)vHk;(udavom-10yg;) zHk;tkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;udavomwdkYudk yxrtqifh
tMurf;pm; 0Dwdur? 'kwd,tqifh tvwfpm; y&d,k|me? wwd,tqifh tEkpm;
tEko,[l oHk;qifhy,fcGm&rIudk taMumif;cH pdw0dok'dusifhpOfudk oHk;qifh
cGJjcm;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

138

3?1/ pdw0dok'dusihfpOf (yxrqifh)

(um,du'kua0'emrS a'goESifhwPSmudk orkap'y,fonfhusifhpOf)
pdw0dok'dusifhpOfyxrqifhwGif
atmufazmfjyyg
ur|mef;usifhpOf(6)rsdK;
yg0ifonf/
(1) tajccHtmemygeur|mef;
(2) (32)aum|motajccH0dyemur|mef;
(3) "mwfav;yg;tajccH0dyemur|mef;
(4) b0ifydkif;usifhpOf (emrfur|mef;)
(5) wpfzufcsdwfusifhpOf (emrfur|mef;)
(6) r[myvifusifhpOf (emrfur|mef;)
trSwfpOf(1456)usifhpOfwdkYudk tpOftvdkuf usihf&rnfjzpfonf/ trSwfpOf(4)
b0ifydkif;usifhpOfudk a,m*Dwdkif; rjzpfrae usifh&rnfjzpfonf/ trSwfpOf(6) r[myvif
usifhpOfonf r[myvifacGEdkifaom yk*dKvfrsm;om usifh&rnfjzpfonf/ trSwfpOf(2)
(32-aum|mour|mef;)ESifh
trSwfpOf(3)
("mwfav;yg;ur|mef;)wdkYonf
oD;jcm;tajccH
usifhpOfrsm;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh
0dyem,medu
vufawGUusifhpOfwuf&ef
trSwfpOf(1)
tpm;
trSwfpOf(2)
odkYr[kwf
trSwfpOf(3)rSvnf; pwifEdkifNyD; 0dyemPf qdkufaomtcg waygif;wnf;
jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/

3?1?1/ tajccHtmemygeur|mef;
('kua0'emrSwPSmudk w'*Fy[mef y,fcGmonfhusifhpOf)
ykAudprsm;
(1) oD v aqmuf w nf & ef /
/vl a ,m*D w d k Y onf (5)yg;oD v ? (8)yg;oD v cH , l
aqmufwnf&rnf/
omraPwdkYonf
rdrdwdkYqdkif&modumyk'fwdkYudk
jynfhpHkpGm
usifhoHk;&rnf/ &[ef;awmfwdkYonf a'oemMum;vnf;aumif; (odkY) qdkif&mtmywfudk
ukpm;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? &[ef;wdkY\ oDvudk pifMu,fap&rnf/
(2) y&duHjyK&ef/
/ (earmw b*0awm t&[awm ormorK')3
jrwf p G m bk & m; bk & m;wynfh a wmf w d k Y onf ,ck w&m;tm;xk w f q J t cg
jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; edAmefudk&nfrSef; bk&m;wynfhawmf\ cEmig;yg; kyfemrfESpfyg;udk
vSL'gef;yg\/ uyfvSLyg\/ ylaZmfyg\/ cEmig;yg; kyfemrfESpfyg; vSL'gef;&onfhtusKd;
r*fPf? zdkvfPf? edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk &ygvdk\t&Sifbk&m;/
ur|mef;q&mjzpfawmfrlaom oJtif;*lausmif; q&mawmf t&SifoljrwfBuD;bk&m;/
bk&m; wynfhawmfwdkYonf ,ckw&m;tm;xkwfqJtcg q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm;
edAmefudk &nfrSef; cEmig;yg; kyfemrfESpfyg;udk vSL'gef;yg\/ uyfvSLyg\/
ylaZmfyg\/ cEmig;yg; kyfemrfESpfyg; vSL'gef;&onfhtusKd; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
odtyfaom
kyfw&m;?
emrfw&m;?
"mwfw&m;?
y&rwfw&m;?
opmw&m;awmfjrwfudk ay;oem;awmfrlyg t&Sifbk&m;/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

139

bHkoHk;q,fhwpf &Sd&SdorQ teE0,f ukef;rSmae udk;uka# a&rSmae q,fuka#

ukef;ow0g a&ow0g oaAowm ow0gtaygif; pMum0VmwHwdkif; pDumywfuHk;
ukef;rusef a&rusef txufb0*f atmuft0Dpdtxd oHk;q,fhwpfbHk usifvnf
Muukefaom a0ae,sow0g taygif;wdkYtm; uREkfyfwdkY\ 'geukodkvf? oDvukodkvf?
bm0emukodkvf? t"d|mefyg&rDukodkvf aumif;rIwdkYudk uREkfyfwdkYESifh xyfwlxyfrQ
nDwlnDrQ &Mu&atmif tm;vHk;Mum;Mum;orQ trQ-trQ-trQ ,lawmfrlMuygukefavmh/
t&d,molawmfaumif;rsm; ydkYoaomarwm ay;a0aomtrQudkvnf; tuREkfyfwdkYu
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGmjzifh ---- om"k om"k om"k/
(3) w&m;usifhaepOf vdkufem&rnfh tcsufrsm;
( 1 ) tawGUtBuHKr&Sdao;aom yk*dKvfrsm; wpfem&D owfrSwf usifhyg/ usifhenf;
oabmaygufvQif ESpfem&Dtjynfhusihfyg/
( 2 ) owfrSwfaomem&D t"d|meftcsdeftwGif; &d,mykxfudk jyKjyifjcif; trsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk
vHk;0rjyK&/ (txl;vdkufemyg/)
( 3 ) a,m*Dwdkif; wifyvifacG xdkif&rnf/ (wifyvifacGxdkifjcif;onf &d,mykxfudk
nDGwfrQwap tcsdefMumMum usifhEdkifonf/)
( 4 ) yifudk,fSLdIufrIxuf ESpfq (odkY) oHk;q pwifSL&rnf/ (touft&G,fBuD;ol
ESvHk;a&m*g yef;em&ifusyf&Sdolrsm;onf e*dkSLavxuf tenf;i,fydk oifhovdk
pnf;rsOf;twdkif; SLdIufyg/)
( 5 ) SLdIuf&mwGif 0ifavudk ajz;ajz;SL xGufavudk jyif;xefpGm rIwfxkwfjcif;
rjyK&/ xGufavudk jznf;jznf;rIwfxkwf 0ifavudk aqmifhSLjcif;rjyKvkyf&/
(0ifavxGufav t&SdefnD&rnf/)
( 6 ) 0ifavxGufav twdkt&Snf nDatmif*kpkduf SLdIuf&rnf/ (&Snf&SnfSLvdkuf?
wdkwdkSLvdkuf rvkyf&/)
( 7 ) SLvdkuf? tSLudk&yfvdkuf rjyKvkyf&/ (wqufwnf; SL&rnf/)
( 8 ) jyif;jyif;SLvdkuf? jznf;jznf;SLvdkuf rvkyf&/
(t&dSefEIef;rajymif;vJjcif;udk
qdkvdkonf/)
( 9 ) cEmtdrfudk pdwfjzifh twif;npfcsKyf rSL&/ (0g) cEmudk,f\ rsufESm?
ycHk;ponfh taMumrsm;wif;aeatmif jyKvkyfNyD; rSLdIuf&/
(10) &if0 (odkY) &ifGefYudkom tm;jyK tSLtdIufjyKvkyf&rnf/ Adkufjynfhatmif rSL&/
(11) cEmtdrfESifh OD;acgif;udk vIyfcg,drf;xdk;NyD; SLdIufrIrjyK&/
(12) cg;
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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

143

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

147

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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tem*wfi&J tb,frSm vGwfEdkifygrnfenf;/

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o'gAdkvf/

Adkvfig;yg;
/'kua0'emudk rausmfvGm;EdkifrD qif;&JrIrSrvGwfao;onfhtcg q&mESifh
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ESvHk;oGif;&rnf/
]omoemonf
BuHK&cJonf?
vljzpfcJonf?
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

150

aojcif;qif;&JESifh tyg,fab;qif;&J vGwfajrmuf&ef 'Dw&m;rSwyg;

tjcm;tm;udk;p&mr&Sdbl;}[l
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w&m;qufvufusifh&rnf/
0D&d,Adkvf/
/&d,mykxfudk jyifvdk rvdk oufomapvdkaom vHkYvjyKrIudk
pGefYvTwf ESmoD;0xdcsuf pdwfudkNrJatmif tm;aumif;aom vHkYvjzifh
SLdIuf tm;xkwfjcif;onf 0D&d,Adkvfjzpfonf/
owdAdkvf/
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tmemyge ESmoD;0xdcsuf tm;BuD;aom owdNrJatmifxm;aejcif;onf
owdAdkvfjzpfonf/
orm"dAdkvf/
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rd pm orm"d u d k y,f pG e f Y ES m oD ; 0xd c suf t mHk tm;BuD ; aom
pdwfwnfaerIonf orm"dAdkvfjzpfonf/
ynmAkdvf/
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(a`Eig;yg;udkvnf; xdkenf;wlodyg/)
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w'*Fjzpfysufukd jrifjcif;

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

151

(2) tukodkvfpdwfwdkYjzpfaMumif; "mwfBuD;av;yg;azmufjyefrI pdwfudk rusa&mufatmif

tmemyge ESmoD;0xdcsuf todNrJatmif tm;xkwfjcif;onf tEkyEmeH ygyumeH
tEkyg'g, 0g,mr

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ukovmeH Oyg'g, 0g,mr

(4) xdkukodkvfw&m;wdkYudkwdk;yGm;apwwfaom
tmemygeESmoD;0
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9
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xdcsuf\oabmudk IEdkifrnfqdkvQif aAmZif(7)yg; 0ifa&mufEdkifNyDjzpfonf/
aAmZif (7)yg;
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(2) avESifh
ESmoD;0xdcsuf\
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owdNrJatmif
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wuG
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orm"doarmZif

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9

rZdryPmoygVd? y&dAmZu0*? r[moukvk'g,dokwH-247 ESm-194

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

152

pdwfudkvnf; ighpdwf[kpGJ qif;&Jaompdwfudk igqif;&Jw,f [lvnf;aumif;?

igvIyfcsifw,f igjyifcsifw,f [lvnf;aumif; pGJ,ljcif;onf rSm;aom,ljcif;?
rSm;aomjrifjcif; (rdpm'd|d) jzpfonf/
orm'd|d/
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'kua0'emcHpm;jcif;
(kyftaMumif;emrftusKd;jzpfrI)
oabmudkvnf;aumif;?
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'kua0'emcsKyf
csrf;omaom
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jzpfjcif;
(emrftaMumif;
kyftusKd;jzpfrI)oabmudkvnf;aumif;? kyfemrfESpfyg; wxyfwnf;jzpf wxyfwnf;
csKyfjcif;oabmudkvnf;aumif; od yk *d K vf o w 0 gr&Sd ? igr&Sd ? k y f e mrf E S p f y g;
jzpf v d k u f y suf v d k u f o m
&Sd o nfh o abmud k
odjrifjcif;onf
orm'd|d
rSefaomtjrifjzpfonf/
rdpmouFy/
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tEykxkZOf "avhpdkufjzpfaom -(1) xdk"mwfav;yg; azmufjyefrIonf NrJaomqif;&Jjcif; jzpfonf[l rSm;,Gif;pGm
ESvkH;oGif;jcif; (rdpmbdeda0ovuPm)
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rSm;,Gif;pGm oHk;oyfaejcif; (y&mrmo&om)
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uJhodkY &d,mykxfudk jyKjyifra&TUay;rS csrf;om&m&rnf? xdkodkY jyKjyifrSomvQif
csrf;om&m trSef[k rSm;,Gif;pGm ESvHk;oGif; BuHpnfjcif; (rdpmbdeda0o ypKy|mem)
wdkY jzpfay:vmonf/ ,if;onf rdpmouFyjzpfonf/
ormouFy/ /xdcsufy&rwfkyfESifh
wGef;oabm0ga,mkyfwdkY\
rNrJrIoabmudk
tzefzef oHk;oyfqifjcifaejcif;onf ormouFyrnf\/
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cEmudk,fudk oufom&eftwGuf igwnf;[laom'd|djzifh vIyfjyifra&TUay;&ef aMumifhMu
pdkuftm;xkwfaejcif;onf raumif;aom tm;pdkufxkwfrIjzpfonf/
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SLdIufaejcif;onf aumif;aomtm;xkwfjcif; jzpfonf/
rdpmowd/
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ynwftmHk jzpfaom ajc vuf udk,f acgif;ESifh ylrI wif;rI xHkrI usifrI paom
ae&mrsm;ud k a&S ; I a tmuf a rh a ejcif ; ES i f h rnf u J h o d k Y ouf o m&m&rnf e nf ; [k
atmufarhaejcif;onf raumif;aomowdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
ormowd/
/avESifh ESmoD;0xdcsuf xdwdkif;xdwdkif; todrvGwfatmif xm;aeaom
owdonf aumif;aom owdxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)
rdpmorm"d/

153

/w&m;xdkif "mwfBuD;av;yg;azmufjyefwdkif; tEykxkZOf "avhpdkufjzifh

woHo&mvHk;rS ygvmaom rSm;aom tod tjrif tusifhwdkYtwdkif; igqif;&Jw,f?

ighaygifBuD;u emw,f? usifw,f? udkufw,f? igjyifr,f? igjzKwfawmhr,f pojzifh
tukodkvfw&m;rsm;jzifhom
wajzmifhwnf;usihfoHk;aejcif;onf
raumif;aom
ajzmifhrSefjcif; jzpfonf/
ormorm"d/ /avESifhESmoD;0xdcsuf usifhpOfenf;pepftwdkif; aAm"dyud,w&m;wdkY
tm;avsmfpGm xdcsufwdkif; todESifhowdNrJ&ef tm;xkwfvsuf pdwf\wajzmifhwnf;
wnfaerIonf aumif;aomajzmifhrSefjcif; jzpfonf/
txuf y gtwd k i f ; tajccH t memygeur | mef ; usif h p Of yk A b m*r* i f ( 5)yg;
jzpfay:vmykHESifh rdpww&m;ig;yg;y,fykHwdkYonf w'*Fy[mefrQomjzpfygonf/
tajccHtqifh odumrw (0g) y#dporkyg'f&yfjcif;
"mwf a v;yg; azmuf j yef r I r S k e f ; xG u f v maompd w f o nf ES m oD ; 0xd c suf
tvsifrjywf
owdjzihf
wnfaeaomtcg
twdwftmHkjzpfaom
"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrIudk
rTwfawmhojzihf
twdwftmHkrS
vGwfonf/
A[d'tem*wftmHk (tmHkedrdwftrsKd;rsKd;) udkvnf; rTwfojzihf tem*wftmHkrSvnf;
vGwfonf/
ypKyefxdcsuftay:
ododumrQ
wnfaeonf/
twdwfpGef;
tem*wfpGef;rSvGwf ypKyef XDumvwGif w'*Fqif;&JrD;csKyf wnfaeonf/
tu,f a,m*D w pf a ,muf o nf xd k o rm"d u d k oabmayguf E d k i f e if ; ygu
aoumeD;qJqJwGif
rdrdtm;owfjzwfaeaomcEm\
'kutmHkudkvnf;aumif;?
aqGrsKd;Opm
yp n f ; paom
twd w f t mHk u d k v nf ; aumif ; ?
tem*wf b 0tmHk u d k v nf ; aumif ; ? rdrdapwemjzihf rTwfawmhyJ ESmoD;0xdcsuf
XDumv csrf;ompGm wnfaeEdkifaomaMumihf qif;&Jaomb0rsm;rS vGwfajrmufEdkifrnf/
cEm[lonf twdkuf"mwfrsKd;pHkwdkY\ usa&muf&mXme jzpfojzihf 'kuaygif;pHk
tNrJ&Sdaernf/ xdkYaMumifh ow0gwdkYonf tm;udk;rJhaedk; xHk;pHr&Sdacs/ zdeyfutp
tm;udk;ae&onf/ aoumeD; vGefpGm tm;udk;&SmMuonf/ twdwfu "mwfBuD;av;yg;
azmufjyef 'kua&mufcJhpOfu tm;udk;wnf;[laom tmemygeur|mef;udk tm;xkwf
EdkifcJhjcif;aMumihf csrf;om&m&cJhonfudk trSwf&um aoumeD; rdrdtm;udk;&mjzpfcJhaom
tmemygeur|mef;udk
tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm;tm;xkwfaomtcg
csrf;om&m&
aoEdkifygonf/
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tm;xkwfEdkifcJhvQif
"mwfav;yg;
rQwnDGwfoGm;ojzihf
a&m*grsm;
aysmufuif;jcif;?
aoG;vrf;avvrf;
ydwfqdkYrIrsm;
yGifhoGm;jcif;?
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aumif;usKd;w&m;rsm;udkvnf; &&Sdapygonf/
b0ifusjcif;
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

154

tmemygeur|mef;usifhpOfwGif usifhpOftp tenf;i,f jyif;jyif;SL usifhpOf

enf;pepftwdkif; ESpfem&DMumrQ yHkrSefusifhvmaomtcg pdwfudk wPSm 'd|dwdkY
ruyfEdkifawmhojzifh
SLIdufrI
tenf;i,f
Ekvmonf/
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&yfoGm;onf/
&ifxJrSm
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tawGUtBuHKr&Sdojzifh
tenf;i,f
xdwfvefYoGm;rIrsdK;vnf;
&Sdwwfonf/
pdwfMunfvif
ayghyg;NyD;
csrf;omaernf/
atmufykdif;um,du'kua0'emrsm;&Sd
rSef;odaevsufESifh
rqkdifovkdjzpfaeNyD; pdwfcsrf;omaernf/ xdkoabmonf pdwfudk wPSm 'd|dwdkY
ruyfEdkifawmhojzifh wPSm 'd|dESifh,SOfaom aZmtvsifrsm; csKyfNidrf;rIaMumifh
b0ifusjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY b0ifusNyD; tSL&yfoGm;vQif udkufcJxHkusifrIponfh
'ku &Sdaeaomfvnf; qif;&JrI r&Sdawmhyg/ xkda,m*DwkdYonf um,du'kua0'emrS
cGmEkdifoGm;NyD jzpfNyD;? qufvuf w&m;jyefxkdifwkdif; uJhokdY b0ifusaernfqkdvQif
pdwfonftm;aeNyD;
bmqufI&rSef;rod
jzpfaeonf/
xkda,m*DwkdYonf
tajccHusifhpOftwkdif; usifhrnfqkdygu (32)aum|moyGm;jcif;? "mwfav;yg;I
vuPmyGm;jcif;
paom
kyfur|mef;ukd
usrf;pmtkyfyg
enf;twkdif;
usifhpOfwufEkdifonf/
tu,f
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azmufjyefrI
jyif;xefvm
onf;rcHEkdifvQif trSwfpOf(4) (b0ifydkif;usifhpOf)twkdif; usifhEkdifonf/ xkdrSwqifh
trSwfpOf(5)ESifh(6)usifhpOftwkkdif; usifh&rnf/
opmav;yg; cGJjycsuf
1/ "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrIESifh,SOfzuf
emrfw&m;(avmbMuOf)tpkonf
'kuopmrnf\/
2/ xdk'kuuEmudk jzpfapwwfaom wPSm? ypKyefcEmtdrfudk jyKjyifvdkaom wPSm?
pdwfESifh 'd|d a'gowdkYudk qufpyfaomwPSmonf ork',opmrnf\/
3/ xdk'kuESihfwPSm w'*F csKyfjcif;onf eda&m"opmrnf\/
4/ xdk'kujzpfaMumif; wPSmudk odrf;qnf;rI tmemygetajccHtusifh (r*if&Spfyg;)onf
r*opmrnf\/
PfoHk;yg;
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xdkkyfESifh
,SOfzufjzpfaom
(avmbMuOf)
emrftpkwdkY\
azmuf j yef ESd y f p uf j cif ;
trsd K ;rsd K ;ud k
cGJ j cm;I o d a omPf o nf
'k u o pm \op Pf ?
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azmufjyefrI
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(avmbMuOf) emrftpkwdkY\ azmufjyefESdyfpufjcif; trsdK;rsdK;wdkY\ olUtvdkvdk
olUoabmolaqmif olUudpol aqmif&Guf aeaomoabmudk ydkif;jcm; Ityfonf[k
odaomPfonf
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xdktmemygeowdESihf
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okc[l jrLrQr&Sd? jzpfysufaeaom 'kutpkoufoufrQom jzpf\[k oHo,r&Sd
ykdif;jcm;qHk;jzwfrIjzihf odjrifaom Pfonf 'kuopm\uwPfjzpf\/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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xdk'kuuEmudk jzpfapwwfaom wPSm? ypKyefcEmtdrfudk jyKjyifvdkaom

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

163

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

164

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

165

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

172

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

173

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

174

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

Pftm;jzihf
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175

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

176

ighom; ighr,m;ESifh ighudk,fjzpfatmif igzefwD;xm;onf rSefcJhvQif rtdkatmif

rematmif raoatmifvnf; zefwD;Edkif&rnf/ ,ck kyfBuD; igzefwD;xm;vdkY
igtouf &Sifaewm r[kwfygvm;/ olUoabm olaqmif? olUtvkyfolvkyf?
e*dkkyfBuD;ygvm;/ ighkyfr[kwf? ighcEm r[kwfygvm;[k qifjcif oHk;oyfaeyg/
wGef;uefSLdIufaeonfhoabmudkvnf;
owdrjywfxm;aeyg
(owdoarmZifESifh"r0dp,oarmZif)/ xdk0ga,m"mwfaqmifaerIudk rSefrSefIyGm;ae&if;
0ga,m\xl;jcm;rIowdwpfck
xyfqifhay:vmonf/
0ifav0ifonfhtcg
at;oabmaqmifNyD; xGufavjyefxGufonfhtcg aEG;oabmaqmifaeonf (awaZm
vuPm)udk xif&Sm; odjrifvmonf/ at;wvSnfh aEG;wvSnfh (awaZm)?
wGef;wvSnfh uefwvSnhf (0ga,m) jzpfonfudk rSefrSef owdxm;aeyg/
cEmtdrfBuD;onf jyify0ga,m? awaZmwdkYudk cEmtwGif;odkY tm[m&tjzpf
tvdkvdk axmufyHhaeonfh oabmudk jrifvmygvdrfhrnf/ avvdk avjznfhaeonfh
oabmESifh tyltat; vdk tyltat; jznfhaeonfhoabmudk Pfjzihf qifjcif
oHk;oyfaeyg/ wGef;avonf rnfonfhae&mu pwifrSef; rodyJ 0ifa&mufvmNyD;
uefavonfvnf; b,fupwifvmrSef;rodyJ jyefxGufoGm;onf/ wnfNidrfrIr&Sd/
tNrJwrf; ajymif;vJaeonf/ wGef;NyD;vQifuef? uefNyD;vQifwGef;? at;NyD;vQifaEG;?
aEG;NyD;vQifat;?
ajymif;vJaeonfhoabmudkvnf;
Iaeyg/
jyKjyifwwfonfh
kyfoabmonf trSef&SdNyD; jyKjyifay;ol yk*dKvfow0g toufvdyfjymr&SdaMumif;udkvnf;
Pfjzifhjrifatmif Iaeyg/ xd k j yKjyif w wf o nfh k y f w &m; 0ga,m"mwf wG e f ; uef r I
rjyKEd k i f a tmif
(0g)
0ifavxGufavudk
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rdrd(tw)tvdkjzifh
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kyfocFg&w&m;wdkYonf jyKjyifolr&SdyJ tvdkvdk jyKjyifrIoabmaqmifovdk zsufqD;ol
r&SdyJ
olUoabmtwdkif;
tvdkvdk
csKyfNidrf;oGm;onfh
oabmudkvnf;
PfjzifhIqifjcifaeyg/
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aEG;av jzpfatmif igzefwD;wmvnf;r[kwf/ at;rI aEG;rI wGef;rI uefrI
tjyeftvSef ajymif;vJaqmifaerIESifh tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmrI? tvdkvdkcsKyfrI? tvdkvdkaqmifrI
ponfh kyfocFg& tedpcsuf tewcsufudkyg PfrSmay:atmif ESvHk;oGif;qifjcif&if;
xGufav 0ifavudk tpOfowdxm;aeyg/
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awGU&ygvdrfhonf/ tkyfozG,f jzpfrSef;odav MunfhIae&onfrSm "roabmay:av
jzpfum rdrdIae&onfudk yDwdjzpfvmonf (yDwdoarmZif)/ rdrdw&m;IjrifrItay:
auseyfvmonf (y'doarmZif)/ ighkyfr[kwf? ighoabmr[kwf? obm0"rkyf?
avkyf? rD;kyfBuD;ygvm;/ tvdkvdk jyKjyifwwfonfh oabmaqmifonfh kyfBuD;ygvm;[k
PfrSmydk xif&Sm;vmonf/
uJhodkY SLae&if; tjriftm;aumif;vmNyD; jyifyav wdk;0ifvmonfhtcg
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(trlt&m) olUoabmol aqmifaeonfh yx0D"mwf 0ga,m"mwfwdkY\ ocFg&
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

177

tewvuPmESifh
tedpvuPm
oabmudk
qifjcifaeyg/
Mumav
tjrifoefavjzpfNyD;
tjrif&Sif;vmygvdrfhrnf/
tIPf
wnfNidrfvmaomtcg
Adkuf[l rodawmhyJ ajymif;vJaerI oabmoufoufudkom odvmygvdrfhrnf/
xdkyx0D"mwf(0rf;Akduf)\ oabmonfvnf; ocFg&oabmaywnf;/ ighudk,fr[kwf?
igr[kwf? olUoabm? olUtvkyf toufvdyfjym yk*dKvfow0g r&Sdonfh oabmudk
Pfjzihfodqifjcifaeyg/
0ifav xGufavESifh ylrI at;rI azmif;rI ydefrI edrfhrI jrifhrI oabmwdkYudk
vuPmtjriftm; aumif;vmonfESifhtrQ 0D&d,pdkufxkwfIrI (0D&d,oarmZif)
xufoefvmygonf/ wjznf;jznf; 0ifavxGufav El;nHhvmygvdrfhrnf/ El;nHh&mrS
odrfarGUonftxdjzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/
xdktcg
tSLEl;nHhrIrS
todwpfrsKd;
xif&Sm;vmygonf/
&ifbwftwGif;rS
w'dwf'dwfESifh
pufuav;wpfvHk;
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ESvHk;wpfcsuf ckefwdkif; cEmtdrfwpfcg vIyfoGm;onf/ ESvHk;ckefrIu rSefrSef qufwdkuf
r&yfrem; ckefaeojzifh cEmtdrfuvnf; r&yfrem; odrfarGUpGm wkefcgaeonfudk
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ESvHk;oGif;IaerIudk pGefY ESvHk;ckefrIESifh cEmtdrf wkefcgrIwdkY\ oabmudk
tmHkajymif;Iyg/
toufr&SdouJhodkY
jzpfaeaom
yuwdkyfwHk;kyfcJBuD;onf
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olaqmifaeonfudk awGU&SdNyD; "mwfav;yg;wdkY\ tewoabmonf ydkydk
xif&Sm;vmonf/ igr[kwf? ighcEmr[kwf? igjyKjyifwmvnf;r[kwf? toufvdyfjym
t&Sdoabmvnf; r[kwf[k PfrSm xif&Sm;vmonf/
olUoabmoufoufudk
odumrQ
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jzpfnpfwdk;xGufaeonfudk
od&SdvmNyD;
pufkyfESifhwlaom
cEmBuD;\
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txkyfBuD;ygvm;/ a&awGyJ&Sd? vlr&Sdygvm;/ toufvdyfjym yk*dKvfow0g [l
r&Sdygvm;/ xdkaoG;&nfawGudk 0ga,m"mwfu wGef;xkwfaeygvm;/ aoG;rsm; wpffcsuf
yef;xGufwdkif;
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jzpfay:vmonfudkvnf;
odjrifae&onf/
wGef;uefwwfaom
oabmaqmifonfh
0ga,m"mwf?
,dkpD;wwfaom
oabmaqmifonfh tmayg"mwf? ylaEG;wwfaom oabmaqmifonfh awaZm"mwf?
"mwfwdkYpkaygif;zGJUxm;aom "mwfwHk; "mwfcJBuD;ygvm;[k PfrSm jrifvmygonf/
cEmudk,fwpfckvHk; NcHKMunfhvdkufaomtcg wGef;vdkuf uefvdkuf at;vdkuf aEG;vdkuf
jrifhvdkuf edrfhvdkuf jzpfaeyHkESifh ESvHk;wkefcgrI? aoG;rsm; npfyef;aerI ponfwdkYudk
NcHK awGUjrifvmonf/ cEm\ "robm0 tewvuPm? tedpvuPm
xif&Sm;onfxuf xif&Sm;vmygonf/ w&m;usifhcsdef wpfem&DrQ Mumvmaomf
atmufydkif;cEmtpkrS ylvdkuf xHkvdkuf usifvdkuf udkufvdkuf cJvdkuf atmifhvdkuf
pl;vdkuf paom azmufjyefaeonfh oabmtrsKd;rsKd;udk xif&Sm;pGm awGUjrifvmygonf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

178

xd k o d k Y azmuf j yef r I a Mumif h qif ; &J & onhf oabmud k v nf ; cH p m;&onf /

xdkoabmw&m;wdkYonf kyf\ 'kuvuPmoabmrsm; jzpfonf/ aumif;aumif;
auR;orQ? aumif;aumif; arG;orQ? aumif;aumif; tdyforQ? aumif;aumif;
a&csKd;ay;orQ tESpfcsKyf Munfhvdkufawmh aumif;wJh csrf;omwJh oabmawG jzpfrvmyJ
&ufpufzdkY? tqdyftm;ay;zdkY jyKvkyfay;ae&ygvm;[k PfrSm odjrifvmonf/
cEm&jcif;onf &ufpufrnfh 'ku&jcif;ygvm;? cEm\tvkyfonf &ufpufonfh
tvkyfygvm;[k
cEm\
ab;'kuudk
awGUjrifvmygonf/
azmufjyefaeaom
oabmwdkYwGif wif; awmifh xHk usif udkufcJaerI? rmrI? av;rIoabmudk
IMunfhaomtcg wif;&mrSxHk? xHk&mrSusif? usif&mrSudkuf ajymif;vJazmufjyefaeonfh
jyKjyifpD&ifaeonfh yx0D"mwf\oabmudkvnf; touf vdyfjymr&Sd? yk*dKvf ow0gr&Sd?
a,musfm;rdef;r r&SdyHkudkvnf; PfjzifhoHk;oyf ppfaq;MunfhIaeyg/
xdkab;'kuudk Munfh&if; cEmudk,frS ap;uyfonfhoabm tmayg"mwf(acR;)rsm;
usvmonfudkvnf; od&SdvmNyD; a&awG xGufvmygvm;? a&xkyfBuD;ygvm;? avawG
xnfhxm;wJh avxkyf? a&yl a&at;? avyl avat;awG pkaygif;zGJUpnf;xm;ygvm;?
"mwfwHk;"mwfcJBuD;ygvm;? vlwHk;vlcJ r[kwfygvm; [l odjrifvmygonf/
Mumav oabmw&m;rsm;udk MunfhIav kyfcEm\ obm0ESifh oabmudk
jrifvmavjzpfum kyfcEmBuD;\ 'kuudk jrif rkef;vmonf/ kyfcEm\
tewvuPmudk jrif ighudk,f[k pGJ&rnfudkyif rkef;vmonf/ rnfonfhae&mudkII
NrJwJhoabmudk &SmrawGUrSef; ydkydk odjrifvmonf/
xdkrSwqifh PfjzefYIMunfhaomtcg pm;orQ tm[m&wdkYonfvnf; ylrI?
at;rI? wGef;rI? uefrI? ,dkpD;rI? zGJUpnf;rI ruif;onfh yx0D paom
"mwfav;yg;oabm[k Pf jrifvmonf/
w&m;xkdifNyD;vQifvnf; pm;onfhtcg pm;&mxrif;[if;wdkYudk toufvdyfjymr&Sd?
igr[kwf? xdkjrifawGU&aom xrif; tom;ESifhwuG t&GufwdkYonf "mwfav;yg;om
jzpfonf[k t&Sdoabmudk Pfjzifh trSefodatmif IMunfhyg/ "mwfav;yg;
aygif;pnf;rI tm[m&udk rSD onfkyf qufvuf wnfwHhaeonfhoabm? qufvuf
wdk;yGm;aeonfh oabmudk Pfjzifh yGm;rsm;qifjcifyg/ arG;wkef;uvnf; EdkY&nfjzifh
BuD;jyif;&onf/ trd 0rf;wGif;rSmvnf; trdxHrS &&Sdonfh tm[m&jzifh BuD;xGm;&onf/
pm;EdkifwJh t&G,f usawmhvnf; wjcm;tom;trsKd;rsKd;? t&Guf toD; tyGifh OwdkYESifh
jznfhqnf;cJh&onf/ vlom;qdkNyD; vl\tom;awG pm; BuD;xGm;vmonf r[kwfyg/
xdkYaMumifh vlr[kwf? a,mufsm; rdef;r r[kwf? a& ajr av rD; "mwfBuD;av;yg;ESifh
zGJUpnf;xm;wmygvm;/ "mwfBuD;av;yg;onfom t&Sdoabmygvm;/ r&Sdwmu igr&Sd?
ighcEmr&Sd?ightoufvdyfjym r&Sd? a,mufsm;rdef;r yk*dKvfow0g r&Sdygvm; paom
r&Sdoabmudk
r&Sdoabmtwdkif;
pGJatmif?
,HkMunfonfxuf,HkMunfvmatmif?
tjrifpifMu,fonfxuf
pifMu,fvmatmif
a&S;Ivsuf
r&yfrem;
w&pyf
*
IrSwfyGm;rsm;ae&rnf/
*

w&m;IonfqdkonfrSm avhvma&;oufoufr[kwf? taysmfc&D;xGufolwdkYuJhokdYvnf;r[kwf? avmu

pD;yGm;&SmouJhokdY
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cH,lcsuf
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qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
Pfjrifoavmuf IyGm;&rnf/ yGm;&rnf qdkonfrSmvnf; q&mcdkif; vkyf&onf? q&moif rSwf&onfh

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

179

&Sd o abmjzpf a om
"mwf a v;yg;\
oabmwd k Y ud k
a&aomuf w d k i f ;
xrif;pm;wdkif; wGef;av uefav ay:wdkif; at;wdkif; aEG;wdkif; "mwfowdrsm;udk
PfrSmjrifNyD; "mwfwHk;"mwfcJBuD; trSef&Sdaeygvm;[l t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif; pGJatmif
(todNrJatmif) PfrSmjrifNyD; Budrfzefrsm;pGm yGm;&rnf/ "m;twHk;udk rxufrcsif;
Budrfzefrsm;pGm ausmufESifhyGwfum aoG;ouJhodkY "mwfav;yg;om trSef&Sdaeygvm; [l
Pf trSeftwdkif; rpGJrcsif; yGm;&rnf/
"mwfav;yg;jrif aum|moynwfpifyHk
"mwfav;yg;\oabmudk PfuIjrifaevsuf wGef;oabm uefoabm&Sdaom
0ga,mponfh "mwfav;yg; taxmuftyHhaMumifh kyfcEmBuD; (32-aum|motpk)
jzpfjcif; wdk;yGm;jcif; ajymif;vJjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/ xdk"mwfav;yg;\oabm qHyif
arG;nif; tom; taMum tdk; ajconf; vufonf; paom oPmefwdkYryg&Sday/
"mwfav;yg; wnf;[laom kyfw&m;\ajymif;vJjcif;(azmufjyefjcif;)vuPmoabmom
trSef&Sdonf/
qHyif
arG;nif;
tom;
taMum
ponfwdkYonf
"mwfav;yg;kyfw&m;\ azmufjyef ajymif;vJazmfjyrIoabmudk bmompum;t&
trnfay; ynwfxm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ "mwfav;yg;onfom trSef&Sdonf/ qHyif
arG;nif; paom (32)aum|mowdkYonf trSefr&Sdygvm;[k Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;
yGm;&rnf/
opfyif awmawmif a&ajr ponfwdkYvnf; "mwfav;yg;wdkY\ zGJUpnf;rI
ajymif;vJ azmufjyefrIwdkYaMumifh yifpnf cufr t&Guf toD;ponfjzifh bmom
ynwfwyfxm;aom
oPmef
trsKd;rsKd;wdkY
jzpfay:vmjcif;rQom
&Sdonf/
"mwfav;yg;wdkY\ ajymif;vJazmufjyefrIwdkYonfom trSef &Sdonf/ yifpnf cufr
t&GuftoD; ponfjzifh bmompum;jzifh ynwfwyfxm;aom oPmeftrsKd;rsKd;wdkYonf
trSefr&Sdygvm;[k Pfjzifh odatmif IrSwfyGm;rsm;&rnf/
xdkuJhodkY
IrSwfyGm;rsm;jcif;aMumifh
r&Sdaom
(32)aum|mo[laom
oPmefynwf? orl[ynwf? emrynwfrsm;udk t&Sd t[kwf pGJ,lxm;rIrsm; csKyfNidrf;
&Sdy&rwf "mwfav;yg;udkom t&Sd t&Sdtwdkif;yif PfrSm odjrifaeawmhonf/
"mwfav;yg; oabmudk Pf xifjrifvmaomtcg wpfppDzkdz&J jzpfaeaom
(32)aum|mo ynwftmHkudk tysuf[kpGJrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh aMumuf&GHUrI?
pdk;&drfrI? vGwfvdkrIrsm; csKyfNidrf;oGm;onf/ wenf;tm;jzifh (32)aum|mo tpktay:
0dyEkayumPf jzpfoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
qufvuf"mwfav;yg;\
oabmwdkYudk
OD;pD;Iygrsm;vmvQif
kyfcEm
udk,fBuD;onf a&jrKyfwHk;BuD;ozG,f jzpfaeonfudk awGUvm&onf/ a&jyifay:
oabmrsKd;ESifh wm0efausvkyf&onfh oabmESifhvnf; ryGm;&/
oabmrsKd;ESifh IyGm;&onfr[kwf/ cH,lcsuftjynfhjzifh oabm
odvmonfESifhtrQ
tjrifrSef
&vmNyD;vQif
xdktjrifrSefudk
BudK;pm;yGm;rsm;&onf/
w&m;&Sm
cEmrSmqdkouJhodkY
cEmrSm
odvQifNyD;a&mESifhvnf; w&m;r&? r*fr&? pdwfrajymif;yg/ oHo&mab;?
'DcEmESifh&if;NyD; bk&m; aemufvdkufrnf/ edAmef0ifrnf[laom
tm;xkwfyGm;rsm;&rnf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

aeYpm;orm;vdk waeukefvQifNyD;a&m
obm0awGudk t&Sd t&Sdtwdkif;
arm[trdkufarSmif
jyefrzHk;rdatmif
&SmawGUonfh
w&m;oabmudk
cEmab;udk aMumufNyD; 'DomoemrSm
t"d|mefrsKd;ESifh pdwftm;oefoefjzifh

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

180

arsmaeaom a&jrKyf a&pdkifcJonf a&ESifhtwl rodrom arsm&if;wyGufyGufESifh

ysufpD;aewmudk MunfhaepOf xdka&jrKyftpdkiftcJonf rMumrD 0JuawmhESifh awGU
aMurGysufqD;oGm;bdouJhodkY "mwfav;yg; cEmtdrfBuD;onfvnf; wzGm;zGm;ESifh
ysufpD;aeonfhoabmudk awGU& ygvdrfhrnf/ xdk"mwfav;yg;tysufudk MunfhNyD;
aMumufvefYvmygonf/ xdktysufcEmESifh ae&onfudk rom,mawmhyg/ "mwfav;yg;
cEmBuD;udk pufqkyfNiD;aiGUvmygonf/
kyfrIefrsm; ysufpD;rIoabm Pf ydkxif&Sm;vmonf/ yifv,fjyif vdIif;wHydk;
xatmif wdkufcwfaeaom avrkefwdkif; wdkufcwfaebdouJhodkY cEmudk,fwGif;vnf;
0ga,m"mwfrsm; wGef;uefaerIudk vnf;aumif;? avrkefwdkif; wdkufcdkufonfhtcg
jyif;xefpGm
aygufuGJNydKusysufpD;aeaom
avmu"mwfBuD;uJhodkYvnf;aumif;?
jyif;xefaom
avrIwfpufrS
oJrIefrsm;yef;xGufvmouJhodkY
uvmyfrIefrsm;
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ylvdkuf at;vdkuf wvSnfhpD ajymif;vJ azmfjyaerIwdkYonf ,ufuef;cwfaebdouJhodkY
vnf;aumif;
w&pyf
ysufpD;aeaomkyfwdkYudk
Pfjzifh
odjrifaeNyD;
aMumuf&GHUaeawmhonf/ ae&if;xdkif&if; oJyHkBuD; NydKusbdouJhodkY jrifvmum
vGwf&mxGufajy;csifpdwfaygufvmonf/
kyfBuD;udkyif
aMumufvnf;aMumuf
vGwfvnf; vGwfcsifvmojzifh pdwfonf u&ZkyfcEmtdrfwGif aqmufwnf&mr&yJ
vGwf&mudk &SmMunfhonf/ odkYaomf pdwfonf cEmudk,frS vHk;0xGufajy; r&yg/
yifv,fjyif vdIif;MuufcGyfrsm; xaeovdk "mwfav;yg;wdkY\ *kPfowdawGu
pkaygif;ysufjyaeonf/ em;&Gufzsm;? ESmoD;zsm;ygrusef wzGm;zGm;ESifh NydKysufaeonf/
pdwfonf aqmufwnf&m ae&mr&Sdatmif kyfrsm; ysufpD;aeonf/ ]]w&m;&Smwm
'ku&Smovdk
jzpfaew,f}}[k
qdkum
txifrSm;vmwwfonf/
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av;rsKd;pvHk;wGif
tysufab;rS
rvGwfawmhyg/
rIvnf;ysuf?
Ivnf;ysuf?
rodcsifvnf; odae&onf/
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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

182

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

183

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

184

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

185

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

188

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

189

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

191

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

192

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

193

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

194

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18

ed'ge0*oH,kwygVd? ed'geoH,kwH? *[ywd0*? 'kuokwH-43 ESm-301

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

195

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

196

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

197

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

198

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

199

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

200

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

201

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

202

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

203

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

204

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

205

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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31

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32
33

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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55

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

259

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

262

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

272

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ESifhtwl ,SOfzufa0'emudkvnf; aemuftIPfpdwfjzifh ydkif;jcm;Ijyefonf/ a0'em
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

273

vnf ; aumif ; aemuftIPfpdwfjzifh ydkif;jcm;Ijrif\ (a&SUpdwfjzpfysuf? aemufpdwfr*f)/

a&SUjrifjrifum
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tIPfpdwfonf
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qifjcifoHk;oyfrd\/
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ydkif;jcm;Ijyefonf/
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

274

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

275

xdkcHpm;rIoabmonf tmHk\ |&o? ted|orsm;tm; vufcH cHpm;aeonfh

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owdy|mefjzpfonf/
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uif;aompdwf)? 0Dwa'gopdwf(a'gouif;aompdwf)? 0Dwarm[pdwf (arm[uif;

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yk*dKvfow0gESihf ,SOfaom pdwfrsm; tmHk,dkpD;rI pdwfrsm;onf owdvGwf ay:csif&may:aeaom
pdwfrsm;
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wNydKifwnf; avmuDumrynwfpdwfrsm; ay:vmonf/ xdkay:vmaom pdwfwdkYonf rdrdtaejzihf
azmfjcif;r[kwfyg/ pdwfonf tmHkESifhuif; rjzpfay/ y&rwftmHkuif;ojzihf ynwftmHkodkY
tewoabmjzihf ay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktew oabmjzihf ay:vmaom a&SUpdwfudk
aemuftIPfu ydkif;jcm;Ijcif; jzpfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

276

aompdwf) 1 wdkYudk IjrifEdkifjcif;jzpf\/ xdkt[dwfpdwfwdkYESifh,SOfzufw&m;wdkYtm;

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(&m*uif;aompdwf)wdkYudk IjrifEdkifjcif;jzpf\/ kyfemrfwdkY tay: w'*Fr*fjzifh
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o[dwfpdwf ,SOfwGJvm\/ xdko[dwfpdwfudk IjrifEdkifjcif;onf o&m*pdwf (&m*
udef;aompdwf)?
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b0if "rmHkxifonf&Sdaomf xdk"rmHkESifh t[dwfraem0dnmPfudk ydkif;jcm;
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ol\b0iftMunf ay:aeaom jyifyarmifvS\ oPmefESifh wxyfwnf;wlaom
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1

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

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xkdtIPfaMumifh b0iftMunf&Sd rlv"rmHk yHk&dyfcsKyf tdk;pk"rmHktopf ajymif;vJ

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onmESifhwuG jzpfaom pdwftpkwdkY tvdkvdk jzpfay:vmNyD; ysufoGm;onftxd
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

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ydkif;jcm;Ijrif&jyefonf/ trIefpk[kodaom a&SUtIcHpdwfESihf twl xdktrIefpk"rmHkudk

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&yfaeonf/ xdkoabmudk aemuftIPf o[dwfraem0dnmPfjzihf ydkif;jcm;
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twdwf"rmHkudk ESvHk;oGif;IyHk
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0dnmPfpdwfjzifh ydkif;jcm; odjrifaeonf ("rmHkonf kyfw&m;? "rmHkudkodaom
a&SUt[dwf? o[dwfpdwfwdkYonf emrfw&m;)/ a&SUtIcHpdwfESihftwl tmHkudkcHpm;wwfonfh
a0'emuEmudkvnf; ydkif;jcm;Ijrifjyefonf ("rmHkonfkyfw&m;? "rmHkudk cHpm;rI
a0'emonf emrfw&m;) (emrlyy&dap'Pf)/ a0'em\oabmoufouftwdkif;
Ivdkufaomtcg txufyg udavomESifh,SOfaom pdwfrsm; csKyfoGm;onf(Z&m r&P)/
xdkpdwfrsm; csKyfrIudkvnf; aemuftIPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;Ivdkufaomtcg udavomESifh
,SOfaompdwfrsm; csKyfrIudkvnf; ydkif;jcm;od&jyefonf/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

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txuf y g b0if ajymif ; vJ a y:aeaom twd w f armif v S uav;b0

"rmHkyHk&dyfudkyif tdk;pk[l Ivdkufaomtcg rlv"rmHkcsKyf tdk;pk"rmHk ay:vmNyD;
xd k t dk ; pk " r m Hk u d k o d a om tdk ; pk [ k onmES i f h w uG jzpf a ompd w f jzpf a y:vmonf /
xdkonmESifhwuG jzpfaompdwfudkvnf; aemuftIPfpdwfjzifh ydkif;jcm;Ijrifonf
(pdwmEkyemowdy|mef)/ xdktdk;pk"rmHkudkodaom pdwfESihf,SOfzuf xdktdk;pk"rmHkudk
cHpm;aom a0'emuEmudkvnf; aemuftIPfpdwfjzifh ydkif;jcm; Ijrifjyefonf/
aemufwzef tdk;qdkonfh tpdkiftcJqdkonfrSm r&Sd? trIefpkrsm; aygif;pkjcif;rQom
&Sdonf[l xdktdk;pk"rmHktm; ESvHk;oGif;ajymif; Ivdkufaomtcg trIefpk"rmHk
ajymif ; ay:vmonf / xd k t rI e f p k " rm Hk u d k o d a om trI e f [ k onmES i f h w uG j zpf a om
pdwfonfvnf; wNydKifwnf; jzpfay:vm\/ xdkpdwfudkvnf; aemuftIPfjzifh
ydkif;jcm; Ivdkufonf/ xdkpdwfESifhwuG,SOfzuf a0'emudkvnf; qufIjyefonf/

tem*wf"rmHkudk ESvHk;oGif;rIIyHk
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rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
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b0iftMunf rdrdtxifjzifhrSef;aom rdrd\&[ef;b0yHkay:vmonf (Oyg'ge yp,m
ba0g)/ xdk"rmHkudk odaompdwfonfvnf; wNydKifwnf; ay:vmonf (b0 yp,m
Zmwd)/ xdktcg OD;olawmfonf 0rf;ajrmufaompdwf xyfqifh jzpfay:vmonf
(a0'emrS wPSmul;onf)/ xdkpdwfudk vnf;aumif;? ,SOfzufa0'emudk vnf;aumif;
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enf;twdkif; qufvuf IyGm;\/
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owdy|mef) uJhodkY todPfrsm; jzpfvmonf/ rdrdw&m;rusifhrDu twdwftem*wf
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jzpfapwwfonfh pGJvrf;rIw&m;rsm;udk aMumufvefY &GHUrkef;vmonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

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twdwftem*wf toH teHY t&om tawGUwdkYudk ESvHk;oGif;&mIyHk

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toHudk jyefvnf atmufarhpGJ,lESvHk;oGif;vdkufonf/
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txuf y g k y f e mrf w d k Y u d k I v suf pd w f \ qef;Mu,fyHkudk oabmaygufvmonf/
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xdkpdwfwdkY jzpfay:vmyHkudkvnf; aemuftIPf pdwfjzihf ydkif;jcm;od&\ (pdwmEkyem
owdy|mef)/ a&SUtIcHpdwfESihftwl tmHkudk cHpm;wwfonfh oabm a0'emudk ydkif;jcm;
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emrfw&m;(a0'em)wGif y#dporkyg'f&yfvsuf wPSmtqufjzwfEdkifonfh vrf;aMumif;udk
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twdwfteHYtmHk
twdwfu ykyfyGaeaom tokbkyftavmif;rS rcHr&yfEdkifavmufatmif qdk;&Gm;
pl;&Saom tykyfeYHudk OD;olawmf awGUBuHKcHpm;cJh&zl;avonf/ xdktokbkyf tavmif;udk
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

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OD;olawmf owd&rdonf/ xdktcg OD;olawmfonf xdktykyfeHYudk w&m;IvdkaomqE

jzpfay:vmonf/ xdktcg OD;olawmfonf wwd,tqifh pdw0dok'dorm"djzifh 0ifpm;um
tokbkyftavmif;tm; pGJ,ltmHkjyK\/ xdktcg b0iftMunf twdwftokb"rmHk
kyftavmif; ay:vmonf (lyy&dap'Pf? "rmEkyemowdy|mef)/ xdk"rmHktm;
ynwftvdkjzifh Iaomtcg rdrd\tIPf rom,maompdwftpk jzpfvmonf/
xdktcg
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rom,maom
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jzpfay:vmonfudkvnf;
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cHpm;rIa0'emudkvnf; xyfqifh Ivkdufjyefonf/ xdktcg aemufjzpfvmaom pdwfonf
a0'em\ oabm oufoufudk IEdkifojzifh xdkrom,maom pdwfrsm; csKyfoGm;NyD;
rom,mrI rygonfh aemuftopf jzpfvmaom pdwfudkvnf; ydkif;jcm;Ijyefonf
(0Dwa'gopdwEd yZmemwd) (pdwmEkyem owdy|mef)/
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jyKvdkufonf/ xdktcg b0iftMunf tykyfeHY"rmHk (rodoabmtykyfeHY) ay:vmonf/
if;ESifh,SOfzuf tykyfeHYudkodaom (odoabmtykyfeHY) t[dwfraem0dnmPf ay:vmonf
ud k v nf ; tI Pf j zif h yd k i f ; jcm;I j rif a eonf ( emrl yy&d ap 'Pf ? "r m Ek yem
owdy|mef)/ if;kyfemrfwdkYudk jrifjrifumtwdkif; &yfIMunfhonf/ aemuftIPf
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

282

,xmblwusus rodEdkif rjrifEdkif rIEdkifjcif;aMumifh igpOf;pm;onf? igjrifonf?

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*

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

283

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

284

taMumif;avmuoHk;yg; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY kyfemrf"rocFg&w&m;rsm;[k rodrIaMumifh

ynwfESifhwuG
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taMumif;avmuoHk;yg;
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rdrdawGUcJhzl;aom
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*

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

285

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vuPmrsm;udkIvsuf 0dyemPfjzifh qifjcifum Budrfzefrsm;pGm oHk;oyfaeawmh\/

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owavmuonfvnf; lygHkwnf;[laom Moumoavmuudk tmHkjyKwwfonfh
ocFg&w&m; aqmifjyefonf/ xdkYaMumifh puK0dnmPfonf ocFg&avmuvnf; rnf\/
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"rmHkavmutjzpfodkY ajymif; blwtmHkaMumwnf;[laom avmuudk taMumif;cHNyD;
b0ifwnf;[laom avmuodkY ydkYaqmif jyKjyifjyefonf/ xdktcg aevHk;"rmHkavmuESifh
b0ifwnf;[laom owavmuwdkY awGUqHkrI jyKjyifMuojzifh t[dwfraem0dnmPf
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

286

wnf;[laom owavmu ay:vmjyefonf/ xdkavmuoHk;yg;wdkYonfvnf; ocFg&

w&m;rsm; jzpf xyf qifh awGU qH kj yKjyifr I jyKMujyefo nf/ xd ktaMumif;aMumif h
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ynwfr&Sdaom y&rwfudk ynwfjzifh a&;om;wifjy&jcif;onf tvGefrS cufygonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

291

puK'Gg& (rsufeuf0ef;tv,f) lygHkay:rItm; ydkif;jcm;jrif&yHkudk Oyrm

aqmifjyrnf/
puKyom'
lygHkay:rIoabmudk
odvdkygu
oifudk,fwdkifrSefMunfhvdkufyg/ rSefxJrSm&Sdaom oifhyHk&dyf\ rsufeuf0ef;wGif oif\yHk&dyf
ay:aeonfudk oifudk,fwdkif jyefjrifEdkifouJhodkY w&m;Iaom a,m*Donf
rsufpdESifhtqif; wkdufqdkifonfhtcg rdrdrsufpd\ rsufeuf0ef; lygHkay:aeonfudk
jrif&onf/ pdw0dok'd wwd,qifhjzifh jynfhpHkaom tIPfo[dwf raem0dnmPfjzifh
IjrifEdkifonf/
uJhodkY
jrifrS
y&rwfkyfudk
jrifonf/
t&d,mr*fodkY
taxmuftyHhay;rnfh Av00dyem xdkufaom um,mEkyem owdy|mefodkY
a&mufNyD? bk&m;tvdkawmfusjzpfNyD[k qHk;jzwfEdkifonf/ puK0dnmPfudk jrifyHkudkvnf;
lygHkudkjrifyHkuJhodkY
ydkif;jcm;jrif&onf/
wxyfwnf;
wom;wnf;
wnfNyD;
woabmwnf;uJhodkY
aqmifaeaomfvnf;
rodoabmESifh
odoabmrQom
uGmjcm;onf/
puK0dnmP"mwfonf puKyom'ESifh lygHkaygif;qHkrIaMumihf jzpfay:vmaom
tusKd;w&m;
jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh
puK0dnmP"mwfwGif
lygHk\
*kPf[dwfudef;aeonf/
xdklygHk\
*kPf[dwf
udef;aeaom0dnmPfonf
puKyom'udkrSD jzpf&jcif;aMumihf puK0dnmP"mwf[k ac:qdkjcif; jzpfonf/
tqif;tmHk\ ajymif;vJrI*kPfowdtvdkuf puK0dnmPfonfvnf; ajymif;vJ
azmfjyrIoabm aqmifonf/
Oyrm-yuwd a &ouf o uf teD a &mif a q; a&mpyf v d k u f v Qif a&\yuwd
Munf v if a omta&mif r S teD a &mif jzpf o G m ;onf / tu,f tpd r f ; a&mif a q;
a&mpyfvdkufvQif tpdrf;a&mif jzpfoGm;onf/ xdkYtwl puK0dnmPf\ yuwdoabm
ouf o uf o nf jrif o d j cif ; rQ jzpf a omf v nf ; l y gHk u d k vufc H o nfh t cg l y gHk
ajymif;vJrItvdkuf ajymif;vJrI&Sdygonf/ xdkOyrm Oyar,swGif yuwda&oufoufonf
puK0dnmPfESifhwl\/ teDa&mif? tpdrf;a&mifwdkYonf puKyom' xifaom lygHk
trsKd;rsKd;ESifh wl\/ xdkYaMumifh puK0dnmPf\ vuPmESihf lygHk\ vuPm ESpfrsKd;
uGJjym;rIudk azmfjy&vQif rodoabmtqif;"mwf
(lygHk"mwf)?
tqif;\
*kPfudef;aeaom
odoabm"mwf (puK0dnmP"mwf) [l kyfemrfESpfyg;\ vuPmwdkY uGJjym;aeonf/
txuf &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; puK'Gg& lygHkESifh puK0dnmPf wnfouJhodkY
b0ifwnf;[laom pdwftMunfvnf; uJhodkY ly"rmHkESifh (puK0dnmPfESifhwlonfh)
t[dwfraem0dnmPf (ly"rmHkudk jrifpdwf) wnfaeonfudk tIPf o[dwfraem
0dnmPfjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; Ijrif&onf/ wzef ly"rmHkudk jrifjrifum ododum
o[dwfraem0dnmPfjzifh
Iaomtcg
xdko[dwfraem0dnmPfonfvnf;
puK0dnmPfuJhodkY
jrifpdwfoufoufrQ
jzpfaeonf/
xdkoabmudk
aemufjzpftIPfjzifh ydkif;jcm;Ijrifonf/ wzef xyfqifh "rmHkudk cHpm;aom
a0'emuEmudkvnf; ydkif;jcm;IEdkifonf/
tqif;oabmod"mwf puK0dnmPf jrifodpdwf
tqif;oabmod"mwf t[dwfraem0dnmPf jrifodpdwf
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

292

tqif;oabmod"mwf o[dwfraem0dnmPf jrifodpdwf

kyfemrfuGJonf[lonfrSm ypKyefwdkufqdkifqJ tmHkudk taMumif;cH pdwfoHk;rsdK;
uGJjym;aeonfudk ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/
2/ o'gHkESifh aomw0dnmPf
aomwyom'
toH"mwf
usa&mufyHkudk
ydkif;jcm;jrifrIoabmtm;
toHjrnfaom
pyDumabmufwpfckESifh
EIdif;,SOfjyygrnf/
oDcsif;zGifhaeaom
pyDumabmufem;wGif oifteD;uyf em;axmifMunfhyg/ oDcsif;qdkoH? qdkif;oH? AHkoH
paom toHrsm;onf pyDumrS jzpfay:aeonfudk em;jzifh em;axmif oJoJuGJuGJ
ydkif;jcm;odEkdifouJhodkY 0dyemIaom a,m*D\ tIPfonf rdrdem;tMunfodkY
toHusa&mufonfhtcg em;tMunf toHay:aerIudk oJoJuGJuGJ ydkif;jcm;odEdkifonf/
xdkYenf;twl aomw0dnmP"mwfudkvnf; oJoJuGJuGJ ydkif;jcm;odEdkifonf/ aomw'Gg&
kyfemrfwpfpHkudk
ydkif;jcm;jrif&bdouJhodkY
raem'Gg&rSmvnf;
kyfemrfwpfpHkudk
ydkif;jcm;od&onf/
toHay: tjrifrSm;yHkudk yHkpH(3-u) emrfkyfjzpfpOfjzifh jycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ ,ck
azmfjyaom yHkpH(3-c)onf toH\ kyfemrfjzpfpOfrS tydkif;(i) tIPf o[dwfraem
0dnmPfonf ,SOfzufa0'emudkvnf;aumif;? raem'Gg&&Sd kyfemrfwpfpHkudk vnf;aumif;?
zESpfrsdK;udkvnf;aumif;? aomw'Gg&&Sd kyfemrfwpfpHkudkvnf;aumif; ydkif;jcm;IjrifyHkudk
a&;qGJxm;onf/
yHkpHtwdkif; om;jzpfolarmifvSonf wwd,qifh pdw0dok'd wnf w&m;
usifhaeaom OD;olawmftm; taz[k vSrf;ac:vdkufonf/ xdkac:oHudk taMumif;cH
kyfemrfjzpfpOf\oabmudk
0dyemIaeyHkjzpfonf/
aomw'Gg&
xifaomkyfw&m;onf
]taz}jzpf
aomw'Gg&
xifaomemrfw&m;onf
]taz}jzpfonf/
b0iftMunfvnf;
aomw'Gg&
xifaomkyfw&m;
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"rmHk]taz}ay:rIESifh
aomw'Gg&
xifaomemrfw&m;onf
]taz}uJhodkYwlonfh t[dwfraem0dnmP"mwf kyfemrfwpfpHkudk yd k i f ; jcm;jrif & onf /
"r m Hk ] taz}ud k tI Pf o[d w f r aem0d n mPf u jrif j rif u m ododumtwdkif;IvQif
xdko[dwfraem0dnmPfonfvnf;
]taz}jzpfonf/
xdk0dnmPfESifh
,SOfzuf
a0'emuEmudkvnf; cHpm;yHkoabmtjcif;t&mjzifh ydkif;jcm;IjrifEdkifonf/
]taz} aomw0dnmPf Mum;odpdwf
]taz} t[dwfraem0dnmPf Mum;odpdwf
]taz} o[dwfraem0dnmPf Mum;odpdwf
usef a om 'G g &rsm;rS ky f e mrf o abmw&m;rsm;ud k ]taz} rod o abmk y f
ES i f h ]taz}odoabmemrf uJhokdY tmHkjyK,lyg/
xdkoabmudk atmufygOyrmjzifh azmfjy&vQif--usD;uef;wpfaumif ]]tm}}[k atmfvdkufaomtoHonf aomwyom' ]]tm}} [laom
rodoabmaqmifonfh
kyf"mwfoabmxifonf/
0dnmPfuvnf;
odoabm
aqmifonfh ]]tm}} [lonfh "mwfoabmyif jzpfonf/ (aomw"mwf + o'"mwf
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

293

aomw0dnmP"mwf) xdkYaMumifh aomwyom' rodoabm ]tm}"mwf (o'kyf)ESihf

toH"mwf\ *kPfudef;aeaom odoabm ]tm}"mwf (aomw0dnmP"mwf) [l
= aomw0dnmP"mwf) xdkYaMumifh aomwyom' rodoabm ]tm}"mwf (o'kyf)ESihf
toH"mwf\ *kPfudef;aeaom odoabm ]tm}"mwf (aomw0dnmP"mwf) [l

kyfemrfESpfyg;\
vuPmwdkY
uGJjym;pGm
wnf&Sdaeygonf/
qdkvdkonfrSm
]tm}onfyifvQif
rod"mwf-kyf?
]tm}onfyifvQif
od"mwf-emrfjzpfonf/
xdkrod"mwf]tm}ESifh od"mwf]tm} (kyfemrf)wdkYonf wxyfwnf; wom;wnf; udef;
woabmwnf;uJhodkYaqmifaeygonf/
xdkYaMumifh
aomw0dnmP"mwfwGif
o'gHk\
*kPf[dwfudef;aeonf/
xdko'gHk\
*kPf[dwfudef;aeaom
0dnmPfonf
aomwyom'rSD
jzpf&jcif;aMumihf aomw 0dnmP"mwf[k ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ toHtmHk\
ajymif;vJrI*kPfowdtvdkuf aomw 0dnmPf\ azmfjyrIoabm onfvnf;
ajymif;vJaqmifonf/
aomw0dnmPf\oabmudk pmIolwdkY em;vnfatmif pmjzihfa&;jyaomtcg ]t}
a&;csm ]tm}[k a&;jy&ygonf/ ]t} tu&mpmwpfvHk;udk a&;cs(-m)o&jzifh
uyfjyxm;aom
rifaq;lygHktqif;tjzpfodkY
a&muf&SdoGm;onf/
]]tawm
5
tu&onmawm}}
tawm? oabmteufudk/ tua&[d? tu&mwdkYjzifh (0g)
oauFwjzifh/
onmawm?
trSwf
jyKtyf\/
xdkoabmudkaxmuf
tawmwnf;[laom y&rwf\oabmudk tu&monm ra&myJ Pfjzihfodygav/
toHjzifhajymvQif toHtmHk jzpfoGm;onf/ pm&Gufay: teDa&mifrifjzifh a&;jyvQif
teDa&mif&Sdaom ]tm} tu&m jzpfoGm;onf/ t*Fvdyfvdk a&;jyvQif Ar
tu&majymif;jzpfoGm;onf/
aomw'Gg&rSm rodoabm]tm}kyf"mwfESifh odoabm]tm}emrf"mwf ay:onfh
twdkif; b0ifvnf; rodoabm]tm}kyf"mwf ("rmHk)ESifh odoabm]tm}emrf"mwf
(t[dwfraem0dnmPf)kyfemrfay:aeonfudk
tIPfjzifh
oJoJuGJuGJ
ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkifonf/

up,eAsmu&PH (upnf;o'gBuD;)

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

294

3/ Cme0dnmP"mwf
Cme'Gg&rSm rodoabm]teHY}kyf"mwfESifh odoabm]teHY}emrf"mwf kyfemrfwpfpHk
ay: b0ifvnf; rodoabm]teHY}kyf"mwf ("rmHk)ESifh odoabm]teHY}emrf"mwf
(t[dwfraem0dnmPf)kyfemrfay:aeonfudk tIPfjzifh oJoJuGJuGJ ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkifonf/
xdk"rmHk]teHY}udk tIPf o[dwfraem0dnmPf jrifjrifum ododumtwdkif;IvQif
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

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xdko[dwfraem0dnmPfonfvnf; ]teHY}(odrIemrf"mwf) jzpfonf/ xdk0dnmPfESifh,SOfzuf

a0'emuEmudkvnf; cHpm;yHkoabm tjcif;t&mjzifh ydkif;jcm;IjrifEdkifonf/
teHYoabmod"mwf Cme0dnmPf eHodpdwf
teHYoabmod"mwf t[dwfraem0dnmPf eHodpdwf
teHYoabmod"mwf o[dwfraem0dnmPf eHodpdwf
4/ Zd0Sg0dnmP"mwf
Zd0Sg'Gg&rSm rodoabm]t&om}kyf"mwfESifh odoabm]t&om}emrf"mwf kyfemrf
wpfpHk ay: b0ifvnf; rodoabm]t&om}kyf"mwf ("rmHk)ESifh odoabm]t&om}
emrf"mwf (t[dwfraem0dnmPf) kyfemrfay:aeonfudk tIPfjzifh oJoJuGJuGJ ydkif;jcm;
jrifEdkifonf/ xdk"rmHk]t&om}udk tIPf o[dwfraem0dnmPf jrifjrifum ododum
twdkif; IvQif xdko[dwfraem0dnmPfonfvnf; ]t&om} (odrIemrf"mwf)
jzpfonf/
xdk0dnmPfESifh,SOfzuf
a0'emuEmudkvnf;
cHpm;yHkoabm
tjcif;t&mjzifh ydkif;jcm; IjrifEdkifonf/
t&omoabmod"mwf Cme0dnmPf &omodpdwf
t&omoabmod"mwf t[dwfraem0dnmPf &omodpdwf
t&omoabmod"mwf o[dwfraem0dnmPf &omodpdwf
5/ um,0dnmP"mwf
um,'Gg&rSm rodoabm]xd}kyf"mwfESifh odoabm]xd}emrf"mwf kyfemrfwpfpHk
ay: b0ifvnf; rodoabm]xd}kyf"mwf ("rmHk)ESifh odoabm]xd}emrf"mwf (t[dwf
raem0dnmPf) kyfemrfay:aeonfudk tIPfjzifh oJoJuGJuGJ ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkifonf/
xdk"rmHk]xd}udk tIPf o[dwfraem0dnmPf jrifjrifum ododumtwdkif;IvQif
xdko[dwfraem0dnmPfonfvnf; ]xd}(odrIemrf"mwf) jzpfonf/ xdk0dnmPfESifh,SOfzuf
a0'emuEmudkvnf; cHpm;yHkoabm tjcif;t&mjzifh ydkif;jcm;IjrifEdkifonf/
]xd} um,0dnmPf xdodpdwf
]xd} t[dwfraem0dnmPf xdodpdwf
]xd} o[dwfraem0dnmPf xdodpdwf
rSwfcsuf/
/um,'Gg&rS y&rwfkyfudk wifjyyg[k qdkcJhvQif xdoabm(odkY)
tawGU\ azmfjyrI oabmom &Sdonf/ w&G&GwrGrG? wvIyfvIyf w&Sdwf&Sdwf? 32aum|mo oPmefedrdwf? ylrI wif;rI awmifhrI xHkrI usifrI wdkYudk jrifaejcif;onf
t&d,mr*fudk taxmuftyHHay;rnfh y&rwfkyfr[kwfao;yg/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf
r[m0dyem\ I&mkyfw&m;rsm; r[kwfao;yg/ azmfjyrIoabmoufouf (odkY)
azmufjyefrIoabm rQom&Sdonfh ypKyefwdkufqJrSom &SdNyD; I&aom tqif;kyf?
toHkyf?
teHYkyf?
&omkyf?
xd
(0g)
azmufjyefrIoabmkyf
ponfh
y&rwfkyfw&m;rsm;ESifh
b0ifudkrSDjzpfaom
"rmHkkyfw&m;rsm;onfom
r[m0dyem\ tmHkjzpfaom y&rwfkyfw&m;rsm; jzpfonf/

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

296

6/ t[dwfraem0dnmP"mwf
t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
y0dnmPfwdkY\
odyHktjcif;t&muJhodkY
tmHktvdkuf
vuf c H
od u mrQod o nfh
oabmudk a qmif o nf /
xd k t [d w f r aem0d n mPf o nf b0iftMunfESifh ymHkrS qufpyfjzpfyGm;vmaom "rmHk
wdkufqdkifrIaMumihfvnf;aumif; (rduraem'Gg&[lvdk)? b0iftMunfESifh twdwf
tem*wf"rmHk
(ynwfESifhedAmefMuOf)
wdkufqdkifrIaMumifh
vnf;aumif;
(ok'raem'Gg&[lvdk) jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;yif jzpfonf/ b0iftMunfonf
tmHk ajcmufyg;udk vufcHwwf\/ xdkb0iftMunf twdwf tem*wf
ypKyefjzpfaom
lygHk
xifonf
&Sdaomf
lygHk\*kPf[dwftwdkif;
t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf ajymif;vJ azmfjyrIoabmaqmifonf/
xdkYaMumifh t[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
tqif ; "mwf u sa&muf a omf b0if t Munf rod o abm tqif ; \"r" mwf
(ly"rmHk)? tqif;\ *kPfudef;aeaom odoabm"mwf (t[dwfraem0dnmP"mwf)/
toH"mwfusa&mufaomf b0iftMunf rodoabm toH\"r"mwf(o'"rmHk)?
toH\*kPfudef;aeaom odoabm"mwf (t[dwfraem0dnmP"mwf)/
teHY"mwf usa&mufaomf b0iftMunf rodoabm teHY\"r"mwf
(*E"rmHk)? teHY\ *kkPfudef;aeaom odoabm"mwf (t[dwfraem0dnmP"mwf)/
&om"mwfusa&mufaomf
b0iftMunf
rodoabm
&om"mwf\
*kPfudef;aeaom
odoabm"mwf
&om\"r"mwf(&o"rmHk)?
(t[dwfraem0dnmP"mwf)/
tawGU"mwfusa&mufaomf b0iftMunf rodoabm tawGU\"r"mwf
(tawGU
"rmHk)?
tawGU"mwf\
*kPfudef;aeaom
odoabm"mwf
(t[dwfraem0dnmP"mwf)
[l "rmHktvdkuf ajymif;vJ azmfjyrIoabmaqmifonf/
7/ o[dwfraem0dnmP"mwf
b0iftMunf o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwfonf t[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwfuJhodkY
tmHkudk odumrQodonfh tvkyfwpfckudkomr[kwfyJ ukodkvf tukodkvf Bud,m[k
uGJjym;aom tvkyfoHk;rsKd;jzifh tmHkudk odygonf/
ukodkvftukodkvf jyKvkyfwwfaompdwf qdkonfrSm if;o[dwfraem0dnmPfyif
jzpfonf/ 0dyemIonfrSmvnf; xdkpdwfyifjzpfonf/ psmefr*fzdkvfponfjzifh ajymif;vJ
oGm;onfrSmvnf; xdko[dwfraem0dnmPf trsKd;tpm;yifjzpfonf/
usrf; wifjyxm;aom pdwfudk udavomwdkYrS pifMu,fatmif tqifhoHk;qifh
cGJ usifhBuHtm;xkwfjcif;onfvnf; o[dwfraem0dnmPfudk pifMu,fatmifvkyfjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY (1500)udavomwdkYudk oDv orm"dtm;jzifh tqifhoHk;qifh
qufum y,fcGmxm;Edkifojzifh 'Gg&(5)ck ypKyefwdkufqdkifqJ kyfemrfy&rwfwdkYudk
vnf;aumif;? raem'Gg& ypKyef twdwf tem*wf wdkufqJtmHk trsKd;rsKd;udk
taMumif;cH
jzpfay:vmaom
kyfemrfy&rwfwdkYudkvnf;aumif;
ydkif;jcm;
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

IjrifEdkifygonf/ (y0dnmPf? t[dwfraem0dnmPf?

xl;jcm;yHkudk a&oHk;rsKd; Oyrmjzifh tcef;(1) a&;cJhNyD/)

297

o[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkY\

tEykxkZOfwdkY\ ynwfjrifyHk
yHkpH(2-c)ygtwdkif;
jyifylygHkonf
puKyom'
xdcdkufonfrSp
kyfemrfwdkYonf
"red,mrt&
tpOftwdkif;
jzpfMu&onf/
xdk"red,mr
kyfemrfjzpfpOfwdkYonf
cEm(5)yg;
&Sdonfh
rnfonfhyk*dKvfow0grqdk
twlwlyifjzpfonf/
tE y k x k Z Of w d k Y wG i f pu K yom'&Sd k y f e mrf u k d v nf ; aumif ; ? pu K or ud k
vnf;aumif;?
b0iftMunfESihf
if;rSDjzpfaom
kyfemrfudkvnf;aumif;?
raemorudk vnf;aumif;? a0'em ponfESihfwuG jzpfaom tay:"mwf
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
trsKd;tpm;udkvnf;aumif;
aemufaemuf
o[dwfraem0dnmPfonf
rodrjrifjcif;aMumifh
txuf y g
k y fe mrf w d k Y u d k
taMumif ; cH
quf w d k u f y if
o[d w f r aem0d n mPf o nf
udavomrD;
*
awmufavmifcHae&awmhonf/
xd k u J h o d k Y jzpf & jcif ; onf o[d w f r aem0d n mPf u d k 0d y vm ow&m;oH k ; yg;
jc,fvS,fcH&jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ xdko[dwfraem0dnmPfonf b0iftMunf
xifaom tmHkudkvnf;aumif;? xdktmHk\ | ted|udkom tmHkjyKcHpm;aerI
a0'emuEmudk
vnf;aumif;?
qufqHae&onfudk
rodyJ
jyifytmHkudk
tmHkjyK\[kvnf;aumif;? rdrdtmHkjyK&mwdkYonf jyifyom &Sd\[kvnf;aumif;
trSwfrSm;jcif;? todrSm;jcif;? t,lrSm;jcif;wdkY jzpfaeMu\/ xdktmHkwdkY\ |*kPf
ted|*kPfwdkYudkvnf;
igcHpm;aeonf
[lvnf;aumif;?
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tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

303

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

304

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

305

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*

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

306

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Oyg'geuEmESihf Oyg'gefESifh wuGjzpfaom Oyg'geuEm
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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0
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307

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

314

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

315

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

316

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

tIPfwdkY\ oabmobm0

317

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

318

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t&d,mr*f\ oabmobm0

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t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

340

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t&d,mr*f\ oabmobm0

341

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

342

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aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&d,mr*f\ oabmobm0

343

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rdrdtvdkjzifh pGefY rjzpfrysuf&m edAmefudk rdrdtvdkjzihf 0ifa&mufjcif;?
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

344

tmHkjyKjcif;onf
rjzpfEdkif/
edAmefonf
tvdktm;jzihf
0ifa&muf&mr[kwf/
ypKyef'kuopmjzpfaom y&rwfkyfemrfwdkYudk r*fPfjzihf trSefjrif tvdkodrf;oGm;jcif;
aMumihf xdktvdkwnf;[laom ork',csKyfNidrf;jcif;ESihftwl 'kuopmudk tmHkjyKrIyg
wNydKifwnf; csKyfNidrf;jcif;onfyifvQif eda&m"opmwnf;[laom edAmefudk tvdkvdk
rsufarSmufjyKNyD;om; jzpfonf/ w&m;usihfaom a,m*DwdkY txl;owdjyKyg/
ykxkZOfESifh &m*
&m*[lonf cEmig;yg;udk ighypnf;[l rvTwfwrf; udkifpGJudkufcJjcif;udk
ac:onf/ ud k i f pGJ v k d j cif ; onf ork ' ,wPS m ? rvT w f w rf ; udk u f c J x m;jcif ; onf
&m*wPS m ? &&Sdjcif;onf 'kuopm jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf rD;cJudk
udkifjcif;jzpfonf/
rD;onf
avmifuRrf;apwwfaomoabm&Sdonf/
rD;rSmawmh
qif;&Jjcif;r&Sdyg/ xdkrD;udk oGm;udkifvQif udkifolrSmom avmifuRrf;rI jzpfojzifh
qif;&J&onf/ ykxkZOfwdkYonf xdkrD;ESifhwlonfh 'kucEmudk igyJ ighOpmyJ [l
udkufcJpGJMu\/ qif;&Jygvsuf rvTwfEdkif/ vTwf&aumif; rSef;vnf; rod?
vTwfEdkifonfhenf;vnf; rod/
xd k Y a Mumif h yxrzd k v f c srf ; omrI qd k o nf r S m td k em ao tqd y f w H k ; BuD ; ud k
udkufcJpGJaom &m*vufudk dkufcsKd;y,fpGefYEkdifojzifh qif;&JcsKyfaMumif; (zdkvf) &&Sdjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ if;onfyifvQif zdkvfppfrppf pHudef; jzpfonf/

5?6/ zdkvfppfaq;yHkpHudef;
aomwmywdzdkvf
ppfrppfudk
aojcif;qif;&Jjzifh
pHudef;xm;onf[k
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a0'emrS wPSm csKyf rcsKyf ('d|dudk jzpfapwwfaom wPSmcsKyfrcsKyf)
pHudef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
zdkvfppfaq;yHk
aojcif;oabmudk
odatmif
aoonftxd
apmifh&efrvkdyg/
atmufygenf;twdkif; ppfaq;vdkufyg/
1/ r[myvif&d,mykxf(jrwfpGmbk&m;xdkifenf;)jzifh xdkifvdkufyg/ uJhodkY
xdkifcdkif;jcif;onf
aojcif;'ku\
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erlemjzpfonfh
"mwfBuD;av;yg;
azmufjyefrItpGrf;
(0g)
a>rBuD;av;aumif\tqdyfudk
azmfxkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ enf;jzifh tenf;qHk;(2)em&DrQ Mumatmif xdkifyg/ (2)em&D
rjynfhrcsif; rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ a0'emudk rcGm&/ zdkvfudkvnf; rcHpm;&/
2/ tcsdefESpfem&DMum "mwfBuD;av;yg; azmfjyvmrI jyif;xefvmvQif
rdrd&&Sdaom zdkvfudk 0ifpm;yg/ zdkvfrSefvQif qif;&JrD;ao csrf;omaevdrfhrnf/
csrf;omrIoabmudk owd Pf ynmwdkYjzifh rsufarSmufjyKaeygvdrfhrnf/ todcsKyf
owdcsKyfaerI r&Sd&yg/ zdkvf[lonf pdwfESifhowdwdkY csKyfaejcif; r[kwfyg/ qif;&JrI
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&d,mr*f\ oabmobm0

345

csKyfaMumif;
eda&m"opmudk
rsufarSmufjyKaeaom
pdwf&Sdae&rnf/
tu,f
qif;&Jaeao;vQif
zdkvftppf
r[kwfyJ
wPSmyl;aeonfh
jyifcsif
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jzpfaejcif;jzpfonf/
xkdyk*dKvfrsm;
wu,fhaoyGJusvQif
aqmufwnf&mr& vl;vdrfhNyD; wpfoufvHk; [efvkyf zHk;cJhorQ aocgrS
ay:awmhonf/ txl;owdjyKMuyg/

5?7/ aomwmywdr*ful;NyD; yk*dKvf\oabm

aomwmywdr*f ul;vdkufonfESifh wNydKifwnf; tewPftjrif bGJUvufrSwf
ay;vdkufouJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ ry,f&ao;aom a<u;usef udavomolcdk;uvnf;
tdrf&Sifwnf;[laom owdPfuif;aeonfh pdwfudk tvpf0if cdk;aygif;NyD; 0wKumr
udavomumrwdkYaysmfyg;onf/
tew0dyemPfuvnf;
a&SUuumxm;ovdk
jzpfaeNyD; wPSmolcdk;onf vGwfvyfpGm aysmfyg;cGifhr&/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
kyfemrftpOf
tquf\ tewvuPmudk r*fPfu today;vdkufojzifh
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wPS m uvnf ; vpf v Qif pdwfudk0ifaygif;? uJhodkY bwjyef usm;wjyef pdwfudk
0ifyl;aeMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; rsufrSefpdrf;wyfxm;aom vlonf MunfhorQ
pdrf;aebdouJhodkY aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf wdkufqdkiforQ tew0dyemPfu
tompD;&um pdwfudk tNrJ tkyfcsKyfxm;ovdk jzpfaeonf/ xdkYaMumifh
rom,mawmhay/ tewcsnf; jrifaeojzifh wPSmpdwfonf vufajrmuf
tIH;ay;vdkuf&onfu rsm;aeonf/
jyifytmHkwdkYtay: pdwfonf ndK;EGrf;aeNyD; NiD;aiGUajcmufuyfvmawmhonf/
xdkodkY NiD;aiGUygrsm;vmvQif avmuDumrynwfESihf avmuDy&rwfwdkYudk tmHkjyKaom
pdwocFg&wdkYudk pGefY avmukw&mwnf;[laom eda&m"opmudk tmHkjyKum zdkvfpdwf
(zvormywf ) jyef e m;aeonf / avmuD t mHk w d k Y onf pd w f u d k yl y ef a ponf /
xdkzvormywfjzihf pdwfat;Nidrf;onftxd tem;,l cHpm;NyD;vQif avmuDtmHkodkY wzef
tmHkjyKjyefonf/
ry,f&ao;onfh
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avmutmHkxJodkY
jyef0ifpm;jyefawmhvnf;
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tESpfr&Sdjcif;?
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ysufpD;jcif;?
ESdyfpufjcif;oabm
aqmifvmonf/ aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf xdkoabmtjrif wdkYudkom jrifaeonf/
tmHkajcmufyg;wdkYtay: pdwfrSDraecsifawmhay/ wcgw&H ry,f & ao;onfh
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vuPmoHk;csufjzihfom jyefjrifaeonf/
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avmuDtmHkrsm;u rD;ESifhNrdKufovdk avmifNrdKufvdkuf? zdkvfudk ajy;0ifvdkuf
uJhodkY tBudrfrsm;vmaomtcg rdrd&&Sdaom zdkvfudk jyefppfonf/ pdwf
ry,fowfEdkifao;onfh udavomwdkYudk tjypfjrifvmonf/ udavoma<u;usef
ESdyfpufavmifNrdKufonfh'Pfudk rcHpm;csifawmhay/
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

346

uJhodkYtm;jzifh aomwmywdzdkvfrSx udavoma<u;usefwdkYudk y,fowf&ef

pdwfqErsm;
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rdrdpdwf\
tmHktrsKd;rsKd;wdkY
uyfNidrIoabm
udavom
a<u;usefrsm;udk
ppfaq;onf/
kyfemrfwdkY
tay:vnf;aumif;? jyifytmHkwdkY tay:vnf;aumif;? uyfNidrI tjrifrpifMu,frI
yGm;rsm;jcif;tm;enf;rI ponfh tjypf wdkYudk ppfaq;onf/ xdktjypfwdkYudk jrifNyD;vQif
usifhBuHyGm;rsm;&rnfh tIcHwdkYtm; tmHkjyK qufvuftm;xkwf &jyefawmhonf/
tm;xkwfonfqdkonfrSm txl;wvnf kyfemrfwdkYudk &Smp&m r[kwfawmhyg/
aomwmywd r *f u sif h p Of r S &Sm cJ h NyD ; aom oum ,y&rwf ky f e mrf r sm;ud k o m
tjrifpifMu,fonfxuf pifMu,fatmif Pfjzifh oHk;oyfyGm;rsm;aejcif; jzpfonf/
r&Sdynwfudk tmHkrjyKawmhyJ y&rwfudk tmHkjyK rlvpGJvrf;xm;rIrsm;udk wpdrfhpdrfh
tefxkwfaejcif;jzpfonf/ tpGJuRwfvQif pdwfpifMu,fonf/ tpGJtqifhqifh csKyfrIaMumifh
pdwfpifMu,frI tqifhqifh uGmjcm;oGm;onf/
pdwfpifMu,fonfESifhtrQ ydk tjrifpifMu,fojzifh ydk ydk tjriftm;aumif;
vmum wPSmcef;ajcmuftm;jywfNyD; pdwfudk yl;cGifh uyfcGifh ae&mr&awmhyJ
wjznf;jznf; vHk;yg;yg;oGm;onf/ wPSmudk vdkufowfaejcif;r[kwf/ pdwfudkcsKyfatmif
vdkufowfbd
ouJhodkY
usifhjcif;r[kwf/
pdwfonf
oefY&Sif;onfxuf
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oefY&Sif;aompdwfonf
y&rwfkyfemrfwdkYtay:
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xdktcg wPSmonf pdwfESihftmHkwdkY tay: aESmifzGJUEdkifpGrf; acgif;yg;oGm;onf/
t0dZmonf pdwfudk ocFwy&rwfESifh tocFwy&rwfudk rjrifatmif zHk;zdjcif;
jzpfonf/ wPSmonf pdwfudk ocFwy&rwfwdkYESifh uGmroGm;atmif aESmifzGJUxm;onf/
xdkt0dZmESifh wPSmOD;acgif; jyKwfcJhvQif tcsrf;omqHk; jzpfygavownf;/
"rpMumokwfyg&Sdonfh t&d,mwdkY rsufarSmufjyKtyfaom t*Fg(8)yg;ESifh udkufndjcif;
aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf oum,'d|d &Sdaejcif;udk csKyfNidrf;vdk q&maumif;
enf;aumif;jzifh usifh&mwGif usifhenf; rSefonf? rrSefonf? w&m;awGUonf?
rawGUonf? r*f&onf? r&onf? ppfrSefaom eda&m"opm qdkufonf rqdkufonf?
q&m rSefonf? rrSefonf? 'd|djyKwfonf? rjyKwfonfudk olwyg;udk ar;p&mrvdk?
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wu,fodvQif wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf r*f&onf r&onfudk ,HkMunfatmif
opmqdkwdkifwnf ajymjyaep&mrvdk/ tb,fhaMumifh qdkaomf kyfemrfy&rwfwdkY\
oabmudk vnf;aumif;? wPSmudk jrifEdkifonfh r*form"dudk vnf;aumif;
bk&m;tvdkus ajymjyEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
a&SUydkif; azmfjyay;cJhaom oum,kyfemrfwYdkESifh r*form"du wPSmudk
jrif&mwGif atmufyg &SpfcsufESifh udkufndEdkifonf/
1/ 'd|"arm = udk,fawGU

orm"dtpGrf;jzifh pdwfzHk;tkyfxm;aom arm[tarSmifwdkufudk z,f&Sm;vdkufaom

tcg pdwfpifMu,foGm;onf/ oum,y&rwfwnf;[laom kyfemrftpOfudk avmuDr*f
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&d,mr*f\ oabmobm0

347

orm"djzifh
xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
jrif&onf/
udk,fwkdifudk,fus
tIPfjzifh
oum,wdkYudk
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
jrif&onf/
t&d,mr*fPfjzifh
edAmefudkvnf;aumif;? wPSmudk vnf;aumif; rsufESmcsif;qdkif awGU&bdouJhodkY
awGUjrifjcif;onf 'd|"arm rnf\/
2/ yw"arm = ta0;rSjrifjcif;r[kwf? udk,fwdkifudk,fusa&muf&Sdaom oabmjzifh jrifjcif;

y 'k w pdw0dok'dorm"djzihf jynfhpHkaeaom orm"donf 0dyemI&m

tmHkjzpfaom oum,y&rwf kyfemrfwdkYudk jrif&mwGif rSef;qjrif&jcif;rsKd;? txifjzifh
jrif&jcif;rsKd;?
rxifr&Sm;
jrif&jcif;rsKd;
r[kwfyJ
udk,fwdkifukd,fus
a&muf&Sdaomoabmjzifh
teD;uyf
aphaphpyfpyf
jrifjcif;udk
vnf;aumif;?
t&d,mr*fPfonf
eda&m"opmwnf;
[laom
edAmefudkvnf;aumif;?
cEmudkaESmifzGJUrnfh wPSmudkvnf;aumif;? ta0;rS jrifjcif; r[kwfyJ udk,fwdkifukd,fus
&&Sda&muf&Sdonfh oabmjzifh jrifjcif;onf yw"arm rnf\/
3/ 0d'dw"arm = cEmudk,fjzifh a&mufjcif;r[kwfyJ r*fPfjzifh a&mufjcif;

t&d , mr*f Pf o nf 'd | d E S i f h 0d p d u d pm ud a vomud k t<uif; rJh y ,f o wf

aomwmywdzdkvfodkY a&muf&Sdjcif;onf 0d'dw"arm rnf\/
4/ y&da,m*gV"arm = tay:,Hr[kwfyJ atmufajcwdkifatmif xuf0ef;usif tm;vHk;udk
jrifjcif;

y 'k w pdw0dok'dorm"donf 0dyemPf\ tIcHrsm;jzpfaom

qdkif&m'Gg&
wdkY&Sd
kyfemrftpOfwef;
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awGUjrif&mwGif
omrnoabmr[kwfyJ
tp
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awGUjrifjcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
t&d,mr*fPf (0g) aomwmywdr*fPfu wPSmudkjrifjcif;udk vnf;aumif;?
edAmefudk jrif&mwGifvnf;aumif;? Omrn oabmjrifjcif; r[kwfyJ xuf0ef;usifudk
aphpyfpGmjrifjcif;? aomwmywdzdkvfPfu edAmefudkvnf; tay:,HoabmrsKd;
jrifjcif; r[kwfyJ atmufajcwdkifatmif xuf0ef;usif jrifjcif;rsKd;jzifh awGUjrifjcif;onf
y&da,m*gV"arm rnf\/
5/ wdP0dpdudapm = oHo,[lorQudk vGefajrmufjcif;

y
'k
w
pdw0dok'dorm"donf
pdwf
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xdkkyfemrf
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toufvdyfjymr&Sd?
ighypnf;
r[kwfjcif;udk oHo,uif;&Sif;pGm odcJhjcif;? t&d,mr*fonf opmav;yg;udk
oHo,uif;pGm odjrif&jcif;wdkYonf wdP0dpdudapm rnf\/
6/ 0d*wuxHuaxm = 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; rxifr&Sm; r[kwfyJ odjrifjcif;

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&SifpEdrm(atmifvH)

348

w&m;rIrDu
kyfemrfqdkwm
b,fvdk[mvJ?
b,fvdkjrifwmvJ?
b,fvdkawGU&rSmvJ? b,fvdk awGUatmifusifh&rSmvJ? [dkvdkvm; 'Dvdkvm; [laom
0dk;wdk;0g;wm; awGa0rIrsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; y 'k w pdw0dok'dorm"dESihf
jynfhpHkaomtcg xdkoum,y&rwfwdkYudk wduspGm awGUjrif&jcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;?
txufyg 0dk;w0g;pum;rsm; yaysmufoGm;NyD; ausmfvGefcJhjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?
edAmefudk tmHkjyKaom t&d,mr*form"du wPSmudk aocsmpGm rsufESmcsif;qdkif awGU
y,fowfEdkifcJhojzifh r*fPf\ r*fudpaqmif&GufrI tay:vnf;aumif;? wPSmcsKyf&m
eda&m"opmudk cHpm; rsufarSmuf jyKEdkifjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; opmav;yg;udk
xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odjrif&ojzifh [dkvdkvm; 'Dvdkvm; [laom 0dk;wdk;0g;wm; r&Sdjcif;onf
0d*wuxHuaxm rnf\/ kyfemrftrSefjrifw,f? PfpOfrSefw,f? trSefr*f&w,f[k
q&mu wynfhudk PfpOfwyftrnfay;jcif;? PfpOfwufay;jcif;rsdK; r[kwf/
q&mhxHrS w&m;em& PfBuD;&jcif;rsdK;r[kwf/ udk,fydkifPfjzihf rdrdtvdkvdk
xdk;xGif;rsufarSmuf jyK&jcif;? ydkif;jcm; od&jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/
7/ a0om&Zyawm = rdrdawGU&SdrItwGuf &J0HhpGm0efcH&Jjcif;

rdrdudk,fwdkif y&rwfkyfemrfawGudk aocsmydkifEdkif&Sif;vif;pGm awGUjrif&ojzifh

rd r d u d k , f u d k vnf ; aumif ; ? tjcm;ol w yg;ud k vnf ; aumif ; ? ky f e mrf o um,qd k w m
'Dvdkod&r,f?
uJhodkY
awGUjrif&r,f?
'DvdkjrifrS
[kwfw,f?
rSefw,f[k
pdwf&Sif;vuf&Sif;
&J&Jwif;wif;BuD;
&Sif;jy&J
0efcH&Jonfhpdwfrsm;
jzpfvmjcif;onfvnf;aumif;? rdrduJhodkY tIcH oum ,y&rwf k y f e mrf r sm;ud k
awG U jrif a tmif u sif h o nfh
usif h p Of u d k v nf ; aumif ; ?
r*f\rSefuefrI
zdkvf\rSefuefrIudkvnf;aumif;?
pdk;&drfaMumifhusjcif;r&Sd
&J0HhpGm
ajymqdk
TefMum;Edkifjcif;onf a0om&Zyawm rnf\/
8/ ty&ypa,m = jyifytultnD taxmuftyHhvGwfjcif;

xdkodkY kyfemrfy&rwf oum,udk aocsmydkifEdkifpGm jrif&od&NyD jzpf

xdkodkYjrifod&ef b,fenf; ESihf I&OD;rnfvJ[l olwyg;xHaomfvnf;aumif;?
tjcm;enf;wpfckckudkaomf vnf;aumif; tm;udk;&ef rvdkawmhay/ t&d,mr*fjzihf
rdrdudk,fwdkif
'd|dESifh0dpdudpmwdkYudk
y,fowfNyD;
jzpfojzifh
rSefuefaom
t&d,mr*ftay: jyifytultnD taxmuftyHh rvdkawmhjcif;onf
ty&ypa,m
rnf\/
0dyema,m*Donf uJhodkY t*Fg&SpfcsufESifh jynfhpHkaom Pfr&ao;vQif
(0g)
rdrd\
usifhpOf
PfpOfonf
xdkt*Fg&SpfcsufESifh
rjynfhpHkao;vQif
usifhenf;rrSefao;yg/
"rpMumokwfawmfvm t&d,mwdkY&&Sdonfh tusKd;xl; (5) yg;
1/ puHKO'yg'd

y'kw
r*ft*Fg&Spfyg;xJrS

pdwfpifMu,frIonf
(6)csuf&oGm;jcif;

oDvr*if
orm"dr*if
rnf\/
jzpfonf/ tukodkvfapwoduf(14)vHk;udk

aomwmywdr*fIzG,f

t&d,mr*f\ oabmobm0

349

wwd,tqifh pdw0dok'dESihf jynfhpHkaomorm"du pdwfruyf&atmif tkyfcsKyfxm;ojzifh

pdwfonf oefY&Sif;Munfvif oGm;NyD; "rkyf "remrfwdkY\ vuPmoHk;csufESifh
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Email: theinngu32@gmail.com
Website: www.theinngu32.org

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1/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;xdef0if;(Nidrf;) 01-240194
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01-546670? 09-99-70524
3/ OD;at;udk
01-572972? 09-51-18037
4/ OD;0if;wif
01-635162
5/ OD;aX;atmif
09-50-18657
jynf
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053-22745
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09-20-11521
7/ OD;pdk;jrifh? a':MuifaiG (qnfajrmif;)
8/ a':pkpk (atmifwHcGefouFef;wdkuf)
02-33477? 09-20-10341
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300000
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300000
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100000
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100000
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100000
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100000
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'dk;'dk;?
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OD;wdkeDopfvGif+a':at;at;oefY (Tour Guide) rdom;pk?
319? tcef;(8)? jrefatmif (2)vrf;? &efuif;? &efukef/
OD;Munfpdk;+a':MunfGefY rdom;pk (Trust aq;qdkif)?
(Z-4) acrmoDvrf;? ajrmufOuvmy? &efukef/
OD;&JxGef;OD;+a':oDwmxGef; (JAL Airline) orD; qk&Sifjynfh?
25? yxrxyf? uRef;awmausmif;vrf;? prf;acsmif;? &efukef/
uG,fvGefol rpEm0if;tm; &nfpl; OD;ausmfrif;at;+a':rmvmGefY?
om; armifpGrf;xufvif;? jynfhpHkaq;qdkif? wdkuf-89? tcef;-4? ok0P?
&efukef/

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OD;&efy+a':at;av; rdom;pk? atmifajrukef;aus;&Gm? atmifvHNrdKUe,f/

OD;vSxGef;+a':apmjrifh rdom;pk? arG;jrLa&;uGufopf? jynfNrdKU/
(OD;wifoG,f)+a':Muifpef;tm; trSL;xm; orD; a':taomurmvm?
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OD;eEmvuFm&tm; trSL;xm; rcifrmOD; rdom;pk? ouFef;uRef;? &efukef/
udkwifatmif0if;+rMunfjrifh? wdkuf(4)? 0*Fbmvrf;? A[ef;? &efukef/
a':ykv0wD? twkvr*Fvmausmif;? EG,facGaus;&Gm? r*Fvm'Hk? &efukef/
OD;aomif;jrifh+a':eDeDMuL rdom;pk? trSwf (77) ywjrm;vrf;?
axmufBuHUwdk;csJU&yfuGuf? r*Fvm'Hk? &efukef/
a':0dok'd? r*Fvm'Hk? &efukef/
OD;aomif;jrifh? rdk;ukwfNrdKU/
a':NrdKif rdom;pk? prf;acsmif;uGufopf? atmifvHNrdKU/
OD;eEmvuFm&tm; trSL;xm; OD;pdk;jrifh? ouFef;uRef;? &efukef/
OD;wifoef;+a':wifMunf? trSwf(133)? jrodef;wefbk&m;vrf;? 0g;c,frNrdKU/
rpdauG;? rdk;ukwfNrdKU/
aZmfol[def;+OrmvGif rdom;pk? rauG;NrdKU/
OD;oef;wif+a':aemfrm xHk;awmif? o&ufNrdKU/
a':aX;&D rdom;pk? atmifvHNrdKU/

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