PART A Answer all questions in this section. 1. Choose the correct definition of motor control. A. B. C. D. 2.

the study of changes in motor behavior across the lifespan the study of practice in acquiring and perfecting motor skills the study of the neurophysiological factors that affect human movement the study of changes in motor behavior which reflect the interaction of the maturation and the environment

Reaction time is the interval between which two events? A. B. C. D. warning signal and stimulus signal stimulus signal and initiation of the response stimulus signal and the completion of the response warning signal and the initiation of the response

3.

Which of the following measures the degree to which the learner can adapt the practiced skill to a different performance situation? A. B. C. D. pre test post test transfer test retention test

4.

Instructions provide learners with information about A. B. C. D. The level of information competency The personality type of expert performers Type of blocked and random practice schedule What they might expect when performing the skill

5.

Name the stage in Fitts and Posners model where performance is inconsistent and characterized by the production of numerous errors which are typically gross in nature. A. B. C. D. Cognitive affective associative autonomous

6.

Skills where the performer controls the performance situation because the object being acted on or the context in which the skill is performed does not change refers to A. B. C. D. open skills stable skills closed skills variable skills

7.

What can be classified as the genetic traits that cannot be modified through practice and are prerequisite for skilled performance ? A. B. C. D. skill reflexes abilities individual differences

8.

All of the following are factors that influence reaction time except A. B. C. D. amount of practice stimulus-response compatibility anticipation to maximize delays number of stimulus-response alternatives

9.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of part practice ? A. B. C. D. skills are almost continuous skills are divided into meaningful units integrate into the whole skill at a later time complex skill is broken down into parts that are practiced separately

10.

The associative stage in Fitts and Posners stages of learning have the following characteristics. i. ii. iii. iv. v. A. B. C. D. develop anticipation consistency gradually increases verbal and cognitive abilities dominate organize more effective movement patterns development of automatic actions that do not take attention

i, ii, & iii only i, ii, & iv only ii, iii, & iv only iii, iv, & v only (20 marks)

PART B. Answer all the questions in this section. QUESTION 1 Define the following terms. Provide an example for each. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) motor control skill discrete skill augmented feedback degree of freedom performance curve reaction time transfer of learning long term memory knowledge of result (20 marks) PART C Answer three (3) questions from this section. QUESTION 2 Motor skill can be classified into various categories. Name the 4 systems of motor skills that are categorized under. Provide examples for each. (20 marks) QUESTION 3 Describe the similarities and the differences between a close-loop control system and an open-loop system. For each of the system, describe a motor skill that has the characteristics of that particular type of control system. (20 marks)

QUESTION 4 Compare and contrast the two methods of visual training. Explain the method that seems to be more effective in improving learning and performance. (20 marks) QUESTION 5 How do teaching cues impact memory? Describe the characteristics and examples of effective teaching cues. (20 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

MARKING SCHEME PART A 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. B 1 answer : 2 marks 10 answers x 2 mark : 20 marks PART B Question 1 Definition of terms : a) motor control : an aspect of ML that deals with the study of isolated tasks under specific condition / the underlying processes involved in the performance of a movement act that are consistent from trial to trial / an area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical and behavioral aspects of movement b) skill : the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and minimum time and energy c) augmented feedback : feedback that is added to that typically received in the task / extrinsic feedback d) degree of freedom : the number of separate independent dimensions of movement in a system that must be controlled e) performance curve : plots of average performance of an individual or a group against practice trials f) reaction time : The interval from presentation of an unanticipated stimulus until the beginning of a response g) transfer of learning : The gain or loss in proficiency on one task as a result of practice or experience on another task h) long term memory : a functionally limitless memory store for abstractly coded information, facts, concepts and relationships, presumably storage for movement programs i) knowledge of result : Augmented, postresonse, verbalizable information about success in meeting the movement goal ; usually verbal information about the success of an action 1 definition : 10 definitions x 2 marks : 2 marks 20 marks

PART C Question 2 4 system of motor skills : i. precision of movement : gross & fine motor skills - Gross skills : a skill that requires a large number of muscle involvement / total body or multi limb movement - Fine skills : very little body movement initiated / manipulation of tools or objects distinctiveness of beginning and end points : discrete, continuous, serial - Discrete : a skill that has a distinct beginning and ending / involves a single execution to complete the task - Continuous : a skill that has no distinct beginning and ending / involves repetition of movement patterns - Serial : Requires various steps or a sequence/series of movement to complete the task stability of the environment : open & close skills - Open skills : a skill that requires the performer to adjust or regulate to environment containing objects that has temporal or spatial qualities - Close skill : a skill wherein the performer can be planned in advance without fear of environmental changes or can be made to fit the environment predicted in advance motor & cognitive skills - Motor : the quality of movement itself where perception a subsequent decisions about which movement to make are nearly absent / involves how to do - Cognitive : involves selecting what to do / decisions about which movement To make is significant 1 explanation of system : 1 example : 5 explanation & example x 5 marks : 4 marks 1 mark 20 marks

ii.

iii.

iv.

Question 3 Differences & similarities of open loop & closed loop system Closed loop theory (Adams, 1971) - a mode of system control involving feedback and error detection and correction which is applicable to motor behavior / suitable for long duration activities. Four distinct parts involved : an executive for decision making about errors an effector system for carrying out the decisions a reference of correctness against which the feedback is compared to define an error/feedback an error signal, which is the information acted on by the executive / comparator to contrast the environmental state with the systems goal Eg : catching a ball. Explanation of system : 2 marks

Open loop control system : a mode in which instructions for the effector systems are determined in advance and run off without feedback / executed with minimal involvement of sensory information. It consists of two parts : executive level & an effector level Eg : traffic light Explanation of system : 2 marks

Differences in the characteristics between closed and open loop control system : Closed loop control system i. Use of many different sources of sensory information ii. Effectiveness for movement control in certain tasks eg. Many kinds of tracking, because they are flexible and adaptable to unpredicted environmental changes iii. Limitations in processing speeds, allowing only 3 to 5 compensations per second (not effective for understanding the control of rapid, discrete actions) / suitable for long duration activities iv. Correction of errors can be made during the action Open loop control system 1. Minimum involvement of the sensory system 2. Specific advance instructions give the operations to be done, their sequencing and their timing. Once the program has been initiated, the system sequences through the instructions without modification 3. No capability to detect or to correct errors because the feedback is not involved anywhere 4. Most effective in stable, predictable environment where need for modification of command is low 1 difference : 3 marks 4 differences x 3 marks : 12 marks

Similarities of closed and open loop control system : i. the use of the sensory information in the nervous system ii. decision making made by the executive to execute action 1 similarity : 2 marks 2 similarities x 2 marks : 4 marks Question 4 Two types of visual training : - focal system specialized for object identification - ambient system specialized for movement control Focal vision system : its accuracy is degraded by decreasing levels of illuminations concerned with visual events about which we are aware and strongly linked with consciousness answer the question what is it? when visual stimulation is received contributes to many cognitive tasks

Ambient vision : apparently available for entire visual field (both central & peripheral locations) decreasing illuminations have no effect on its acuity information can be used without conscious awareness answers the question where is it? when visual stimulus is received localizing features in the environment is important for movement behavior and control 1 explanation of system : 6 marks 2 explanation x 6 marks : 12 marks Comparison of the two types of visual training : feature Visual field location Retina locus Awareness Effect of low illumination General question resolved Focal vision Central only Central retina only conscious degradation What is it? Ambient vision Central, peripheral Full retina Non conscious No effect Where is it ? 1 difference : 2 marks 4 differences x 2 marks : 8 marks

Question 5 Effective teaching cues : - check information process / memory verbal cues : it consists of a short phrase, usually just one or two words, that focus the students attention the key element of the skills being learned practicing a skill without instruction can help with improvement as much as being instructed and given feedback. Definition & elaboration : 4 marks visual and kinesthetic cue : is helpful to utilize visual demonstrations or physical manipulation to convey movement ideas visual cues is effective when the coach is too far away to use verbal cues (If a team is practicing throw-ins on a soccer field, a coach could remind selected players to drag their rear foot by modeling the movement from 20 or 30 meters away) Definition & elaboration : 4 marks Impact of effective cues : cues most often focus on motor skill development in physical activity, they may also target fitness, strategy, character development, or any other aspects of movement cues enhance learning by improving student attention, comprehension, and retention. cues enhance the attention or focus of learners by restricting what they need to think about. Since learner's capacity for attention is limited, it is important to deplete the capacity with relevant, rather than irrelevant (or perhaps, less relevant) stimuli cues play an important role in directing student's attention toward the most critical information, and away from less critical information cues help students comprehend idea 1 impact : 3 marks 4 impacts x 3 marks : 12 marks