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Earth Dams :
Homogeneous Earth Dams Zoned Earth Dams Diaphragm Dams
Fish Ways
A Dam:
An obstruction ( )built on a stream or a river to collect water behind it
A Reservoir:
An artificial () , seasonal or permanent lake, that is created at the US of a dam and used of Irrigation, Drinking, Land reclamation, Electricity generation, Fishing, Recreation and (or) Pr towns from flood danger
Earth Dams:
They are trapezoidal in shape
Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks ar support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base
They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fi fill dam
Embankment Dam:
Arch Dams
These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex upstream
This shape helps to transmit the major part of the water load to the abutments
Arch dams are built across narrow, deep river gorges, but now in recent years they have considered even for little wider valleys.
Arch Dam(photograph)
Buttress Dam:
Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting stru
This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker
Buttress Dam
Example
Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the
The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1
It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more tha height of Qutab Minar.
Length at top 518.16 m (1700 feet); Width at base 190.5 m (625 feet), and at the top is
Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the w
Arch Dam
Buttress Dam:
This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker
DamReservoirs are created from the storage of water which is utilized following objectives:
Hydropower Irrigation Water for domestic consumption Drought and flood control Avigational facilities Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
Hydrograph: Is the relation between discharge & time at a certain location on a stream
Flood Routing
Given:
Inflow Hydrograph (I versus time) Storage S & Outflow O versus Elevation h (from topography) H at time= 0, for section b-b
Elevation h (m)
Storage S (m3)
Outflow O (m3/s)
(2S/t)+ O (m3/s)
OverYear Storage
Required:
Elevation h with time I(t) O(t) = S I(t) O(t)= dS/dt (from continuity)
(I1 + I2) /2 (O1 + O2) /2 =(S2 S1)/ t O2+ (2* S2)/ t = {(I1 + I2) + [(2* S1) /t O1]} Unknown = { K n o w n }
It + It+ t
Reservoir Routing: a process to know reservoir level as a function of time and outlet from
function of time.
Routing: a technique used in hydrology to estimate the effect of channel storage on shape and
flood wave.
Benefits of routing:
1. Determination of water level at peak at different locations to open gates and make precautio 2. Design of protection structures 3. Design of suitable escapes
Demand from an over-year storage reservoir = 80*103 cu.m/sec/ y Maximum reservoir storage = 120
Year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Storage 100-80=20 120-80=40 150-80=70 110-80=30 150-80=70 250-80=170 150+120-80=190 30+120-80=70 100+70-80=90 50+90-80=60 20+60-80=0 210+0-80=130
Spillway
50 70
10
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Keep pleasant appearance of surrounding areas Construction of required satisfying structures Minimum disturbance of area ecology Excavation depths and tools available Esthetic considerations Economy
Required Data
1. Hydrologic data: max storage; normal storage; dead storage; reservoir water surface elevati hydrograph 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Required capacity of power plant Topography Geology Climate Soil testing (geo-technical data) Material testing
Structure of Dam
Definitions
side
Heel: contact with the ground on the upstream side Toe: contact on the downstream side Abutment: Sides of the valley on which the structure of the dam rest
Galleries: small rooms like structure left within the dam for checking operatio
Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before the constructio
Spillways: It is the arrangement near the top to release the excess water of the reservoir
Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to clear the sil
Earth Dams: are the most simple and economic (oldest dams) Types of earth dams:
1. 2. 3. Homogeneous embankment type Zoned embankment type Diaphragm type
Pre-determination of settlemen
1. Hydraulic failure causes 2. Seepage failure causes 3. Structural failure causes 4. External causes
1. 2. 3. 4.
Overtopping (design level is underestimated) Erosion of US face (wave action height) Cracking in upper portion of dam due to frost action (additional freeboard allowance up to Erosion of DS face due to rain action (maintenance berms - grass)
1. 2.
1. 2.
Zoned Earth - fill Dam Treatment of Seepage Flow through Permeable Strata
q=kiA
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Filling earth is of sufficiently low permeable soil Provision of spillway + outlets to avoid overtopping Provision of sufficient freeboard Seepage line remains inside DS face of dam No possibility of free flow from US to DS US face should be protected against wave action DS face should be protected against rains Provision of filter drains to drain parts DS of impervious core
9.
Gravity Dams: These dams are heavy and massive wall-like structures of concrete in which the whole weight acts vertically downwards
As the entire load is transmitted on the small area of foundation, such dams are constructed whe competent and stable.
Example
Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world. Bhakra Dam is across river Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1963 .
It is 740 ft. high above the deepest foundation as straight concrete dam being more tha height of Qutab Minar.
Length at top 518.16 m (1700 feet); Width at base 190.5 m (625 feet), and at the top is
Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the w
Gravity Dam
Gravity Dam
a)
b) Overstressing: compression crushing (fails by failure of its material) Fall < 30 kg / cm2 No tension (if tension is developed < 5 kg / cm2) c) i) Sliding: F.S.S (Factor of safety against sliding)
ii)
= 14 40 kg / cm2
To resist sliding:
1- Stepped bed 2- Key wall at heel
123-
Remove all loose soil up to hard bed rock By excavation, avoid damage of underlying soil By faults, entirely excavated, washed, then filled with concrete or grouted.
(i)
The dam is considered to be composed of a number of cantilevers, each of which is 1 which acts independent of the other; (ii) No loads are transferred to the abutments by beam action; (iii) The foundation and the dam behave as a single unit, the joint being perfect; (iv) The materials in the foundation and body of the dam are isotropic and homogeneous; (v) The stresses developed in the foundation and body of the dam are within elastic limits; (vi) No movements of the foundations are caused due to transference of loads;
(vii)Small openings made in the body of the dam do not affects the general distribution of s produce local effects as per St. Vennants principal.
ANALYTICAL METHOD
The vertical stresses at the toe and heel
GRAPHICAL METHOD
For each section, the sum of the vertical forces ( ) and the sum of all the horizont acting above that particular section, are worked out and the resultant force should lie w third of the base.
Hence, a low gravity dam is the one whose height is less than that given by equation
Then, if the height of the dam is bigger than this height, it is classified as a high gravity da
For the normal values of stresses, the limiting height of a low concrete gravity dam is
where
Thus, an increase in top width will increase the masonry in the added element and increase it
but shall reduce it on d/s faces. The most economical top width, without considering earthqua been found by greater or equal to 14% of the dam height. Its usual value varies between 6 to generally taken approximately equal to , where H is the height of max. water level above bed
((A)Well graded, selected, compacted rock used to provide bearing support for membrane
(B)Smaller sized rock from quarry and rock of lesser quality from foundation excavations comp membrane settlement. (C)Best quality, higher strength rock, compacted to provide section stability
Galleries
They are either horizontal or slightly sloping openings left inside the dam body They are parallel to the dam axis in the longitudinal direction
Sometimes, additional galleries are found normal to the dam axis, i.e., in the tr direction They are provided at various elevations They are fitted with stairs or mechanical lifts
Cooling:
Arch Dam
Arch Dams
1.constant radius arch dams
for U-shaped valleys
have vertical US face constant extrados radii for U-shaped valley suitable to install gates at the US face
Constructed of masonry; pl. concrete; RC Suitable for narrow valley sections with rock abutments Suitable for sites having weak underlying soil foundation Carried loads in arch dams increase with curvature Carry the biggest portion of water pressure to the abutments by arch action Subject to same forces as gravity dams but resisted by horizontal arch action Arch stresses are able to adjust themselves to support any loading conditions Can be overtopped Thiner in dimensions than all other types Mass volume of arch dam material 1/6 of gravity dam Concrete volume in 1m rib (for economy); V = (r t/2) . . t where t = .h.r / f
Buttress Dam:
Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting stru
This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker
1 metric HP = 0.736 KW