The ADDIE model is the generic process traditionally used by instructional designers and training developers.

The five phases Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation represent a dynamic, flexible guideline for building effective training and performance support tools.

Technology is defined as applied science. Engineering is the technology of applying physics to the design of buildings, chemicals, electrical systems, etc.. Instructional design, in comparison, is the technology of applying learning and instructional theory to the design of quality instruction.s Quality of instruction is often measured along three dimensions: effectiveness, efficiency, and cost. The effectiveness of the instructions deals with how well did the instruction enable learners to achieve the expected outcomes. Efficiency has to do with time and energy expended to complete the instruction. Cost of the instruction encompasses all expense incurred throughout the design and delivery of the instruction.

Since many faculty are not formally trained in instructional design principles, the purpose of these tutorials is to help fill the gap between being a subject matter expert and being a teacher. The remainder of this module will provide a primer to instructional design principles to lay a foundation to draw on as we move towards implementing these principles in the design of an online course.

Basic Design Model: ADDIE

Instructional design uses a systematic approach to teaching. Design models are used to represent the processes involved in designing instruction. While there are many design models, and the list is continually growing, most instructional models are a derivative of the ADDIE model in that they include such core elements as analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE). These unifying elements ensure congruence among goals, strategies, evaluation, and the effectiveness of the resulting instruction. While the core elements of the ADDIE model remain constant, the ADDIE activities typically are not organized in a linear, step-by-step manner. Instead, the instructional design process is iterative and selfcorrecting in nature (Gustafson & Branch, 2002). Experienced faculty members can use a modified ADDIE model in their courses. Note however that two elements of the ADDIE, analysis and evaluation, are constantly omitted in design and training process for a variety of reasons such as lack of time and lack of awareness. Literature indicates that doing an analysis (needs assessment) and evaluation (reflection and improvement), even simple ones, can contribute significantly to your course design.

Phases of the ADDIE Model

Analysis

Analyze student characteristics o Prerequisite knowledge o Online experience o Etc. Analyze learning context (being online, what is and is not reasonable to do in this course?) o Learners' bandwidth o Resources available to learners for completion of assignments, etc. Analyze content to be learned Define learning goals and objectives

Design

Decide on the main instructional strategies (how will learners interact with content?) o Lecture o Projects o Presentations o Activities o Exercises Design an assessment plan Create detailed course outline

Development

Construct a detailed syllabus Develop and/or acquire course materials Develop assignment/project resources Develop assessment items (traditional exams, rubrics for projects, papers, or

portfolios, etc.) Implementation

Learners complete the course as designed Learners are assessed according by the designed assessments Instructor monitors, guides, and facilitates as learners complete the course

Evaluation

Formative- instruction effectiveness is monitored while being taught o Adjust instructional strategies according to students' interaction with the content, the instructor, and the peers Summative- overall course effectiveness is measured at course completion o Collect course feedback via online survey, email, or other media. o Validate content accuracy and completeness, teaching methods, and communication approach, among others.
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Revise as necessary