Image Denoising with 2-D FIR Filter by Using

Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Serdar Kockanat
Cumhuriyet University
Sivas Vocational School
Electronic Communication
Technology
58140, Sivas, Turkey
skockanat@cumhuriyet.edu.tr
Nurhan Karaboga
Erciyes University
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electrical-Electronic
Engineering
38039, Kayseri, Turkey
nurhan_k@erciyes.edu.tr
Turker Koza
Bozok University
Vocational School
Electronic Technology
66200, Yozgat, Turkey
turker.koza@bozok.edu.tr
Abstract In this paper, a new design approach that has
employed the artificial bee colony algorithm for image denoising
using two dimensional finite impulse response digital filter, is
discussed. Four different images have been used for testing. The
white Gaussian noise has been added to each of the images and
the two dimensional finite impulse response digital filter removes
the noise from the noisy images. The original images have been
compared with the restored images.
Keywords-2D digital filter; noise elimination; artificial bee
colony algorithm; image denoising
I. INTRODUCTION
In todays, image processing area has attracted much
attention for scientific as well as its applications and
developments. This research field has been used in many areas
from medical imaging to geographical application [1].
Moreover, the communication technologies that are based on
the sending and receiving the collected images from one point
to another point are developed in every day.
In the area of communication, biomedical imaging, space
application, image acquisition and etc., one of the most
important and common research topics is to eliminate different
noises such as impulse or gaussian [2]. Different methods and
approaches have been proposed to the elimination of the
various noises from the images. For example, a simple neuro-
fuzzy method has been suggested to eliminate the impulsive
noise by Yuksel [3]. Abadi et. al. has been used two-
dimensional adaptive filter algorithms for image denoising [4].
Recently, two dimensional (2D) digital filters have found a
wide range application in the image denoising application,
image enhancement, space image processing, etc. [5-7]. In
addition to these developments, the evolutionary and swarm
intelligence based 2D digital filter design approaches have
been introduced by Mastorakis et al., Das et al. and Kumar et
al. [8-10].
In 2005, Karaboga has proposed the artificial bee colony
(ABC) algorithm for numerical optimization problems [11]. In
addition, ABC algorithm was competed by Basturk and
Karaboga with the other population-based optimization
algorithms [12, 13] and they concluded that ABC is simple to
implement and also quite robust compared to that of the other
algorithms. Moreover ABC has been used to solve various
problems from different areas such as noise elimination using
FIR and IIR digital filter and the parameter extraction of the
Schottky (SBD) diode [14-15].
This study is presented that a design method based on the
ABC algorithm is proposed for the elimination of the noise
from digital image using 2D digital filter. The content of this
paper has been presented as following order. Section 2 explains
noise elimination method using 2D FIR digital filter. Section 3
describes ABC algorithm. The results of the proposed method
are presented in Section 4 and the last section presents the
conclusions.
II. NOISE ELIMINATION
Noise elimination is the process of removing noise from the
image. The scheme of the 2D noise cancellation is shown in
Figure 1. The 2D digital filter eliminates the noise from the
noisy image.

Figure 1. The scheme of noise elimination
As shown in Figure 1, the image d(i,j) is the contaminated
image containing both the desired image, s(i,j), and the noise
n

(i,j), assumed uncorrelated with each other. The signal, n(i,j),

is a measure of the contaminating signal which is correlated in
sole way with n

(i,j), n(i,j) is processed by the digital filter to

produce an estimate y(i,j), of n

(i,j). An estimate of the desired

image, e(i,j) is then obtained by subtracting the digital filter
output, y(i,j), from the contaminated image.
The relationship between the input and output image of the
2D FIR filter in Figure 1 is given as
2D FIR
FILTER
ABC
ALGORITHM
( , ) y i j
( , ) n i j
'
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) d i j s i j n i j
( , ) e i j
978-1-4673-1448-0/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

1 2
1 1
0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
N N
t l
y i j w t l u i t j l




(1)
where u(i,j) is the input image, y(i,j) is the output image,
w(t,l) is the model coefficients, and N
1
and N
2
specify the order
of the 2D FIR filter.
The coefficients of the 2D FIR filter are successively
adjusted by ABC algorithm until the error between the output
of the filter and system is minimized. The goal of this
application is to minimize the mean square error (mse)
produced by the objective function:

1 2
1 1
2
0 0
1 2
1
( ( , ) ( , ))
M M
i j
mse d i j y i j
M M




(2)
where M
1
and M
2
are the size of input images.
III. ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY ALGORITHM
ABC algorithm has been applied to design the 2D FIR filter
for noise elimination problem. The pseudo-code of the ABC
algorithm for the proposed problem is given below:
Step 1: Initialize the population of solutions
ij
x ,
1,..., i SN , 1,..., j D (SN: number of solutions in the
colony), (D: the number of optimization parameters of 2D
filter)
Step 2: Evaluate the population by using equation (2)
Step 3: cycle=1
Step 4: repeat
Step 5: Produce a new solution for each employed bee
using ( )
ij ij ij ij kj
v x x x I and evaluate it by using equation
(2). Here, (1,..., ) k SN , k i z and (1, 2,..., ) j D are
randomly chosen indexes.
ij
I is random number in the range [-
1, 1].
Step 6: Apply the greedy selection process for the
employed bees
Step 7: Calculate the probability values for the solutions by
1
i
i SN
n
n
fit
p
fit

Step 8: Produce the new solutions

i
v for the onlookers
from the solutions
i
x selected depending on
i
p values and
evaluate by equation (2) them
Step 9: Apply the greedy selection process for the
onlookers
Step 10: Determine the abandoned solution for the scout, if
exists, and replace it with a new randomly produced solution
i
x by
min max min
[0,1]( )
j j j j
i
x x rand x x
Step 11: Memorize the best solution achieved so far
Step 12: cycle = cycle + 1
Step 13: until cycle = Maximum Cycle Number
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, four standard images have been used. The
white Gaussian noise with zero mean and 0.025 variance is
added to the images to produce the noisy images. Figure 2 and
3 show the original and noisy images.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 2. Original images (a) Lena (b) Cameraman (c) Coins (d) Mri
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 3. Noisy images with Gaussian noise of mean=0, variance=0.025
(a) Lena (b) Cameraman (c) Coins (d) Mri
The size of each original image is 256x256, 256x256,
246x300 and 128x128 pixels, respectively and they are 8-bit
gray level image. Also, the order of the 2D FIR filter is set to
N
1
=N
2
=3.
The control parameter settings of the ABC algorithm are
given in Table 1. The selection of the control parameters of the
ABC is important and has a significant effect on its
performance [16].
TABLE I. PARAMETER SETTINGS FOR THE ABC ALGORITHM
The algorithm was simulated 30 times with different
random seed. The initial values of the parameters have been
selected randomly from the interval (-1, 1).
The simulation was processed in a PC with the following
features: Intel Pentium Core2 Duo T7500 2.2 G CPU, 2048
MB RAM and a Windows Vista OS.
Figure 4 shows the restored images obtained by the ABC
algorithm based approach.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 4. Restored images (a) Lena (b) Cameraman (c) Coins (d) Mri
Figure 5.a, 5.b, 5.c and 5.d show the convergence
characteristics of ABC for Lena, Cameraman, Coins and Mri
images.
0 100 200 300 400 500
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
Cycles
M
e
a
n

S
q
u
a
r
e

E
r
r
o
r

(
M
S
E
)
Lena
(a)
0 100 200 300 400 500
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
Cycles
M
e
a
n

S
q
u
a
r
e

E
r
r
o
r

(
M
S
E
)
Cameraman
(b)
0 100 200 300 400 500
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
Cycles
M
e
a
n

S
q
u
a
r
e

E
r
r
o
r

(
M
S
E
)
Coins
(c)
Colony Size 20
limit value 90
Iteration 500
0 100 200 300 400 500
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Cycles
M
e
a
n

S
q
u
a
r
e

E
r
r
o
r

(
M
S
E
)
Mri
(d)
Figure 5. Convergence characteristics of ABC
The algorithm for the 2D FIR filters was simulated 30 times
and the mean, standard deviation and PSNR values of the
digital filters are tabulated in Table 2. Table 3 shows the
running time of the ABC algorithm
TABLE II. MEAN VALUE, STANDARD DEVIATIONS AND PSNR OF THE
FINAL RESULTS AFTER 30 INDEPENDENT RUNS BY ABC
Image Mean Values
Standard
Deviations
PSNR (dB)
Lena 0.2728 1.0614e-015 44.4928
Cameraman 0.2765 1.2600e-015 48.1714
Coins 0.2108 7.6120e-016 35.7006
Mri 0.0247 1.1074e-016 34.1392
TABLE III. RUNNING TIME VALUE OF THE ABC
Image Running Time (s)
Lena 34.0440
Cameraman 23.18
Coins 20.02
Mri 7.9780
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the artificial bee colony algorithm has been
applied to design 2D FIR digital filters for the noise
elimination on the noisy images. The designed filters have been
used to remove the low level white Gaussian noise from the
images. The results show that the 2D FIR filters are able to
successively remove noises from the images and ABC can be
used as an alternative algorithm for designing optimal 2D FIR
filter to the classical method such as wiener filter for image
denoising.
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