A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology Appendix: the International Phonetic Alphabet

accent /ksent/: is the way the people of a place pronounce their language. For example, people in London and Sydney both speak English, but they have different accents. affricate / frket/ : plosive followed immediately by a fricative allophone /lfn/ : variations of a phoneme alveolar /lfl :(r)/ : tip or blade of tongue against the gum just behind the upper teeth articulation of the plosive /:tkjlen/ /v;/ /plsv/ : approach as the articulating organs come together, release as the separate and allow the blocked air to escape. aspiration /spren/ : the release of the plosive not immediately followed by voicing for a vowel, a voiceless escape of breath (example voiceless plosives as in p, t, k) assimilation /smlen/ : variances in phonemic pronunciation in connected speech d following by p, b or m is bilabial assimilation followed k or g is velar assimilation also t and n are possible assimilants as they are alveolar (known as de-alveolar assimilation)

back /bk/ : tongue in back of mouth for articulation bilabial /,balbl/ : lips pressed together blade /bled/ : front line of tongue
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centre /sent(r)/ : tongue in central part of the mouth for articulation centering diphthongs /sent(r):/ /dfs/ : diphthong with vowel sound made by opening clear L /kl(r)/ /el/ : used before vowels and j close /kls/ : vowel sound with tongue close to palate closing diphthongs /kls/ /dfs/ : diphthongs with second vowel phoneme made by closure clusters /klst(r):s/ : groups of consonants, when preceding consonant is voiceless, the whole cluster is usually voiceless, and vice versa coalescence /klesnz/ : assimilation that eliminates phonemes complementary distribution /kmplmentr/ /,dstrbju: n/ : the differences in allophones for any given phoneme which are predictable (such as k being different based on the placement of the vowel) consonant sound /knsnnt/ /sand/ : is a sound we make by obstructing the flow of air from the mouth contextual elision /kntekstl/ /i:ln/ : elided and unelided forms both can be heard example last month in colloquial speech contrastiveness /kntra:stfns/ : two phonemes are contrastive by listing minimal pairs distinguished by the contrast being illustrated

dark 1 /d:k/ /wn/ : used before consonant before w and before a pause dental /dentl/ : using the tongue against teeth devoicing /dvz/ : after voiceless plosives voiced consonants become devoiced

egressive /igresv/ : outward direction of air ejective consonant /idekv/ /knsnnt/ : consonant using egressive pharyngeal air staem elision /iln/ : when a phoneme is dropped in pronunciation as in Christmas, and listen

fall /f:l/ : high fall and low fall marked by asterisk respectively at top or bottom fortis /f:tz/ : plosives, affricates and fricatives strong articulation free variation /fri:/ /,verien/ : choice between allophones is free in certain context without any apparent system fricative /friktv/ : narrowing of passage above tongue front /frnt/ : tongue is highest part of the mouth for articulation

glottal plosive /gltl/ /plsv/ : vocal folds blocking the passage of air, also glottal stop glottis /glti:z/ : space between the vocal folds

historical elision /hstrkl/ /i:ln/ : dropped historically no question of inclusion Christmas, listen homophone /,hmfn/ : word pronounced the same but spell differently

implosive /mplsv/ : ingressive pharyngeal air-steam ingressive /ngr:sv/ : direction of air movement inwards inter-vocalic /nt:(r)/ /vkl:k/ : consonant between vowels

L
labialization /lblzen/ : lip rounding occurring at the same time as some other more important articulation labio-dental /lb/ /dentl/ : lower lip with upper teeth
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lateral /lt(r)l/ : blockage on the side laAteral approach /lt(r)l/ /prt/ : from 1 phoneme sides of tongue have to rise to block air for the plosive lateral release /lt(r)l/ /rli:s/ : with 1 phoneme sides of tongue must drop to produce 1 after plosive lenis /len:z/ : plosives, affricates and fricatives weak articulation lip rounding /lp/-/rand/ : lips playing a role in producing certain vowels and other sounds way of articulation

manner /mn(r)/ : way of articulation

nasal /nezl/ : evident, lowered soft palate to allow air through nasal approach /nezl/ /prt/ : with plosives an approach consist solely in the rising of the soft palate nasal release /nezl/ /rli:s/ : with plosives when the release consist solely in the movement of the soft palate non-audible release /nn/-/:dbl/ / rli:s/ : when the release of the first plosives in an overlapping plosive sequence is not audible as it is masked by the second closure

open /pn/ : vowel sound with tongue farther away from palate oral egressive /:rl/ /:gr:sv/ : reverse click oral ingressive /:rl/ /ngr:sv/ : air following inwards from the mouth, click ordinary approach /:dnri/ /prt/ : tongue tip rises to produce plosive ordinary approach/release /:dnri/ /prt/ / rli:s/ : since the opposite of nasal is ORAL and the opposite of lateral is MEDIAN, the ordinary approach/release, characterizing for example the d in eddy is properly termed MEDIAL ORAL (this stuff is great!) overlapping plosive consonants /,vl/ /plsv/ /knsnnt/ : in a sequence of plosives with different places of articulation, release of first plosive articulation does not occur until after the approach phase of the second

pharyngeal /fr:l/ : air set in motion holding the vocals folds together and using air above pharyngeal eggressive /fr:l/ /:gr:sv/ : ejective pharyngeal ingressive /fr:l/ /ngr:sv/ : implosive place /ples/ : place of articulation

plosive /plsv/ : complete blocking of air-steam. Sound in which air-steam is entirely blocked for a short time, p, b, t, d, k, g plosive theory /plsv/ /r/ : with plosives described in a chart as first part of scheme being approach being hold and being release pulmonic /plmnk/ : air set in motion of the lungs pulmonic egressive /plmnk/ /:gr:sv/ : eggresive pronunciation of the body of the tongue pulmonic ingressive /plmnk/ /ngr:sv/ : in-breathing speech

quality /kwlti/ : differing positions of the body of the tongue

rise /raz/ : high rise or low rise marked by asterisk respectively at a top or bottom rise followed by unstressed syllables /raz/ /fl:d/ /ba/ /nstresd/ /slblz/ : the rise is spread out over the whole roll or trill /rl/ /:(r)/ /trl/ rapid series of closures and openings RP /:(r)/ /pi:/ : Received Pronunciation or SBS

SBS /es/ /bi:/ /es/ : Southern British Standard secondary articulation /sekndri/ /:tkjlen/ : a secondary occurrence such as labialization, palatalization, velarization accompanying a more important primary articulation soft palate /sft/ /plt/ : valve that controls the entry of air from the throat (pharynx) into the nose stressed /stresd/ : given accent strong form /str/ /f:m/ : see weak form sound /sand/ : is the minimum segment of the pronunciation of a word. For example, the word this has three sounds: /T/, /I/, and /S/ syllabic consonants /slbk/ /knsnnt/ : sounds which are rather longer than usual and have syllable making function like vowels, examples: -l and -n syllable /slbl/ : is a word or part of a word that has one vowel sound. It may also have one or more consonant sounds. For example, ago has two syllables. The first syllable is just one vowel sound. The second syllable is a consonant sound followed by a vowel sound

tip /tp/ : tip of tongue

U
unstressed /nstresd/ : without accent
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velar /fel:(r)/ : raised back of tongue against soft palate vocal folds /vkl/ /fldz/ : in the larynx, behind the adams apple voice /vst/ : many pairs of consonant sounds are similar, but one of them is voiced and the other is not. For example, /d/ is similar to /t/, but /d/ is voiced and /t/ is not. A consonant is voiced when there is vibration in the throat voiced /vst/ : vibrating glottis voiced implosive /vst/ /mplsv/ : voiced ingressive voiceless /vsles/ : glottis wide open, non-vibrating glottis voicing /vs/ : voiced or voiceless voicing diagram /vs/ /dagrm/ : diagram showing when a word is voiced and unvoiced in its phonemes voicing, place, manner /vs/ /ples/ /mn(r)/ : standard manner of expressing sound (i.e. voiced velar fricative) vowel sound /val/ /sand/ : is a sound we make when we do not obstruct the air flow from the mouth in speaking

W
weak form /wi:k/ /f:m/ : used with articles, prepositions etc. to differentiate from strong form with different phoneme

Phonetic spelling
Consonants p pen, copy, happen b back, baby, job t tea, tight, button d day, ladder, odd k key, clock, school g get, giggle, ghost t church, match, nature d judge, age, soldier f fat, coffee, rough, photo v view, heavy, move thing, author, path this, other, smooth s soon, cease, sister z zero, music, roses, buzz ship, sure, national pleasure, vision h hot, whole, ahead m more, hammer, sum n nice, know, funny, sun ring, anger, thanks, sung l light, valley, feel r right, wrong, sorry, arrange j yet, use, beauty, few w wet, one, when, queen (glottal stop) department, football

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Vowels kit, bid, hymn, minute e dress, bed, head, many trap, bad lot, odd, wash strut, mud, love, blood foot, good, put i fleece, sea, machine e face, day, break a price, high, try choice, boy u goose, two, blue, group goat, show, no a mouth, now near, here, weary e square. fair, various start, father thought, law, north, war poor, jury, cure nurse, stir, learn, refer about, common, standard i happy, radiate. Glorious u thank you, influence, situation n suddenly, cotton l middle, metal (stress mark)

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Appendix The principal organs of articulation

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Places of articulation

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Reference
ENGLISH PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY GLOSSARY Phonetic symbols for English Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Sample_of_an_acknowledgement#ixzz1Jw1Z2fzd Learning and teaching linguistics > The principal organs of articulation Learning and teaching linguistics > Place of articulation http://www.questia.com IJAL International Journal of American Linguistics JASA Journal of the Acoustical Society of America JL Journal of Linguistics JP Journal of Phonetics

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