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A THESIS SUBMITED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
BY FARIBORZ SOLTANI
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JANUARY 2005
_________________________ Prof.Dr. Canan zgen Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all requirements needed for the degree of Master of Science. _________________________ Prof.Dr. Kemal der Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our oppinion it is fully adequate in both scope and quality , as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science.
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I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented by academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Fariborz Soltani
Z
STEL DNME MATRSLER ARACILII LE UZAYSAL MEKANZMALARIN SENTEZ
FARBORZ SOLTAN Makine Mhendislii Blm Ba Danman : Prof. Dr. Eres Sylemez Yardmc Danman : M. Kemal. zgren Ocak 2005
Bu tezin byk bir ksm uzaysal mekanizmalarn yrnge ve hareket retimi sentezine adanmtr. lk kez stel dnme matrisleri araclyla bir kinematik sentez metodu ortaya konulmutur. Ayrca kresel, silindrik ve Hook gibi uzaysal eklemler , dner ve kayar eklemlerin bileimi biiminde modellenerek ve Denavit-Hartenberg kuraln kullanarak, tm alt kinematik ift ieren uzaysal mekanizmalarn yrnge ve hareket retiminin sentezi iin genel dng kapanm denklemleri sunulmutur. Mevcut sentez metodlaryla kyasladmzda, bu tezde sunulmu olan metodun en aikar avantaj, ortaya konulmu olan dng kapanm denklemlerinin, tm alt kinematik ift ieren uzaysal mekanizmalarda kullanl olmasdr. Ayrca bu metodda tasarmc stel dnme matrisleri cebirinin avantajlarndan faydalanabilir.
Bu tezde sunulmu olan sentez ynteminin kullanl olduunu gstermek iin RSHR, RCCR ve RSSR-SC mekanizmalarnn dng kapanm
denklemleri elde edilmi, bu denklemleri kullanarak 6 saysal rnek zlmtr. Dng kapanm denklemleri esas alnarak, bu mekanizmalarn iv
kinematik sentezinde tanmlanabilecek noktalarn ve konumlarn says hakknda faydal bilgiler tablolar biiminde sunulmutur.
Saysal rneklerde mekanizmalar, tezde elde edilmi olan dng kapanm denklemleri esas alnarak, zlmtr. Baz rneklerde yar analitik zmler elde edilse de, rneklerin ounda dng kapanm denklemleri Mathcadle yazlm olan programlarla zlmtr. Her saysal rnein sonunda girdi-kt alarnn diyagram izilmi ve dallanmann engellenmi olduu gsterilmitir. Yazlm olan bilgisayar programlar hakknda detayl bilgi verilmi, denklemleri zerken ortaya kabilecek sorunlar tartlm, zmler retilmitir.
Yukarda belirlenmi olan mevzulara ilaveten, RCCR mekanizmasnn zerinde bir hareket kabiliyeti analizi yaplmtr ve uzuv uzunluklarna bal olan eitsizlikler elde edilmitir. RCCR mekanizmasnn salnm asnn diyagram da izilmitir.
ABSTRACT
KINEMATIC SYNTHESIS OF SPATIAL MECHANISMS USING ALGEBRA OF EXPONENTIAL ROTATION MATRICES
FARIBORZ SOLTANI M.S. , Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Eres Sylemez Cosupervisor : Prof. Dr. M. Kemal zgren January 2005
The major part of this thesis has been devoted to path and motion generation synthesis of spatial mechanisms. For the first time kinematic synthesis methods have been presented based on the algebra of exponential rotation matrices. Besides modeling spatial pairs such as spheric , cylindric and Hooks joints by combinations of revolute and prismatic joints and applying Denavit-Hartenbergs convention , general loop closure equations have been presented for path and motion generation synthesis of any spatial mechanism with lower kinematic pairs. In comparison to the exsisting
synthesis methods the main advantage of the methods presented in this thesis is that , general loop closure equations have been presented for any kind of spatial linkage consisting of lower kinematic pairs. Besides these methods enable the designer to benefit the advantages of the algebra of exponential rotation matrices.
In order to verify the applicability of the synthesis methods presented in the thesis , the general loop closure equations of RSHR , RCCR and RSSR-SC vi
mechanisms have been determined and then using these equations six numerical examples have been solved. Some tables have been presented based on the determined loop closure equations which reveal useful information about the number of precision points or positions that can be considered for the kinematic synthesis of the above mentioned mechanisms and the number of free parameters.
In numerical examples , the mechanisms have been synthesized based on the general loop closure equations and the synthesis algorithms presented in the thesis. Although in some cases semi-analytical solutions have been
obtained, in most of the cases, the loop closure equations were solved by computer programs written by Mathcad. The input angle-output angle diagrams drawn at the end of each numerical example illustrate the motion continuity of the mecahnisms and that branching has been avoided. Detailed information has been given about the computer programs and the difficulties which may arise while synthesizing spatial mechanisms.
In addition to the above mentioned points, a mobility analysis has been done for the RCCR mechanism and some inequalities have been obtained in terms of the link lengths. The swing angle diagram of the RCCR linkage has been drawn too.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages Z..............................................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT............................................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.viii LIST OF FIGURES...............................................................................................xi LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................xiv CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION
1.1) General.................................................................................................................1 1.2) Kinematic synthesis............................................................................................5 1.3) Literature survey................................................................................................6 1.4) Motivation...7
MATHEMATICAL
TOOLS
AND
2.1) General.................................................................................................................9 2.2) Properties of the algebra of exponential rotation matrices.........................11 2.3) Denavit-Hartenbergs convention..................................................................13 2.4) Loop closure equations....................................................................................15
viii
OVER
CONSTRAINED
SPATIAL
4.1) General...............................................................................................................63 4.2) RCCR linkage....................................................................................................65 4.3) Mobility analysis of the RCCR linkage..........................................................71 4.4) Swing angle of the RCCR linkage..................................................................79 4.5) Path generation synthesis of the RCCR Linkage.........................................81
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Pages
1.1) Railway signal mechanism. A function generator 1 1.2) Lens polishing machine. A motion generator ...2 1.3) Dough kneeding mechanism. A path generator ...2 1.4) Cylindric and spheric joints and their equivalent P-R combinations.........3 1.5) A screw joint and its equivalent P-R combination 4 2.1) Installation of reference frames according to Denavit-Hartenbergs convention..13 2.2) An RSHR linkage .17 2.3) P_R combination of the RSHR linkage. The reference frames have been installed according to Denavit-Hartenbergs convention.18 2.4) Input angle-output angle curve of the RSHR mechanism..23 3.1) The vectors which construct the kth link.25 3.2) An RSHR linkage..28 3.3) The right and left dyads of the RSHR linkage . Note that links 2,3 and 5 are virtual links and their lengths are equal to zero.29 3.4) The right and left dyads of the RSHR linkage . Note that links 2,3 and 5 are virtual links and their lengths are equal to zero35 3.5) kth link of an n link spatial mechanism...41 3.6) The right and left dyads of the RSHR linkage . Note that links 2,3 and 5 are virtual links and their lengths are equal to zero43
xi
3.7) Input angle-output angle curves and input angles and output angles of precision points of the synthesized RSHR mechanism...53 3.8) Input angle-output angle curves and input angles and output angles of precision points of the synthesized RSHR mechanism.......56 3.9) Input angle-output angle curves and input angles and output angles of precision points of the synthesized RSHR mechanism...59
3.10) The two prescribed positions of the object which is suppose to be carried by the RSHR linkage.....60 3.11) Input angle-output angle curves and input angles and output angles of prescribed positions of the synthesized RSHR mechanism...62 4.1) An RCCR linkage .65 4.2) Schematic figure of the RCCR linkage .....66 4.3) The input angle-output angle curves of the RCCR linkages which act as crank-rockers...72 4.4) The input angle-output angle curves of the RCCR linkages which act as rocker-cranks...74 4.5) The input angle-output angle curves of the RCCR linkages which act as double cranks......75 4.6) The input angle-output angle curves of the RCCR linkages which act as double rockers.........77 4.7) The input angle-output angle curves of the RCCR linkages which act as double rockers.........78 4.8) Swing angle diagram of the RCCR linkage..80 4.9) When the locations and orientations of the fixed joints are not prescribed all positions and orientations are defined based on a global coordinate system ..81 4.10) Input angle-output angle curves and input angles and output angles of precision points of the synthesized RCCR mechanism .93 xii
5.2) In this figure the spheric joints of the RSSR-SC have been replaced by equivalent combinations of revolute joints . Note and L7 are virtual and their lengths are that links L2 , L3 , L5 , L6 , L6 equal to zero ..96 5.3) The input angleoutput angle diagram of the RSSR-SC linkage.104 5.4) The input angleoutput angle diagram of the RSSR-SC linkage.105 5.5) The input angleoutput angle diagram of the RSSR-SC linkage.105 5.6) Input angle-output angle curves and input angles and output angles of prescribed positions of the synthesized RSSR-SC mechanism...112 5.7) Input angle-output angle curves and input angles and output angles of prescribed positions of the synthesized RSSR-SC mechanism...113 5.8) Input angle-output angle curves and input angles and output angles of prescribed positions of the synthesized RSSR-SC mechanism...113 6.1) A branching case of example (3.1)118 6.2) A branching case of example (3.2)120 6.3) A branching case of example (3.2)122
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Pages
2.1) Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of the RSHR linkage................................19 3.1) Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of the RSHR linkage................................30 3.2) Number of free parameters versus number of precision points in the path generation synthesis of the RSHR linkage when the locations and orientations of the ground pivots are not prescribed.........32 3.3) Number of free parameters versus number of precision points in the path generation synthesis of the RSHR linkage when the locations and orientations of the ground pivots are prescribed..............40 3.4) Number of free parameters versus number of prescribed positions in the motion generation synthesis of the RSHR linkage.......................54 4.1) Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of RCCR mechanism...............................67 4.2) Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of RCCR mechanism...............................82 4.3) Number of free parameters versus number of precision points in the path generation synthesis of the RCCR linkage ...........................84 5.1) Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of the first loop of the RSSR-SC Mechanism.........................................................................................................99 5.2) Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of the second loop of the RSSR-SC Mechanism.........................................................................................................99 5.3) Number of free parameters versus number of prescribed positions in the motion generation synthesis of the RSS-SC linkage..................109
xiv
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1) GENERAL
Most of the mechanical linkages used in various machines and instruments are planar mechanisms. However there are many cases where spatial motion is needed. A mechanism whose motion is not limited to a fixed plane is considered to be spatial. Like planar mechanisms , spatial mechanisms are useful for generating various paths , motions , functions , or for transfering force and torque. Some spatial mechanisms have been illustrated in figures (1.1) to (1.3) .
While there are only two types of lower kinematic joints in planar mechanisms , spatial mechanisms consist of various joint types. However the motion caused by any spatial joint can be modeled by a combination of revolute and prismatic joints. The following figure illustrates some spatial joints and their equivalent P-R (prismatic-revolute) combinations.
Figure (1.4) : Cylindric and spheric joints and their equivalent P-R combinations.
s = n
In order to present general loop closure equations for any spatial linkage with lower kinematic pairs, in this thesis all spatial joints have been replaced by their equivalent P-R combinations. Thus applying Denavit-Hartenbergs convention , the author succeeded to present general loop closure equations in chapter two. These equations can be applied to any spatial linkage with lower kinematic pairs.
The major part of this thesis has been devoted to path and motion generation synthesis of spatial linkages and new methods of synthesis have been presented based on the algebra of exponential rotation matrices. This algebra has been described in detail by M.K.zgren (ref.1,2). The properties of the algebra of exponential rotation matrices have been presented in the second chapter of this thesis too.
So far many analytical methods have been presented for kinematic synthesis of spatial mechanisms. Novodvorski (ref.7) formulated the function generation synthesis problem of the RSSR mechanism whose axes of ground pivots were skewed and nonintersecting. Rao et al (ref.9)used the principle of linear super position to synthesize several function generation mechanisms for the maximum number of precision points. Wilson (ref.10) derived the relationships to calculate centerpoint and spheric point curves for guiding a rigid body by means of an R-S link. Roth (ref.13) investigated the loci of special lines and points associated with spatial motion . Roth and Chen (ref.14,15) and Roth (ref.11,12) proposed a general theory for computing the number and locus of points in a rigid body in finite or infinitesimal motion. Sandor (ref.16) and Sandor and Bisshopp (ref.17) introduced methods of dual number , quaternions and stretch rotation tensors to find loop closure
equations of spatial mechanisms . Suh (ref.18,19) employed 4 by 4 matrices for the synthesis of spatial mechanisms where design equations are
expressed as constraint equations in order to obtain constrained motion. Kohli and Soni (ref.20,21) employed matrix methods to synthesize spherical four link and six link mechanisms for multiply separated positions of a rigid body in spherical motion. Alizade et al (ref.23,24) described the basis for a new method of type synthesis with the use of single loop structural groups having zero degrees of freedom. Jimenez et al (ref.26) used a set of fully Cartesian coordinates to describe a mechanism by a set of geometric constraints and introduced the design requirements by a set of functional constraints and finally Shih and Yan (ref.25) presented a synthesis method for the rigid body guidance between two prescribed positions based on descriptive geometry.
1.4) MOTIVATION
Up to now many mathematical methods such as the algebra of complex numbers , the algebra of dual numbers , quaternions , screw algebra and the algebra of exponential rotation matrices have been used to develop the theory of kinematics. The algebra of exponential rotation matrices which is an efficient and elegant tool for working with matrice equations has been used in the analysis of robot manipulators (ref.1,2,4,6) and spatial mechanisms (ref.5) . However so far no body has used the algebra of exponential rotation matrices for the purpose of synthesis in an official text. Since the author of this thesis had worked with this mathematical tool when analyzing serial robot manipulators and he was fully aware of its fantastic capabilities , he decided to use it for synthesizing spatial mechanisms for the first time.
Most of the synthesis methods presented for synthesizing spatial mechanisms describe general synthesis techniques but not general formulas. In this thesis , using the algebra of exponential rotation matrices and Denavit-Hartenbergs convention the author succeeded to present general formulas for the path and motion generation synthesis of spatial mechanisms which can be applied to both single and multiloop spatial mechanisms . The synthesis methods presented in this thesis , enable the mechanism designer to benefit the advantages of the algebra of exponential rotation matrices. Besides in these methods the designer directly deals with link lengths and link angles which make more sense while in some other synthesis methods (ref. 18,19,26) the designer works with X,Y and Z coordinates.
Three spatial mechanisms have been chosen as examples in the thesis . The first mechanism is an RSHR linkage which is a simple single loop spatial 7
mechanism and was chosen just for its simplicity and in order to explain how the synthesis methods are applied to a single loop spatial mechanism. The second mechanism is an RCCR linkage which is an overconstrained mechanism . This mechanism was selected because of its constraints and their effects on the synthesis procedure of the mechanism. The last example is an RSSR-SC linkage which is a two-loop spatial mechanism. It was chosen to verify that the synthesis methods and formulas presented in the thesis are appliable to multiloop linkages too.
CHAPTER TWO
3) ALGEBRA OF QUATERNIONS
Algebra of quaternions is an elegant tool to describe spherical displacements and has been used by Blaschke[1960] and H.R.Mller[1962]. 9
4) SCREW ALGEBRA
Screw algebra has been employed in kinematics for more than two centuries. Mozzi studied this algebra in the eighteenth century. It was rediscovered in 1960s by Hunt and Phillips then Walderon and Hunt employed this theory to search for overconstrained mechanisms. The last decades witnessed the publication of several studies from Duffy concerning the kinematic and dynamic analysis of spatial linkages via screw theory (ref.27,34) .
10
2.2) PROPERTIES
OF
THE
ALGEBRA
OF
n1 0 ~ Let n = n2 , n = n3 n3 n 2
n3 0 n1
n2 1 0 0 = 0 1 0 then n1 , I 0 0 0 1
Where e n is the rotation matrix about an axis of unit vector n through angle .
1 0 0 Assuming u1 = 0 , u 2 = 1 , u 3 = 0 the following equations are 0 0 1
obtained (ref.6),
cos ~ u 2 sin , e = 0 cos sin
0 sin cos ~ u3 1 0 , e = sin 0 cos 0 sin cos 0
~ u 1
0 1 = 0 cos 0 sin
0 0 1
~2 = nn t I ~ 3 = n ~ and n 1) n
~m ~ = m n t (m t n ) I 2) n
~m then u ~=n ~m ~m ~n ~ = mn t nm t 3) If u = n
~r = 0 but r t n ~ 2 r = (n t r ) 2 r t r 4) r t n
11
1 5) (e n ) = (e n ) t = e n
6) e n e n = e n e n = e n ( + ) 7) e n n = n and n t e n = n t
~ ~ ~ ~e n =n 8) e n n ~ ~
~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = en 9) If m = e n u then m u e and e m = e n e u e n
10) e m e n = e p e m where p = e m n
~
11) e n e m = e m e q where q = e m n
~ u sin 12) e ui u j = u j cos + u i j
~
12
Denavit-Hartenbergs convention has been applied to all fixed and moving frames in both synthesis and analysis processes in this thesis .The convention can be shortly explained as follows (ref.33) ,
13
As illustrated in Figure(2.1) the third axis lies along the joint axis and the first axis is the common normal of the two neighbor joint axes and finally the orientation of the second axis is determined according to the right hand rule.
k : the rotational angle of link (k) with respect to link (k-1) about u 3 ( k 1) .
14
Consider a single loop spatial mechanism with n links in which the fixed link is named as both 0th and nth link. In other words link zero and link n both address the fixed link. Installing coordinate systems according to Denavit-Hartenbergs convention the following loop closure equations , are written (ref.5),
( k 1,k ) is the orientation matrix of coordinate system (k) with respect where C is the 3 by 3 identity matrix. to coordinate system (k-1) and I
(2.2)
This equation has been written based on the fact that the orientation of the fixed link is always constant.
15
(2.3)
r where rk is a vector drawn from the origin of the (k-1)th frame to the origin of the kth frame.
rk
( 0)
where frame.
rk
( 0)
r rk
defined in zeroth
(2.4)
The loop closure equations above are two fundamental matrix equations by which the general displacement equation of any spatial linkage is obtained. These equations also play a key role in the synthesis method which will be explained in the next chapter. The following example shows how the general displacement equation of a spatial linkage is determined by means of loop closure equations explained above.
16
Example (2.1) : Determine the general displacement equation of the RSHR mechanism illustrated in Figure (2.2) .
17
The RSHR linkage can be redrawn as illustrated in Figure(2.3) . Note that links 2,3,5 are virtual and their lengths are equal to zero.
Figure(2.3) : P_R combination of the RSHR linkage. The reference frames have been installed according to Denavit-Hartenbergs convention.
18
Table (2.1) has been constructed according to Figure(2.3) . Considering this table the following equations are obtained,
~ 3 1 ( 0,1) = eu C ~ ( + ) u ~ 3 1 2 ( 0,2) = eu C e 1 / 2 ~ ( + ) u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 1 2 ( 0 , 3) = e u C e 1 / 2 e u3 3 e u1 / 2 = e u3 (1 + 2 ) e u2 3
~ ( + ) u ~ ~ 3 1 2 ( 0, 4 ) = e u C e 2 3 e u3 4
~ ( + ) u ~ ~ ~ 3 1 2 ( 0 ,5 ) = eu C e 2 3 e u3 ( 4 + 5 ) e u1 / 2
~ ( + ) u ~ ~ ~ 3 1 2 ( 0 ,6 ) = e u C e 2 3 e u3 ( 4 + 5 ) e u2 6
( 0 ,7 ) = I C
Table (2.1) :Joint variables and Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of the RSHR linkage.
Link 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
/ 2
d -b 0 0 0 0 0 -c
l1
0 0
/2
0
/ 2
l2
0
/2 /2
l3
a
(2.5)
19
~ u ~ ~ ~ 3 7 ( 0 , 6 ) = (C ( 6 , 7 ) ) 1 = ( e u C e 1 / 2 ) 1 = e u1 / 2 e u3 7
( 0 ,7 ) = I C
( 0, 4 ) , C ( 0, 5 ) , C (0, 6) and C ( 0, 7) from equations above into equation Substituting C
(2.6)
or
bu3 + l1 cos1u1 + l1 sin 1u 2 + l2 (cos 5 cos 6 cos 7 sin 5 sin 7 ) u1 + l2 cos 5 sin 6u 2 + l2 (cos 5 cos 6 sin 7 + sin 5 cos 7 )u3 + l 3 cos 7 u1
+ l3 sin 7u3 cu 2 + au1 = 0
l1 cos 1 + l2 (cos 5 cos 6 cos 7 sin 5 sin 7 ) + l3 cos 7 + a = 0 l1 sin 1 + l2 cos 5 sin 6 c = 0 b + l2 (cos 5 cos 6 sin 7 + sin 5 cos 7 ) + l3 sin 7 = 0
(2.7)
(2.8)
(2.9)
(2.10)
(2.11)
Now adding equations (2.10) and (2.11) the following equation is gained,
2l3 (l1 cos1 + a) cos 7 + 2bl3 sin 7 = l1 l2 + l3 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2al1 cos1 2l1c sin 1
2 2 2
Let 1 =
following form,
2l 3 (l1 cos + a) cos + 2bl 3 sin = l1 l 2 + l 3 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2al1 cos
2 2 2
2l1c sin
(2.12)
Equation (2.12) is called the general displacement equation of the RSHR linkage and plays a key role in mobility analysis and function generation synthesis of the linkage.
l1 = 5
l2 = 11
l3 = 20
a=4
b = 15
c=3
Determine the general displacement equation of the linkage and draw its output angle diagram versus input angle.
21
q = 2bl3
p( ) cos + q sin = r ( )
Now let cos =
(2.13)
(r ( ) + p ( ))t 2 2qt + r ( ) p( ) = 0
which results in ,
q p 2 ( ) + q 2 r 2 ( ) t= r ( ) + p( )
= angle(
1 t 2 2t , ) 1+ t 2 1 + t 2
For the RSHR linkage whose dimensions have been given above the outputinput angle curve has been illustrated in Figure(2.4).
22
60
120
180
Input angle (degree)
240
300
360
23
CHAPTER THREE
24
Consider a single loop spatial mechanism with n links. Assume that a coordinate system is attached to each link according to Denavit-Hartenbergs convention . Now consider a point P on the kth link .This point -which is called the path tracer point- is supposed to pass through points P0 , P1 ,..., Pj 1 which are called precision points.
25
As illustrated in
constant vectors in the kth frame because the kth frame is attached to the kth link . r r r Let R0 , R1 ,..., R j 1 be vectors which have been drawn from the origin of a global frame to the precision points P0 , P1 ,..., Pj 1 respectively . Where j is the number of precision points. Assuming that the fixed frame attached to the linkage is called as both zeroth frame and nth frame, the following loop closure equations can be written for the left and right dyads of the linkage ,
( g , 0)u + a C ( g ,1)u + d C ( g ,1)u + a C ( g , 2 )u + ... + d C ( g ,k 2 ) u + a C ( g ,k 1)u r + d1C k 1 i k 1 i 3 1 i 1 2 i 3 2 i 1 3 1 + d k Ci
( g ,k 1)
( g , k )V ( k ) = R u3 + C i i
(3.1)
and
( g , k )W ( k ) + d C ( g ,k ) u + a C ( g ,k +1)u + ... + d C ( g ,n 1)u + a C ( g , n )u r = R (3.2) C i k +1 i 3 k +1 i 1 n i 3 n i 1 i
and
V (k ) + W ( k ) = U (k )
where ,
(3.3)
( g ,k ) = C ( g , 0)C (0, k ) C i i
( g , 0) is the orientation matrix of the zeroth frame with respect to the global C ( g , 0) will be a constant frame and since both frames are fixed ,obviously C 26
the zeroth frame when the path tracer point is coincident to the ith precision point and is defined as follows,
~ i u ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ 3 1 ( 0, k ) = e u C e 11 e u3 2 e u1 2 ...e u3 k e u1 k i
(3.4)
1i , 2i ,..., ki are the joint variables when the path tracer point is coincident to
the ith precision point and k is the angle between u3( k ) and u3( k 1) about
u1( k ) .
( g ,0) = I C
and r = 0
27
Considering Figure (3.3) the associated Denavit-Hartenberg parameters have been determined as listed in table (3.1) .
28
Figure (3.3) : The right and left dyads of the RSHR linkage .Note that links 2,3 and 5 are virtual links and their lengths are equal to zero.
29
link 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0
2
d
b
1i 2i
3i
l1
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
4i
5i 6i 7i
0
2
l2
0
l3 a
According to equation (3.1) the equation below can be written for the left dyad ,
( 0,1)u + C (0, 4)V ( 4) = R bu3 + l1C i i i 1
(3.5)
and considering equation (3.2) the following equation is written, for the right dyad,
(0, 4)W ( 4 ) + l C (0, 6)u cC ( 0 , 6 ) u + aC ( 0 , 7 )u = 0 Ri + C i 3 i 1 i 3 i 1
(3.6)
30
and
( 0, 7 ) = I C i
Thus considering Denavit-Hartenberg parameters in table (3.1) the following equations are derived ,
~ 3 i ( 0,1) = eu C i
~ i u ~ i ~ i ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ i 3 5 ( 0, 4) = (C ( 4, 7 ) ) 1 = (e u C e 26 e u3 7 eu1 / 2 ) 1 = e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u35 i i
~ i u ~ ~ ~ i 3 7 ( 0 , 6 ) = (C (6, 7 ) ) 1 = (eu C e 1 / 2 ) 1 = e u1 / 2e u3 7 i i
Hence equations (3.5) and (3.6) can be written in the form below ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.7)
(3.8)
V ( 4) + W ( 4) = U ( 4)
From Figure (3.3) it is seen that U ( 4) = l2u1 . Thus equation above can be written in the following form ,
V ( 4) + W ( 4) = l2u1
(3.9)
31
Table (3.2) : According to the table below when the locations and orientations of the fixed joints of the RSHR linkage are prescribed , the path tracer point can pass through at most three precision points.
number of unknowns
13
(l1 , l2 , l3 , V ( 4) , W ( 4) , 10 , 50 , 60 , 70 )
2 3
15 21
1 1 1 17 ( above + 11 , 5 ,6 , 7 )
2 0
21 ( above + 12 , 52 , 62 , 72 )
Assume that it is desired to synthesize an RSHR linkage whose path tracer point is supposed to pass through three precision points . For i=0,1,2 the following equations are obtained ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.10)
(3.11)
(3.12)
(3.13)
32
(3.14)
(3.15)
(3.16)
(3.17)
Substituting V ( 4) and W ( 4) from equations above into equations (3.11) , (3.12) , (3.14) and (3.15) equations below are obtained,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
bu3 + l1e u31 u1 + e u1 / 2e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 ( 5 5 ) eu26 e u3 7 e u1 / 2 ( R0 l1e u31 u1 + bu3 ) = R2 (3.19) e u1 / 2e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 ( 5 5 )e u2 6 e u3 7 eu1 / 2 (au1 + ce u / 2u3 R0 l3e u1 / 2 e u3 7 ) + l3e u1 / 2e u3 7 u1 = au1 + ce u1 / 2u3 R1
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1
(3.20)
(3.21)
Thus ,
t ~
(3.23)
(3.24)
Using a proper numerical method, equations (3.18) to (3.24) can be solved for
1 1 1 10 ,11 ,12 , 50 , 5 , 52 , 60 , 6 , 62 , 70 , 7 , 72 , l1 and l3 , then
V ( 4) and W ( 4) can be
determined from equations (3.16) and (3.17) respectively and l2 is found from equation ( 3.9) .
34
Figure (3.4) : The P-R combination of the RSHR linkage. When the positions of the ground pivots are not prescribed all coordinates are measured with respect to a global frame.
35
As illustrated in Figure (3.4) ,in this case all locations and orientations are defined in a global coordinate system .According to equations (3.1) and (3.2) the following equations are obtained ,
( g , 0)u + l C ( g ,1)u + C ( g , 4)V ( 4) = R r bC i i 3 1 i 1 ( g , 4 )W ( 4 ) + l C ( g , 6)u cC ( g , 6 ) u + aC ( g , 7 )u = r Ri + C i i i 3 i 1 3 1
(3.25)
(3.26)
where ,
~x u ~ ~ 3 ( g , 0 ) = eu C e 2 y eu 3 z
~x u ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ i 3 ( g , 4) = C ( g ,0) C ( 0, 4 ) = C ( g , 0 ) (C ( 4, 7 ) ) 1 = e u C e 2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u35 i i i
~x u ~ ~ ~x u ~ ~ 3 3 ( g ,7) = C ( g , 0)C ( 0, 7 ) = e u = eu C e 2 y e u3 z I e 2 y e u3 z
Thus equations (3.25) and (3.26) can be written in the form below ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
r be u3 x e u2 y u 3 + l1e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u35 V
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
( 4)
= Ri (3.27)
~ ~ ~
e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 W ( 4 ) + l3 e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 u1 ce u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 u 3
+ ae u3 x e u2 y eu3 z u 1 r = Ri
~ ~ ~
(3.28)
36
In equations (3.27) and (3.28) the summations of the vectors which do not include subscript (i) can be considered as constant vectors .That is let
r be u3 x eu2 y u3 = r1
~ ~
(3.29)
and
aeu3 x eu2 y e u3 z u1 ce u3 x e u2 y eu3 z e u1 / 2u3 r = r2
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.30)
Hence equations (3.27) and (3.28) are written in the following forms ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.31)
r2 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 W ( 4) + l3 e u3 x e u2 y e
e u1 / 2 e u3 7 u1 = Ri
(3.32)
V ( 4) + W ( 4 ) = l 2 u1
(3.33)
37
Table (3.3) : The table below shows that when the positions of the ground pivots of the RSHR linkage are not prescribed its path tracer point can pass through at most seven precision points.
13
2 3 4 5 6 7
15 21 27 33 39 45
1 1 1 26 ( above + 11 , 5 ,6 , 7 )
11 9 7 5 3 1
Lets consider the case of five precision points. The following equations are obtained from equations (3.31) and (3.32) for i=0 ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.34)
r2 = R0 l3e u3 x e u2 y eu3 z e u1 / 2e u3 7 u1 e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 W ( 4)
(3.35)
Substituting r1 and r2 from equations (3.34) and (3.35) into equations (3.31) and (3.32) for i=1,2,3,4 the following equalities are obtained ,
38
(3.36)
= R0 Ri
(3.37)
Solving equations (3.36) , (3.37) and (3.33) with five free parameters
l1 , l2 , l3 , x, y, z , 1i , 5i , 6i , 7i , V ( 4) , W ( 4 ) can be determined and consequently
r1
and r2 can be found from equations (3.34) and (3.35) then a, b, c and r are determined from equations (3.29) and (3.30) as follows ,
or
au1 bu3 ce u1 / 2u3 = e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x (r1 + r2 )
~ ~ ~ ~
(3.38)
a = u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x (r1 + r2 )
t
b = u3 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x (r1 + r2 )
t
~ ~ ~
c = u2 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x (r1 + r2 )
t
39
In kinematic synthesis there are some cases where the order of the precision points or prescribed positions are important. In Examples (3.1) and (3.2) presented in section (3.7) no order has been prescribed for the precision points however the same loop closure equations and solution procedure can be applied to the cases where the order of precision points is important. The only difference is that the prescribed order should be imposed to the computer program as inequalities in terms of the input angles. For example assume that in Example (3.2) the path tracer point is desired to pass through points P0 to P3 successively. In this case adding the following inequalities to the program the required condition will be satisfied ,
0 p 10 p 11 p 12 p 13 p 2
or
0 p 13 p 12 p 11 p 10 p 2
40
41
frame when frame (p) lies in the ith prescribed position . Hence in addition to the loop closure equations (3.1) , (3.2) and (3.3) the following equation can be written ,
( g , k )C (k , p) = C ( g , p) C i i
(3.39)
Where ,
( g , k ) is the orientation matrix of the kth frame with respect to the global C i
( k , p ) is the orientation matrix of frame (p) with respect to the kth frame . C ( k , p ) must be a Since both frames are attached to the kth link obviously C
constant matrix and can be defined as follows ,
~ u ~ ~ 3 ( k , p ) = eu C e 2 e u3
(3.40)
( g , p ) is the orientation matrix of frame (p) with respect to the and finally C i
global frame when frame (p) lies in the ith position and is always prescribed.
42
Figure (3.6) : The right and left dyads of the P-R combination of the RSHR linkage.
43
Considering Figure (3.6) and recalling equations (3.1) , (3.2) and (3.3) equations below are derived ,
( g , 0)u + l C r bC 3 1 i Ri + C i u1 + C i
( g ,1)
( g , 4)
V ( 4) = Ri u3 + aC i
(3.41)
( g ,4 )
( g , 6)u cC W ( 4 ) + l3 C i i 1
( g ,6 )
( g ,7 )
u1 = r
(3.42)
V ( 4) + W ( 4) = U ( 4)
and from equation (3.39) the following equality is gained ,
( g , 4)C ( 4, p ) = C ( g , p) C i i
(3.43)
(3.44)
Where ,
~x u ~ ~ 3 ( g , 0 ) = eu C e 2 y eu 3 z
~x u ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ i 3 ( g , 4) = C ( g ,0) C ( 0, 4 ) = C ( g , 0 ) (C ( 4, 7 ) ) 1 = e u C e 2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u35 i i i
~x u ~ ~ ~x u ~ ~ 3 3 ( g ,7) = C ( g , 0)C ( 0, 7 ) = e u = eu C e 2 y e u3 z I e 2 y e u3 z
~ u ~ ~ 3 ( 4, p ) = eu C e 2 e u3
44
Thus equations (3.41) and (3.42) can be written in the form below ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
r be u3 x e u2 y u 3 + l1e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u35 V
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
( 4)
= Ri (3.45)
~ ~ ~
e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 W ( 4 ) + l3 e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 u1 ce u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 u 3
+ ae u3 x e u2 y eu3 z u 1 r = Ri
~ ~ ~
(3.46)
In equations (3.45) and (3.46) the summation of the vectors which do not include subscript (i) can be considered as constant vectors .That is let
~ ~
r be u3 x eu2 y u3 = r1
(3.47)
and
aeu3 x eu2 y e u3 z u1 ce u3 x e u2 y eu3 z e u1 / 2u3 r = r2
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.48)
Hence equations (3.45) and (3.46) are written in the following form ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.49)
r2 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 W ( 4) + l3 e u3 x e u2 y e
e u1 / 2 e u3 7 u1 = Ri
(3.50)
V ( 4) + W ( 4 ) = l 2 u1
and from equation (3.44) the following equation is got ,
(3.51)
45
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ i ~ ~ ~ ( g , p) e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u37 e u2 6 e u35 e u3 e u2 e u3 = C i
(3.52)
number of unknowns
25 1 12
(l1 , l2 , l3 , 10 , 50 , 60 , 70 , , ,
13
, r1 , r2 , x, y, z ,V ( 4) ,W ( 4) ) 2 3 21 30
1 1 1 ,6 , 7 ) 29 ( above + 11 , 5
8 3
33 ( above + 12 , 52 , 62 , 72 )
Lets consider the case in which the coupler link of RSHR linkage is supposed to take two prescribed orientations . Hence assuming i=0,1 equations (3.49) and (3.50) are written in the form below ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
r1 + l1e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 V ( 4) = R0
(3.53)
r1 + l1e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 V
( 4)
= R1
~
0
(3.54)
r2 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 W ( 4) + l3 e u3 x e u2 y e
~ z u 3
e u1 / 2 e u3 7 u1 = R0 (3.55)
46
r2 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 5 W
( 4)
+ l 3 e u3 x e u 2 y e
~ z u 3
e u1 / 2 e u3 7 u1 = R1
(3.56)
(3.57)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ( g , p) e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 e u3 7 e u2 6 e u35 e u3 e u2 e u3 = C 1
(3.58)
Lets choose , , , 50 , 60 , 70 arbitrarily . Thus from equation (3.57) the following equation is obtained ,
~ u ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ( g , p ) eu e u 3 x e u2 y e u3 z = C e 2 e u3 eu3 5 e u2 6 e u37 e u1 / 2 0
(3.59)
Let
cos x sin yu1 + sin x sin yu 2 + cos yu3 = M 13u1 + M 23u2 + M 33u3
Which results in ,
(3.60)
sin y = 1 M 33
47
y = angle( M 33 , 1 M 33 ) or y = angle( M 33 , 1 M 33 )
x = angle(
M 13 M 23 , ) sin y sin y
cos y cos zu1 + sin y sin zu2 + cos yu3 = M 31u1 + M 32u 2 + M 33u3
From which it can be derived that ,
z = angle(
Note that if
should be used. M
From equation (3.58) the following equation is obtained ,
(3.61)
~x u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ( g , p ) ) 1 eu then using a technique similar to Let e u1 e u2 eu3 (C e 2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 = N 1 1 1 1 the one used above , 7 , 6 , 5 can be found as follows ,
2 1 6 = angle( N 33 , 1 N 33 )
or
2 1 6 = angle( N 33 , 1 N 33 )
1 = angle( 5
and
1 = angle( 7
N 32 N , 31 1 ) 1 sin 6 sin 6
48
From equations (3.49) and (3.50) for i=0 the following equations can be obtained ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
V ( 4) = e u3 5 e u2 6 e u3 7 e u1 / 2 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x ( R0 r1 l1e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z + 0 ) u1 )
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.62)
W ( 4) = e u3 5 e u2 6 e u3 7 e u1 / 2 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x ( R0 r2 l 3 e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 u1 )
(3.63)
Substituting V ( 4) and W ( 4) from equations above into equations (3.51) , (3.54) and (3.56) the following equalities are gained ,
e u1 / 2 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x ( R0 r1 l1e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 ) = R1
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(3.64)
(3.65)
e u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2e u3 7 e u2 6 e u3 ( 5 5 ) eu2 6 eu3 7 e u1 / 2 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x ( r1 r2
(3.66)
Using a proper numerical method equations (3.64) to (3.66) can be solved for l1 , l2 , l3 , 10 , 11 , r1 , r2 with two free parameters then
V ( 4) and W ( 4) can be
determined from equations (3.62) and (3.63) . Now adding up equations (3.47) and (3.48) equation below is obtained ,
ae u3 x e u2 y e u3 z u1 be u1 x e u2 y u 3 ce u3 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 / 2 u 3 = r1 + r2
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
or
49
a = u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x (r1 + r2 )
t
b = u3 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x (r1 + r2 )
t
~ ~ ~
c = u2 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x (r1 + r2 )
t
r = r1 + be u3 x eu2 y u3
50
Applying the solution algorithm explained in part (a) of section (3.3) a computer program can be written for solving this problem. Here using Mathcad the following results were determined ( Running Time : 21 seconds).
Inputs
20 30 10 R 0 = 10 , R1 = 0 , R 2 = 10 , a = 30 , b = 2 , c = 5 10 20 0
Initial Values
l1 = 20
l3 = 50
10 = 4
,
11 = 7.7
1 , 12 = 8.7 , 50 = 0 , 5 = 0.5
52 = 1
60 = 0.5
1 6 = 1 , 62 = 1.5
70 = 5
1 7 = 11
, 72 = 17
51
Outputs
l1 = 19.36108 , l2 = 49.50558 , l3 = 48.91563 , l4 = 29.2786 , l5 = 42.38448
( 4)
Now it should be checked to see if the path tracer point passes through the precision points continuously or not . Recalling equation (2.12) the
diagram of the output angle versus input angle of the above mentioned RSHR linkage can be drawn .According to Figure (3.7) the RSHR linkage acts as a crank-rocker and since the input and output angles determined through the synthesis procedure all lie on a continuous curve it can be deduced that the path tracer point will pass through the precision points continuously.
52
300
250
200
150
100
50
60
120
240
300
360
Figure (3.7) : The circles illustrate the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points. The dashed curve displays the other loop closure curve of the mechanism.
Example (3.2) : Synthesize an RSHR linkage whose path tracer point on its coupler link passes through the following points ,
60 50 50 55 55 P0 = 30 , P , P2 = 40 , P3 = 25 , P4 = 1 = 20 35 20 30 25 35 35
Applying the solution procedure explained in part (b) of section (3.3) and using Mathcad the following results were determined (Running Time : 124 seconds).
53
Inputs
60 50 50 55 55 R0 = 30 , R1 = 20 , R2 = 40 , R3 = 25 , R4 = 35 20 30 25 35 35
Initial Values
10 = 5 / 6 , 11 = 3 / 2 , 12 = 5 / 3
1 13 = 7 / 6 , 14 = 7 / 4 , 50 = 5 / 6 , 5 = 2 / 3 , 52 = 5 / 4 , 53 = 3 / 2
1 54 = 7 / 6 , 60 = / 4 , 6 = 2 / 3 , 62 = , 63 = / 2 , 64 = / 4
1 70 = / 6 , 7 = / 3 , 72 = , 73 = 0 , 74 = 3 / 2
Imposed Conditions
10 p l1 p 120
20 p l2 p 120
l2 f l3
l3 f l1
1 0.5 p 7 70 p 0.5
0.5 p 72 70 p 0.5
0.5 p 73 70 p 0.5
0.5 p 74 70 p 0.5
54
Outputs
l1 = 12.47711 , l2 = 120 , l3 = 56.38387 , l4 = 28.92972 , l5 = 91.43267
Now the continuity of the motion of the path tracer point when it passes through the precision points should be checked. As illustrated in Figure (3.8) the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points all lie on a continuous curve . This proves that the path tracer point will pass through the precision points continuously.
55
400
350
250
200
150
100
60
120
240
300
360
Figure (3.8) : The circles illustrates the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points . The dashed curve displays the other loop closure curve of the mechanism.
Example (3.3) : Synthesize an RSHR linkage whose path tracer point on its coupler link passes through the following points successively,
60 50 50 55 P0 = 30 , P1 = 20 , P2 = 40 , P3 = 25 20 30 25 35
Applying the solution procedure explained in part (b) of section (3.3) and using Mathcad the following results were determined (Running Time : 55 seconds) .
56
Inputs
60 50 50 55 R0 = 30 , R1 = 20 , R2 = 40 , R3 = 25 20 30 25 35
Initial Values
l1 = 100 ,
l2 = 100
l3 = 100
10 = 1.2 , 11 = 3 / 2 , 12 = 5 / 3
,
13 = 11 / 10
50 = 5 / 6
1 5 = 2 / 3
52 = 5 / 4
53 = 3 / 2
1 1 60 = / 4 , 6 = 2 / 3 , 62 = , 63 = / 2 , 70 = / 6 , 7 = /3
72 =
73 = 0
x = / 4
y =
z = / 6
Imposed Conditions
20 p l1 p 90
20 p l2 p 120
20 p l3 p 110
l2 f l3
l3 f l1
1 0.55 p 7 70 p 0.55
0.55 p 72 70 p 0.55
0.55 p 73 70 p 0.55
0 p 10 p 1
1.5 p 11 p 2.5
3 p 12 p 4
4.5 p 13 p 5.5
57
Outputs
l1 = 22.00465 ,
l2 = 120 ,
10 = 1
11 = 1.8063
12 = 4
13 = 5.5
53 = 0.03051
1 5 = 0.36469
52 = 0.02166
1 6 = 3.46975
1 7 = 0.942
72 = 1.25151
( 4)
( 4)
Considering the input angles of the RSHR mechanism when the path tracer point passes through the precision points, it is seen that the path tracer point will pass from point P0 to point P3 successively. Besides Figure (3.9) verifies the motion continuity of the mechanisms when its path tracer point passes through the precision points.
58
60
120
240
300
360
Figure (3.9) : The circles illustrate the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points . The dashed curve displays the other loop closure curve of the mechanism.
Example (3.4) : Synthesize an RSHR linkage whose coupler link moves a cube from position (1) to position (2) as shown in Figure (3.10) .
50 ~ /6 u ~ 3 / 4 u ~ /3 , C 3 2 1 = eu 80 e e } Position (1) : {R0 = 0 30 30 ~ /2 u ~ ~ u 3 Position (2) : {R1 = e 2 / 4 eu1 2 / 3} 0 , C1 = e 40
59
Figure (3.10) : The two prescribed positions of an object which is supposed to be carried by the RSHR linkage.
Applying the solution procedure explained in section (3.5) and using Mathcad program the following results were determined . Note that since this problem has been solved semianalytically some of the free parameters were selected beforehand (Running Time : 14 seconds).
60
Inputs
Prescribed values ,
50 30 ~ /6 u ~ 3 / 4 u ~ /3 , C 3 2 1 = eu 0 R0 = 80 , R1 = e e 0 30 40
~ /2 u ~ ~ 3 = eu , C e 2 / 4 eu1 2 / 3 1
= / 7 , = 5 / 7 , = / 5 , 50 = 2 / 5 , 60 = / 10 , 70 = / 6
Initial Values
100 5 0 1 r1 = 50 , r2 = 5 , l1 = 2 , l2 = 30 , l3 = 2 , 1 = / 2 , 1 = / 2 30 10
Imposed Condition
/ 12 p 10 11 p / 12
Outputs
l1 = 63.05401 , l2 = 44.33913 , l3 = 42.91135 , l4 = 109.30748 , l5 = 68.70836
x = 3.38236 , y = 5.36427 , z = 2.68679 , 10 = 0.87232 , 11 = 1.13412
1 6 = 3.02012 1 5 = 2.60402
a = 110.07879
b = 8.54829
61
c = 52.52234
72.45168 103.66968 59.33065 ( 4) (4) r = 15.00284 , V = 7.84179 , W = 7.84185 105.29682 33.75247 33.75231
Figure (3.11) illustrates the continuity of the coupler links motion when it passes from the first prescribed position to the second one.
400
300
Out put angle (degree)
200
100
10
20
30
40
Input angle (degree)
50
60
70
Figure (3.11) : The circles illustrate the input and output angles at which frame (p) lies in the prescribed positions. The dashed curve displays the other loop closure curve of the RSHR mechanism.
62
CHAPTER FOUR
The degree of freedom of a spatial mechanism can be calculated by the following formula ,
D.O.F = 6(n 1) 5 R 5 P 4C 3S
Where ,
(4.1)
When the degree of freedom of a mechanism is less than one , it is expected to be immobile .However there are some spatial mechanisms
whose degrees of freedom - according to formula (4.1) -are less than unity and still they can move under some specific conditions . Such mechanisms
63
are called over constrained mechanisms and the conditions under which they move are called the constraints of the mechanism.
Over constrained mechanisms are attractive to mechanism designers for their higher capacity-in comparison to the similar mechanisms-to carry loads and that they are cheaper .A.J. Shih(ref.30) and J.E.Baker(ref.31,32) recently have worked on some over constrained mechanisms. In this chapter using the algebra of exponential rotation matrices ,the mobility and kinematic synthesis of an over constrained spatial mechanism has been studied.
64
According to equation (4.1) the degree of freedom of the RCCR linkage illustrated in Figure (4.1) is equal to zero but it has been proved that this mechanism is able to move under a constraint .
65
66
Considering Figure (4.2) and Denavit-Hartenbergs convention table (4.1) can be constructed. Hence the rotation matrices between the link frames are determined as follows ,
Table (4.1) : Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of the RCCR linkage.
Link
a l1 l2 cos l3 a
1 2 3 4
c s2 s3
b
~ 3 1 ( 0,1) = eu C
~ u ~ 3 2 (1, 2) = e u C e 1
~ 3 3 ( 2 , 3) = e u C
~ u ~ 3 4 ( 3, 4 ) = e u C e 1
( 0,4) = I C
Thus equation below is derived ,
~ ( + ) u ~ ~ ~ 3 1 2 ( 0, 2) = (C ( 2 , 4 ) ) 1 e u ( 0, 2)C ( 2,4 ) = I C e 1 = eu1 e u3 ( 3 + 4 ) C
(4.2)
(4.3) 67
which results in ,
cos = cos = or =
If = then according to equation (4.3) constraint below is obtained ,
cos(1 + 2 ) = 1 1 + 2 = 0
and
cos( 3 + 4 ) = 1 3 + 4 = 0
If = then ,
cos(1 + 2 ) = 1 1 + 2 =
and
cos( 3 + 4 ) = 1 3 + 4 =
From Figure (4.2) it can be seen that ,
=
Therefore it can be deduced that the RCCR linkage will be movable if and only if the axes of the fixed joints are parallel to the axes of the moving joints. Recalling equation (2.4) the following equation is written ,
68
(4.4)
Substituting ai and d i from table (4.1) equation (4.4) can be written in the form below ,
( 0,1)u cu + l cos C ( 0, 2 ) u + s C ( 0,1)u + l C ( 0, 3) u + s C ( 0, 2 )u aC ( 0, 4 )u bC ( 0 , 3 )u = 0 l1C 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 1 3
(4.5)
Let = = then equation below is deduced ,
~ u ~ ~ ~ 3 4 ( 0,4) = I ( 0 , 3) C ( 3, 4) = I ( 0, 3) = (C ( 3 , 4 ) ) 1 = ( e u C C C e 1 ) 1 = e u1 e u3 4
(4.6)
Regarding the constraint of the mechanism ( 1 + 2 = 0 ) equation (4.6) results in the scalar equations below ,
l1 cos 1 + l2 cos + l3 cos 4 a = 0 l1 sin 1 l3 cos sin 4 s3 sin + b sin = 0 c + s 2 l3 sin sin 4 + s3 cos b cos = 0
Let
(4.7)
1 =
and
69
(4.8)
angle and belongs to the structure of the
is a constant
70
l1 l2 cos + l3 cos a l1
(4.9)
a l1 l2 cos a + l1 l2 cos 1 l3 l3
(4.10)
(4.11)
Therefore under condition above the RCCR linkage will act as a crankrocker. Example (4.1) : Draw the output angle-input angle diagrams of the RCCR linkages with the following dimensions ,
l1 = 20
l3 = 40
f = a l2 cos = 20,10,...,20
71
200
150
output (degree)
100
50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Input (degree)
As shown in the diagram above , all of the RCCR linkages whose dimensions satisfy inequality (4.11) act as crank-rockers.
72
l3 l1 cos + l2 cos a l3
(4.12)
In the case of rocker-crank inequality 1 cos 1 must be never violated. Thus inequality ,
a l3 l2 cos a + l3 l2 cos 1 l1 l1
(4.13)
(4.14)
Example (4.2) : Draw the output angle-input angle diagrams of the RCCR linkages with the following dimensions ,
l1 = 40
l3 = 20
f = a l2 cos = 20,10,...,20
73
400
300
output (degree)
200
100
50 f=-20 f=-20 f=-10 f=-10 f=0 f=0 f=10 f=10 f=20 f=20
100
150
250
300
350
400
Figure (4.4) : As illustrated in the diagram all the RCCR linkages whose dimensions satisfy inequality (4.14) act as rocker-cranks.
So far the conditions under which the RCCR linkage acts as crank-rocker and rocker-crank were determined. The common part of these two conditions will give us the condition under which the linkage acts as a double crank. Considering inequalities (4.11) and (4.14) it can be seen that both inequalities are satisfied if and only if ,
74
l1 = l3 and a = l2 cos
(4.15)
Thus under condition above the mechanism will be a double crank. Example (4.3) : Draw the output angle-input angle diagram of the RCCR linkages with the following dimensions ,
l1 = l3 and
a = l2 cos
200
150
100
50 output (degree)
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Input (degree)
Figure (4.5) : When condition (4.15) is satisfied the RCCR linkage acts as a double crank.
75
(4.16)
(4.17)
However conditions (4.16) and (4.17) can be considered only as necessary conditions for the RCCR linkage to act as a double rocker. The reason is that so far the conditions under which the linkage becomes locked have not been regarded. From inequality (4.9) it can be stated that the mechanism wont be locked if and only if ,
a + l1 l2 cos 1 l3
and
a l1 l2 cos 1 l3
which result in
(l1 + l3 ) a l2 cos l1 + l3
(4.18)
Hence inequality (4.18) together with inequality (4.16) or (4.17) gives us the conditions under which the linkage acts as a double rocker. That is ,
(4.19)
or
76
Example (4.4) : Draw the output angle-input angle diagram of the RCCR linkages with the following dimensions , a) l1 = 20 b) l1 = 40 , ,
l3 = 40 l3 = 20
, ,
a) l1 = 20
180
l3 = 40
f = a l2 cos = 30,40,50
170
160
140
130
120
110
100
100
250
300
Figure (4.6) : All RCCR linkages whose dimensions satisfy inequality (4.19) are double rockers .
77
b) l1 = 40
140
l3 = 20
f = a l 2 cos = 30,40,50
120
100
output (degree)
80
60
40
20
80
40
20
0 Input (degree)
20
40
60
80
Figure (4.7) : All RCCR linkages whose dimensions satisfy inequality (4.20) act as double rockers.
78
l3 sin (
d ) = l1 sin d
(4.21)
d ) = 0 sin = 0 1 = 0 or 2 = d
cos 1 =
l1 a l 2 cos + l3 l3
1 = cos 1 (
l1 a l2 cos + ) l3 l3
(4.22)
If 2 =
2 = cos 1 ( 1 +
l l3
a l2 cos ) l3
(4.23)
79
= 2 1
Let
= cos 1 ( p + q ) cos 1 ( p + q )
(4.24)
Now the swing angle diagram of the RCCR linkage can be drawn by means of equation (4.24).
200
100
50
0.5 p
Figure (4.8) : Swing angle diagram of the RCCR linkage for various ps and qs. Here p =
l1 l3
and q =
a l2 cos . l3
80
Figure (4.9) : When the locations and orientations of the fixed joints are not prescribed all positions and orientations are defined based on a global coordinate system.
81
Note that for the synthesis procedure the link variables shown in table (4.1) are changed as shown in table (4.2) ,
Table (4.2) : Joint variables and Denavit-Hartenberg parameters of the RCCR linkage.
Link
a l1 l2 cos l3 a
1 2 3 4
1i 2i
3i
c
i s2 i s3
4i
After dividing the mechanism into left and right dyads the loop closure equations are written for the left and right dyads as follows ,
( g ,0) u + l C ( g ,1) u + s i C ( g ,1) u + C ( g , 2)V r cC 3 1 i 1 2 i 3 i ( g , 2)W Ri + C i
( 2)
= Ri
(4.25)
( 2)
i ( g , 2) ( g , 3 ) u bC ( g , 3 ) u aC ( g ,0) u = r + s3 Ci u 3 + l 3C i 1 3 1
(4.26)
V ( 2) + W ( 2) = U ( 2)
Where ,
~x u ~ ~ 1 ( g ,0) = e u C e 2 y e u3 z
(4.27)
82
As it was deduced from equation (4.3) , 1i + 2i = 0 and 3i + 4i = 0 are constraints of the RCCR linkage . Hence equations (4.25) and (4.26) can be written in the forms below ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( z + i ) 3 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
r ce u x e u y u 3 + l1e u x e u y e u
1 2 1 2
i ux u y u1 + s 2 e e u3 + e u x e u y e u z e u V
1 2 1 2 3 1
( 2)
= Ri (4.28)
i u1 x u 2 y u3 z u1 Ri + e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 W ( 2 ) + s 3 e e e e u 3 + l 3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 e u3 4 u1
be u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 u 3 ae u1 x e u2 y e u3 z u1 = r
The following equation is written according to Figure (4.9) ,
V
( 2)
(4.29)
+W
(2)
=U
( 2)
l 2 cos = l 2 sin 0
(4.30)
Let
r ce u1 x e u2 y u3 + e u1x eu2 y e u3 z e u1 V ( 2) = r1
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.31)
and
ae u1 x e u2 y e u3 z u1 be u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 u 3 + e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 W ( 2) r = r2
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.32)
Hence equations (4.28) and (4.29) can be written in the following form ,
i u1 x u 2 y r1 + l1e u1 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + s 2 e e u 3 = Ri ~ ~ ~
i
(4.33) 83
i u1 x u 2 y u3 z u1 r2 + s 3 e e e e u 3 + l3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 e u3 4 u1 = Ri
(4.34)
Table (4.3) : According to table (4.3) when the locations and orientations of the fixed joints are not prescribed the path tracer point of the RCCR linkage will pass through at most six precision points.
number of unknowns
0 0 16 (r1 , r2 , l1 , l 3 , x, y, z , , s 2 , s3 , 10 , 40 ) 1 1 1 20( above + s 1 2 , s3 , 1 , 4 ) 2 2 24( above + s 2 , s3 , 12 , 42 ) 3 3 28( above + s 2 , s3 , 13 , 43 ) 4 4 32( above + s 2 , s3 , 14 , 44 ) 5 5 36( above + s 2 , s3 , 15 , 45 )
10 8 6 4 2 0
Assume that it is desired to synthesize an RCCR linkage whose path tracer point is capable of passing through five precision points . That is i=0,1,2,3,4 .
0 u1 x u 2 y r1 + l1e u1 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + s 2 e e u 3 = R0
(4.35)
u1 x u2 y r1 + l1e u1x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + s 1 e u 3 = R1 2e
(4.36)
84
2 u1 x u 2 y r1 + l1e u1x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + s 2 e e u 3 = R2
(4.37)
3 u1 x u 2 y r1 + l1e u1 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + s 2 e e u 3 = R3
(4.38)
4 u1 x u 2 y r1 + l1e u1x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + s 2 e e u 3 = R4
(4.39)
Substituting r1 from equation (4.35) into equations (4.36) to (4.39) equations below are obtained ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
or
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.40)
(4.41)
(4.42)
(4.43)
85
(4.44)
u1 x u 2 y u3 z u1 r2 + s 1 e e e u 3 + l3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 e u3 4 u1 = R1 3e
(4.45)
2 u1 x u 2 y u 3 z u1 r2 + s 3 e e e e u 3 + l 3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 e u3 4 u1 = R2
(4.46)
3 u1 x u 2 y u3 z u1 r2 + s 3 e e e e u 3 + l3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 e u3 4 u1 = R3
(4.47)
4 u1 x u 2 y u 3 z u1 r2 + s 3 e e e e u 3 + l 3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 e u3 4 u1 = R4
(4.48)
Substituting r2 from equation (4.44) into equations (4.45) to (4.48) equations below are derived ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1 0 ( s3 s3 )e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 u 3 + l 3 e u1x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = R0 R1
2 0 ( s3 s3 )e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 u 3 + l3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = R0 R2
3 0 ( s3 s3 )e u1x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 u 3 + l3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = R0 R3
4 0 ( s3 s3 )e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 u 3 + l3 e u1 x e u2 y e u3 z e u1 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = R0 R4
or
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1 0 ( s3 s3 )u 3 + l3 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R1 )
(4.49)
86
2 0 ( s3 s3 )u 3 + l3 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R2 )
(4.50)
3 0 ( s3 s3 )u 3 + l3 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1x ( R0 R3 )
(4.51)
4 0 ( s3 s3 )u 3 + l3 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R4 )
(4.52)
Multiplying equations (4.40) to (4.43) and (4.49) to (4.52) by u1 and u 2 the following equations are obtained ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.53)
(4.54)
(4.55)
(4.56)
(4.57)
(4.58)
(4.59)
(4.60)
l3 u1 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = u1 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R1 )
t t
(4.61)
87
l3 u1 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = u1 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R2 )
t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.62)
l3 u1 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = u1 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R3 )
t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.63)
l3 u1 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = u1 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R4 )
t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.64)
l3 u 2 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = u 2 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R1 )
t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.67)
l3 u 2 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = u 2 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R2 )
t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.68)
l3 u 2 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = u 2 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R3 )
t t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.69)
l3 u 2 (e u3 4 e u3 4 )u1 = u 2 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R4 )
t t
(4.70)
Multiplying equations (4.40) to (4.43) and (4.49) to (4.52) by u 3 below are derived ,
~ ~ ~
equations
u3 z u 2 y u1 x 0 s1 e e ( R1 R0 ) 2 = s2 + u3 e t
(4.71)
2 0 s2 = s2 + u 3 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R2 R0 ) t
(4.72)
3 0 s2 = s2 + u 3 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R3 R0 ) t
(4.73)
88
4 0 s2 = s2 + u 3 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R4 R0 ) t
(4.74)
1 0 s3 = s3 + u 3 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1x ( R0 R1 ) t
(4.75)
2 0 s3 = s3 + u 3 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1x ( R0 R2 ) t
(4.76)
3 0 s3 = s3 + u 3 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x ( R0 R3 ) t
(4.77)
4 0 s3 = s3 + u 3 e u1 e u3 z e u2 y e u1x ( R0 R4 ) t
(4.78)
Now
r1 and
respectively then adding equations (4.31) and (4.32) the following equation is resulted ,
aeu1 x e u2 y e u3 z u1 be u1 x e u2 y eu3 z eu1 u3 ceu1 x e u2 y u3 + e u1 x e u2 y eu3 z eu1 (V ( 2) + W ( 2) ) = r1 + r2
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(4.79)
but from equation (4.30) it can be seen that ,
l2 cos = l2 sin 0
( 2)
+W
( 2)
=U
( 2)
(4.80)
89
a = u1 [e u3 z e u2 y e u1x (r1 + r2 ) e u1 U ( 2) ]
t t
(4.81)
b=
~ ~ ~ ~ u2 [e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x (r1 + r2 ) e u1 U ( 2) ] sin
(4.82)
c = u3 [e u3 z e u2 y e u1 x (r1 + r2 ) e u1 U ( 2) ] b cos
t
(4.83)
arbitrarily
Example (4.5) : Synthesize an RCCR linkage whose path tracer point passes through the following precision points ,
50 35 40 20 20 P0 = 20 , P1 = 4 , P2 = 20 , P3 = 0 , P4 = 10 15 0 20 30 20
Applying the solution procedure explained in this chapter and using Mathcad the following results were determined (Running Time : 84 seconds). Detailed information has been presented in chapter 6 about the computer programs and trial and error steps and the difficulties which may arise while solving equations.
90
Inputs
50 35 40 20 20 R0 = 20 , R1 = 4 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 0 , R4 = 10 15 0 20 30 20
s = 40
0 2
s = 15
0 3
( 2)
30 = 0 20
l2 = 30
= 3
Initial Values
l1 = 50
l3 = 20
10 = 7 / 6
11 = 5 / 3
12 = 7 / 4 , 13 = 2
1 14 = 7 / 3 , 70 = / 6 , 7 =
, 72 = / 2 , 73 = 2 / 3 , 74 = 5 / 6
x = /4 , y =
, z = /6 ,
= /3
Imposed Conditions
1 2 p 70 7 p 2 , 2 p 70 72 p 2 , 2 p 70 73 p 2 , 2 p 70 74 p 2
p0
91
Outputs
l1 = 13.18833 l2 = 30 l3 = 14.42179 l4 = 36.05551 l5 = 36.05551
10 = 2.2313 40 = 1.18097
0 s2 = 40
11 = 5.78843
1 4 = 2.97302
12 = 2.93902 42 = 0.77451
13 = 4.01633 43 = 1.15344
3 s2 = 6.78575
14 = 5.14723 44 = 2.17274
4 s2 = 6.26432
s1 2 = 33.68528
1 s3 = 29.09742
2 s2 = 33.56116
0 s3 = 15
2 s3 = 24.54516
3 s3 = 54.04923
4 s3 = 55.4552
a = 12.38945
b = 55.56276
c = 1.19062
( 2)
30 = 0 20
( 2)
15 = 25.98076 20
= 0.54975
Now it should be checked that if the path tracer point passes through the precision points continuously or not. For this purpose the output angle input angle diagram of the RCCR linkage should be drawn as shown below,
92
350
300
200
150
100
50
50
100
250
300
350
Figure (4.10) : The circles indicate the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points. The dashed curve displays the other loop closure curve.
As illustrated in the Figure (4.10) since the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points all lie on a continuous curve ,it can be deduced that the path tracer point will pass through the precision points continuously.
93
CHAPTER FIVE
In this chapter the general displacement equations of a two loop spatial linkage have been obtained and then a procedure has been presented for the motion generation synthesis of this linkage.
Consider the RSSR-SC linkage illustrated in Figure (5.1) . Replacing the spheric joints by equivalent combinations of revolute joints the RSSR-SC linkage is redrawn as shown in Figure (5.2) . Note that in this case there are two fixed coordinate systems attached to the fixed link and that the fixed link
. In other words L0 , L8 and L10 all address the fixed is called L0 , L8 and L10
link .
94
95
Figure (5.2) : In this figure the spheric joints of the RSSR-SC have been replaced by
96
(5.1)
(5.2)
~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 1 ( f0 , fk ) = eu C e 11 e u3 2 e u1 2 ...eu3 k e u1 k
(5.3)
97
(5.4)
(5.5)
(k) .
Considering Denavit-Hartenbergs convention equations (5.4) and (5.5) can be written in the following form ,
( f 0 , f1 )u + d C ( f 0 , f1 )u + a C ( f1 , f 2 )u + ... + d C ( f 0 , f n1 )u + a C ( f 0 , f n )u = 0 d1u3 + a1C n n 1 2 3 2 1 3 1
(5.6)
(5.7)
Regarding Figure (5.2) the link parameters and joint variables of the RSSRSC linkage have been listed in tables (5.1) and (5.2) .
98
Table (5.1): Link parameters and joint variables of the first loop.
Link
0
/ 2
d -b 0 0 0 0 0 0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
l1
0 0
/2
0
/ 2
l2
0
/2
0
l3 a
s8
Table (5.2) : Link parameters and joint variables of the second loop.
Link
0
/ 2
d -b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
1 2 3 4
l1
0 0
/2
0 0
/ 2
l2 l4
0 0
6 7
/2
0
8
9
l5
a
99
Considering equations (5.6) and (5.7) and according to the link parameters and joint variables listed in tables (5.1) and (5.2) it can be written that ,
( f 0 , f1 )u + l C ( f 0 , f 4 )u + l C ( f 0 , f 7 )u s C ( f 0 , f 7 ) u + aC ( f 0 , f8 ) u = 0 bu3 + l1C 1 2 1 3 1 8 3 1 ( f 0 , f1 )u + l C ( f 0 , f 4 )u + l C ( f 0 , f 5 )u + l C ( f 0 , f8 )u cC ( f 0 , f8 )u + aC ( f 0 , f9 )u bu3 + l1C 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 3 1
) ( f 0 , f10 + bC u3 = 0
(5.8)
(5.9)
Considering
~ ( + ) u ~ ~ 3 1 2 ( f 0 , f 4 ) = eu C e 23 e u3 4
( f 0 , f8 ) = I C
Now regarding table (5.2) and according to equations (5.2) and (5.3) the following equations are derived ,
~ ( + ) u ~ ~ 3 1 2 ( f 0 , f 5 ) = C ( f 0 , f 4 )C ( f 4 , f5 ) = e u C e 2 3 e u3 ( 4 )
100
) ( f 0 , f10 C =I
Thus equations (5.8) and (5.9) can be written in the form below ,
bu3 + l1e u31 u1 + l2e u3 (1 + 2 ) e u2 3 eu3 4 u1 + l3e u1 e u38 u1 s8e u1 e u38 u3 + au1 = 0 bu3 + l1e u31 u1 + l2e u3 (1 + 2 ) e u2 3 e u3 4 u1 + l4 eu3 (1 + 2 ) eu23 e u3 ( 4 )u1 + l5e u3 e u1 e u39 u1 ceu3 e u1 u3 + ae u3 u1 + bu3 = 0
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(5.10)
(5.11)
101
(5.12)
(5.13)
and subtracting equation (5.10) from equation (5.11) equations below are derived,
l4 eu3 (1 + 2 ) eu 2 3 eu3 ( 4 ) u1 + l5 eu3 e u1 e u3 9 u1 ce u3 e u1 u3 + ae u3 u1 + bu3 l3e u1 e u38 u1
+ s8e u1 u3 au1 = 0
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
or
(5.14)
Taking the transposes of equations (5.12) to (5.14) the following equations are obtained ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(5.15)
~
(5.16) 102
t u1 l4e u3 (1 + 2 ) e u2 3 e u3 ( 4 ) = [l5eu3 e u1 e u3 9 u1 ce u3 e u1 u3 + ae u3 u1
(5.17)
Multiplying equations (5.12) to (5.14) by equations (5.15) to (5.17) respectively the following equations are derived ,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
l2 = [au1 bu3 + l1e u31 u1 + l3e u1 e u38 u1 s8e u1 u3 ]t [au1 bu3 + l1e u31 u1 + l3e u1 e u38 u1
2
s8e u1 u3 ]
~ ~ ~ ~
(5.18)
(5.19)
(5.20)
Equations (5.18) to (5.20) are the general displacement equations of the RSSR_SC linkage. Note that the only variables in equations above are ,
103
Example (5.1) : Considering the sliding motion of the cylindric joint of the RSSR-SC linkage shown in Figure (5.1) as the input of the linkage ,draw the input-output diagrams of the RSSR-SC linkage whose dimensions have been given as follows ,
l1 = 10 , l2 = 41 , l3 = 10 , l4 = 8 , l5 = 5 , a = 19 , a = 18 ,
b = 8 , c = 11 , = 0 , = 4 / 5 , = / 3 , = / 6
b = 16
60
40 (degree)
( s)
20
20
6 s input (cm)
10
12
14
Figure (5.3) : The input angleoutput angle diagram of the RSSR-SC linkage . Note that S has been considered as the input of the system.
104
80
60 Output (degree)
40 ( s) 20
20
6 s Input (cm)
10
12
14
Figure (5.4) : The input angleoutput angle diagram of the RSSR-SC linkage . Note that S has been considered as the input of the system.
100
50 Output (degree)
( s)
50
100
6 s Input (cm)
10
12
14
Figure (5.5) : The input angleoutput angle diagrams of the RSSR-SC linkage . Note that S has been considered as the input of the system.
105
SYNTHESIS OF THE
Considering Figure (5.2) and tables (5.1) and (5.2) the following loop closure equations can be written,
( g , f0 ) u + l C ( g , f1 ) u + C ( g , f 4 )V r bC 3 1 i 1 i
( f4 )
= Ri
(5.21)
( g , f 4 )W ( f 4 ) + l C ( g , f 7 )u s C ( g , f 7 ) u + aC ( g , f8 ) u r = R C 3 i 1 8 i 3 i 1 i
(5.22)
( g , f 4 )W ( f 4 ) + l C ( g , f 5 ) u + l C ( g , f 8 ) u c C ( g , f8 ) u + a C ( g , f9 ) u + bC ( g , f 9 ) u r = R C 4 i 1 5 i 1 3 1 3 i i i i i (5.23)
where
~x u ~ ~ 3 ( g , f0 ) = eu C e 2 y e u3 z
i ~x u ~ ~ 3 ( g , f1 ) = eu C e 2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) i
i i ~x u ~ ~ ~ i ~ i 3 ( g , f4 ) = eu C e 2 y eu3 ( z +1 + 2 ) eu23 e u3 4 i
~x u ~ ~ 3 ( g , f8 ) = C ( g , f 0 )C ( f0 , f8 ) = C ( g , f0 ) I = eu C e 2 y e u3 z i i
i i ~x u ~ ~ ~ i ~ i 3 ( g , f5 ) = C ( g , f 0 )C ( f 0 , f5 ) = e u C e 2 y eu3 ( z +1 + 2 ) e u2 3 eu3 ( 4 ) i i
= e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z + ) e u1 e u3 9
106
~x u ~ ~ ) ) 3 ( g , f10 ( g , f0 )C ( f 0 , f10 ( g , f0 ) I = eu C =C =C e 2 y e u3 z i i
(5.24)
( g , p ) is the orientation matrix of frame (p) with respect to the global where C i
frame when frame (p) lies in the ith position and it is a prescribed matrix.
( f 4 , p ) is the orientation matrix of frame (p) with respect to the fourth frame C
and is a constant matrix. This orientation matrix can be defind by an
~ u ~ ~ 3 ( f4 , p) = eu arbitrary sequence of triple solutions . For example , C e 2 e u3 . Note
r be u3 x e u2 y u 3 + l1e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 + 2 ) e u23 e u2 4 V
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
( f4 )
= Ri
~
(5.25)
+ ae u3 x e u2 y e u3 z u1 r = Ri
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(5.26)
e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 + 2 ) e u2 3 e u3 4 W
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i
( f4 )
+ l 4 e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 + 2 ) e u2 3 e u3 ( 4 ) u1 +
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(5.27)
Let ,
107
r be u3 x eu2 y u3 = r1
~ ~ ~
u2 e u3 z e u2 y e u3 x (r1 + r2 ) = 0
t
(5.28)
r1 + l1e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 ) u1 + e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 + 2 ) e u23 e u3 4 V ( f 4 ) = Ri
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(5.29)
+ r2 = Ri
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
(5.30)
e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 + 2 ) e u2 3 e u3 4 W
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i
( f4 )
+ l 4 e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 + 2 ) e u2 3 e u3 ( 4 ) u1 +
l5 e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z + ) e u1 e u39 u1 + r3 = Ri
i i ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ~ ~ ( g , p) e u3 x e u2 y e u3 ( z +1 + 2 ) e u23 e u3 ( 4 + ) e u2 e u3 = C i
(5.31)
(5.32)
V ( f 4 ) + W ( f 4 ) = l 2 u1
(5.33)
108
Table (5.3) : According to the table below, the floating link of the RSSR-SC linkage can pass through at most five prescribed positions.
number of unknowns
37 ( x, y , z , l1 , l 2 , l3 , l 4 , l5 1 16
0 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 80 , 9
0 s8 , , , , , , ,
21
r1 , r2 , r3 , V ( f 4 ) , W
( f4 )
1 44 ( above + 11 , 2
28
1 1 1 1 1 , s8 3 , 4 , 8 , 9 )
16
51 ( above + 12 , 22 3 40
2 , s82 ) 32 , 42 , 82 , 9
11
58 ( above + 13 , 23 4 52
3 3 , s8 33 , 43 ,83 , 9 )
65 ( above + 14 , 24 5 64
4 , s84 ) 34 , 44 , 84 , 9
Example (5.2) : Synthesize an RSSR-SC linkage whose floating link guides a rigid body through the following positions ,
30 ~ /6 u ~ ~ u 3 P0 = {R0 = e 2 / 3eu3 / 6 } 10, C0 = e 50 20 ~ /5 u ~ /3 u ~ /5 , C 3 2 3 = eu P2 = {R2 = 0 e e } 2 60 40 ~ /2 u ~ ~ u 3 P e 2 / 4e u3 / 2 } 1 = {R1 = 20 , C1 = e 40
109
Solving equations (5.28) to (5.33) by Mathcad the following results were determined (Running Time : 22 minutes). Detailed information has been presented in chapter 6 about the computer programs and trial and error steps and the difficulties which may arise while solving equations.
Inputs
30 40 20 ~ /6 u ~ ~ u 3 R0 = 10 , R1 = 20 , R2 = e 2 / 3e u3 / 6 0 , C0 = e 50 40 60
~ /2 u ~ ~ ~ /5 u ~ ~ 3 3 = eu = eu C e 2 / 4e u3 / 2 , C e 2 / 3eu3 / 5 1 2
Initial Values
l1 = 72.76656
,
l2 = 12.77803
l3 = 12.5
l4 = 10
l5 = 23.02063
10 = 1.62006
1 2 = 0.05636
12 = 1.86238
30 = 0.01675
,
1 4 = 0.1463
20 = 0.28054
1 3 = 0.02962
32 = 0.97325 80 = 1.07288
0 s8 = 2.52774
42 = 0.7902
0 = 1.21868 9
82 = 1.31715
2 s8 = 14.48906
1 s8 = 19.5692
x = 0.11656
y = 0.73979
z = 0.54102
= 0.39492
= 0.25304
110
= 0.33561
= 1.58053
= 0.29146
= 0.03164
1.13456 = 6.51512 8.37842
= 0.19118
V ( f4 )
W ( f4 )
Imposed Conditions
10 p l1 p 150 , 10 p l2 p 150 , 10 p l3 p 150 , 10 p l4 p 150 , 10 p l5 p 150
1 0 20 p s8 s8 p 20
2 0 20 p s8 s8 p 20
1 9 0 p 0.4 0.4 p 9
2 9 0 p 0.4 0.4 p 9
1 0.4 p 8 80 p 0.4
0.4 p 11 10 p 0.4
0.4 p 82 80 p 0.4
0.4 p 12 10 p 0.4
,
/ 2 p p 5 / 6
Outputs
l1 = 43.7904 , l2 = 10.02003 , l3 = 55.50913 , l4 = 11.58281 , l5 = 75.16235
0 1 10 = 1.86537 , 11 = 1.46546 , 12 = 2.1773 , s8 = 4.627 , s8 = 0.11931
= 1.36086 , = 0.75934 ,
42 = 0.5064
V
( 4)
Figures (5.6) to (5.8) show that the rigid body is guided through the prescribed positions continuously .
130
80
12
10
4 2 input (cm)
the s and
( s) at
which the rigid body attached to the floating link lies in the prescribed positions.
112
90
80 output (degree) 70 60 50
40
12
10
4 2 input (cm)
Figure (5.7) : The variations of ( s ) ( 8 ( s ) ) versus s . The circles illustrate the s and
( s ) at which the rigid body attached to the floating link lies in the prescribed positions
75
70
65 output (degree)
60
55
50
45
12
10
4 2 input (cm)
( s ) ) versus s . The circles illustrate the s and ( s ) Figure (5.8) : The variations of ( s ) ( 9
at which the rigid
body attached to the floating link lies in the prescribed positions
113
CHAPTER SIX
The major difficulties which arised while solving numerical synthesis problems , can be classified as follows,
114
However, leaving some free parameters if there are any- to the computer and allowing the computer to select values for the free parameters, will increase the probabality of finding a solution.
As seen from table (3.2) no free parameter exists in the solution procedure of Example (3.1). That is why it was very difficult and time consuming to find a solution for this problem and the only thing the author could do was changing the initial values. However in other examples it was not that difficult to find a solution because some free parameters were present, and allowing the computer to select the values of these free parameters made it easy for the computer to find a solution.
Now one may ask Is it reasonable to let the computer choose values for all free parameters while some of them may be needed to meet design conditions or for other reasons? The answer is that, the program can be forced to meet our conditions by imposing constraints to the solution block of the computer program. For example by adding inequalities to the program it can be forced to find the link lengths in a suitable range or determine the input angles can be determined in a prescribed order.
115
10 p l1 p 120 , 20 p l2 p 120 , l2 f l3 , l3 f l1
Without the above inequalities , with the same initial values and with the same inputs follows, the link lengths in Example (3.2) had been determined as
116
experience of the author, in most of the cases the determined link lengths and angles result in branchings. The following diagrams illustrate the branchings which took place in some of the numerical examples solved in this thesis.
Initial Values
l1 = 70 ,
l3 = 50
10 = 2
11 = 3
,
12 = 4.5
,
50 = 0
1 7 =3
1 5 = 0.5
52 = 2
1 60 = 1 , 6 = 3.5
62 = 4
70 = 1
72 = 4.5
Outputs
l1 = 108.45268 l5 = 42.20453
l2 = 117.92025
l3 = 49.49181
l4 = 118.81177
10 = 2.39481
,
11 = 1.72046
,
12 = 6.29182
1 , 6 = 5.02261
50 = 0
1 5 = 9.04164
52 = 1.46564
60 = 2.35073
117
62 = 3.28258
V
( 4)
70 = 2.13781
1 7 = 9.02332
72 = 2.15583
350
300
200
150
100
50
0 100
150
200
400
450
500
Figure (6.1) : The input angle- output angle diagram of the RSHR mechanism synthesized according to the inputs given in Example (3.1) and initial values presented on the last page. The circles illustrate the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points.
Initial Values
118
Imposed Conditions
10 p l1 p 120
20 p l2 p 120 ,
l2 f l3
,
l3 f l1
1 0.7 p 7 70 p 0.7
0.7 p 72 70 p 0.7
0.7 p 73 70 p 0.7
0.7 p 74 70 p 0.7
Outputs
l1 = 21.79941
l2 = 55.33151
l3 = 55.33139
10 = 2.03393 14 = 6.66991
53 = 6.86444 62 = 23.4037
,
1 7 = 1.3082
11 = 7.86249
50 = 0.33098 54 = 0.81489 63 = 5.15857 72 = 2.25401
y = 7.354
,
12 = 4.75337
1 5 = 6.08571
13 = 2.46689
,
52 = 4.8283
,
1 6 = 5.1159
70 = 1.55803 74 = 2.25803
,
W
x = 4.189
47.4127 = 7.52747 78.1695
z = 6.759
( 4)
119
140
120
80
60
40
20
50
100
300
350
400
Figure (6.2) : The input angle- output angle diagram of the RSHR mechanism synthesized according to the inputs given in Example (3.2) and initial values presented on the last page. The circles illustrate the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points.
10 = 5 / 6
The rest of the initial values are the same as presented in Example (3.3)
120
Imposed Conditions
10 p l1 p 120
20 p l2 p 120 ,
l2 f l3
,
l3 f l1
1 0. 5 p 7 70 p 0.5
0.5 p 72 70 p 0.5
0.5 p 73 70 p 0.5
0 p 10 p 11 p 12 p 13 p 2
Outputs
10 = 0
11 = 1.34653
12 = 2.35198
13 = 3.3745
50 = 1.9064
62 = 4.79906
63 = 1.949
= 2.05958
3 7
x = 2.776
, y = 8.149 , z = 0.14 , V
( 4)
( 4)
121
200
150
Output (deghree)
100
50
60
60
180
240
300
Figure (6.3) : The input angle- output angle diagram of the RSHR mechanism synthesized according to the inputs given in Example (3.3) and initial values presented on the last page. The circles illustrate the input and output angles at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points.
The problem of branching can be resolved by forcing the program to choose input or output angles- at which the path tracer point passes through the precision points -close to one another. This is done by adding inequalities in terms of input or output angles to the program. In the cases where free parameters are present the program can be forced to choose free parameters according to the inequalities which result in close input or output angles. For example from figure (6.1) and (6.2) it is observed that choosing output
angles closer to each other may make all circles lie on a single branch. Thus decreasing the neighborhood of the output angles as presented in Examples (3.1) and (3.2) branching was avoided. However decreasing the
neighborhood of output or input angles may lead to no solution case. In such cases the initial values should be modified.
122
The general algorithm used in computer programs of the numerical examples is as follows,
123
The algorithm used for Example (3.3) which requires a prescribed order for the precision points is as follows,
124
The algorithm used for Example (5.2) is different. Since the number of equations in Example (5.2) was more than other examples it was more difficult to find suitable initial values for this example. In order to determine proper initial values for the program, at the first step the equations were solved by Minerr command. The difference between Minerr and Find is that in the case of Find command, if the precision of the determined values is below the prescribed accuracy limit, the program will state that No solution was found . While in the case of Minerr command a solution will be found any way, however the error of the results may be great. In other words Minerr finds the results with the minimum error but this minimum error may still be unacceptable. After solving the equations by Minerr command the results were used as initial values and the equations were resolved by Find according to the new initial values. Then the same algorithm which was presented on page 123 was applied .
At the end of each program, the determined values were substituted into the equations to verify the accuracy of solutions. It was observed that all equations were satisfied with an error ratio less than 0.01.
125
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION
Considering the general loop closure equations which were obtained based on Denavit-Hartenbergs convention and the algebra of exponential rotation matrices , it can be deduced that these loop closure equations and the path and motion generation synthesis methods presented in the thesis are sufficiently general so that they can be applied to the synthesis of any spatial linkage with lower kinematic pairs. Besides, regarding the presented examples which include path and motion generation synthesis of three different types of spatial mechanisms based on the synthesis methods presented in the thesis , one will verify the applicability of these methods.
Since the general loop closure equations obtained in chapter 3 ,have been written based on a systematic convention (Denavit-Hartenbergs convention) , the presented synthesis methods can be easily used in computer programs. While solving synthesis examples presented in the thesis the properties of the algebra of exponential rotation matrices have been used to simplify the loop closure equations as much as possible. These properties facilitated the simplification procedures and made it easy to work with matrix equations. In other words the algebra of exponential rotation matrices which was used to develope the kinematic synthesis methods presented in the thesis , enables the designer to efficiently simplify the loop closure equations.
126
Although the kinematic synthesis methods described in the present study are considerably general methods and cover all spatial mechanisms with lower kinematic pairs, still they can not be applied to the spatial mechanisms with higher kinematic pairs such as mechanisms including gears , cam and followers and etc. More work is required to modify the loop closure equations and the synthesis methods so that they can be applied to all types of spatial mechanisms including those which consist of higher kinematic pairs.
Although the algebra of exponential rotation matrices which is an efficient and elegant mathematical tool for simplifying matrix equations resulted from the kinematic analysis and synthesis, has been used in the analysis of robot manipulators (ref.1,2,3,4,6) very little work exists on the application of this algebra to analysis or synthesis of spatial mechanisms. Applying this valuable algebra to more analysis and synthesis problems of spatial mechanisms , other mechanism designers can be encouraged to use this productive algebra.
127
References
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