ENGLISH WORKBOOK

KARTHICK RAMACHANDRAN S

PREFACE : I, Karthick Ramachandran S (final year Engineering) have made a comprehensive view of many topics in English that are mandatory for students studying in the grades 8,9 and 10 which are considered to be the basics for Spoken English. Kindly contemplate on the topics. Thanking you.

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Chapters : Chapter 1 Nouns Chapter 2 Pronouns Chapter 3 Adjectives Chapter 4 Verbs Chapter 5 Adverbs Chapter 6 Prepositions Chapter 7 Conjunctions Chapter 8 Interjections Chapter 9 Two,Too and To Chapter 10 Apostrophe Chapter 11 Lie and Lay Chapter 12 Sit or Set Chapter 13 Lose It or Loose It Chapter 14 Is It Farther or Further Chapter 15 How Does the Effect Affect You

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Chapter 1

Nouns
Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. define the term 'noun' 2. differentiate between concrete, commmon and proper nouns. Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline:
The noun is the first of the eight parts of speech. Just for the record, here are all eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Nouns can be used in different ways. They can be common or proper. They can be subjects of sentences or direct objects, predicate nominatives, objects of prepositions, and indirect objects. There are also nouns of address, objects of infinitives, and gerund nouns. Nouns, nouns, nouns where do we begin? First, let's start with a basic definition:
Nouns name persons, places, things, or ideas. Persons: Mr. Johnson, mother, woman, Maria Places: city, home, Texas, Canada Things: house, ring, shoe, table, desk, month, light Ideas: grief, democracy, courage, obedience Concrete nouns can be touched. Abstract nouns (like love, bitterness, happiness, or joking) cannot be touched but are, nonetheless, still nouns because they name entities.

Nouns can be proper or common. Nouns that begin with a capital letter are proper nouns. They have a specific name or title and refer to a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Common nouns do not begin with capital letters because they are less specific. Here is a comparison: Common nouns are country, language, mother, brother, teacher, pastor. Those same nouns as Proper nouns might be England, German, Mother Theresa, Sammy, Ms. Holstrom, Pastor Hill. Nouns of address This is a noun used to call upon a person for his or her attention. It can be the person's name or the name by which he or she is known. Here are some examples: Cindy, why are you here? (Noun of direct address is Cindy) Mom, please help me. (Mom) I didn't understand, Judge, that I had to tell the truth. (Judge) Don't you dare leave this room, Kelly! (Kelly) Nouns of direct address are "set off" by commas. This means that if the noun of direct address comes at the first of the sentence, it is followed by a comma as in the first two examples. If the noun of direct address is in the middle of the sentence, put commas before and after. If the noun of direct address is at the end of the sentence, put the comma before it.

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Assignment(s) including Answer key: List the nouns in the following sentences. Mark C for common and P for proper. 1. The mayor suggested that the boy clean up Wilmington Statue for his community service project. __________ __________ _______________ ___________ 2. Two friends water-skied on Lake Erie. __________ ______________
3. The twins, who are from the large city of Houston, are vacationing in Canada all next month.

_________ _________ _________ _________ __________

4. The teacher asked the student to report on the country of France.

__________ __________ __________ __________ 5. The address on the envelope clearly read Mexico. __________ __________ __________ 6. The witness's story was about a man fleeing from a building. __________ __________ __________ 7. The factory blew into a thousand pieces. __________ __________ 8. Mary was so excited that she ran all the way home. __________ __________ 9. The journal by Hemingway was found after his death. __________ __________ __________ 10. Tractors are good for farming and also for young boys and girls who want to practice their driving skills. __________ __________ _________ __________ __________

Nouns - Answer Key

1. The mayor suggested that the boy clean up Wilmington Statue for his community service project. mayor-C boy-C Wilmington Statue-P project-C (note: community and service are adjectives here, describing the noun "project." They are not nouns in this sentence.) 2. Two friends water-skied on Lake Erie. friends-C Lake Erie-P 3. The twins, who are from the large city of Houston, are vacationing in Canada all next month. twins-C city-C Houston-P Canada-P month-C 4. The teacher asked the student to report on the country of France. teacher-C student-C country-C France-P
5. 6. The address on the envelope clearly read Mexico. address-C envelope-C Mexico-P

The witness's story was about a man fleeing from a building. story-C man-C building-C

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(Note: "witness" might be a noun in some other sentence. Here, the apostrophe makes it a possessive used as an adjective describing the noun "story.")

7. The factory blew into a thousand

pieces. factory-C pieces-C 8. Mary was so excited that she ran all the way home. Mary-P home-C 9. The journal by Hemingway was found after his death. journal-C Hemingway-P death-C 10. Tractors are good for farming and also for young boys and girls who want to practice their driving skills. tractors-C farming-C boys-C girls-C skills-C

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Chapter 2

Pronouns
Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. define the term 'pronoun' 2. differentiate between personal, possessive, interrogative, indefinite and demonstrative pronouns. 3. identify the eight parts of speech Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline:
The pronoun is the second of the eight parts of speech. Just for the record, here are all eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Pronouns can be used in different ways. They can be personal, indefinite, interrogative, and demonstrative. Personal pronouns have a sub-category called possessive. First, let's start with a basic definition: Pronouns take the place of nouns to name persons, places, things, or ideas. PERSONAL PRONOUNS: I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs
****Note that there are no apostrophes used with possessive personal pronouns. This includes "its." Just as you would say "That is hers," you would say "Success is its own reward." It's stands for the contraction that represents "It is" or "It has." It's isNEVER possessive.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: Anybody, anyone, each, either, none, someone, somebody, both, everyone, no one, neither, many, few, several, one. ****Note: Some indefinite pronouns are singular, some are plural, and some may be used as both singular and plural. This will be discussed in a future lesson. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS: who, whom, what, which, whose DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS: this, that, these, those Assignment(s) including Answer key: Find the pronouns in the following sentences.
1. He suggested that they clean up Wilmington Statue for their community service project.

__________ __________ _______________

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2. They water-skied on Lake Erie.

__________ 3. Who was it you said vacationed in Canada all last month? __________ _________ _________ 4. The teacher asked her to report on that later. __________ __________ 5. The address on that clearly read Mexico. __________ 6. Whose book is that? _____________ ___________ 7. Her story was about someone fleeing from a building. __________ __________ 8. Either is fine with me. _________ __________ 9. The factory blew into a thousand pieces, but no one heard it. __________ __________ 10. Mary was so excited that she ran all the way home. __________ 11. Someone found Hemingway's journal after his death. __________ __________ 12. Tractors are good for young boys and girls who want to practice their driving skills. __________ __________

Pronouns - Answer Key

1. He, they, their (a pronoun used as an adjective) 2. They 3. Who, it, you 4. her, that 5. that 6. Whose, that 7. Her, someone 8. Either, me 9. no one, it 10. she 11. Someone, his 12. who, their

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Chapter 3

Adjectives
Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. Define and give examples of the following terms: adjective, noun, pronoun, articles and modify. Resources/Equipment/Time Required: The adjective is the third of the eight parts of speech. Just for the record, here are all eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. First, let's start with a basic definition: Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Possessive pronouns can be used as adjectives. Example: That is his book. Adjectives answer these questions about the noun: WHAT KIND of noun is it? WHICH noun is it? HOW MANY of that noun are there? The, a, and an are called articles. Articles are always adjectives. They modify nouns and pronouns. Examples: 1. The two dark cats were walking on the fence. The - adjective because it modifies the noun cats and is an article. Two - adjective because it modifies the noun cats & answers the question HOW MANY. Dark - adjective because it modifies the noun cats & answers the question WHAT KIND. The - adjective because it modifies fence & is an article. 2. These southern countries have dry weather.
These - adjective because it modifies the noun countries & answers the question WHICH.

Southern - adjective because it modifies the noun countries & answers the question WHAT KIND Dry - adjective because it modifies the noun weather & answers the question WHAT KIND. 3. The chocolate one is his last cookie. The - adjective because it modifies the pronoun one and is an article. Chocolate - adjective because it modifies the pronoun one & tells WHAT KIND. His - adjective because it is a possessive pronoun that modifies the noun cookie and answers the question WHICH ONE. Last - adjective because it modifies the noun cookie and tells WHICH ONE. Assignment(s) including Answer key: Find the adjectives in the following sentences. 1. He suggested they clean the statue for their community service project. __________ __________ _______________ _______________ 2. The bank book was on the kitchen table. __________ ____________ ________ ________________ 3. Five dollars was required of each student.
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__________ __________ 4. The teacher asked the shy boy to give an oral report. __________ __________ _________ ___________ ______________ 5. I visited the family for several days. __________ _______________ 6. Do you have a special someone in your life? _____________ ___________ __________ 7. Her story was printed in the town paper. __________ __________ ___________

Adjectives - Answer Key

1. The - article, modifies the noun statue Their - possessive pronoun, modifies the noun project Community - modifies the noun project, tells what kind of Service - modifies the noun project, tells what kind of 2. The - article, modifies the noun book

Bank - modifies the noun book, tells what kind The - article, modifies the noun table Kitchen - modifies the noun table, tells what kind of table (some people might say it tells which table; that is an acceptable answer also.)
3. Five - modifies the noun dollars and tells how many

Each - pronoun used to modify the noun student, tells how many
4. The - article, modifies the noun teacher The article, modifies the noun boy Shy - modifies the noun boy, tells what kind An - article, modifies the noun report

Oral - modifies report, tells what kind 5. The - article, modifies the noun family Several - modifies the noun days, tells how many
6. A - article, modifies the pronoun someone Special - modifies the pronoun someone, tells what kind Your - possessive pronoun, modifies the noun life 7. Her - possessive pronoun, modifies the noun

story The - article, modifies the noun paper Town - modifies the noun paper, tells what kind

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Chapter 4

Verbs
Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. define the term 'verb' 2. differentiate between action and linking verbs. 3. distinguish between active and passive voice. Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline:
The verb is the fourth of the eight parts of speech. Just for the record, here are all eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Verbs can be used in different ways. They can be action or linking. They can be in active or passive voice where do we begin? First, let's start with a basic definition: A verb is a word that expresses action, makes a statement, or links relationships. Action verbs do just that. They demonstrate action. Examples: Jim hit the ball. Susie cooked spaghetti. Joey drove the tractor. Linking verbs make statements OR they express links and relationships. Examples, statements: She is a good girl. He is a football player. Examples, links/relationships: She is my mother. That boy is my neighbor. Linking verbs are on a special list. Here is that list:
Am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, has been, have been, had been, will be, shall be, may be, would have been, should have been, can be, should be, would be (any combination that ENDS with be or been.) seem, become, taste, feel, smell, sound, look, appear, grow, remain, stay

HINT: In a verb phrase, it is the word that ENDS the phrase that determines usage. For example, in the phrase, "is cooking," even though "is" would be classified as a linking verb used by itself, the last word in the phrase is "cooking." Therefore, the verb phrase is action and "is" was used simply as a helping verb - NOT a linking verb. HINT: Linking verbs can be in any tense and can have endings such as "ing" or "ed" and they are STILL linking verbs. HINT: Some of the verbs on the linking verb list can be used as action verbs OR linking verbs. Be sure to reason out their usage. Examples:

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The tree grew to be quite tall. (action verb - The tree physically grew.) The man grew weary. (linking verb - expresses a statement, even a relationship between the man and "weary.") She is looking at the picture. (action verb - She is physically doing the action of looking.) She is looking paler by the minute. (linking verb - links "she" with "paler.") Assignment(s) including Answer key: List the verbs in the following sentences. Mark A for action and L for linking.
1. The mayor suggested that the boy clean Wilmington Statue for his community service project.

__________ __________ 2.Two friends water-skied on Lake Erie. __________ 3.The twins, who are from the large city of Houston, are vacationing in Canada. __________ __________ 4.The teacher asked the student for his report on the country of France. __________ 5.The address on the envelope was Mexico. __________ 6.The witness's story is about a man in a building. __________ 7.The factory blew into a thousand pieces. __________ 8.Mary was so excited that she ran all the way home. __________ __________

Verbs - Answer Key

1. The mayor suggested that the boy clean Wilmington Statue for his community service project. Suggested - A Clean - A 2. Two friends water-skied on Lake Erie. Water-skied - A 3. The twins, who are from the large city of Houston, are vacationing in Canada. Are - L Are vacationing - A 4. The teacher asked the student for his report on the country of France. Asked - A 5. The address on the envelope was
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Mexico. Was - L 6. The witness's story is about a man in a building. Is - L 7. The factory blew into a thousand pieces. Blew - A 8. Mary was so excited that she ran all the way home. Was - L Ran - A

Verb Usage : Tense and Conjugation

Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. identify different tenses of verbs - present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect and future perfect. 2. use the correct verb tense in a given sentence. 3. conjugate regular verbs into first, second, or third person tenses. Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline:
In many achievement tests, there is an entire section of the test devoted to verb tense. Use the following little "trick" to determine which verb tense is the correct one to use in each tense.

For present tense, use this sentence, putting your verb in the blank: I ____________ today. For past tense, use this sentence, putting the same verb in the blank: I _____________ yesterday. For future tense, add will plus your verb: I will ____________ tomorrow. For present perfect, add have plus the past participle: I have _____________ many times before. For past perfect, add had plus the past participle: I had ___________ many times before. For future perfect, add will have plus the past participle: By Friday, I will have ___________ many times. Example: RUN - Imagine that you are talking with a friend about field day races.

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Present: I run today. Past: I ran yesterday.

Future: I will run tomorrow.

Present Perfect: I have run many times before. Past Perfect: I had run many times before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have run many times. Below is a chart of verbs that students often find confusing. Read the sentences aloud and carefully study the verb tenses. Remembering them in sentence form will help preserve the information for future use. WRITE
Present: I write today. Past: I wrote yesterday.

Future: I will write tomorrow.

Present Perfect: I have written many times before. Past Perfect: I had written many times before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have written many times. TEAR (Note that you may add the pronoun "it" to make the sentence flow more smoothly) Present: I tear it today.
Past: I tore it yesterday. Future: I will tear it tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have torn it before. Past Perfect: I had torn it before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have torn it many times. TAKE (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "taking" a test and insert "the test.")
Present: I take the test today. Past: I took the test yesterday. Future: I will take the test tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have taken the test before. Past Perfect: I had taken the test before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have taken the test many times. DRINK (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "drinking" water.)
Present: I drink water today. Past: I drank water yesterday.

Future: I will drink water tomorrow.

Present Perfect: I have drunk water before. Past Perfect: I had drunk water before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have drunk water many times. BLOW (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "blowing" a tuba and insert "the tuba.")
Present: I blow the tuba today. Past: I blew the tuba yesterday. Future: I will blow the tuba tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have blown the tuba before. Past Perfect: I had blown the tuba before.

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Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have blown the tuba many times. COME (Note that you can add a prepositional phrase to help the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "coming" to town and insert "to town.")
Present: I come to town today. Past: I came to town yesterday. Future: I will come to town tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have come to town before. Past Perfect: I had come to town before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have come to town many times. GO (Note that you can add a prepositional phrase to help the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "going" to town and insert "to town.")
Present: I go to town today. Past: I went to town yesterday. Future: I will go to town tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have gone to town before. Past Perfect: I had gone to town before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have gone to town many times. SPEAK (Note that you can add a prepositional phrase to help the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "speaking" to the class and insert "to the class.")
Present: I speak to the class today. Past: I spoke to the class yesterday. Future: I will speak to the class tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have spoken to the class before. Past Perfect: I had spoken to the class before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have spoken to the class many times. CHOOSE (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "choosing" a snack and insert "the apple.")
Present: I choose the apple today. Past: I chose the apple yesterday. Future: I will choose the apple tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have chosen the apple before. Past Perfect: I had chosen the apple before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have chosen the apple many times. BURST (Let's change from "I" to "the bubbles" since that will make more sense.) Present: The bubbles burst today. Past: The bubbles burst yesterday.
Future: The bubbles will burst tomorrow. Present Perfect: The bubbles have burst before. Past Perfect: The bubbles had burst before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, the bubbles will have burst many times. DRIVE (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "driving" a car and insert "the Mustang.")
Present: I drive the Mustang today. Past: I drove the Mustang yesterday. Future: I will drive the Mustang tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have driven the Mustang before. Past

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Perfect: I had driven the Mustang before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have driven the Mustang many times. FALL
Present: I fall today. Past: I fell yesterday. Future: I will fall tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have fallen before. Past Perfect: I had fallen before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have fallen many times. BREAK (Note that you may add the preposition "it" to make the sentence flow more smoothly) Present: I break it today.
Past: I broke it yesterday. Future: I will break it tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have broken it before. Past Perfect: I had broken it before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have broken it many times. THROW (Note that you may add the preposition "it" to make the sentence flow more smoothly) Present: I throw it today. Past: I threw it yesterday. Future: I will throw it tomorrow.
Present Perfect: I have thrown it before. Past Perfect: I had thrown it before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have thrown it many times. DRAW (Note that you may add the preposition "it" to make the sentence flow more smoothly) Present: I draw it today.
Past: I drew it yesterday. Future: I will draw it tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have drawn it before. Past Perfect: I had drawn it before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have drawn it many times. FREEZE (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "freezing" popsicles.)
Present: I freeze popsicles today. Past: I froze popsicles yesterday.

Future: I will freeze popsicles tomorrow.

Present Perfect: I have frozen popsicles before. Past Perfect: I had frozen popsicles before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have frozen popsicles many times. KNOW (Note that you may add the preposition "it" to make the sentence flow more smoothly) Present: I know it today.
Past: I knew it yesterday. Future: I will know it tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have known it before. Past Perfect: I had known it before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have known it a long time.

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SIT
Present: I sit today. Past: I sat yesterday.

Future: I will sit tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have sat before. Past Perfect: I had sat before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have sat many times. DO (Note that you may add the preposition "it" to make the sentence flow more smoothly) Present: I do it today.
Past: I did it yesterday. Future: I will do it tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have done it before. Past Perfect: I had done it before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have done it many times. FLY (Note that you can add a prepositional phrase to help the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "flying" on an airplane.)
Present: I fly on an airplane today. Past: I flew on an airplane yesterday.

Future: I will fly on an airplane tomorrow.

Present Perfect: I have flown on an airplane before. Past Perfect: I had flown on an airplane before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have flown on a airplane many times. RISE (Note that you can add a prepositional phrase to help the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "rising" from bed in the morning.)
Present: I rise from bed today. Past: I rose from bed yesterday. Future: I will rise from bed tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have risen from bed before. Past Perfect: I had risen from bed before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have risen from bed many times. GROW
Present: I grow today. Past: I grew yesterday. Future: I will grow tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have grown before.

Past Perfect: I had grown before. Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have grown many times. RING (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "ringing" bells.)
Present: I ring the bells today. Past: I rang the bells yesterday. Future: I will ring the bells tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have rung the bells before. Past Perfect: I had rung the bells before.

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Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have rung the bells many times. SING (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "singing" songs.)
Present: I sing the songs today. Past: I sang the songs yesterday.

Future: I will sing the songs tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have sung the songs before. Past Perfect: I had sung the songs before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have sung the songs many times. BEGIN (Note that you can add "it" or put in a noun that helps the sentence make sense to you. Let's consider that we are "beginning" a job and insert "the work.")
Present: I begin the work today. Past: I began the work yesterday. Future: I will begin the work tomorrow. Present Perfect: I have begun the work before. Past Perfect: I had begun the work before.

Future Perfect: By Friday, I will have begun the work many times. CONJUGATION: Every verb can be used in first person, second person, or third person tenses. The following chart will set it up in a simple way for you. Memorize the chart. SINGULAR PLURAL I ______ We _______ You _______ You ________ Person's name, he, she, it ________ Group name, they ___________ EXAMPLE ONE Example using the verb SWIM - Present Tense: I swim. We swim. You swim. You swim. Sam swims. The hippos swim. He swims. She swims. It swims. They swim. Example using the verb SWIM - Past Tense: I swam. We swam. You swam. You swam. Cindy swam. The explorers swam. He swam. She swam. It swam. They swam. Example using the verb SWIM - Future Tense: I will swim. We will swim. You will swim. You will swim. Monte will swim. The children will swim. He will swim. She will swim. It will swim. They will swim. Example using the verb SWIM - Present Perfect Tense: I have swum. We have swum.
You have swum. You have swum. Eddie has swum. The dogs have swum.

He has swum. She has swum. They have swum. It has swum. Example using the verb SWIM - Past Perfect Tense: I had swum. We had swum.

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You had swum. You had swum. Diane had swum. The children had swum. He had swum. She had swum. They had swum. It had swum. Example using the verb SWIM - Future Perfect Tense: I will have swum. We will have swum. You will have swum. You will have swum. Tim will have swum. The teenagers will have swum. He will have swum. They will have swum.
She will have swum. It will have swum.

EXAMPLE TWO Example using the verb SEE - Present Tense:

(We can add "it" to help the sentence flow more smoothly.)

I see it.

We see it. You see You see it. it. Sam sees it. The birds see it. He sees it. She sees it. It sees it. They see it. Example using the verb SEE - Past Tense: I saw it. We saw it. You saw it. You saw it. Cindy saw it. The soldiers saw it. He saw it. She saw it. It saw it. They saw it. Example using the verb SEE - Future Tense: We will see I will see it. it. You will see it. You will see it. Monte will see it. The children will see it.
He will see it. She will see it. It will see it. They will see it.

Example using the verb SEE - Present Perfect Tense: I have seen it. We have seen it.
You have seen it. You have seen it. Eddie has seen it. The dogs have seen it.

He has seen it. She has seen it. They have seen it. It has seen it. Example using the verb SEE - Past Perfect Tense: I had seen it. We had seen it. You had seen it. You had seen it. Diane had seen it. The singers had seen it. He had seen it. She had seen it. They had seen it. It had seen it. Example using the verb SEE - Future Perfect Tense: I will have seen it. We will have seen it. You will have seen it. You will have seen it. Tim will have seen it. The workmen will have seen it. He will have seen it. They will have seen it. She will have seen it.
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It will have seen it. Assignment(s) including Answer key: EXERCISES: 1. drink: He ________ all the milk. 2. go: The boys have _______ home. 3. sit: Benny had _____ on the cake. 4. choose: They had __________ the wrong road. 5. do: They _______ the best that they could. 6. break: I thought you had __________ your leg! 7. know: You should have ___________ better. 8. give: I ________ the right answer on the test yesterday. 9. fly: You drove? You could have __________ here in half the time. (hint: "could" is a helping verb. Just be concerned with "have." What goes with "have"?) 10. run: He _________ as fast as he could. 11. throw: Who _________ those papers on the floor? (hint: Substitute "he" for "who.") 12. burst: As we drove around the corner, the tire ___________. 13. rise: Yesterday, a heavy fog _________ over the water. 14. swim: One of the boys has _______ to shore to get help. 15. blow: You should have ___________ up those balloons for the party! 16. come: When we ____________ home, we found the dog inside! 17. drive: You must have _________ really fast to be here so soon. 18. draw: I have ____ a smaller version of the picture for my lab report. 19. fall: He had __________ over the skate left in the road. 20. freeze: The berries had ___________ in the new refrigerator. 21. grow: You have _________ much taller than your brother. 22. ring: He has ___________ that church bell a hundred times! 23. see: I have __________ that show a dozen times or more. 24. sing: She has never ________ better in her life. 25. speak: Have you ______________ to Sam? 26. take: I have not ________ that test yet. 27. tear: The coach thought he had ______ a ligament. 28. write: I have __________ my report already. 29. burst: My suitcase suddenly _________ wide open in the middle of the airport! 30. freeze: The plants will __________ if we do not bring them in. 31. fly: We'd be getting home now if we had ______________. 32. blow: The storm had ________________ over. 33. fall: She could not have _______ more than six feet. 34. break: Were any bones _____________? 35. begin: We _________ that job last Friday 36. know: You should have _________ what to do.
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37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

swim: She had ________ the English Channel when she was younger. ring: The old man has _________ the bell to warn the town of the fire. drive: How far have you _________ today? drink: During the flood, we ___________ bottled water. run: When I saw her pass the house, I ________ after her. do: She ______ all her homework tonight. swim: When I called for help, Helen _________ out to me. come: He __________ in about an hour ago. choose: The council could have ________ someone else. sing: The children _________ in the program. grow: The group has __________ really large. go: Alice has _______ to the movies. see: I'm sure Ray __________ me when I left the room. give: What _______________ you that idea?

Verb Usage : Tense and Conjugation - Answer Key

1. drank 2. gone 3. sat 4. chosen 5. did 6. broken 7. known 8. gave 9. flown 10. ran 11. threw 12. burst 37. swum 38. rung 39. driven 40. drank 41. ran 42. did 43. swam 44. came 45. chosen 46. sang 47. grown 48. gone 49. saw 50. Gave
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13. rose 14. swum 15. blown 16. came 17. driven 18. drawn 19. fallen 20. frozen 21. grown 22. rung 23. seen 24. sung

25. spoken 26. taken 27. torn 28. written 29. burst 30. freeze 31. flown 32. blown 33. fallen 34. broken 35. began 36. known

Chapter 5

Adverbs
Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. Define the term 'adverb' 2. Identify and justify examples of adverbs from a sentence. Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline:
The adverb is the fifth of the eight parts of speech. Just for the record, here are all eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

First, let's start with a basic definition:

Adverbs modify verbs. An adverb can also modify adjectives and other adverbs.

Adverbs answer these questions: WHERE? WHEN? HOW? HOW OFTEN? TO WHAT EXTENT? Commonly used Adverbs: Here, there, away, up -- tell WHERE Now, then, later, soon, yesterday -- tell WHEN Easily, quietly, slowly, quickly -- tell HOW Never, always, often, seldom -- tell HOW OFTEN Very, almost, too, so, really -- tell TO WHAT EXTENT Examples: 1. The two dark cats were walking slowly on the fence. Slowly - modifies the verb walking and tells how the cats were walking 2. Now it is time to trim the very long grass in the front yard. Now - modifies the verb is and tells when Very - modifies the adjective long and tells to what extent 3. She is never too easily frightened away. Never - modifies the verb is and tells how often Too - modifies the adverb easily and tells to what extent Easily - modifies the adjective frightened and tells how Away - modifies the adjective frightened and tells where Assignment and Answer Key: Find the adverbs in the following sentences.
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1. Today, Sam suggested that we carefully clean the statue for the class service project.

__________ __________ 2. The bank book is often there on the desk. __________ ____________
3. Jeanne could always clearly see the mountain through the binoculars Dan gave her.

__________ __________ 4. The teacher never asked the shy boy to give an oral report. __________
5. He was too scared to consider a lengthy conversation with the extremely beautiful girl.

__________ _______________ 6. Do you have a special someone in your life now? _____________ 7. Her story was printed in the town paper much later. __________ __________

Adverbs - Answer Key

1. today - tells when carefully - tells how 2. often - tells how often there - tells where
3. always - tells how often clearly - tells how 4. never - tells how often 5. too - tells to what extent

extremely - tells to what extent 6. now - tells when 7. much - tells to what extent later - tells when

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Chapter 6

Prepositions
Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline:
The preposition is the sixth of the eight parts of speech. Just for the record, here are all eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Let's start with a basic definition:

Prepositions show relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words in a sentence.

Commonly used prepositions: Aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, into, like, of, off, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without Prepositional phrases generally contain the preposition and an object of the preposition. Objects of the preposition MUST be nouns. Here are some example: In bed (in, preposition and bed, noun) To Texas (to, preposition and Texas, noun) The noun may have modifiers. In the big bed (in, preposition / the, article / big, adjective / bed, noun) To the grocery store (to, preposition/ the, article/ grocery, adjective / store, noun) **Rule**
Subjects and verbs can NEVER be found in prepositional phrases. It is a good habit to learn to spot prepositional phases. Use parentheses to mark them; then, when you are looking for the subject and verb of the sentence, it will narrow down the search. Here is an example:

The boy by the window on the other side of the room was looking over his shoulder at the pretty girl in the hall.
The boy (by the window)(on the other side)(of the room) was looking (over his shoulder)(at the pretty girl)(in the hall.) Once the prepositional phrases are eliminated, "The boy was looking" is left. When we studied adjectives, you learned that "the" is an article. The word "boy" is left. You have learned that "boy" is a noun. "Was looking" is the verb. Therefore, "boy" is the subject and "was looking" is the verb. We will learn more about subjects and verbs later. Learning to recognize prepositions now will help you when you have to identify subjects and verbs later.

A word about "to." When "to" is used with a noun, it is a preposition; but when it is used with a verb, it is an infinitive. Be careful to recognize the difference. Examples:
To bed to plus noun = preposition To sleep to plus verb = infinitive

Assignment(s) including Answer key: Find the prepositions in the following sentences.

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1. He suggested they clean the statue by the art building for their service project. __________ __________ 2. The book on architectural design has been on the kitchen table since this morning. __________ ____________ _____________ 3. Five dollars was required of each student who planned to go on the trip. __________ __________
4. The teacher asked Tom to give an oral report about horses in the Appalachian Mountains.

__________ __________ 5. Over the holidays, I visited the Thompson family for several days. __________ _______________ 6. Do you have a special someone in your life? _____________ 7. She put all of her savings toward the down payment on a new house. __________ __________ ___________

Prepositions - Answer Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

by, for on, on, since of, on (to go in an infinitive, not a prepositional phrase) about, in (to give is an infinitive) over, for in of, toward, on

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Chapter 7

Conjunctions
Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. define the term 'conjunction' 2. differentiate between coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions Pre-Class Assignment: Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline: The conjunction is the seventh of the eight parts of speech. Just for the record, here are all eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Let's start with a basic definition: Conjunctions are words that join words or groups of words.
There are two main types of conjunctions. They are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions include: and, or, but, for, & nor. These conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal value. Clauses of equal value are called independent clauses and can stand on their own as separate sentences. Example: John is running in this race and I am

carrying his water bottle. (Each clause can stand alone: John is running in this race. I am carrying his water bottle.)
Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a single sentence. In fact, the clause is dependent on the rest of the sentence for its meaning. Example: Since I will not be home, Tina will answer the phone. ("Since I will not be home" doesn't make sense by itself. It is dependent on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.)

Most commonly used subordinating conjunctions include: although, because, as, while, until, whether, since, after, so that, when, before, if. Assignment(s) including Answer key: Find the conjunctions in the following sentences. Label them coordinating or subordinating. 1. He listened to the man's story and reported it to the policeman on duty. __________________ 2. I haven't seen my brother since he left for college. __________________ 3. Your aunt or your uncle will pick you up from school today. __________________ 4. Tom, Jane, Sue, and Tim will be going on the trip. __________________ 5. I remember the old school book, for it was once mine. __________________ 6. Sarah did not feel well, but she went to class anyway.

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__________________ 7. Although the old man was hungry, he never said a word to anyone. __________________ 8. I think I heard that on the television or radio, although I am not sure. ___________________ ___________________

Conjunctions - Answer Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

and, coordinating since, subordinating or, coordinating and, coordinating for, coordinating but, coordinating although, subordinating or, coordinating; although, subordinating

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Chapter 8

Interjections
Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. List and define the eight parts of speech 2. Identify and use correctly, interjections in any sentence.

Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline:

The interjection is the eighth of the eight parts of speech. Just for the record, here are all eight: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Let's start with a basic definition: Interjections are exclamatory words that express strong emotion. Interjections have no other grammatical connection with or relationship to the rest of the sentence. Interjections may be followed by either commas or exclamation points. Examples of both follow: Ouch! That hurt! Oh, what a wonderful movie! Great! What a terrific idea! Aha! I've found your secret! Alas, the poet was no more.

Assignment(s) including Answer key: Find the interjections in the following sentences. 1. Goodness! He listened to the man's story and reported it to the police immediately! __________________ 2. Oh, I haven't seen my brother since he left for college! __________________ 3. Oops! I dropped the jelly. __________________ 4. No! Don't touch that! __________________ 5. Help! I'm about to fall! __________________ 6. The poor dear was, alas, destitute and hungry. __________________ 7. Wait! Don't leave me behind in this cave! __________________ 8. Ah, I've heard that trick before. ___________________

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Interjections - Answer Key

1. goodness 2. oh 3. oops 4. no 5. help 6. alas 7. wait 8. ah

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Two, Too, and To

Two is a number. She counted, "One, two, three." Too is an adverb that can mean also. He wanted to go too. Too is an adverb that can mean more than enough. This is too much for me! To plus a noun or noun phrase is a preposition. Take me to the ball game. I went to bed early that night. To plus a verb is an infinitive. She wanted to go. He decided to run away. Choose the correct two, too, or to for each of the blanks below:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Chapter 9

Many students read _____ quickly and _____ carelessly. I was _____ scared _____ say a word to her! I am going _____ the store now. They are building _____ new houses on our block. May I go _____? Do you think it is _____ late _____ do that now? I have _____ new shirts that I can't wait _____ wear. My dental appointment lasted _____ hours and that was _____ long! This room is _____ cold _____ stay in very much longer.
After I played raquetball for _____ hours, I was _____ tired _____ walk home.

It is not good _____ put _____ much salt on your food. My next dental appointment is for tomorrow at _____ o'clock. I am not _____ excited about going _____ the dentist again. My brother flew _____ Alabama earlier this week. We have planted _____ rose bushes in pots on the patio.

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Two, Too, and To - Answer Key

1.Too, too 2.Too, to 3.To 4.Two 5.Too 6.Too, to 7.Two, to 8.Two, too 9.Too, to

10.Two, too, to 11.To, too 12.Two 13.Too, to 14.To 15.Two

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Chapter 10

Apostrophe
1. Use an apostrophe to show the omission of letters or numbers, a contraction. Examples: It's a shame. (Stands for: It is a shame.) That happened in '80. (Stands for: That happened in 1980.) 2. Use an apostrophe to show the plural form of letters and numbers. Examples: There are two s's in that word. She dots all her i's and crosses all her t's. My son can say his 1's, 2's, and 3's in five different languages. 3. Use an apostrophe to show the plural form of a few unusual words. Examples: She mailed all the thank-you's so late that we were embarrassed.
The contract had so many "that's" in it, that we felt uncomfortable about signing it. 4. For the most part, you do NOT use the apostrophe to show plural form.

Examples:
There were many heros (or heroes) in my hometown. Victories for the enemy numbered in the hundreds.

5. Use an apostrophe to show possession. Example: That is Sandra's book. NOTE: You usually have a noun after the word that shows possession. Before you use the apostrophe, stop and ask yourself if there is a word in that sentence that denotes something belonging to someone. If not, then rethink using an apostrophe.
6. Do NOT use an apostrophe to show possession with pronouns. "Its" is often confusing to writers. Its is possessive, just like his, hers, and ours. None of the other possessive pronouns have

apostrophes, so that is a good way to remember that its doesn't have one either. ("It's" can only mean one thing: it is.) Examples: The bridge was elegant - a symbol of its own strength and beauty. The victory was ours. 7. Use an apostrophe before the s when showing the possessive form of singular nouns. Examples: The child's mother panicked when she could not find her son. The witness's memory was vague on that point. 8. Use an apostrophe after the s when the word is plural and possessive, if its plural form is regular. Examples:
Our creditors gave us two weeks' notice. The Joneses' cars were all stolen.

You have heard both the girls' stories.

NOTE: The noun following a plural possessive is usually - although not always, as evidenced in the first example - plural also, i.e. two girls, two stories and two families of Joneses and two cars.

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9. Use an apostrophe before the s when the word is plural and possessive but its plural form is irregular. Examples:
The children's recess is about to start. The women's cries were heard.

10. Use an apostrophe only after the second name when the possession belongs to two people and they are mentioned in the sentence at the same time. Example: That computer program is Jane and Sam's. NOTE: One computer program belonging to two people, i.e. joint ownership.

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Chapter 11

Lie and Lay

Resources/Equipment/Time Required: Outline:
LIE -To lie down is an act that can be attributed to the subject. There is no object of this verb,

as the subject is doing the action without a receiver. Conjugation of LIE: I lie down today. (present tense) The money lay there yesterday. (past tense) Sarah will lie down there tomorrow. (future tense) The book has lain here many times before. (use perfect tense with have, had, has) LAY - Lay must have a direct object. One lays something down. (Hint: substitute "put." If "put" works, then "lay" is also correct.) Conjugation of LAY:
I lay the book down. (present tense) I laid it down yesterday. (past tense)

I will lay it down again tomorrow. (future tense) I have laid it here many times before. (use perfect tense with have, had, has)
Assignment(s) including Answer key: Exercise for All Grade Levels: Choose the lie or lay for each of the blanks below. Be sure to use the correct tense. 1. He _____ on the hard pavement this morning, gasping for breath. 2. How long did he _____ there? 3. I don't know how long he had ______ there. 4. He picked up the wounded bird and _____ it gently on the table. 5. She _____ her sewing aside and went to the door. 6. Are you going to _____ there all day? 7. The three puppies ______ in the basket. 8. Linda _____ her coat on the couch. 9. Not feeling well, he _____ in his bed all day.
10 He decided to just _____ around the house all summer. 11 Someone _____ the dictionary on my glasses.

12 The money _____ there all day in plain sight. 13 She had _____ the book on the ground under the tree. 14 Ginny _____ down on a beach towel. 15 I saw the hat that you _____ on the hall table. 16 She had just _____ down for a nap when the phone
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rang. 17 The two teenagers _____ in the sun all day.

18 Have they _____ the cornerstone of the building yet? 19 She had _____ the coverlet over the child at midnight.

20 He should not ____ the blame for the accident on the other driver.

Lie and Lay - Answer Key

1. lay 2. lie 3. lain 4. laid 5. laid 6. lie 7. lay 8. laid 9. lay 10. lie 11. laid 12. lay 13. laid 14. lay 15. laid 16. lain 17. lay 18. laid 19. laid 20. lay

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Chapter 12

Sit or Set
SIT - To sit is an act that can be attributed to the subject. To sit means to take a resting position. There is no object of this verb, as the subject is doing the action without a receiver of the action.

Conjugation of SIT: I sit today. (present tense)

The money sat there yesterday. (past tense) Sarah will sit there tomorrow. (future tense)

The book has sat here many times before. (use perfect tense with have, had, has) SET - Set must have a direct object. To set means to place something in a special or certain position. One sets something down. One sets something right. (Hint: substitute "put." If "put" works, then "set" is also correct.) Conjugation of SET :
I set the book down. (present tense) I set it down yesterday. (past tense)

I will set it down again tomorrow. (future tense) I have set it here many times before. (use perfect tense with have, had, has) Exercise for All Grade Levels: Choose the sit or set for each of the blanks below. Be sure to use the correct tense. Have you _____ the alarm clock for tomorrow? How long did he _____ there? I don't know how long he had ______ there. He picked up the wounded bird and _____ it gently on the table. She _____ her sewing aside and went to the door. Are you going to _____ there all day? 7. Where shall we ______? 8. Linda _____ her coat on the couch. 9. ______ the packages on the front porch by the door. 10. He decided to just _____ around the house all summer. 11. Someone _____ the dictionary on my glasses. 12. The money _____ there all day in plain sight. 13. She had _____ the book on the ground under the tree. 14. Ginny _____ down on a beach towel. 15. I always ______ near the door. 16. Dr. Javier _____ my brother's arm when he broke it. 17. The two teenagers _____ in the sun all day. 18. Chris may ____ a new record in the race today.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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19. Just _____ right here until they call your name. 20. Sandy, please _______ the table.

Sit or Set - Answer Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

set sit sat set set sit sit set Set sit set sat set sat sit (or sat) set sat set sit set

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Chapter 13

Lose It or Loose It
Outline:
Lose ten pounds or loose ten pounds? What is it that you really want to do? If you lose the ten pounds, then we won't be able to find them. That would be a good thing. But if you loose the ten

pounds, you set them free to roll about like a tumbleweed. Ten pounds on the loose would not be a good thing. LOSE means to lack the possession of, to come to be without. LOOSE means not tight. LOOSEN means to unfasten something or make it less constraining. Examples: The hockey team doesn't want to lose the game. The girl had such a bad sunburn that she could only wear loose clothes. Set the dog loose. Don't tie him up again. I am so frustrated! I always seem to lose my keys. Loosen your hold on the bat. You are gripping it much too tightly! Practice: The shoes were so big that they were ___________ on the little boy's feet. I turned a corner to __________ the guy who was tailing me.
Our football team hasn't done so well this year. We are sure to __________ every game. After the bad weather, the penned up dogs were set ____________ to run outside again.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

The pet store manager was told to __________ the dog's collar as it was much too tight around his neck.
Those rules are much too ______________! You need to tighten up security around here.

Her husband had to work on her necklace for over an hour before he could ________________ the hung clasp. She wanted her hair fixed in soft ___________ curls. It is a terrible thing to _________ one's self respect. You will _______________ out if you don't get there before the sale ends.

Lose It or Loose It - Answer Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. loose lose lose loose loosen loose 7. 8. 9. 10. loosen loose lose lose

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Chapter 14

Is It Farther or Further
Objective(s): By the end of this lesson the student will be able to: 1. Differentiate between the words 'farther' and 'further' 2. employ the correct usage of the words 'farther' and 'further'

Outline: Two words often confused are farther and further. Is it farther down the road or further? Do you have to read further in the book or farther? Do you further your education? Yes! Let's take a look at the meanings for these two words.
FARTHER denotes physical advancement in distance. FURTHER denotes advancement to greater degree, as in time.

The correct answers to the above examples follow: It is farther down the road. (For distance physically traveled.)
You read further in the book. (To a greater degree than where you are now.) You further your education. (To a greater degree than what you have now.)

Practice: How much __________ do you plan to drive tonight?

I've reached the end of my rope with this dog chewing up the carpet. I just can't go any

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

_____________. Do you have any _______________ plans for adding on to the building? That's a lot _____________ than I want to carry this machine and tripod! The _____________ that I travel down this road, the ____________ behind schedule I get. How much ___________ do you intend to take this legal matter? I want to ___________ my career by taking some management courses. It's not that much ____________ to the gas station. How much ____________ do I have to read in this text? How much __________ do I have to run, Coach?

Is It Farther or Further - Answer Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

farther further further farther farther, further

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

further further farther further farther

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How Does the Effect Affect You

Outline: AFFECT ... EFFECT ... Two very confusing words often misused. Cause and effect, sound effects, weather that affects your health, an affected tone of voice a spelling nightmare. Let's look at basic definitions and parts of speech. AFFECT verb to act upon, to change or to cause a change AFFECTED adjective influenced by an outside force EFFECT noun result; consequence (Note: there is one exception to this rule. When effect is used to indicate a scientific "cause and effect" instance, then it may be used as a verb. An example is: Do you know the name of the doctor who effected a cure for rabies?)
Although the definitions are certainly beneficial in knowing which spelling of similar-sounding words to use, it is the part of speech that gives us the best clue. Here are examples:

Chapter 15

1. She knew the _________ of the weather would impact the arthritis in her knee negatively. Two clauses are seen here: She (subject) knew (verb) and _________ (subject) would impact (verb)
A noun must go in the blank to act as the subject. Therefore, the only spelling choice available to us is EFFECT. She knew the EFFECT of the weather would impact the arthritis in her knee. 2. The weather always _____________ the arthritis in her knee. One clause: weather (subject) _____________ (verb)

The verb form is spelled AFFECT. Past tense becomes AFFECTED. The weather always AFFECTED the arthritis in her knee. 3. The _________ knee responded negatively to the damp weather due to its arthritic condition. One clause: knee (subject) responded (verb) The blank before the noun must be filled by an adjective. Therefore, the spelling must be AFFECTED. The AFFECTED knee responded negatively to the damp weather due to its arthritic condition. EXERCISES:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The applause showed how deeply the presentation had _____________ the audience.

His attitude was _________________ by his upbringing. What ____________ do you think the news will have on her? No matter what he does, it will have no _____________ on me. No matter what he does, it will not __________________ me. What do you think the _______ of the decision will be?
7. How did her son's departure _________________ Mrs. Sanago?

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8. How was the team _______________ by the loss of their coach? 9. I was impressed by the _______________ of Churchill's words on Britain during that

time.
10. Do you know what ____________ that medicine will have on you?

How Does the Effect Affect You - Answer Key

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. affected affected effect effect affect effect affect affected effect

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