Glossary of symbols

The list given below is not exhaustive, but includes all the most important symbols used in this book. The number after each brief definition refers to the section in the book where the full definition may be found, and the initials (VVS) indicate that a symbol is one used by Sokolovski. & denotes a small change in the value of the The dot notation is defined in 2.3, whereby x parameter x. As a result of the sign convention adopted (2.2) in which compressive stresses and strains are taken as positive, the following parameters only have a positive dot notation associated & = x ):v,l,r. with a negative change of value (i.e., + x The following letters are used as suffixes: f failure, r radial, 1 longitudinal; and as superfixes: r recoverable, p plastic (irrecoverable). a a Height of Coulombs wedge of soil Cross-sectional area of sample in axial-test Half unconfined compression strength Coefficient of consolidation Diameter, displacement, depth Voids ratio General function and its derivative Height, and height of water in standpipe Hydraulic gradient Maximum shear stress (Tresca) Coefficient of permeability Cohesion in eq. (8.1) Length of sample in axial-test Constant in eq. (8.3) cf. in eq. (5.23) Coefficients of volume compressibility Porosity Normal stress Effective spherical pressure Equivalent pressure cf. 'e Undrained critical state pressure Critical state pressure on yield curve Pressure corresponding to liquid limit Pressure corresponding to plastic limit Pressure corresponding to point Generalized stress parameters Uniformly distributed loading pressures Equivalent stress Axial-deviator stress Undrained critical state value of q Critical state value of q on yield curve Radial coordinate Directions of planes of limiting stress ratio Distance along a flowline Parameters locating centres of Mohrs circles Stresses in plane strain 9.1 5.2 6.10 4.3 1.2, 2.5, 3.7 1.5 3.7 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.3 (VVS) 8.1 5.2 8.2 4.3 1.5 (VVS) 9.5 5.5 5.10 5.10 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.9 8.2 (VVS) 9.4 (VVS) 9.5 5.5 5.10 6.5 3.8 (VVS) 9.5 3.2 (VVS) 9.5 App. C

cu cvc
d e

f, f' h, hw
i k k k l l

mvc , mvs
n n p

pe pu px pLL pPL p
p*, q* p, q

p'
q

qu qx
r r1, r2 s

s+ , s
s, t

t t

t1
u

Tangential stress Time Half-settlement time Excess pore-pressure Total pore-pressure Velocity of stream Velocity Artificial velocity Seepage velocity Specific volume Critical state value of v on yield curve Ordinates of -line and -line Specific volume at liquid limit Specific volume at plastic limit Change of specific volume corresponding to plasticity index Specific volume corresponding to point Water content Weight Cartesian coordinate axes Transformed coordinate Cross-sectional areas Fourier coefficients Pore-pressure coefficients Compression indices Diameter A total change of specific volume Youngs modulus Loading power Potential functions (Mises) Frictional force Shear modulus Specific gravity Maximum drainage path Abscissa of Mohr-Coulomb lines Bulk modulus Coefficients of earth pressure Lateral earth pressure force Mach number Overcompression ratio Normal force Vertical loads in consolidometer Active and passive pressure forces Probing power Quantity of flow Force of resistance Tangential force Time factor

(VVS) 9.5 1.2 4.6 3.1 1.6 1.7 1.2 3.3 3.3 1.5 6.5 6.1 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 1.5 1.2 1.7 3.5 3.3, 4.1 4.5 7.10 4.2, 6.9 1.2 5.13 2.7 5.6 2.9, 2.11, app. C 9.1 2.7 1.2 4.4 (VVS) 8.3 2.7 6.6 9.1 1.7 7.10 9.1 4.1 9.1, 9.2 5.6 3.3 1.2 9.1 4.4

uw
u v

va
vs v vx

v , v vLL vPL vPI v

w w x, y, z xt

A, At A, Am A, B, B Cc , C 'c
D D0 E

& E F , F ', F *
F G Gs H H K K, K0 L M N N

Q R T

P, Pw , Ps PA , PP & P

Tv

T12
U

Half-settlement time factor Proportion of consolidation Recoverable power Volumes Weight Dissipated power Loads in simple test system Yield stress in tension (Mises) Liquid limit Plastic limit Plasticity index Pair of characteristics Angles Engineering shear strain

4.6 4.4 5.6 1.2, 3.3 1.2 5.7 5.2 2.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 9.9 2.4 2.4

& U V ,Vt ,Vv

W

& W
X1, X2, X3 Y LL PL PI , ,

d ' w
&

Saturated bulk density Dry bulk density Submerged bulk density density of water

(by weight not mass)

1.5 1.5 3.3 1.2

(VVS) 9.5 5.3 (VVS) 9.1 5.5 6.7 2.10 App. C 5.8 (VVS) 9.9 9.1 (VVS) 9.5 4.2 4.2 (VVS) 9.5 1.2 2.7 2.10, app. C (VVS) 9.9 4.1 (VVS) 8.1 1.6 1.6 2.2 8.2 (VVS) 9.5 5.14 2.2 1.7

&ij &*

Inclination of equivalent stress Displacement in simple test system Half angle between characteristics Increment of shear strain Cumulative shear strain Components of strain increment Generalized shear strain increment Ratio of stresses q p Special parameter Angle Special parameter Gradient of swelling line Gradient of compression line Inclinations of principal stress to a stress discontinuity Viscosity Poissons ratio Scalar factors Special parameter Settlement Angle of friction in eq. (8.1) Total stress Effective stress Components of effective stress Hvorslevs equivalent stress Parameters locating centres of Mohrs circles Shear stresses in direct shear test Shear stresses Potential function

+ ,

v, v * ' 'ij

'e '+ , ' , m yz etc.

,m + ,

Angles of friction in Taylors shear tests Inclinations of principal stress on either side of discontinuity Streamline function Ordinate of critical state line Caquots angle Parameter relating swelling with compression Critical state frictional constant Major principal stress Common point of idealized critical state lines

5.14 (VVS) 9.5 3.7 5.9 (VVS) 9.5 6.6 5.7 (VVS) 9.5 6.9

'