400KV LINE/BUS REACTOR: GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR BAY ARRANGEMENT, INTERLOCKING, CONTROL & PROTECTION AND AUTOMATIC OPERATION

RAJENDRA WAGHULDE* KAHRAMAA QATAR ROHIT SHOUCHE ENERGOPROJEKT-ENTEL QATAR

I.

ABSTRACT

operational constraints as well as limited available space and aesthetic impact of OHL on the landscape. Implementation of long EHV cables raises issue of over voltages as cable capacitances have impact on steady state voltage across the power system to which cable is connected. Voltage at open end of the cable circuit will rise (TOV). To mitigate this effect, for long EHV UGC circuits, shunt reactors are connected to the cable. Rating of the reactor is based on system study. In Kahramaa, under Power transmission network expansion project, 400/220/66/11kV Lusail Development Super 2 (LDS-2) was envisaged to cater to the power needs for Lusail City power requirement. LDS-2 S/S is to be fed by 400kV, 22KM long, 1x 2500 mm2, XLPE, 800 MVA, triple circuits, special bonded underground cable line terminated on 400kV GIS bay with line reactor for control of reactive power control and over voltages during switching of cable circuits.

This paper describe various design considerations to achieve the combine requirement of 400KV GIS bay which can be used as line reactor bay, feeder bay and can be used to connect reactor to bus including; Economic benefit System reliability GIS primary device bay arrangement Operation and control philosophy and interlocking requirement Control switching of reactor under different operating condition Protection scheme for different operating condition Automatic operation of shunt reactor Special acceptance criteria

Scheme was implemented in Kahramaa project involving 400kV GIS substation and 22km long 400kV cables. Substantial economic benefit, flexibility can be realized due to line/bus reactor connections implemented. Necessary interlocks, control/protection schemes were developed and implemented. II. KEYWORDS

During winter one or two of the cable circuits may require to be kept open to reduce the cable charging reactive energy (MVAr) in the system as an operational measure. Keeping in view this operational perspective a new special scheme was developed: To allow connection of the recommended 80MVAr reactors on the cable circuit, To provide the flexibility to connect the cable connected reactor (line reactor) to bus even in case the cable is switched off, thus providing better control on the use of these reactors. Size, location of reactor was determined by system study.

Line reactor, Operation & control philosophy, Control switching, TOV, Economic aspect

III.

INTRODUCTION

Installation of underground cables (UGC) is preferred instead of Over Head Lines (OHL) in Middle East countries due to safety, reliability and

KAHRAMAA, PO BOX 41, DOHA, QATAR

Page 1 of 9

The Stage 1 and 2 load flow studies indicate that shunt compensation in the range of 80 150MVAr would provide adequate voltage profile under minimum loading conditions. However with a shunt reactor size of 150MVAr or lower, it would not be possible to energize the cable from the LDS 400kV busbar without exceeding the continuous maximum voltage rating (420kV rms line) of the system. One option would be for Kahramaa to restrict energisation from the UAAS 400kV busbar. The minimum shunt compensation requirement was determined by the cable de-energisation study which indicates that an 80MVAr cable connected reactor is acceptable. Another option would be to utilize transformer taps to reduce the pre-energizing voltage on the LDS busbar to 0.95pu prior to energizing the cable with an 80MVAr cable connected reactor.

Figure 1: 400kV network, UAA Super LDS-2 circuits IV. REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION STUDY: Reactive power compensation study is not focus of the paper, however it is important to refer the study in this paper as selection of reactor size, its location and switching philosophy is based on this study. An appropriate reactive power compensation study was carried out to determine the compensation scheme in term of location and amount. For long EHV UGC, shunt reactors are often connected directly to cable to restrict temporary over voltage (TOV) when one end of cable is open and voltage variation when cable is energized. To determine a location and size of shunt reactor, the following conditions were studied in off peak demand Steady State Energisation Voltage Cable De-energisation Statistical Switching Energisation Transient Recovery Voltage Transformer Energisation

Circuit De-energisation: - With an 80MVAr cable connected reactor at the LDS end of the cable feeder, the TOV produced on de-energisation of the feeder is within acceptable limits. Circuit Energisation switching over voltages: Energisation studies have shown that the 2% probability level for switching over voltages is 2pu and is characterized by a mean of 1.77pu with a standard deviation of 0.139pu for energisation from UAAS 400kV busbar. For energisation from the LDS2 400kV busbar, the 2% probability level for switching over voltages is 1.85pu and is characterized by a mean of 1.76pu with a standard deviation of 0.084pu for energisation from LDS2 400kV busbar. The maximum recorded overvoltage out of the 300 simulations undertaken was 678kV peak which is well below the SIWL of 1050kV for a 400kV system. In view of this controlled switching is not provided at UAA end from where cable is being charged. Transformer Energisation: Transformer energisation did not give rise to any significant TOVs or switching over voltages.

(TRV)/

Summarizing the results of the above studies for the UAAS LDS 400kV cable feeder circuit we can state the following. Steady State Voltage: - The maximum voltage rise (Ferranti effect) when energizing this feeder from LDS is 9.2% with 80MVAr cable connected reactors, and 5.92% with 150MVAr cable connected reactors. When energizing this feeder from UAAS, the voltage rise does not exceed 1.5% even with no cable connected reactors.

Transient Recovery Voltages: - Circuit breaker TRVs for both 3 phase and single phase to earth faults are within the standard 2 parameter TRV curves specified in IEC 62271-100 and can be considered acceptable. Study recommends restricting energisation from UAA substation. The minimum shunt compensation required, which was determined by cable deenergisation study, is 80 Mvar at LDS-2 substation connected to cable. Since no concerns are raised regarding power flow calculation results, shunt reactor can be connected to bus for reactive power control.

Page 2 of 9

V.

REACTOR CONNECTIONS Table -2

a) Line Reactor: Line reactor applied to regulate the reactive power of a system by compensating for the surplus reactive power generation of cables. Capacitive rise is the voltage rise which comes from drawing charging current of a line, cable, or capacitor through the source inductance. Line Reactor is also required to control excessive voltage. This voltage rise is caused on lines by capacitive rise when they are lightly loaded. b) Bus-reactor: Shunt reactors is applied to regulate the reactive power balance of a system by compensating for the surplus reactive power generation of transmission lines or cables. Shunt reactor connected to bus (or bus reactor) is preferred because of increased flexibility. Reactors are normally switched off for times of heavy load and are switched on to the lines at periods of low load which generally is the case during winter. The Bus reactor is being used to keep the voltages at a safe level for all of the other equipment on the line, and in the substation. However, this reactor connection cannot be used to suppress open terminal voltage. Table-1
Reactor connection Directly connected to cable (Line reactor) Bus connected reactor Advantages Can limit over voltages when one side of cable is opened Can be shared by multiple cable circuits Disadvantages

Sl. No 1

5 6

10

Cannot be used for voltage control when cable is not in service. May cause reactive power imbalance during switching operation.

11

12

13

Directly connected to Line and or bus (Line/bus reactor)

Can limit over voltages when one side of cable is opened Can be used for voltage control even when cable is not in service Can be shared by multiple cable circuits

14

400kV UGC Cable Parameters Positive sequence resistance/ kM in ohms Positive sequence reactance/ kM in ohms Zero sequence resistance/ kM in ohms Zero sequence reactance/ kM in ohms Line length in kM Total Positive sequence resistance RL1 Total Positive sequence reactance XL1 Total Zero sequence resistance RL0 Total Zero sequence reactance XL0 Capacitance of the cable in nf/ kM Cable charging current in A/ kM (considering cable capacitance Ich/kM) Max. Cable charging current in A 2.5 time of Ich in A (Since line reactor is provided) Equivalent secondary current in A

G10 bay

G20 bay

G30 bay

0.016

0.011

0.011

0.1840

0.1940

0.1940

0.0950

0.0137

0.0137

0.0640

0.0770

0.0770

22.00 0.352

22.09 0.243

22.09 0.243

4.048

4.285

4.285

2.090

3.026

3.026

1.408

1.701

1.701

226

222

222

16.43 A

16.13 A

16.13 A

361.46 A 2.5x 361.46A = 903.65A 903.65/ 2000 A = 0.452 A

356.31 A 2.5x 356.31A = 890.78A 890.78/ 2000 A = 0.445 A

356.31 A 2.5x 356.31A = 890.78A 890.78/ 2000 A = 0.445 A

Reactor of following parameters is selected Table: 3

Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 400kV, 80MVAr Reactor Reactor Rating Vector Group Full Load current of the reactor in A Charging current in A (Assumed) Line length in kM G10 bay 80 YNyn0 115.47 6x full load current =693 A 22.00

The capacitance and hence voltage rise depends upon cable parameters. The same for the cable involved in UAA-LDS-2 circuit as given below:

Page 3 of 9

VI.

ECONOMIC ASPECT:

At LDS-2 Substation it was envisaged to install line reactor to suppress the open terminal voltage however it was also necessitated to have bus connected reactor. Cost study was carried out for Line/bus reactor connection and for separate line reactor, bus reactor respectively. The requirement of 400kV GIS UGC cable bay with line reactor and shunt reactor connected to bus has economic benefits to the separate two 400kV bays, UGC bay connected to line reactor and another 400kV Shunt reactor bay. Less number of GIS devices and lesser space requirement and hence, smaller plot size gave clear economic advantage. Table -4 A Total Cost of Separate Line and Bus Reactor Bay Arrangement

69% of 400KV SS cost of LDS-2 48 % of 400KV SS cost of LDS-2 21%

Total Cost of combined Line/ Bus Reactor Arrangement:

Percentage Saving

Due to line/bus reactor arrangement total cost saving of 21% of total 400kV substation cost has been realized.

VII.

GIS PRIMARY ARRANGEMENT

DEVICES

BAY

In proposed arrangement instead of having two separate bays for reactor and line, one combined bay arrangement is adopted. Tap off for reactor was connected after Circuit breaker gas compartment. Reactor is connected to main line breaker through one isolator and circuit breaker. Reactor isolator and circuit breaker is provided with Separate Gas sections to increase the reliability and maintenance flexibility. Figure 2: GIS Bay Arrangement

Page 4 of 9

VIII.

Operation & Control Philosophy Interlocking requirements:

and

Line with be always energized from remote substation (UAA) with line reactor ON at LDS -2. This shall be controlled by following sequence of operation: Reactor devices (G300R and G303R) shall be closed first with circuit un energized conditions. Then line devices shall be closed. Main condition is to ensure that reactor is always in circuit before energisation of line from remote end SS (UAA).

There is no interlock between three breakers, namely G300- line circuit breaker, G300R reactor circuit breaker at LDS-2 substation and Remote feeding end circuit breaker at UAA substation. The operation of these breakers was left to switching operation philosophy/program. Open/Closed operation of Reactor CB (G300R) and Reactor isolator (G303R) shall be always performed in circuit un energized condition. For the above GIS bay arrangement, in addition to standards configuration of hardwired/ soft interlocks and for safe local/ SCS/ Remote operation of bays devices, following special criteria is developed. The selection of reactor Line mode or Bus Mode is allowed only at Local control cabinet (LCC) with the introduction of new selector switch. This additional 2-position selection switch has a selection option to choose the reactor as Bus reactor or Line reactor. Additionally, position of line isolator (G303) determines, if the reactor is connected in Line mode or Bus Mode (Refer figure 6). Here we have special mention for interlocking logic for line isolator (G303) and Line circuit breaker (G300) and Reactor CB (G300R). G300 CB and G300R CB can be closed if any One Busbar (Main or Reserve) isolators along with Line isolator open in bus mode (refer figure 4 & 5). G300 CB and G300R can be closed if Any One Busbar (Main or Reserve) isolator along with Line isolator closed in Line mode + sychro check OK (refer figure 4 & 5). Open/ Closed Operation of G303 Line Isolator can be done, if Reactor Bay in Line mode (Refer figure 6). G303 cannot be closed/ open if the reactor is connected Bus Mode This provide the safety against any un desired attempt to operate G303, when the reactor in energized from 400kV bus (Refer figure 6).

Figure 3: GIS 400kV G30 Bay

Figure 4: GIS 400kV G30 Bay, Reactor CB G300R Interlocking Logic applied.

Page 5 of 9

Figure 5: GIS 400kV G30 Bay, Line CB G300 Interlocking Logic applied.

Figure 6: GIS 400kV G30 Bay, Line Isolator G303 Interlocking Logic applied.

Page 6 of 9

IX.

Controlled Switching of Reactor:

X.

Switching operations of reactors produces transient over voltages and or un acceptable inrush currents which may jeopardize the equipment or circuit breaker itself. As compared to other methods, most reliable and cost effective method is controlled switching. The basic principle is to perform closing/opening on a point on wave form by guided control of opening/closing of breaker contacts with respect to voltage across the breaker contacts or the circuit current Specific to these circuits: As described in the VIII (Operation & Control Philosophy), reactor in line mode shall be connected to un-energized cable circuit and hence, there is no need of any control switching device on the reactor circuit breaker. Reactor bay devices (G300R and G303R) shall be closed first with circuit un energized conditions Line circuit breaker (G300) will be the last breaker to close and first to open. Moreover, in bus mode reactor will be switched IN/OUT by line breaker in live condition and hence susceptible for severe transient over voltages. In view of this, controlled switching device is provided at Line Breaker (G300) at LDS-2 substation for closing and opening of breaker.

Protection Scheme under each operating conditions: 400kV Cable Line protection: 400kV Cable Line protection consists of two main 87L protections (of different Manufacturer) with Dual ports FO connection. Distance backup F21 and over current backup protection is selected in the both Main-1 (87C/21C/51/49C-1) relay & Main-2 (87C/21C/51/492) 87L protection relays. Backup distance, Zone-1 is enabled if and only if both fibre optic communication fails with remote end 87L relay. Thermal overload is envisaged to be configured as Alarm. 400kV Busbar protection (87B+Line CB 50BF) consists of numerical low impedance biased differential bus bar protection with bay units and Central units Separate High burden Lockout/Trip relays are provided for BBP/BFP in the BBP panel. These trip relays shall directly trip CB. Reactor Unit Protection: Reactor unit protection consists of two main 87T relays of different Manufacturers (87R1+Reactor CB 50BF & 87R2) suitable to work in low impedance biased differential principle. This protection shall trip instantaneously for all internal phase to phase and phase to ground faults.

Figure 7: GIS 400kV Bay, Protection scheme overview

Page 7 of 9

Figure 8: Conditions of Auto operation of Shunt (Bus) Reactor

Reactor protection scheme utilizes restricted ground fault protection (i.e. 87NR) as reactor unit protection. This protection shall trip instantaneously for all internal phase to ground faults. Over current protection (i.e. 50/51) is used as backup protection for internal phase-to-phase faults. Residual over current protection (i.e. 50N/51N) is used as backup protection for ground faults and as main protection for circuit breaker pole disagreement condition. Reactor is equipped with several mechanical protections and indicating devices. Under and Over Voltage Reactor Unit Protection: Reactor Under/Over Voltage, Frequency Protection, F27/59/81U/81O Relay is provided with following functions enabled. Under Voltage Protection: Stage-1& Stage-2 with time delay Over Voltage Protection: Stage-1 with time delay Under frequency Protection: Stage-1 with time delay Over frequency Protection: Stage-1 with time delay

Salient features of protection scheme: When reactor is connected in bus mode, there is blind unprotected zone (portion of GIS located between G30-400kV Busbar CT and G30R-Reactor G30R CTs). New differential protection INTER ZONE PROTECTION or Short Zone Protection was introduced to cover the blind unprotected zone. Inter-zone protection relay will be active only when reactor is connected in Bus Mode, the same is realized by connecting line Isolator image Open to the relay. As the Line shall not be put in service if the Reactor is not available, the line at both ends is tripped on operation of any Reactor protections operated. Remote end tripping is achieved through inter-trip through Main-1 and Main-2 line differential relays. There is no direct CBF initiation to Main Busbar protection bay unit relay by reactor unit protections.

Page 8 of 9

Reactor circuit breaker, BF function is enabled in of the one Main reactor differential relay, initiated by its own Lockout relays (86-1R and 86-2R). BFP of Reactor only sends IT to remote end along with other IT signals pertaining to the Feeder bay and trips Line CB/ Line lockout relays. BFP of Reactor does not trip the entire 400kV Bus bar protection. F27/59/81 relay: U/F detection combined with O/V and U/V functions is blocked, with conditions, reactor LCC switch is selected Line mode and Line isolator G303 status is closed condition. Under Voltage, stage-2 trip of reactor in Bus mode: When Manual closing/opening operation of reactor is selected; under voltage stage-2 trip function is enabled. Automatic reactor: operation of (Bus-shunt)

There are different conditions exists when the Bus Reactor is to be switched ON:

XII.

Under normal conditions when the Voltage is high as happening during winter season etc. In this case the Frequency is normal, but the Voltage may vary where the Operation of Reactor is necessary. Abnormal condition when the System is subjected to Frequency variations and consequent load shedding process starts and the voltage variation occurs. This also demands the operation of Reactor. Conclusion:

Substantial flexibility and cost benefit can be realized by implementing combined line/bus reactor arrangement. Specific bay arrangement, interlocks, control and protection scheme ensure reliable and desirable operation when reactor is used as line reactor or bus reactor. XIII. References:

XI.

Auto operation of reactor In/Out Switching is applied to improve the power system performance by monitoring the bus voltage. Auto operation is primarily based on Under Voltage (U/F) detection combined with Over Voltage (O/V) and Under Voltage (U/V) functions, when reactor is connected in Bus Mode. When reactor is connected in line mode, auto operation of reactor is not envisaged. For automatic operation of reactor, Auto/ Manual selector switch is provided. Auto/Manual operation of reactor is possible, even if the bay operation is selected Local or Remote SCS in Local control cabinet (LCC).

[1] IEC 62271, 2007, High voltage switchgear and control gear. [2] EMTP/System Studies Final report, June 2009 by Kahramaa/ PB Power. [3] Rajendra Waghulde, Zuhair Al Shaiba: Controlled Switching in HV/EHV systems to reduce Switching Transients trans. GCC CIGRE, GCC Power 2010. IEEE242_Buff_Book_Protection Coordination and

[4]

[5]

M/s. Alstom project documentation for GIS, Protection and SCS, Kahramaa Projects.

Page 9 of 9