The novel under analysis is entitled The Happy Man. It is written by Somerset Maugham.

The main character is the narrator. There is no any information about his appearance in the text. The only one thing about his age is the information that he was a young man when he advised well. Nevertheless we can judge about his character from his thoughts, behavior and speech. The description of his character is indirect. He is a wise man: he knows that it is impossible to know another persons as well as oneself to give him/her advice which would be good for him/her. And he is bold enough for a man who dares to give the life changing advice to a man he see for the first time. The text is expressive and emotional because it describes the feelings of the man who has been forced to point the finger of other mans fate. The author uses different stylistic devices for this purpose. The events took place in London and Seville, Spain. The settings where the actions took place are the following: a modest apartment and an ordinary Spanish house with a patio. We dont know at what period of history the actions took place, but we know the time length of the narrated events and the amount of time during they occurred: many years later, fifteen at least. This novel runs about a desperate man who confided his life to a total stranger. The theme of the novel: a mans search for happiness; the role of advice in the life of people. We can divide the novel into three logical parts in order to understand it better. It is a narrative text. The key in the first part is rather pessimistic, and sometimes we can say that it is rather negative. This could be proved if we look at the metaphors the author use: he compares every man to a prisoner in a solitary tower, life to a difficult business. Another metaphor is used when he says that some people flounder at the journeys start. So we see that the author tries to make us ready for the future accidents, and to show us the difference between the past wrapped in the dark cloud of Destiny and the future. The second part was written in the form of a dialogue between the patient and our hero. We can see the despair of a stranger, because he uses short, sharp sentences, to emphasize it the author told us that they had a forcible ring. The visitor seems to be very tired of life, he is passive, but he wants to change something in it, that is why to show us the antagonistic character of the visitor, the author uses an oxymoron bright dark eyes. The third part is lyrical, and a bit romantic. In the third part, our main character comes to Seville, and tries to find that stranger. He lived in an ordinary Spanish house, his room was littered with papers, books, medical appliances and lumber but he was really happy. It could be seen from his description: a dissipated, though antirely sympathetic appearance, and of course from his murmuring Life is full of compensations. The story tells us about different events, which followed one another: I heard a ring bell at the door; I led him into my sitting room; achieved this feat; he reached out for his hat; he left me; many years later; I happened to be in Seville, etc.

The text is a descriptive one; there are many descriptive signals: a modest apartment, a total stranger, an apologetic laugh, a cursory glance, a little man, a wonderful life, trifling indisposition, a squeamish patient, a dim recollection, a Spanish woman and others. Descriptive words make the text expressive and vivid. The author employs many contextual synonyms, which make the language expressive: dangerous, hazardous; unwillingly, forced; confused, embarrassed; a total stranger, a perfect stranger; alter, change; twinkled, shone. By this story, the author shows us that our life is full of compensations. Taking the risk, you lose something but also you can find something, which could be really important for you.

To kill a mockingbird The extract under study is taken from the book To kill a mockingbird written by Harper Lee. "To Kill a Mockingbird" is her first novel and the Pulitzer Prize winning novel. The novel depicts the life of its young narrator Jean Louse Scout Finch in the small town of Maycomb, Alabama. Her father, Atticus Finch, is a smart lawyer with high moral standards. Attitus decides to take up a case involving a black man, Tom Robinson, who has been accused in raping a very poor white girl named Mayella Ewell. Attitus is sure in his defendant's innocence but Tom has almost no chance to be acquitted, because the white jury will never believe the black man more than a white woman. The article could be logically divided into four parts. The first part begins when we meet Atticus in the court-room who is half-way through his speech to the jury. He proves the fact of being an experienced smart lawyer who knows his business pretty well. His speech is logically organized; he speaks easily, with the kind of detachment he uses when he dictates a letter. During his speech the jury seems to be attentive and appreciative. That is, according to Scout, because he is not a thuderer. His children present in the court-room and notice some strangers in their father's behavior the so-called firsts this kind of digression shows Atticus's excitement (This is equivalent of him standing stark naked). Atticus addresses the jury gentlemen, showing his respect for them. After stating the facts the lawyer goes on to the evidence of Tom's innocence .The manner of his speech changes, and addresses the jury as if they are folks on the post office corner. He appeals to these people to be just, without prejudices. He tries to make the jury believe that Tom is not guilty. He says that the case requires no minute sifting of complicated facts and compares it with black and white. This case of similily shows that Atticus uses the simplest words for people better to understand what he means. In the second part, wed better name it The speech, he carefully outlines each peace of evidence. According to him it was not tom Robinson but Mayella Ewell who was guilty. The author compares her with a child, who hides stolen contraband. Probably using this case of simile Lee tries somehow to approve

Mayella's behavior and make the reader feel sorry for her. In this part of the extract we come across a number of stylistic devices, most of which serve to emphasize the meaning of the utterance. First of all it is rhetorical questions which Atticus asks and answers himself (what did she do? She tempted a negro), then such device as anadiplosis I have nothing but pity but my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man's life at stake, or repetition She has broken a code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live. These words underline the general passage atmosphere. Speaking about Mayella, Atticus repeats the verb must to express the situation from Mayellas point of view: she must put him away from her he must be removed from her presence, from this world. She must destroy the evidence of her offense. We also come across a number of emphatic structures (it was guilt that motivated her) which also contribute to the expressiveness of the passage. Atticus characterizes Tom Robinson from his point of view, using epithets: quiet, respectable, humble. He proves the fact that the Negro is not worse and in some way even better than many of white people. He expresses his idea using repetition (anaphora): some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around the women - black or white. Atticus ends his speech with Thomas Jeffersons words all men are created equal, but he does not agree with it because he sure that all people are different, but there is one institution where all are equal it is a court. The court is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. Here, the author used the parallel construction which emphasizes the effect of statement. But Atticus understands that the jury can make a mistake because:The court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. So the third part of the extract begins, it may be called Waiting (or suspense). Scout sees the jury return moving like underwater swimmers, and Judge Taylor's voice came from far away and was tiny: For Atticus, his children and Tom Robinson these moments turn into a nightmare. The foreman handed a piece of paper to Mr. Tate who handed it to the clerk who handed it to the judge. This repetition seems to be created to emphasize Atticuss feelings. The climax of the story is seen in the next paragraph. Atticuss children at the state of critical stress: Jem's hands were white from gripping the balcony rail. Here we see the repetition of the word guilty, which shows the tightness in the air, and describing the Jems feelings a comparison: each guilty was a separate stab between them. The fourth part, in my opinion, could be named Respect. I looked around. They were standing. All around us and in the balcony on the opposite wall, the Negroes were getting to their feet One of them respectfully calls Scout Miss Jean Louse, because everybody understand that Atticus did his best to protect the innocent. The novel has a number of interesting facts connected with its context and vocabulary. The author uses words from the lawyer's dictionary, making a reader a participant of the events: corroborative evidence, jury, complicated facts, guilt, defendant, crime, state, testimony, witness, judge, with the court permission, testify,

gavel. It goes without saying that racism is a major theme of the novel. And the central message is the equality of white and black people. TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD Id like to analyze the extract from a book which is entitled To kill a mockingbird. The author is Harper Lee, an American author known for her 1960-Pulitzer-Prizewinning and who is considered now by many to be a literary icon. Harper Lee was born in 1926 in the state of Alabama. In 1945-1949 she studied law at the University of Alabama. Her novel To kill a mockingbird which deals with the issues of racism that were observed by the author as a child in her hometown was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1961. The book became an international bestseller and was adapted into screen in 1962. The story of To kill a mockingbird takes place during a tumultuous time in the South. At that time black people were treated as people of lower level than white people and racial tensions were running high in the South as a whole, especially in Alabama. People all over the US followed events like the Scottsboro incident, 1955 bus boycott and also Martin Luther Kings rise to leadership. Harper Lee is said to have been influenced by these events very much. Though many details of To Kill a Mockingbird are apparently autobiographical she has insisted that the novel is a work of fiction. The text under analysis belongs to the group of fictional texts. The literary trend is realism. The book is brilliant and powerful and it is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The story takes place during three years of the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama. In the novel the author paints a true and lively picture of that time. A Negro was falsely accused of raping a white woman. Rhe extracts scene takes place in the Supreme Court in 1936. At the beginning the author pays readers attention to the main character of the story, Atticus, who is a defender. Then the author passes on the detailed description of Atticuss speech to the jury from which we learn that he occuses a young girl who tempted a black man. The author depicts how Atticus defending Tom Robinson, tries to persuade the jury that it was she, Bob Ewells daughter, who broke the code because her desires were stronger and we see Atticus providing the court with some evidences protecting the black man. After that he refers to Thomas Jeffersons speech emphasizing that in the court all people were equal, in spite of being black or white. He ends his speech by asking the jury to make a right decision. Further on we learn that the jury voted and discussed the case for a very long time and finally brought in a verdict Robinsons guiltiness which should be followed by the death penalty. It is important to analyze the title of the book, which has very little connection to the plot, but it is a kind of a symbol of the whole situation. In this story, the mockingbird comes to represent the idea of innocence. Thus, to kill a mockingbird is to destroy innocence. As we see this story is a real masterpiece of true-to-life description. Speaking about the structure of the story, it is represented quite vividly. There is the

exposition, which is at the beginning, where the author writes how Atticus presents his speech to the jury. The exposition is followed by the risking the speech of Atticus. And the climax is the moment, when the main character appeals to peoples feelings and values. The outcome is the verdict which is believed to be unfair. So, we can make a conclusion that this is the anticlimax of the extract. When Atticus finishes, he leaves the court room, this is the storys falling, but still being the extract of the novel, it has the open end. In spite of the fact, that the story has the sharp end, the author managed to reveal the main idea. The rigid social divisions and the problem of racial discrimination are vividly shown in the book. The author wants to show that all men are created equal and everyone has the same rights. Besides Lee depicts how cruel people can be especially when they deal with someone who is different from them. Speaking about the main characters of the story we cant avoid the detailed description of Atticus Finch who is said to be the voice of reason in the town and in the novel. He is described indirectly, that is the character is revealed through actions, thoughts, speech and appearance, it helps the reader to create the image of Atticus Finch quite easy. He is a protagonist of the novel; he may be defined as round and static, because there are no radical changes in his temper throughout the story. Being a successful lawyer he is a good father; he wants his children to grow up moral and honest people. In spite of the threats of the Ku-Klux-Klan, Atticus was eager to take up this case and did his best. It characterizes him as a very brave person, since this organization was terrible and famous for their bloody deals. The members of the KuKlux-Klan lynched not only blacks but also those who supported them. He is an honest man who represents morality and justice in To Kill a Mockingbird. Atticus can be characterized as a man with kind heart as he really sympathized Tom and felt indignant for the falsely accused man. He feels he is responsible to take Tom Robinsons case and defend him to the best of his abilities. Atticus is sometimes overly optimistic, but his unshakable hope in mankind and self-created role as the town 'do-gooder' sustain him. He is a good speaker, because his speech is organized logically and rhythmically. He knows how to attract their attention. Atticus addresses the jury gentlemen, showing his respect for them. Using simile he was talking to the jury as if they were folks on the post office corner the author wanted to show that he is not going to ingratiate with them. Another simile shows him being a quick-witted man as he says This case is as simple as black and white and the other a lie as black as Tom Robinsons skin. The allusion of the Yankees and Thomas Jeffersons speech also give us a certain image of a well-educated man and it also help Atticus somehow to influence the Jury. The author uses the anaphora when such crimes cant be applied to a particular race of men: Some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women There is also a very interesting case of the repetition with the parallelism, which seems to be the author's attitude towards the red tape of the court: The foreman handed a piece of paper to Mr. Tate who handed it to the clerk who handed it to the judge. The vivid example of repetition of the word guilty pronounced by Judge Taylor after the polling of the grand jury shows us the tension in the room. In the Atticuses speech we can also find a phenomenon of

antithesis: there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. Here the author emphasizes the great abyss between the rich and the poor. By the word a Rockefeller the author implies a very rich man, and by the word an Einstein a very ignorant one. The other character of the story is Tom Robinson, a young strong Negro who was charged with raping a white girl, but in fact, he is not guilty. The method of his describing is masterfully mixed: it is direct and indirect simultaneously. The character is flat, that is he is relatively uncomplicated and doesnt not change throughout the whole course of a work. Tom is also said to be a protagonist of the story as well as his defendant being contradicted to the prejudiced society. He is described by Atticus as a quiet, respectable, humble Negro. Such epithets help us to imagine the character more colourfully. We can definitely say that he is too nave and simple that we cant help sympathizing him. Which is more he is a bit helpless, but we know how hard it was to fight for the rights at that time especially when the matter concerned bblack men. In this story he is represented as a victim of the society, of its prejudice to the Blacks. His only guilt is his colour of skin. Describing the Mayella Ewell, a girl who accused Tom in raping, Atticus uses the strong metaphor saying that she is the victim of poverty and ignorance. Hereafter he uses the effective parallel construction saying that She knew full well the enormity of her offense, she did persisted.., she did something every child has done, she tried to put the evidence of her offense away from her. Speaking about her personality we should say about her irresponsibility for her actions and words as it was she who actually seduced a man. To be more specific we can point out her lost morality and lack of education and upbringing itself. It is not a surprise judging by her fathers behavior in the court. He is even more ignorant and ill-natured than his daughter. The style prevailed in the extract is oratorical. Its main function is persuasion of the audience. The speaker, Atticus, uses a lot of stylistic devices in his speech in order to persuade the jury that his defendant is not guilty. The most frequently used is the epithet. The story is full of the epithets a rigid and time honored code; a code so severe; any God-fearing, persevering, respectable white man; a quiet, respectable, humble Negro; the cynical confidence; the evil assumption; Judge Tailors voice was tiny which express the authors attitude toward what he describes. They contribute to the expressiveness and vividness of the lawyers speech. The metaphor is another figure of speech used in the text; it requires no sifting of complicated facts; no code mattered to her before she broke it, but it came crashing down on her afterwards; a phrase that the Yankees are fond of hurling at us; hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. Human society is compared with a flock of dogs which hound a wild animal during hunting. There is only one example of irony in the text and so quite respectable, humble Negro who had the unmitigated temerity to feel sorry for a white woman. Irony shows the attitude of the author to certain facts or events and creates a humorous effect. In the speech of Atticus Finch also such stylistic devices as allusion: Thomas Jefferson once said; In the name of God; and antonomasia: a Rockefeller, an Einstein are used. Simile is used by the author,

too: ...we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinsons skin...; this case is as simple as black and white. The speaker intensely chooses such word as black to refer the audience to Tom Robinsons racial belonging which must not take any matter for them. In spite of lexical stylistic devices a number of syntactical stylistic devices are used. The one of them which helps the author to catch the readers attention is the repetition, in the text we find different types of repetition. Among them is catch repetition: which she had done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt. I say, guilt, gentlemen; she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is honored from our midst Anaphora: that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral being, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our woman; and the truth is this: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around our women; she persisted in breaking it. She persisted and Ordinary repetition: A court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. The repetition is often used to make the speakers meaning clear, to lay greater emphasis on his statements. Emphasis in the text is also attained by: the use of the verb to do it does require you to be sure; the emphatic word order all around us and in the balcony on the opposite wall the Negroes were getting to their feet It was interesting to notice that in the speech of the lawyer gradation takes place: first, the speaker mentions the name of Thomas Jefferson, then the Supreme Court and, finally, the name of God. Thus, the gradation is Thomas Jefferson the Supreme Court God. We can see the suspense in the speech of Finch when he declares that Robison cant be guilty, but somebody in this court room is. The narration itself is full of epithets and metaphors. For instance, the glances in the court are defined as horrified. Atticus concludes his closing statement using Thomas Jeffersons words all men are created equal. Speaking about the peculiarity of Harper Lees language, the language of the story mostly formal with use of law terminology, making a reader a participant of the events in the courtroom: medical evidence, witness, court-room, jury, case, guilt of the defendant, cross-examination. This proves that Lee studied at the law school and knew the subject perfectly. Besides, these words create the real atmosphere of the court. It helps the reader to feel the tension of the characters. In conclusion I would like to say that the novel is full of the deep ideas that everybody should think over. A person must respect others no matter who people are and where they come from. This value should be given to children from the very infantry. I absolutely agree with the Atticuss belief that all human beings must be accepted and treated equally.