INSTRUMENTS AND AVIONIC SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT 3 NAME :1) 2) 3) 1.

ID : 1) 2) 3) CLASS :

Explain FM and AM and state the advantage of FM compared to AM AM (or Amplitude Modulation) and FM (or Frequency Modulation) are ways of broadcasting radio signals. Both transmit the information in the form of electromagnetic waves. AM works by modulating (varying) the amplitude of the signal or carrier transmitted according to the information being sent, while the frequency remains constant. This differs from FM technology in which information (sound) is encoded by varying the frequency of the wave and the amplitude is kept constant. The advantages of FM compared to AM are: 1. Lesser distortion. Frequency modulated wave is less susceptible to interferences from buildings, traffic. 2. Waves at higher frequencies can carry more data than the waves at low frequency. 3. Smaller geographical interference between neighbouring stations. 4. Less radiated power. 5. Well defined service areas for given transmitter power. 3 marks

2.

Vertical polarized antenna commonly used for transmits an electromagnetic wave with the E field perpendicular to the Earth's surface while horizontal polarized antenna commonly used for transmits a radiowave with the E field parallel to the Earth's surface 2 marks

3.

State the purpose of antenna coupler in HF radio system The purpose of Coupler antenna is to re-tunes the antenna each time the frequency is changed on the HF radio 1marks

4.

State the purpose of squelch stage in an aircraft radio system Squelch control adjusts how strong a received signal has to be for you to hear the audio 1mark

5.

What are the main components of HF communication 1) Antenna tuning unit or antenna coupler 2) transceiver 3) control unit 2 marks

6. 7.

Propagation of HF transmission using ionosphere 1 mark ADF receive signals from broadcast stations and non-directional beacons (NDB) 2 mark ADF antenna consist of directional antenna and sense antenna 2 marks

8.

9.

What is the purpose of sense antenna? The purpose of sense antenna is to gives station bearing direction to received signal combined with loop antenna. 1 mark

10. 11. 12.

VOR shares its antenna with LOC antenna system 1 mark Indicator that represent VOR and ADF signal is radio magnetic indicator 1 mark DME measure the ground station distance with a delay of radio frequency (RF) pulse. 2 marks DME channel are paired with VOR frequency frequencies. 1 mark

13.

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Give the example of Localiser frequency: 108.10-111.95 MHz VOR frequency : 108-118 MHz 2 marks

15.

State the location of the glide slope and localiser transmitter antenna Glide slope antenna- inside the windshield area Localizer transmitter antenna- located at the far end of the runaway 2 marks

16.

To prevent on air collision between aircrafts, each aircraft must be equipped with TCAS. 1 mark State the difference in term of power output between primary and secondary radar and give the example of the navigation instrument that uses primary and secondary radar? Example of the navigation instrument that uses primary and secondary radar is Air traffic controller (ATC) radar 3 marks

17.

18.

MODE A and MODE C used in ATC system are for Mode A : Identity Mode C : Altitude reporting 2 marks

19.

ATC interrogates on frequency of 1030MHz and replies on1090 MHz 2 marks

20.

There are two levels of warnings in TCAS system which are 1 Resolution Advisory (RA) provide recommended manoeuvres needed to maintain vertical separation. 2 Traffic Advisory (TA) assists the flight crew in visually locating and identifying an intruder. 2 mark

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Label the indication

The diamond shows a non-threat aircraft, colour in white or cyan. The arrow present next to intruder.

The circle shows threat traffic advisory level, colour in solid amber 6 marks 22. What is the purpose of Radio Altimeter and state the maximum height it can measure The radio altimeter (RA) system measures the vertical distance from the airplane to the ground. Maximum height it can measure is from 2500 ft to a few feet below touchdown example B737 range is -12ft to 2500ft. 2 marks 23. State the GPWS mode 1 and 5 MODE 1 Excessive sink rate MODE 5 Excessive deviation below glideslope 2 marks 24. State the frequency of X band weather radar and Why is the large passenger aircraft use this frequency band The frequency 9375MHz + 20MHz or 9345MHz + 20MHz. The large aircraft use it because the X-band wavelength penetrates clouds and reflects from tree canopy to deliver surface model data in forested areas and accurate terrain elevation in open areas 2 marks 25. The Marker Beacon Carrier frequency is 75 MHz 1 mark

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State the 3 visual indication and frequencies for each marker beacon shown

Outer: - blue (or purple) lamp to flash Frequency: 400Hz Middle: - amber lamp to flash Frequency: 1300Hz Inner: - white lamp to flash Frequency: 3000Hz 3 marks 20 marks

/50 marks