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28 LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

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LIVINGCOLOR.
LIVING COLOR.No.163,
No.163, FEBRUARY.
FEBRUARY. 2009.
2009. 29
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
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LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

pum;0kdif;ukd vGwfvyfpGmzGifhay;vkduf&if wpfcgwav
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wif y gw,f /
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awmh tar&duefukd tm;ukd;vkdYr&awmhbl;/ West (taemuf
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LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
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r,f/ tJ'u D ae *,uf½u dk rf ,f/ *,uf½u dk &f if bmjzpfrvJqdk
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ta&;BuD;w,f/ tjcm;[mawG aqG;aEG;&if;eJY 'Dupd u ö dk aqG;aEG;
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u oifcef;pm,lEkdifr,fh[mawGukd ajymjyoGm;yghr,f/ tck
Financial Tsunami u tar&duu pwm/ uRefawmfxifwm
31
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
uawmh System Failure / Market Failure vkdYvnf; ajymvkdY&
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Model/
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acs;w,f? aiGvTJw,f 'DavmufyJ/
tckxl;jcm;wmu International Cooperation awG odyf
aumif;vmw,f/ twk;d awGcsay;qkd tukev f ;kH 0kid ;f csay;w,f/
ykdNyD;awmh ta&;BuD;wmu Risk Management / Trans-
fer vkywf o hJ al wGu Risk r,lb;l / ighvufu vGwo f mG ;NyDaygh/
tJ'Dawmh bPfawGbufu Risk Management ukd aocsm
vkyf&r,f/ Regulator awGvnf; 'D[mukd aocsmMunfh&r,f/
Regulation Failure vnf;&Sw d ,f/ Regulator awGu jyefYusJae
w,f/ aemufwpfcq k ;dk wmu Transparency r&Sb d ;l / 'gawGu
oifcef;pm,lMuzkUd yg/ tJ'aD wmh uRefawmfwYdk widk ;f jynftwGuf
32
bmvkyrf vJ/ uReaf wmfvnf; pmwrf;wpfcw k ifxm;w,f/ ul;
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dk f vmr,fhvrf;aMumif;awGu Export uvmr,f/ Financial
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a'gufwmae0if;armif / / OD;wifarmifoef;u qufvuf
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w,f/ tJ'gubmvJqkdawmh 'DaeYurÇmBuD; b,fukdoGm;ae
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aeovJqw dk m Munfzh Ydkvydk gw,f/ Ekid if aH &;t& Munfrh ,fq&dk if
urÇmEh idk if aH &;pepfawGu Democretization vkYd ajymvkYd &w,f/
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oGm;awGU&ovJqdk Ekid if jH zpfwnfzYdktwGuf jyefNyD; Define vky&f
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tpaygh/
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Globalization eJYqufpyfaewJh pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfaeNyDqkdwm
tm;vHk;odMuygw,f/ oGm;aewmuawmh Free Market aygh
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LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

txm;ukd awGU&ygw,f/ tJ'g bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmh Globa-
lization aMumifhjzpfw,fqkdwmyg/ tckbmjzpfvmovJqkd In-
formation acwf/ tifwmeufay:vmw,f/ Paradigm awG
ajymif;oGm;w,f/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;&JU Power (Power
of Individual) awG trsm;BuD;wufvmw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY
Capital Free Flow jzpfaewmawGeJY Physical Boundry pepf
awG xdyfwkdufawGUwJhtaetxm;vkdY ajymvkdY&ygw,f/
aemufwpfcku U.S / U.S Economy ukd BudKufBudKuf
rBuKd uBf uKd uf Dealing vky&f r,f/ wcsKUd u U.S Foreign Policy
vkdYvnf;ajymwmayghaemf/ Hegemony uawmh &SdaerSmyJ/
Akdvfuspkd;rkd;a&;qkdwJhtawG;tac:u tar&duefrSm tNrJouf
a&mufaerSmyJ/ olwkdYvnf; &ifqkdifae&wJhESpfcku bmvJqkd
awmh Superpower of the world taeeJY urÇmBuD;ukd Supe-
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xm;yg/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm 20 &mpku Institution awG? System
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LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
a'gufwmpdefarmif
mestics awG ta&mif;oGua
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vnf; ta&mif;oGufw,f/ aemuf pdwf0ifpm;MuwJh[mwpfck
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pwkd;awGu tck'D&ufykdif;ESpful;rSm ykdrsm;aMumfjimvmovm;
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aumif; raumif;aumif; aq;aomufMu&awmh aq;qdkifawG
dk m awmh rxdavmufbl;vkdYxifxm;wm/ aq;qkdifawG oGm;ar;
awmh ra&mif;&bl;vkdYajzw,f/ aumif;wJh Indicator eJYwlyg
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rsm;? ig;vkyfief;tzGJUcsKyfu wm0ef&Sdyk*dK¾ vfrsm;eJY {nfhy&dowf
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aemufqHk;ydwftdwfeJYvG,fqkdwJh jrefrmpum;t& a&SUu ynm
33
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
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w,f/ t"du uRefawmfajymcsifwJhtxJu b,fvkdjzpfw,f tJ'Duyfa&m*gukd b,fvkdukMurvJqkd a&m*g Diagnosis ukd
qkwd mukd ynm&SiBf uD;awGajymNyD;oGm;NyDrYdkvYdk b,fv&dk ifqidk Mf u t&ifvkduf&Sm&r,f/ Situational Analysis (ykdif;jcm;pdwfjzm)
rvJ How can you face the crisis? qkdwmukd ajymjyyghr,f/ vkyfMu&awmhr,f/
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avmuf&o dS vJ/ 'gawGtay:rlwnfNyD;rS uk, d cf t
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34 LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.


&if wpfrsKd;jzpfovkd vlem&JUukd,fcHtm;? wjcm;bma&m*gawG
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ment vnf; tm;enf;wmyJ/ aemufwpfcku trsm;pku Low
Income qif;&JwJholawGursm;wJhtwGuf wpfckckjzpfvkdufwm
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
OD;cifarmifndK
eJY xdygw,f/ Credit Card wkef;u t&rf;xdwJhtaetxm;
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&Sdaew,f/
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atmifxGef;oufajymoGm;wmukd uRefawmf t&rf;oabmus
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vJqkdawmh acwfpum;eJYajym&ifawmh Top of Goal vkdY qkd&
rSmaygh/ t&rf;arS;rSdefaewJh? bmrSef;rodwJhtajctaerSm jzpf
aewJhtwGufaMumifh tckqkd tpkd;&ukd,fwkdifu OD;aqmif&
35
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
r,f/ aemufNyD;awmh Private Sector ukd oGm;&r,f/ tJ'Dtae
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36
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ukd ynm&Sifrsm;aqG;aEG;&if; enf;enf;av;a&moGm;wm
jzpfwJhtwGuf? y&dowfuvnf; pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdwJhtwGuf
tJ'Dtwkdif;yJqufNyD;oGm;yg&ap/ tck a'gufwmpdefarmif
ukd ar;cJhwJhar;cGef;ukd q&mBuD;OD;jrifhukd qufar;csifyg
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

w,f/ uRefawmfwkdYvuf&Sdyk*¾vdubPfawGeJYywfouf
NyD; ckeuuRefawmfar;cJhovkd uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHrSm Credit
Creation vkyfzkdYvkdrvm;/ Consumer Credit pm;okH;olukd
yJ Credit ay;rvm;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGukda&m 'Dtcsdef
rS m Credit ay;rvm;aygh/ q&mBuD;OD;jrifhtaeeJY b,fvkd
,lqovJ odyg&ap/ apmapmu q&mBuD;OD;ppdd e f a rmif e J Y
Credit Creation ud p ö u av;uk d y g q&majzMum;ay;apvk d
ygw,f /
a'guf w mOD ; jrif h / / ypfwidk ;f axmifqw dk m olY&UJ tESp?f
olY&UJ Weight u atmufrmS &Sw d m/ tay:u [mvm[if;vif;
BuD;/
a'gufwmpdefarmifajymwJhbPfuawmh tao;tzJGyg/
How many people have banking account? pD;yGm;a&;wpfck
vk;H eJYywfoufvYdk ajymcsiyf gw,f/ wkw d w
dk w
k w
f w k yf gyJ/ eHygwf
(1) Playing Field upm;uGi;f awGudk twwfEidk q f ;Hk vkyx
ay;yg/ tpk;d &taeeJYuvnf; tkyfxdef;oltaeeJY xdef;csKyfol
taeeJYuae ajymif;NyD;awmh yHhykd;oltaeeJY aqmif&Gufay;yg/
'DESpfcsufyJ uRefawmf&Sdygw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / tck q&mOD ; uk d u k d v I d i f u k d
tvSnfhay;yg&ap/ q&mOD;ukdukdvIdifu EkdifiHwumjzpf
&yfawGukd okawoDtaeeJY aqmif&GufaeoljzpfwJhtwGuf
uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHeJY b0cyfqifqifEkdifiHawG &Sdygw,f/
AD , uf e rf w k d Y ? uarÇ m 'D ; ,m;wk d Y aygh / 'D v k d E k d i f i H a wG & J U
tawGUtBuKHeJY uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHrSm b,fvkdqkd;usKd;rsm;
oufa&mufEkdifw,fqkdwmav;? txl;ojzifh q&mhtaeeJY
pkd;&drfwJhqkd;usKd;rsKd; OD;pm;ay;aqG;aEG;ay;apvkdygw,f/
OD ; uk d u k d v I d i f / / uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHtaeeJY usef
wJEh idk if aH wGeYJ rwlwmawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;&Syd gw,f/ wpfcu
ckeuajymcJhovkdyJ pkd;&drfwJh tbkd;eJYae&wJhrdom;pkvkdaygh/
tjyifxGufvnf; pkd;&drfw,f/ a&ul;rSmukdvnf; pkd;&drfw,f/
tJ'gaMumifrh Ydk vYdk 'D Impact jzpfvmwJt h cgrSm rvkyw f wfrukid f
wwfjzpfvmawmh apmapmuajymovkd uRefawmfwkdYeJY b0wl
EkdifiHawGeJY,SOfNyD;ajymr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if xdEkdifwmuawmh Grass
Root Level trsm;qkH;jzpfwJh Agriculture Sector ukd xdvkduf
vkdY&Sd&if tukefvkH; ysHUoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gukd uRefawmf
tvGefpkd;&drfygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYodoavmuf Data awGt&
tjyifrSmoGm;tvkyfvkyfaeMuwm ESpfoef;avmuf &Sdygw,f/
b,favmufjyefvmrvJqw dk m uReaf wmfwYdk rajymEkid af o;bl;/
tJ'gvnf;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;xdygr,f/ usefwJh Sector
awGuawmh uRefawmfwkdY&JU pD;yGm;a&;rSm ta&;ygaomfjim;
vnf; Agriculture avmuf odyfNyD;awmhrS ta&;rygbl;/ tJ'D
ESpfckukd uRefawmfpkd;&drfygw,f/ jzpfvmEkdifw,fayghaemf/ apm
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
OD;wifarmifoef;
f m;
apmu q&mBuD;OD;jrifhajymovkdyJ ypfwkdif;axmifqkdwm
atmufajcrSm av;w,f/ Community Base eJY uRefawmfwkdY
oGm;Mu&r,f/ tpkd;&u a&SUuaeNyD; OD;raqmifvkdY&Sd&ifvnf;
uRefawmfwkdYvkyfvkdYr&bl;/ apmapmu tbkd;OD;aqmifaewJh
rdom;pkvkd jzpfaew,f/ tv,faumifrSmpkaewJh Private In-
stitution awGuvnf;yJ Drive vkyfay;&r,f/ Public Sector
uvnf; Drive vkyfay;&r,f/ tm;vkH;aygif;NyD;awmh vkyf&
r,fhtajctaersKd; jzpfygw,f/ wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf
wGufuyfaevkdY r&ygbl;/ ta&;tBuD;qkH;u bmvJqkd wpf
a,mufeJYwpfa,muf rdom;pkpdwf"mwfeJY 'D[mBuHKvmNyDqkd
vkdY&Sd&if tm;vkH;0kdif;NyD;vkyfMu&r,fqkdwJhpdwfawGay:vm
atmif ajyajyjypfjypf tjyeftvSef Cooperation & Collabo-
k ration u 'Dae&mrSm ta&;tBuD;qkH;yJvkdY xifygw,f/ tJ'g&
oGm;vkYd &&dS if usefwOhJ pömawG[m Therapy (ukx;Hk ) uk&d oGm;NyD
qkdvkdY&Sd&if Treatment awGu tvkdvkdvkdufNyD;awmh ajyvnf
oGm;vdrfhr,fvkdY uRefawmfxifygw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / aus;Zl ; wif y gw,f / uRef
awmfwkdYEkdifiHrSm 'D Impact u wu,fBuD;ygw,f/ EkdifiH
&J U GDP usoGm;vkdY&Sd&if vlwpfOD;csif;&JU0ifaiGusr,f/
tm;vkH;vkdvkd toD;oD; 0ifaiGusoGm;vdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dawmh
v,f,mu@? arG;jrLa&;u@ xkwfukefawGeJY ywfouf
vkdY OD;wifarmifoef;u okawoejyKxm;wm awmfawmf
rsm;ygw,f/ ol okawoejyKxm;wJhtajccHawGtay:rSm
rl w nf N yD ; awmh uRef a wmf w k d Y qD r S m b,f a vmuf t xd
awmif 'D*,ufu ½kdufoGm;Ekdifw,fqkdwmav; ajzMum;
ay;apvk d y gw,f /
OD;wifarmifoef; / / uRefawmfwkdY 'DpkdufysKd;a&;?
37
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
arG; jrLa&;ESpcf pk vk;H ayghaemf/ uReaf wmfwYEdk idk if &H UJ vltrsm;pk&UJ t"du
0ifaiGu 'DtxJuyJ&w,f/ tJ'D[m bmjzpfrvJqkd tm;vkH;
odMuwJhtwkdif;yJ/ 'D Primary Producer awG[m ESpfcgxdMu
w,f/ em*pfjzpfNyD;wJhtcgrSm wpfacguf? em*pfNyD;wJhtcsdef
Financial Crisis uwpfacguf wku d ½f udk x f cd u dk cf w
hJ mukd awGU&
w,f/ Oyrm-ig;jrpfcsif;u jynfwiG ;f rSmvnf; tjynft h 0pm;
w,f/ EkdifiHjcm;ukdvnf; xdxda&mufa&mufa&mif;Ekdifw,f/
NyD;awmh uReaf wmfwYdkqrD mS Competitive Advantage awG&Sdw,f/
urÇmrSm 'Dig;u uRefawmfwkdYqDuyJ t"duxkwfvkyfwJhEkdifiH
jzpfwJhtwGuf 'gonf Representative Indicator wpfcktaeeJY
okH;vkdY&ygw,f/ bmoGm;awGU&ovJqkdawmh uRefawmfwkdY[m
em*pfNyD;wJhtcsdefrSm Supply enf;enf;av; Shortage &SdwJh
twGufrkdYvkdY aps;av;wufwmawGU&NyD;awmh atmufwkdbm
Crisis NyD;wJt
h csed rf mS trSmusomG ;wJt h wGurf YdkvYdk aps;usw[ hJ m
u wu,fh Declining ukd awGU&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufNyD;
awmh wpfzufu uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHrSm Consumer Price In-
dex u aocsmr&Sb d ;l / b,f[mu Reflect vkyo f vJqdk qif;&J
csrf;omra&G;pm;wJh MuufOaps;u Reflect vkyfw,f/ MuufO
aps;ukMd unf&h if uReaf wmfwYdk Retail rSm rusb;l / 'gayrJh Who-
lesale rSmuswm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;awGUae&ygw,f/ 'gbmukd
Reflect vkyfovJqkd Buying Power usvmNyDqkdwmukd jyyg
38
w,f/ MuufOawmifrS 'DvkdjzpfNyDqkd&if uRefawmfwkdYu ylyef&
r,fhtaetxm;a&mufrvm;ar;r,fqkd&if uRefawmfhtaeeJY
Primary Producer awGtwGufukd tifrwef pkd;&drfylyefyg
w,f/ uRefawmfwYdk Eidk if &H UJ vlO;D a&trsm;pku 'Dtay:rSm wnf
rSDaewmjzpfwJhtwGufaMumifh 'Dvkyfief;awG 2009 ckESpfukd
b,fvkdausmfjzwfrvJ/ t&ifESpfu Input awG (oGif;tm;pk
awG) aps;BuD;ay;xm;NyD;awmh tckuswJhaps;eJY b,fvkda&mif;
rvJ/ NyD;&if tJ'guswJhaps;eJY a&mif;xm;wJhaiGukd jyef&if;NyD;
awmh 2009 ckESpfukd b,fvkdjzwfausmfrwkef;/ uRefawmfwkdY
2010 uawmh Bright Future vkdY ajymvkdY&r,fhtaetxm;
&Sw
d ,f/ 'guk&d zkYd 'DtcGit
hf vrf;ukd b,fvt dk rdt&,lrvJqw dk m
Primary Producer awGeJYywfoufvkdY uRefawmfhpkd;&drfrIyg/
aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / tJ ' D Primary Producer awG
eJYywfoufNyD; q&mOD;cifarmifndKukd uRefawmfar;csifyg
w,f/ bmvkdYvJqkd uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHvlOD;a&&JU 70 &m
ckdifEIef;[m v,f,mvkyfief;eJY wpfenf;r[kwfwpfenf;
ywfoufaeygw,f/ tJ'D 70 &mckdifEIef;rSm b,favmuf
0ifaiG&Sdw,fqkdwm cefYrSef;Munfh&if awmfawmfav;enf;
ygw,f/ aocsmwmwpfckajymvkdY&wmu tJ'D 70 &mckdif
EI e f ; avmuf a omjynf o l v l x k [ m ol w k d Y 00if
if a iG & J U 75
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

&mckdifEIef;ukd &du©mtwGufokH;&w,f/ vlqkdwm pm; 0wf
aea&; okH;ck&Sdwmayghaemf/ vlwpfa,muf[m olY0ifaiG&JU
75 &mckdifEIef;ukd &du©mtwGufokH;&w,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if 'Dvl
[m olY0ifaiGukd 0wfwmeJY aewmrSm rokH;&oavmuf jzpf
aewmayghaemf/ vlYb0rSm pm;0wfaea&; ta&;tBuD;qkH;
yg/ uRefawmfhtaeeJY pm;0wfaea&;rubl;vkdY ,lqw,f/
tckjzpfaewJh MuufoGefaps;? qefaps;? yJaps;[m tJ'DoD;ESH
awGpkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfwJh awmifolv,form;awGtay:rSm
b,fvkdoufa&mufEkdifovJ? q&mhcHpm;csuf b,fvkd&Sd
ovJqkdwm OD;cifarmifndK ar;yg&ap/ eHygwf (2) q&mh
taeeJY tjcm;pkd;&drfrI&SdcJh&if bmrsm;jzpfrvJqkdwmyg odyg
&ap/ aus;Zl;wifygw,fq&m/
OD;cifarmifndK / / uRefawmfhcHpm;csufuawmh
Moderator ukd tcsdeu f efYowfapcsifw,f/ olcsnf;yJajymoGm;
w,f/ 'kdifvlBuD;qkdwm tJ'grsKd;yJ/ aemufwmyg/
uRefawmfajymNyD;om;yg/ twkdcsKHUajym&&ifawmh 2008
ckESpf[m Commodity of theYear uyJ jzpfaew,f/ uRef
awmfwYdk tNrJwrf; 'DrmS jyóemjzpfaewJu h pd w
ö pfcu
k bmvJqdk
'Dqefu Strategic Commodity jzpfaew,f/ wpfzufu aps;
oufomwJh[mukd jrifcsifw,f/ wpfzufuusawmh Export
uae yku d qf &H atmif? v,form;awGvufxaJ &mufomG ;atmif
yJ&Sdw,f/ 'DESpfcku tNrJwrf;vkdvkd Conflict jzpfaewmukd
oGm;awGU&w,f/ q&mwkdYoifvkdY uRefawmfwkdY ausmif;rSm
odcJhorQqkd&if uRefawmfwkdYqDuqef&JU Pattern awmuf
avQmufMunfhvkdufwJhtcgrSm urÇmhaps;uGufrSm aps;aumif;&
aewJhtcsdefrSm jrefrmEkdifiHrSm b,fawmhrSa&mif;p&mr&Sdbl;/
urÇmhaps;uGufrSmusaeNyDqkd&if jrefrmu xkwfa&mif;NyD/ 'gu
uRefawmf i,fi,fav;uwnf;uyJ/
qefeJYywfoufvkdY uRefawmf&xm;wJh[mav;wpfckBuKH
vkdYzwfjy&&if EIU qkdwJh Economist Intelligence Unit u
tckwavmrSm qefurdk ydYk yJ ydwx f m;wm ajcmufvavmuf&w dS hJ
txJu tck Export ay;aew,f/ rMumao;cifu e,fpyfu
aejzwfausmfcGifhay;w,f/ 'gukd Credit ay;xm;wm oGm;awGU
&ygw,f/ aemufwpfcu k awmh uRefawmfwYdk u pm;p&mjrif&if
pkdufw,f? pm;p&mjrif&ifarG;w,fqkdawmh ylp&mrvkdbl;aygh
aemf/ b,folrS rpm;bJraeEkdifbl;/ 'gayrJh yJjzpfovkd ol
rsm;0,fwahJ ps;eJYra&mif;bJeYJ yJrsm;aeNyD;awmh qefus&ifvnf;
xyfNyD;awmh yJrsm;aeOD;rSmvm;? olrsm;0,fwahJ ps;eJY ra&mif;bJ
aerSmvm;/ wpfcsdefvkH;pOf;pm;vmwm v,form;ukd b,fvkd
Input ay;vkdY&rvJ/ tck Contract Farming qkdwmukd pOf;pm;
w,f/ Contract Farming vkyf&if&r,fqkdwm 'g[mvnf;
½kww f &ufBuD; taumiftxnfrazmfEidk af o;bl;vkYd xifw,f/
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
OD ; uk d u k d v I d i f
Input ukd Fertilizer ukd aps;aygaygeJY ay;vkdY&rvm;? rsKd;awG
ay;vkdY&rvm;/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / /uRef a wmf w pf c k j znf h a jymyg&
ap/ ]yJ } u vk H N cKH a &;eJ Yq k d i f w J h oD ; ES H r [k w f w J h twG u f
(ukvm;yJuvJGvkdYayghaemf) urÇmay:rSm xdyfoD; ]yJ} wif
ykdYwJhEkdifiHxJrSm uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiH ygcJhygw,f/ vkHNcKHa&;
eJYqkdifwJhoD;ESHr[kwfwJhtwGuf tpkd;&u vkH;vkH;vTwfay;
xm;wJ h t wG u f ol u xl ; jcm;pG m yJ (bm,S O f M unf h v k d Y &
vJqkdawmh qefrSmjzpfaewJhtajctaeeJY ]yJ} rSm jzpfae
wJhtajctae vkH;vkH;qefYusifbufjzpfaew,f/ yJrSm vkH;
vkH;pGufzufrxm;wJhtwGuf ]yJ} u wufoGm;NyD; qefu
usef c J h w ,f a ygh a emf /
wpf z uf r S m vnf ; vk H ; vk H ; vT w f a y;xm;wJ h t wG u f
jyóemay:wmayghaemf/ 'gav;ukd y&dowfodapcsifvkdY
yg/ aemufacgif;pOfwpfckukd qufyg&ap/ tcGifhtvrf;
rsm;eJYywfoufvkdYyg/ em*pfrSmvnf; (raumif;bl;qkday
r,fh) tcGifhtvrf;wcsKdY&SdcJhwmyJ/ tckudpörSmvnf; bm
tcGifhtvrf;awG&SdrvJqkdwmukd q&mBuD;a'gufwmpdef
armifupNyD;awmh ar;vkdufyg&ap/ q&m . . . tcGifht
vrf ; awG u k d t&if a jymay;yg/ q&m Focus vk y f a ewJ h
uRef a wmf w k d Y b,f v k d a q;uk r vJ q k d w J h u d p ö u cPae
tcsdeftjynfht0okH;NyD; tjiif;tckHvkyf&r,fhudpöjzpfyg
w,f/ tcGifhtvrf;awGukd ajymay;apvkdygw,f/
a'gufwmpdefarmif / / tcGifhtvrf;qkdwmuvnf;
(uRefawmfwkdY) olrsm;wkdif;jynfawGrSm jzpfaewJh jyóemukd
rlwnfNyD;awmh 'DrSmrjzpfatmif BudKwifNyD;vkyfEkdifwJhtcGifh
tvrf;ayghav/ (ckeu OD;ukdukdvIdif ajymoGm;w,f) apmapm
39
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
ykid ;f u uRefawmfaiGv&dk if tpk;d &bPfeYJ yk*v ¾ u
d bPfeYJ aygif;
NyD;awmh Syndicated Loan aygh/ tmrcHeJYacs;zkdY/ aemuf
OD;ukdukdvIdifajymoGm;w,f/ vlBuD;awGawmh pOf;pm;&r,faygh/
Stock Exchange jzpfzkdY/ tckawmh TC Market awmhjzpfNyD/
Money Market awG? Capital Market awG vkyf&rSmaemf/ tck
vkyfief;&SifawG bPfuacs;wmtjyifukd Money Market ?
Capital Market awGuae acs;Eki d af tmif uRefawmfwYdk csufcsif;
rvkyfEkdifawmif a&&SnfvkyfoGm;&r,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh 'ghtjyifukd EkdifiH&JU zHGUNzdK;a&; Gro-
wth wkd;wufa&;twGuf Exim Bank vkd? Myanmar Devel-
opment Bank vkd[mrsKd;axmif&rSm/ tpkd;&twGufvnf;
tusKd;&Sdr,f/ vkyfief;&SifawG? Firm awGtwGufvnf; tusKd;
&Sdr,f/
tckvufawGUususajym&&if uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHrSm
tukev f ;Hk ukd tdwx
f u
J yJ pku
d o
f ;Hk ? pku
d o
f ;Hk ? tdwxf x
J nf?h tdwf
xJu pkdufokH;? tJ'g tJ'Dpepfukd pGefY&rSm/ wcsKdU[mawG ynm
a&;? use;f rma&; bmnm wkid ;f jynfrmS r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfwm Bud-
get xJuokH;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;eJYywfoufvm&if Private
Sector yJjzpfjzpf? Government Sector yJjzpfjzpf Revenue
Projecting for Producing Process awG vkdw,f/ 0ifaiG&Sm/
ykdufqHbPfuacs;/ bPfutwkd;ay;/ Efficient jzpfatmif
40
vkyf/ enf;atmifvkyf/ tJvkdqkd&if (tusKd;awGu) Budget
Deficit vnf; avsmhoGm;r,faemf/ cJGxkwfvkdufwmukd;/ tck
aiGvkdwJh Private Sector ukdvnf;yJ Long Term Project awG?
Long Term Loan awG&w,f/ uRefawmfwkdYu tck tyfaiGu
Current Account ? Saving Account tyfaiG/ 'gawGu csuf
csif;xkwfvkdY&w,f/
tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfwkdYu Short Term eJYacs;&if wpfESpf
yJ/ Long Term racs;Ekdifbl;/ tJ'Dawmh 'Dtykdif;rSm tpkd;&u
OD;aqmifNyD;awmh Myanmar Development Bank / w½kwf
jynfrSmqkd&ifvnf; a&mufzl;rSmaygh/ China Development
Bank qkdwm&Sdw,f/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm; uRefawmfwkdY tmqD,H
tpnf;ta0;awGomG ;w,f/ olwYdkwidk ;f jynfawGrmS &Swd ,faemf/
aemufwpfck tcGifhtvrf; tckjzpfwmu Banking Cri-
sis? Financial Crisis ? 'DubPfawG jyóemrjzpfbl;qkd
w,f/ apmapmu uRefawmf Capital awGvkd&if wkd;zkdY? pepf
wus Capital awG bPfrmS xnfzh Ydk? 1;10 awGbmawG jyefpOf;pm;
zkdYaemf/ tJ'gtjyif uRefawmfajymzl;w,f/ ('DrSm uRefawmfwkdY
bPftoif;'kOuú|BuD;vnf;&Sdw,f) [kd; . . . Governor
okH;av;qufuwnf;u Deposit Insurance vkyfyg/ 2003
rSmBuKHcJhNyD;NyDaemf/ wcsKdUbPfawG Bank Run jzpfw,f/ tJ'D
awmh 'DOpömu Deposit Insurance Law qkdwm wkdif;jynfawmf
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

awmfrsm;rsm;rSm &SdaeNyDaemf/ Bank Deposit ukd bPfawGu
tmrcHay;&r,f/
vwfwavmOyrmajym&&if wpfcsdefwkef;u FDI qDu
wpfodef;txd ay;w,f/ tck ESpfodef;vkyfw,f/ 'D Crisis
rSm wkdif;jynfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u A[kdbPfukd tpkd;&awGu
bPf Deposit tmrcHw,f/ Foreign Exchange Deposit
tmrcHw,f/ Up to a Point aygh/ wpfESpfwm 2 ESpfwm/ tJ'g
awmh vkyf&r,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'DavmufeJYyJ &yfvkdufawmhr,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / OD;ukdukdvIdifcifAsm? tckjzpf
vmwJhtajctae[m uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY bmtcGifhta&;
rsm;&Ekdifr,fvkdY arQmfvifhygovJqkdwm odyg&ap/
OD ; uk d u k d v I d i f / / uRef a wmf w k d Y t aeeJ Y From
Challenges to Opportunity ayghav/ &wJhtaetxm;uae
NyD;awmhrS tcGifhta&;awG . . ./ tJ'Dawmh . . . tckjzpfwJhta&;
tcif;rSm uRefawmfwYdk eYJ bmwku d ½f u
dk yf wfoufovJqv dk Ydk &&dS if
Low Fuel Cost aygh/ avmifpmqDaps;usvmw,f/ 'g[m
okH;wwfvkdY&Sd&if Opportunity aygh/ 'D[mukd Production Side
rSm aumif;aumif;okH;vkdY&Sd&if 'DtwGufukd Production Cost
rSm usvmr,f/ aemuf Low Commodities Cost awG? 'gawG
[m vlawG&JU Living Cost ukd csay;wJhtwGufaMumifhrkdYvkdY
Labour Cost uky d g csay;Ekid w
f hJ taetxm;jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m
wpfzufrmS Opportunity jzpfEikd o f vkd wpfzufrmS vnf; Threat
jzpfEkdifygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmh usoGm;wJh Commodi-
ties Price awGu Primary Producer awG&JU Break Even Point
ukd t&if;pm;jyefr&avmufatmifujdk zpfomG ;NyDqv dk Ydk&&dS if . . . /
'gukdawmh Mum;cHwpfcktaeeJY 0ifNyD;awmhxdef;ay;zkdY Mecha-
nism wpfckawmh vkdr,fxifygw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh tjyifbufuae Return Worker
awG/ 'gawG[mvnf;yJ Challenges a&m? Opportunity a&m
a&maewmyg/ NyD;awmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u jyefvmwJh Re-
turn Worker awG wcsKdUuvnf; tcsdefraphbJ jyefvmw,f/
aiGw;dk acs;NyD;rS vTw&f w,f/ aiGw;dk u rukeaf o;bl;ayghaemf/
&GmxJrSm t&yfxJrSm rav;&Sm;twkd;vkdYac:wmaygh/ 10 &m
ckdifEIef; 15 &mckdifEIef; pkpyfNyD;acs;wmaygh/ 2 ESpfavmufqyfrS
ausr,fhudpu ö kd rjynfhao;cifrSm jyefvmw,fqkdawmh 'Dtwkd;
u rausao;bJ jyefywfNyD;vmvkdY&Sd&if 'D Community wpfck
vkH;? olwkdY&JU Family tzJGUtpnf;awG jznf;jznf;csif;ta<u;EHG
epfomG ;r,ft h aetxm;rsKd;awG&w dS ,f/ 'guawmh Threat aygh/
wpfzufrmS Opportunities taeeJY olwYdk eYJ ygvmwJh Skill
awG Technology awG/ aemufwpfcku vkyfcsifukdifcsifw,f
ayghaemf/ Enthusiasm aygh/ tvkyftukdifukd jrwfEkd;wJhpdwf
uav;awG? 'gav;awGukd tuGufusus (Resource Allo-
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
cation ayghaemf) olwkdYukd b,fvkdokH;EkdifrvJ/ b,fvkdtcGifht
vrf;azmfay;EkdifrvJ/ 'D . . . olwkdY&JU Job Opportunities awG
ukd b,fvadk zmfaqmifay;Ekid rf vJ/ 'guvnf; uk, d af zmfaqmif
ay;Ekdifoavmuf jyefNyD;awmhrS Opportunities jzpfvmr,fh
taetxm;yg/
aemufwpfcku Intangible Opportunity taeeJY uRef
awmfajym&r,fqkd&if 'DjyóemBuD;[m wu,fwrf;awmh
Cleaning Strom yg/ tm;enf;wJhae&mawGu tukefvkH;yg
oGm;r,f/ ckdifrmwJhae&mawGu usefr,f/ 'gaMumifh b,ffae
&mtm;enf;w,f? b,fae&mtm;omw,fqkdwm xif;xif;
BuD;odEkdifwJhtcGifhta&; jzpfw,f/ tm;enf;csufodvkdY&Sd&if
jyifr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if jyifzkdYtwGufukd Ready Made Analysis
vkyzf Ydkv,
G w f t hJ aetxm;rsK;d jzpfygw,f/ tJawmh tckrek w f idk ;f
wkdufwJhtcsdefrSm ygoGm;wJhtm;enf;wJhtykdif;awGu rkefwkdif;
enf;enf;NidrfoGm;NyD;qkdwmeJY ckdifrmatmif jyefaqmufNyD;
apmapmu uRefawmfajymcJhovkdygyJ/ Capital Accomodation
u aumif;aumif;r&SdwJhtwGufaMumifhrkdYvkdY ]yJ} pjzpfwmeJY
ajy;wmawGjzpfwm/ 'D Informal Sector awGu t&rf;BuD;ae
w,f/ Formal Section awGu enf;aew,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if In-
formal udk Formal jzpfvmatmif? uRefawmfwkdY Local Capi-
tal Mobilization ukd Formal jzpfvmatmif? Legal jzpfvm
atmif b,fvkdvkyfMurvJ/ 'g[m trsm;BuD;pOf;pm;p&mawG
ayghaemf/
pOf;pm;zkdY tcGifhtvrf;ay:vmwmukduyJ uRefawmfh
taeeJY Opportunity vkdYyJ jrifygw,f/ tcGifhtvrf;ay:vm
&ufeJY rpOf;pm;bJeJY rjyifbl;qkdvkdY&Sd&if 'Dtwkdif;yJqufoGm;
r,f/ 'Dawmh 'g[m tcGifhtvrf;vm;? pdefac:rIvm;qkdwmukd
awmh uk, d &hf UJ ESv;Hk oGi;f rItay:rSm? uk,
d q
hf ;Hk jzwfcsut f ay:rSmyJ
41
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
rlwnfvdrfhr,fvkdY uRefawmfwifjycsifygw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / q&mBuD ; OD ; jrif h t aeeJ Y a&m
bmrsm; rSwfcsufay;csifygovJ/ bmyJajymajym tckjzpf
vmwJh tajctaet&yf&yf[m uRefawmfwkdYwkdif;jynfukd
tjyKoabmaqmifwJh ajymif;vJrIawG jzpfvmrvm;/ q&m
b,fvkd,lqygovJ/
a'guf w mOD ; jrif h / / tck 'Dem*pfudpöeJY 'DurÇmhaiG
a&;aMu;a&;udpaö ygh/ uRefawmfhtaeeJYu Wake-up call vkdYyJ
uRefawmfajymcsifw,f/ jrefrmawG tdyf&muxMuvkdY ajym
w,fvkdYyJ uRefawmfxifw,f/ uRefawmfvnf; tawmfav;yJ
vkyfcJhygw,f/ 'Dem*pfrSmvnf; uRefawmf TCG Adviser yg/
tJ'DrSm jyKpkwJhpmwrf;awG uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY axmufcHrS jzefY
vkdY&w,f/ tpkd;&u tJ'Dwm0efay;xm;w,f/ uRefawmfeJY
aemufwpfa,muf (OD;xGe;f jrwfqw dk m) ESpaf ,muf oabmwl
&if xkwfvkdY&NyD/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmftawmfav;yJ BudK;pm;yg
w,f/
bmjzpfaevJqkdawmh Sleeping Beauty qkdwm Mum;zl;
vm;rodbl;As/ Sleeping Beauty u tdyfaew,fqkdawmh
acgif;avmif;qJGvkdYr&bl;As/ a&Trif;om;av;eJY oGm;NyD;awmhrS
erf;&r,ft h csdeaf &mufaew,fAs/ tJ'aD &Trif;om;av;ukd vku
d f
&Smaewm tckxdrawGUao;bl;/ Nargis is not Waking up
so far 'D[mvnf; I don't think Wake-up ? 'D Opportuni-
42
ties Opportunities ajymaewm uRefawmfwkdYwkdif;jynfavmuf
Opportunities &Sdwm b,fEkdifiHrSmrS r&Sdbl;/ uRefawmfwkdYukd
em;rvnfEidk w f m olrsm;awGu/ vmwJh ukvm;a&m? w½kwaf &m?
EkdifiHjcm;om;a&m/ rif;wkdY tJavmufawmifrS csrf;omwm bm
aMumifh 'Dvkdjzpfae&wmvJ/ Opportunity u wpfykHBuD;As/
tJ'Dawmh ta&;BuD;wmu It's not opportunity ta&;BuD;wm
u Implementation taumiftxnfazmfyg/ vkyfyg/ 'gu
ta&;BuD;wm/ Opportunities awGu trsm;BuD;/ 'gyJ uReaf wmf
ajymcsifwm/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / OD ; cif a rmif n d K rS w f c suf o d
yg&ap/
OD;cifarmifndK / / q&mawGtm;vkH; ajymovkdygyJ/
tcGifhtvrf;vm;? pdefac:rIvm;qkdwm/ tJ'g em*pfu Wake-
up call ay;awmhvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ/ bmrsm; arQmfvifhaeMuOD;
rSmvJvkdY pOf;pm;p&myJ/ uRefawmfuawmh Market xJu Two
Participants aygh/ Two Players aygh/ tJ'gukd MunfhvkdufwJh
tcgrSm (Government Side eJY Market Side aygh) uRefawmfwkdY
tm;vkH;OD;wnfNyD;awmh ajymaewmu Government Side aygh/
tifwmeuf Website wpfcu k ajymw,f/ jrefrmjynfxJ
u Skill Economist awGu bmrSrajymbl;wJh/ uRefawmfu
awmh enf;enf;awmhajymw,f/ uRefawmfuawmh Skill
Economist awmhr[kwfbl;/ 'S' jyKwfoGm;NyD; Kill Econo-
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

mist jzpfoGm;rSmvnf; pkd;&w,f/ Market Side vnf; ajym
&rSmyJ/ q&mae0if;armifajymw,f/ oluawmh Unregulated
eJY Regulated aygh/ oluawmh 'DESpfckukdjrifw,f/ ]yJ} u
vTwfxm;wmrsm;vkdY? qefu xdef;xm;wmrsm;vkdYaygh/
wcsKdUwkdif;jynfrSm aps;uGufu ykdnHhw,f/ wcsKdUwkdif;
jynfrSm tpkd;&u ykdnHhw,f/ 'DrSmMunfhvkdufwJhtcgusawmh
tm;ukd;&r,fhvl uRefawmfwkdY rawGUbl;/ tJ'Dawmh Chal-
lenges jzpfrvm;? Opportunities jzpfrvm;qkdwm 'D Two
Players u Government Side u 'Dtwki d ;f yJ qufNyD;awmh
nHah erSmvm;? ykn d ahH erSmvm;? awmfvmrSmvm;? 'D Option okH;ck
tay:rSm rlwnfw,f/
aemufNyD; Private Side yJajymajym? Business Side yJ
ajymajym/ bmajymajym 'Dtay:rSmyJ rlwnfw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / OD ; wif a rmif o ef ; u rS w f
csufay;p&m&Sdygovm;/
OD;wifarmifoef; / / Opportunity qkdawmh/ tcGifh
tvrf;taeeJYMunfh&if uRefawmfwkdYu bmawG&SdvJqkdawmh
'D . . . uRefawmfwkdYqDrSmawmh rvkyfbl;ayghaemf/ tckxufxd
Stimulus Package qkdwmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ Bailout vkyfzkdYvnf;
rvkb d ;l qkw d t
hJ aetxm;ukd uReaf wmfwYdk awGUaew,f/ 'gayrJh
uReaf wmfwYdkywf0ef;usiEf idk if aH wG? uReaf wmfwYdkeYJ tquftpyf
&SdwEhJ idk if aH wGrmS olwYdk Bailout awG &Sw d ,f/ Stimulus Package
awG&rdS ,f/ tJ'[ D m&JU Spillover Effect ayghaemf/ vQHusvmr,fh
[meJY uReaf wmfwYdk bmvkyv f Ydk&rvJqadk wmh . . . / uReaf wmfwYdk
EkdifiHrSm Mega Project aygh/ aqmufwmawG vkyfwmawG
tBuD;BuD;awG&Sdw,f/ tJ'D&JU p&dwfputrsm;BuD; oufom
oGm;r,f/ Oyrm- oHeJYywfoufwJh okH;wJhypönf;qkd 'DtcsdefrSm
0,f&if? 'Dtcsderf mS vkyrf ,fq&dk if 'gu vkyo f ifw h ,fqw dk mrsKd;
ukd tpk;d &ukd ajymvkYd &r,f/ wku d w
f eG ;f vkYd &r,fq&dk if wkud w f eG ;f
&r,fhtcsuf/ bmjzpfvkdYwkef;qkdawmh 'D Project awGay:vm
&if Government Spending wifwJh[mjzpfwJhtwGufaMumifhrkdY
vkdY tJ'geJYqufpyfwJh tvkyftukdiftcGifhtvrf;ay:vm&if
uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm wpfzufu aysmufoGm;wJhtvkyftukdifawG
ukd tpm;xkd;Ekdifr,fqkdwm awGUEkdifygw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh bmvJqkdawmh wpfzufu EkdifiH&JU
(Gas ukdz,fNyD;) t"du0ifaiGjzpfwJhvkyfief;awGu Primary
Production uvmwm/ tJ'D[mawG&JU Demand tJ'D De-
mand u urÇmay:rSm aysmufroGm;bl;/ bmjzpfvYdk vq J adk wmh
pm;wJhyg;pyfaygufu wkd;vmwmyJ&Sdw,f/ avsmhoGm;wmr&Sd
bl;/ enf;enf;aumif;wmuae atmufqif;pm;r,fh taet
xm;yJ&Sdw,f/ Volume t& 'D Demand u &Sdaeygw,f/
uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHonfvnf; tay:ypönf; (wefzkd;jr§ifhpm;
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
aomufuek )f ykYd wmenf;enf;av;yJ&w dS ,f/ rpm;rjzpfpm;&r,fh
OpömawGyyJ YdkwmjzpfwmaMumifrh YdkvYdk 2009 ukd b,fvadk usmjf zwf
rvJqkdwm? ausmfjzwfEkdif&if uRefawmfwkdYtwGuf tcGifhta&;
yJ/ aps;uGuftcGifhtvrf;&Sdygw,f/ 'D[muawmh wpfzufu
Production Cost u usoGm;w,f/ oGif;&wJh Input u b,f
wkef;urSrwlwJhaps;&r,f/ (Oyrm-'DZ,fvkdrsKd;aygh/) 'g[m
tcGifhtvrf;taeeJY jrifygw,f/
aemufwpfcku Individual Level / Power of Indi-
vidual / wpfa,mufcsif;&JUpGrf;tm;[m 'DtcsdefrSm urÇmay:
rSm b,fwkef;urSr&Sdbl;wJh[mukd uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiH (txl;
ojzifh vli,fawG) 'DtcsdefrSm bmjznfhvkdY&rvJ/ b,fvrf;
aMumif;uko d mG ;vkYd&rvJqw dk hJ Creative Solution xGuv f mw,f/
wpfO;D wpfa,mufcsi;f twGuf vkyzf YdktcGit hf vrf;ykNd yD;awmh yGihf
vmw,fvkdY uRefawmfuawmh jrifygw,f/ aus;Zl;wifyg
w,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / aumif;ygNyD/ wwd,tykdif;
jzpfwJh urÇmvkH;qkdif&m b@ma&;jyóem[m EkdifiHtoD;
oD ; uk d *,uf ½ k d u f v mwJ h t cgrS m uRef a wmf w k d Y E k d i f i H u k d
vnf;yJ wkduf½kdufjzpfap? oG,f0kdufjzpfap ½kdufcwfvmrSm
jzpfwJhtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY b,fvkd&ifqkdifrvJqkdwmukd
oG m ;ygh r ,f /
uRefawmfhtaeeJYawmh b,fvkd,lqovJqkdvkdY&Sd&if
'Doufa&mufvmEkdifwJh[mawGtm;vkH;ukd (&ifqkdif&rSm)
vkyfEkdifwJhtykdif;rSm yk*¾vduçu vkyfEkdifwm&Sdr,f/ EkdifiH
awmf t yd k i f ; vk y f E k d i f w m&S d r ,f / 'D u rÇ m h a iG a Mu; Crisis
aMumifhrkdYvkdY uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHukd oufa&mufvmEkdifwm
eJYywfoufvkdY&Sd&if yk*¾vdutykdif;uvkyfEkdifwmenf;NyD;
awmh EkdifiHawmftykdif;u vkyfEkdifwmtrsm;qkH;&Sdr,fvkdY
uRef a wmf , l q ygw,f /
Ek d i f i H a wmf t yk d i f ; uvk y f & r,f h t vk y f u sef a o;w,f
vkdY uRefawmfxifygw,f/ OD;cifarmifndKtaeeJY yk*¾vdu
ukdvnf; ajymapcsifw,fqkdwJhtwGuf q&mtaeeJY 'D
udpöeJYywfoufvkdY (uRefawmfhtaeeJYuawmh e*kdu EkdifiH
awmftykdif;u ajymapvkdayr,fh q&mhtaeeJY yk*¾vdu
bufukdvnf; ajymcsifw,fqkdwJhtwGufaMumifh? 'DxJrSm
(a[majymyJGcef;rxJrSm) vnf; yk*¾vduykdif;u trsm;
qkH;ygaewmjzpfwJhtwGuf yk*¾vduykdif;u bmvkyfEkdif
ovJqkdwmukd pNyD;ajymay;apvkdygw,f/ aus;Zl;wifyg
w,f /
cifarmifnKd (abm*aA') / / trSeu f ajymNyD;NyDAs/ t&ifwpf
ywfuajymNyD;om;/ 'gayrJh twkdcsKyfajym&r,fqkd&if/ q&m
ae0if;armifajymwJ[ h m rSeyf gw,f/ uRefawmfwYdk u cgwkid ;f u
43
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;

enf;enf;csr;f omwJh enf;enf;jynfjh ynfph pHk &Hk w dS hJ Market ukrd eS ;f
NyD; xkwfwmayghav/ tck tJ'D Market uqif;vmNyD/ tJ'D
awmh 'D Market topfrSm Needs topfawG? Income Level
edrfhoGm;NyD? 0ifaiGtedrfhjzpfoGm;NyD? wkd;EkdifwJhypönf;u e*kdu
tjrifh[mu tckedrfhoGm;r,f/ tJ'DrSm 'D[meJY rlwnfNyD;awmh
pOf;pm;zkdY tJ'DrSm ajymcJhygw,f/
aemufwpfckawmh trsm;'ku©a&mufaewJhtcsdefrSm ukd,f
wpfOD;wnf;uGufNyD; csrf;omcsifvkdYr&bl;/ tJ'Dawmh olrsm;
bmjzpfaevJ/ olrsm;&JU vkdtifawG bmawG&SdrvJ/ olrsm;&JU
Needs udkMunfhNyD;rS tvkyfvkyfvkdY&r,fqkdwJh[mukd uRefawmf
ajymcJhygw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh Marketing udpöayghaemf/ Market-
ing udpu ö dk 'DaeYyJ *sme,fwpfapmifrmS zwfawmh ½kyjf rifoMH um;
rSmvTiw hf ahJ MumfjimawG wpf0ufavsmo h mG ;w,fvYdk ajymygw,f/
qkdawmh (Marketing orm;awmh trsm;tm;jzifh tajymoef
Muygw,f) olwkdYuawmh 'DtcsdefrSm aMumfjimzkdY taumif;qkH;
tcsdefvkdY ajymygw,f/ BuHBuHzefzef tcGifhtvrf;taeeJY ajym
wmaygh/ aMumfjimcoufomw,f/ aMumfjimenf;wJhtcgus
awmh uk, d ahf Mumfjimuykx
d ad &mufw,fqw dk mrsK;d awG jrifygw,f/
aemuf Weight avQmw h [
hJ m? tvkyaf vQmw h [
hJ muvnf;
(tvG,q f ;Hk ayghav) 0efxrf;avQmhw,f/ t"duuawmh yum
oeawG? tjzKef;awG? ,kdaygufawGaygh/ tJ'grsKd;awGavQmhzkdY
trsm;qkH;tBuHjyKwmawGU&w,f/
Weight avQmhvkdufwmu tqDravQmhbJ tom;awG?
t½kd;awG ygoGm;r,fqkdwmrsKd;vnf; awGU&ygw,f/ ukd,fh&JU
wu,fhtm;ukd;&wJhvkyfief;? wu,fhtiftm;pkawG/ tJ'Dvl
awG olrsm;vufxJygoGm;&if bmjzpfrvJqkdwJh[m &Sdw,f/
uRefawmfwkdYuawmh NcKHNyD;awmhajymae&wmaygh/ trsm;
tm;jzifhuawmh vkyfief;vkyfaeusvlawGu ta&;&,ft
aMumif;&,fq&dk if b,foYlurdk S tm;uk;d r&bl;qkw d mvnf; odNyD;
om;yg/
Global Financial Crisis qkdwm tckrS BuKHwmyg/ uRef
awmfwkdYrSm 'hDxufruwJh jzwfoef;rIawG trsm;BuD;BuKHNyD;NyD/
tJ'gawG olwkdYawmif rBuKHzl;bl;/ Demodenization qkd&if
uRefawmfwkdYqD cPcPBuKHcJhwmyJ/ ½kdufcsypfvkdufwmyJ/
uRefawmfth jrifuawmh 'gu uk, d u
hf pd yö /J uk,
d v
hf yk if ef;
&Sifoefatmif *½kpkduf? cgwkdif;vkd Twenty Precent awG Thirty
Percent rjrwfcsifae? Ten Percent avmufjrwf&ifyJ auseyf?
rjrwf&ifvnf; wpfoufvkH; pm;vmcJhNyDyJAsm/ wpfcgwav
vnf; jyefNyD;awmhauR;vku d yf g/ uRefawmfo h abmuawmh tJ'D
vkdjrifw,f/ wpfcsdefvkH;pm;ae&r,fvkdY rjrifbl;/ t"duçu
awmh pD;yGm;a&;usaeayr,fh ukd,fpdwf"mwfrusapeJY/ ukd,fh

44 LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.


rdom;pkpdwf"mwfrusrdapeJY/ ukd,fhrdom;pkukdapmifha&Smuf?
uk, d rhf o
d m;pkuadk y;zkYd tcsed yf &dk w,f/ 'gukd tcGit hf vrf;taeeJY
ajym&if&ygw,f/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / uRefawmf 'DjrefrmEkdifiHrSm
BuKHawGUvmEkdifwJh jyóemt&yf&yfukd b,fvkd&ifqkdifajz
&S i f ; rvJ q k d w J h u d p ö r S m (uRef a wmf a pmapmuajymovk d )
tpkd;&uajz&Sif;EkdifwJhudpöu rsm;wJhtwGuf tpkd;&eJYywf
oufwJhudpöawGukdyJqufNyD;awmh ar;ygawmhr,f/ tJ'D
udpöeJYywfoufvkdY&Sd&if a'gufwmpdefarmifrSm ajymp&mt
rsm;BuD;&Sdvdrfhr,fvkdY xifygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYtpkd;&ukd
trsm;BuD;awmif;vkdYr&bl;/ aiGukefaMu;uscH&r,fhudpö
ukdvnf; awmif;vkdYr&avmufbl;vkdYxifygw,f/ tJ'D
awmh jzpfEkdifajcvnf;&SdNyD;awmh vufawGUvnf;usNyD;
awmh wpfck? ESpfckqkd&if q&mbmrsm; OD;pm;ay;awmif;qkd
csifygovJ/
a'gufwmpdefarmif / / wpfck? ESpfckeJYawmh odyfrjywf
bl;/ ta&;BuD;wmu apmapmu uRefawmfh System Model
ok;H ckajymoGm;w,f/ Authoritarian ? Laissezfaire? Free Market
Model uRea f wmfwYdk bm Model vJ/ od&if uReaf wmfu h dk ajymjy
yg/
uRefawmfajymcsifuawmh Public Sector a&m Private
Sector a&maygh/ Government Lead vkyf&r,f/ Economy rSm
b,f Model yJjzpfjzpf taumif;qkH;vkdY rajymEkdifbl;/ tenf;
qkH; uRefawmfajymcsifwmuawmh Commonly High pD;yGm;a&;
vky&f if ta&;BuD;wm tpk;d &bufu/ usew f mawGudk Private
Sector ay;yg/
tJ'Dawmh vkyf&rSmuawmh tpkd;&uvnf; Private Sec-
tor yHhykd;? Private Sector [mvnf; tpkd;&ukdul/ Partnership
u vifr,m;vkyd /J a,musmf ;u OD;aqmifaygh/ rde;f ru tukef
vkdufvkyf/ vkyfay;&r,fhtykdif;awGuawmh trsm;BuD;yJ/ cke
uajymovkd Equal Opportunity ay;zkdY/ Level Playing Field
aiGa&;aMu;a&;rSm vkdtyfwJh Capital Market wkdY? Exim Bank
wkdY? Myanmar Development Bank wkdY? aemufNyD; Tax Incen-
tive tcGeq f idk &f m rufv;kH rsm;vnf; vkw d ,f/ aemufNyD; Hidden
Tax awGavQmhzkdY/ trsm;BuD;yJ/ Banking Sector trsm;BuD;yJ/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / q&ma'gufwmpdefarmif ajz
oGm;wmuawmh A[kdOD;pD;aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;uae aps;
uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfukd b,fvkdajymif;r,fqkdwJh[maygh/ tJ'g
ukdajzoGm;wmyg/ tckjzpfaewmu A[kdOD;pD;aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;pepfaygh/ jrefrmjynfrSm xl;jcm;pGm wnf&SdaewJh
[myg/ tJ'Dawmh q&ma'gufwmOD;jrifhukd ar;yg&ap/
q&mhtaeeJY A[kdOD;pD;aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfuae aps;
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfukdajymif;r,fh Economic Policy Re-
form awGukdyJ tm½kHusvm;? 'grSr[kwf tck Immediately
Ad Hoc bmvkyfvkdY&rvJ/ q&majzcsifwm wpfckckajzay;
apvkdygw,f/ Ad Hoc ta&;BuD;w,fqkd&ifvnf; Ad Hoc
xJu bmrsm;vkyfapvkdvJaygh/ taxGaxG jyKjyifajymif;vJ
p&mawGuawmhtrsm;BuD;aygh/
a'guf w mOD ; jrif h / / tJ ' D a r;cG e f ; eJ Y ywf o uf v k d Y
uRefawmf EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuúokdvfrSmvnf; Lecture
ay;w,f/ tJ'g uRefawmf&Sif;jywm ajcmufem&DMumw,f/
tJ'g okH;rdepfeJY (tck) uRefawmfrajymEkdifbl;/ uRefawmf tck
urÇmhaiGa&;aMu;a&;udpeö JYywfoufvkdY tpkd;&taeeJY bmvkyf
rvJqkdwm/ tJ'geJYywfoufvkdYawmh uRefawmfwpfckajymyg&
ap/ tJ'gbmvJqkdawmh Economics is too important to be
left to economists pD;yGm;a&;bmom&yf[m ta&;BuD;vGef;
tm;BuD;vkdY pD;yGm;a&;ynm&SifeJY vTwfxm;vkdYr&bl;/ tJ'Dawmh
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifu bmjyefajymvJqkdawmh pD;yGm;a&;ynm
&SifxufykdNyD;awmhrS 'ku©ay;Ekdifwm? tEÅ&m,fay;Ekdifwmu
taysmfwrf;pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif/ 'Dawmh 'Dudpö&Sif;&Sif;ajymvkdY
&S&d if uRefawmfwYdk u taysmfwrf;pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Siaf wGy/J uRef
awmfvnf; EkdifiHjcm;oGm;&if avhvmw,f/ pmtkyfawG0,f
w,fAs/ uRefawmfwkdYu tawGUtBuKHr&Sdawmh twdtus bm
rSef;rodbl;As/
aemufwpfckuvnf;yJ tckjzpfwJhudpöukd olwkdYvnf;
rodbl;As/ olwkdYwkdif;jynfrSmvnf; b@ma&;0efBuD;utp
igvnf;rodbl;wJh/ It is so complex / odyfNyD;awmh ½IyfayGNyD;
awmh olwYdk &UJ Assets awG wpfcsdefvkH;ajymif;aew,f/ Tech-
nology awGuvnf; wpfcgwnf;ukd wkd;wufvmwJhtcgusawmh
Mouse Pattern ESy d vf u dk wf meJY a':vmwpfoef;ukd ykYd vYdk&w,f/
One Second vkyv f Ydk&w,f/ 'D[mawG b,fvo dk mG ;xde;f rvJqdk
wJhae&mrSm tJ'D[mawGay:vmw,f/
uRefawmfhtaeeJYuawmh uRefawmfjrifwmayghav/ vl
BuD;awGukd wwfEkdifoavmuf b,fvkdjzpfw,fajymajymae
w,f/ owdxm;aemfvkdY/ 'DudpörSm uRefawmfwkdYa'orSm 0kdif;
vkyf&r,fh[mawG&Sdw,fvkdY/ EkdifiHBuD;awGuvkyfawmhr,f/
trsKd;rsKd;vkyfawmhrSm/ uRefawmfwkdYu aygif;NyD;awmhrS olwkdY
ukd wku d &f r,f/ 'Dupd eö YJ ywfoufNyD; olwYdk vmr,f (vmawmif
vmaeNyDtck)/ rif;wkYd b,fvjdk rifv/J rif;wkYd b,fvx dk ifvqJ dk
vkdY&Sd&if uRefawmfwkdYu em;vnf&r,f/ uRefawmfukd,fwkdif
vnf; em;vnf&r,f/ 'D[mukd em;rvnfvkdY&Sd&if uRefawmfh
taeeJY bm Economist wkef;? Amateur Economist vm;/
tJvq dk dk r[kwaf wmhb;l / tJ'gaMumifh uRefawmftaeeJYuawmh
tckvadk [majymyJaG wGrsm;rsm;vky/f vlawGem;vnfatmifvyk /f
45
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
vlBuD;awGukdvnf;yJ em;vnfatmifvkyfay;yg/
aemufwpfckuvnf;yJ em;vnf½kHwifruao;bl;Asm/
olwkdYu vkyfEkdifpGrf;ukdvnf; wkd;wufatmifvkyfay;&r,f/
Implementation vkyfEkdifatmif vkyfay;&r,f/ Opportunities
ajym bmajymeJY? rvkyfEkdifwJh[mawG oGm;ajym&if b,fvkdvkyf
rSmwke;f / rvkyEf idk w f o
hJ al wGuo dk mG ;ajymawmh tvum;yJ/ 'D[m
awGtm;vkH; uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY vkyfoifhNyD; vkyfvnf;vkyf
aeygw,f/ qufvnf;vkyfygvkdY uRefawmfajymcsifygw,f/
'gygyJcifAs/ olrsm;tjrifuawmh rodbl;/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / aumif;ygNyDcifAs/ OD;ukdukd
vIdiftaeeJY tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGeJYywfoufvkdY okawoe
jyKxm;wm&Sdygvdrfhr,f/ tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHawGu ay;aewJh
Stimulus Package awG & S d y gw,f / tJ ' D Stimulus Pack-
age awGxJu uRefawmfwkdY erlem,loifhwmrsKd;&Sd&if q&mh
tawGUtBuKHukd enf;enf; Share vkyfapvkdygw,f/
OD ; uk d u k d v I d i f / / uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiH&JUtaet
xm;u awmfawmfxl;qef;w,fayghaemf/ wjcm;[mawGeJY
vnf; odyfNyD;awmh vkdufwkNyD; ajymvkdYr&bl;/ awmfawmfrsm;
rsm;EkdifiHawGu olwkdY GDP &JU 12 &mckdifEIef;avmuftxdukd
Stimulus Package awG vkyfMuw,f/ w½kwfjynfqkdvkdY&Sd&if
15 &mckdifEIef;avmuftxd vkyfMuw,faygh/ *syefqkdvkdY&Sd&if
vnf; a':vmbDvD,H 900 avmuftxdukd vkyfMuw,f/
vkyfMuykHvkyfenf;awGuawmh trsKd;rsKd;ygyJ/ t"duuawmh
Theory t&awmh Spending Power wkd;zkdYtwGuf Construc-
tion awGrSm wkd;NyD;awmhrS Spending ukd vkyfMuw,f/ wcsKdU
uvnf; Consumer awGudk axmufyahH Mu;wku d ½f u
dk af y;wmrsKd;
&Swd ,f/ wcsKUd usawmhvnf; Regional Authority awGqD yHhykd;NyD;
Regional Development vkyc f idk ;f wmrsK;d &Syd gw,f/ trsK;d pkjH zpfyg
w,f/ wcsKdUuvnf; Primary Producer awGukd Subsidy
ay;w,f/ 'grsKd;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/
uRefawmf EkdifiHwpfckeJY ajym&r,fqkd&ifawmh Political
Will ay:rSmvnf; rlwnfygvdrfhr,f/ b,favmufay;r,f
qkdwmaygh/ b,fvkdenf;vrf;rsKd;qkdwm tpkd;&uay;wmrsKd;
vnf;&Sdr,f/ wjcm;aom Community based eJY vkyfEkdifwm
vnf;&Sdr,f/ aemufNyD;awmh 'D NGO awGuaeNyD;awmhrS vkyf
Ekid w
f mawGvnf;&Srd ,f/ trsK;d pku H dk uReaf wmfwYdkuawmh pOf;pm;
zkYd vydk gw,f/ aemufwpfcu k awmh aiGom; Cash taeeJYr[kwf
bJeJY wjcm;aom Means awGayghaemf/ 'D[mukd ckcHaxmufyHh
Medication jzpfEkdifr,fhenf;vrf;rsKd;awGvnf; &SmEkdifr,fqkd
&ifawmh&Ekdifr,fvkdY xifygw,f/
aemuf uRefawmfenf;enf;av;awmh jrifwmav;wpfck
ajymcsifygw,f/ tckcs&r,fh Strategy u bmvJqkdawmh
46
a&mif;aps;awGu tukkefvkH;jyKwfusw,fqkdawmh jyKwfuswJh
aps;eJY uReaf wmfwYdk a&mif;Ekid af tmifvyk &f r,f/ a&mif;Ekid af tmif
vkyfwJhae&mrSm Market rSm Theory wpfck&Sdygw,f/ aps;csif;
wl&if ukd,fhypönf;aumif;atmifvkyf? ypönf;csif;wl&if ukd,fh
ypönf;ukd aps;oufomatmifvkyf/ 'DESpfck[m b,fawmhrS
rrSm;bl;/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwkdYrSm xkwfvkyfrIp&dwfoufom
NyDqkdvkdY&Sd&if uRefawmfwkdYypönf;awG ykdaumif;atmifvkyfzkdYvkd
vmygNyD/ Primary Producer qDrSm oGif;tm;pkrsm;rsm;rvkdbJeJY
aumif;atmif b,fvkdvkyfEkdifrvJ/ Oyrm- Organic Farm-
ing vkd[mrsKd;/ uRefawmfwkdYrSm aemufcsD; (EGm;acs;) awG &SdNyD;
om;/ wrmyk;d owfaq;vkd Organic yk;d owfaq;awG&NdS yD;om;
ponfjzifhayghaemf/ uRefawmfwkdY tJ'DvkdrsKd;vkyfr,fqkd&if rsKd;
aumif;rsKd;oefYav;uk?d uRefawmfwYdk rmS &Sw d hJ ay:qef;arT;vk[
d m
rsKd;ukd rsKd;ukdoefYaeatmifvkyfNyD;awmhrS Organic Farming
vkyfr,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if Value added jzpfEkdifygw,f/ bmrS odyf
BuD;BuD;rm;rm; Technology rvkdygbl;/
tJvkdyJ ]yJ} qkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; uRefawmfwkdY vkyftm;awG
trsm;BuD;&Sdr,f/ oefYpifNyD;awmhrS ta&mifaumif;wJh Golden
umvmqkdvkdY&Sd&if *syefykdYvkdY&r,f/ ta&SUtv,fykdif;ykdYvkdY&
r,f/ enf;enf;atmufwef;uswJh cyfrnf;rnf;aumifawGqkd
vkYd&&dS if tdE,
d´ ykYdvYdk&r,f/ tv,ftvwfwef;pm;qk&d if rav;
&Sm;ykdYvkYd&r,f/ Market Verification vnf; vkyfvkdY&r,f/
atmufajc Primary Producer awGrSm ukd,fhypönf;ukd ykdaumif;
atmif tvG,w f ulayghaemf/ jzpfEidk wf ehJ nf;vrf;rsKd;awG? 'gukd
odNyD;awmhrS tm;xnfhNyD;rS vkyfzkdYvkdygw,f/ tJ'D&JUtxuf
rSm&SdwJh Institution awGu Market Verification vkyfNyD;awmhrS
Market trsKd;rsKd;ukd ykdYEkdifzkdYtwGuf taxmuftyHhay;zkdY? tpkd;&
u Technology ukday;zkdY wwfEkdifwJh tjcm;aomenf;vrf;
awGeJY yHhykd;rIawGay;Ekdif&ifvnf;vkyfzkdY? 'Dtykdif;awGvnf; olY
tqifeh Yo J l vkyo
f mG ;&rSmjzpfovkd tpk;d &rSmvnf; q&mae0if;armif
ajymovkd trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/
'gawGuv dk nf; uRefawmfwYdk u trsm;BuD;pOf;pm;Muwm
aygh/ pOf;pm;Muw,fqkdwJhtcgusawmh aoaocsmcsm *C
eP bma&m*gvJqkdwmodzkdYtwGufukd Analysis vkyfzkdY Di-
agnose vkyfzkdYtwGufukd tck vkyfaeMuwm&Sdw,f/ Gov-
ernment Set up vkyNf yD; q&mBuD;awGvnf; ygygw,f/ tJvy dk J
'D Economist awGwifr[kwfbJeJY Other Specialists awG
ayghaemf/ International Relations eJYywfoufwJh Specialist
awG? Political Science eJYywfoufwJh Specialist awG? People
Psychology ? Mass Psychology 'grSr[kwf Sociology eJY
ywfoufwJh Specialist awG? Variously aygh/ yg0ifwJh Stake-
holder awGeJYaygif;NyD; Think Tank ayghaemf/ 'D Think Tank
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

wpfckukd a&a&&m&maoaocsmcsm Institutionalize vkyfNyD;
awmh Authority ay;NyD;? Facility ay;NyD; tJ'gu&vmr,fh
Research awGuae Brain Stroming vkyfMur,f/ xGufvmwJh
ckdifrmwJh Solution awGukd ckeuajymwJh National Manage-
ment Team wpfckukdwif/ tJ'DurSaeNyD;awmhrS Task Force
t&yJqkd yJeJYywfoufwJhudp?ö pyg;qkd pyg;eJYywfoufwJhudpö
ayghaemf/ 'Dvkd Task Force awGvkyfNyD;awmhrS Institutional-
ization ayghaemf/ aemufNyD;awmh q&mBuD;awGajymcJo h vkd Law
and Regulation awGuv dk &dk if topfvyk rf ,f? rvkv d Ydk&&dS ifvnf;
raumif;wm &S&d ifvnf;jyif? aemuf Friction awG tukev f ;Hk ukd
Flow awGaumif;vmatmif vkyf&r,fhudpöjzpfygw,f/
aygif;NcKHvudk v
f Ydk&&dS ifawmh uReaf wmfe*d ;Hk csKyfvu dk v f Ydk&&dS if
awmh Level okH;ckpvkH;[m aygif;NyD;awmhrS vkyfMu&r,fh
oabmvdkY uRefawmfjrifygw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ uReaf wm wmff
q&mOD ; cif a rmif n d K uk d v nf ; quf N yD ; ar;csif y gw,f /
uRefawmfwkdYtpkd;&qDu wpfckckawmh xGufvmzkdYvkdyg
w,f/ 'Dtcrf;tem;rSm ynm&SifawGvnf; qkHMuwmjzpf
wJhtwGuf q&mhtaeeJY aemufwmr[kwfbJeJY twnf
ayguf tpk d ; &uar;vk d Y & S d & if jzpf x k d u f j zpf E k d i f a jc&S d w J h ?
wu,fvnf; vkyfvnf;vkyfEkdifwJh[mESpfckavmuf twn twnff
ayguf ajzay;apvkdygw,f/
cifarmifndK (abm*aA') / / tck uRefawmfwkdY 2009-
2010 rSmaygh tpk;d &bmvkyrf vJvYdk wGuw f ,f/ wGuw f t hJ cgrSm
uRefawmfapmapmuajymwJh EIU ayghaemf/ (Economist In-
telligence Unit) 'DZifbmvrSm olcefYre S ;f wJ[ h muawmh tpk;d &
bwf*sufvkdaiGqufjyaevdrfhr,fvkdY olurSef;w,f/ uRef
awmfem;vnfwmuawmh avmavmq,frSm bufnDbwf
*sufjzpfatmifBudK;pm;aew,fvkdY em;vnfw,f/ yk*¾vdu
vufxJvJTajymif;wmwkdY bmwkdYeJYaygh/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / xyfNyD; ar;csifygao;w,f/
q&m&JU'Dtajzaumif;vkdYyg/ tpkd;&ukd ykdufqHokH;ay;ap
vkdw,fqkdwm [kwfygw,f/ ykdufqHr½kdufbJeJYayghaemf/
okH;r,fqkd&if q&mhtaeeJY b,fvkdtokH;jyKapcsifw,f
qkdwmrsKd;ukdyg ajzMum;ay;apvkdygw,f/ (jynfolvlxk
xJ b,f v k d y k d u f q H x nf h o vJ q k d w J h u d p ö y g) bmjzpf v k d Y
vJqkdawmh ynm&SifawGqkHw,fqkdawmh 'Dudpö[m tBuH
aumif;wpfckjzpfoGm;apEkdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifhyg/
cifarmifndK (abm*aA')
(abm*aA')// / uRefawmftcsdefraphao;bl;
vm;/ 'Dvydk g/ tBuHawmhoyd rf jyK&Jb;l / yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;ajym&
vkdY&Sd&if okH;yg/
uRefawmfhrdwfaqGwcsKdUu bmokH;oyfvJqkdawmh vkyf
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;
ief;BuD;wJoh l rsm;rsm;cH&w,fvYdk qkw d ,f/ uReaf wmfu tJ'gukd
oabmrwlbl;/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / aus;Zl ; wif y gw,f / uRef
awmf OD;wifarmifoef;ukd ar;csifygw,f/ tckjzpfaewJh
tajctaeeJYywfoufNyD; uRefawmf Stimulus Package
awGxJrSmrS tpkd;&taeeJY aiGukefaMu;us&efrvkdwJh Pack-
age ukd jzpfEkdifajc&Sdrvm;vkdY pOf;pm;rdygw,f/ tJ'DxJurS
OD;wifarmifoef;rsm; tBuHjyKcsifwm&Sd&if ta&;ay:taeeJY
uRef a wmf w k d Y t pk d ; &taeeJ Y bmrsm;vk y f a y;oif h w ,f v k d Y
xif y govJ /
OD;wifarmifoef; / / tJ'gtwGufu uRefawmfxif
w,f/ uRefawmfwkdY ig;tzJGUawGtm;vkH; oabmwlr,fh[m
ayghaemf/ olwkdYvnf; uRefawmfhukd tjynfht0axmufcHr,fh
10 Percent ukd jzKwfray;&ifawmifrS cPem;ay;wmrsKd;?
2009 wpfESpfvkH;rSm jzKwfxm;NyD; ESpfukefrS jyefay;qkdwmrsKd;
(uRefawmfwGufMunfhw,f) tJvkdrsKd;eJYvkyf&wJhtvkyfu Turn
Over aumif;r,fqkdwJh taetxm;&Sdygw,f/
avQmhay;&r,fh[mjzpfayr,fhvkdY 0ifaiGaysmufoGm;w,f
qkdwmrsKd;rjzpfatmifqkdwJh Measure rsKd;qkd&if pdwf0ifpm;r,f
xifygw,f/ aocsmwmwpfcku uRefawmfwkdYtvkyfawG
tm;vkH;u Recapitalize vkyfzkdYvkdygw,f/
wpfzufrSmvnf; uRefawmfha&SUrSm ajymcJhovkdyJ 2010
uawmh aocsma&mif;&r,fqkdwJhtwGufaMumifhrkdYvkdY 'D[mukd
b,fvkd Recapitalize vkyfay;rvJ/
'Dawmh Private Sector ukd Inject vkyfay;zkdY vkdygw,f/
ckeu uRefawmfwkdY 'DrSmajymaewJh Cronyism ajymajym bm
ajymajym? EkdifiHawmftaeeJY Trust &Sdw,fqkdwJh Channel uae
NyD;awmh Recapitalize vkyfzkdY Injection vkyfay;r,fqkd&if
(wpfckwnf;&r,f/ ay;r,fqkd&if) tJ'D[m jzpfoifhw,fvkdY
uRefawmfxifygw,f/ olwkdY Crony uawmh Crony vkdyJ usifh
MurSmyJ/ uRefawmfwYdk u Flat vkyEf idk w f ,fqv dk Ydk &&dS if tcktcsdef
u b,favmuf&& &orQ vkdtyfaew,fqkdwJh ae&mavmuf
rSmBuKHae&wJhtwGuf 'D[mukd pOf;pm;wmyg/ Ideal t&qkd&if
awmh r[kwfygbl;/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / OD;cifarmifndKajymcJhwJh Pub-
lic Spending rSm 'g[m tifrwefta&;BuD;ygw,f/ b,f
vk d Spending qkdwJhae&mrSm q&mhtaeeJY xdef;xdef;odrf;
odrf;ajymwmayghaemf/ aemufNyD; OD;wifarmifoef;ajymcJhwJh
10 Percent &Sdygw,f/ apmapmu a'gufwmpdefarmifajym
cJhwm&Sdygw,f/ Exim Bank aygh/ Export/Import vkyfief;
awGrSm ESpf&if;&SdrS wpf&if;vkyfvkdY&ygw,f/
xkH;pHu EkdifiHwumrSm ig;rl;&Sd&if wpfusyfzkd;vkyf
47
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;

trnf - a'gufwmpdefarmif
arG ; ouú & mZf - 1936
ynmt&nftcsif; - B.A (Honours), University of Yangon, 1958
M.P.A (Maxwell Graduate School),
Syracuse University, U.S.A, 1960
Ph.D, New York University, U.S.A, 1964
tawGUtMuHKrsm; - 1992 ckESpfrS ,aeYxd yxryk*¾vdubPfvDrdwufwnfaxmifolESifhOuú|/
- 1965-1966? vufaxmufuxdu? pD;yGm;a&;wuúokdvf? &efukef/
- 1966-1988? b@ma&;ESifhpDrHudef;0efBuD;XmewGif wGJzufñTefMum;a&;rSL;? 'kwd,
twGif;0ef ponfjzifh &mxl;trsKd;rsKd;üwm0efxrf;aqmifcJh? EkdifiHjcm;apvTwfaom
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif tzGJU0iftjzpf yg0ifcJh/
Ek d i f i H w umtawG U tMuH K - 1976-1977? tjynfjynfqkdif&maiGaMu;&efyHkaiGtzGJU (IMF) \ tvSnfhus trIaqmif
'g½kdufwm/
- 1977-1980? Ekid if w H umjyefvnfxal xmifa&;ESihf zGUH NzdK;a&;bPf (IBRD) wGif pD;yGm;a&;^
acs;aiGt&m&Sdtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh/
- 1965-1988 IMF, WB, UNCTAD, GATT, ECAFE paom EkdifiHwum Seminar
ESifh uGefz&ifhrsm;? 2002 ckESpfrSpí tmqD,HbPfvkyfief;qkdif&maumifpDESifh uGefz&ifh
tpnf;ta0;rsm;wufa&mufcJh/
toif;tzJGUrsm;wGifyg0ifrI- tzGJU0if? jrefrmEkdifiH 0dZÆmESifh odyÜHynm&SiftzGJU/
tNrJwrf;tzGJU0if? aiGaMu;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukefoG,fa&;tNrJwrf;aumfrwD? tmqD,H
bPfrsm;toif; (ASEAN BANKERS ASSOCIATION)/
- trIaqmif? jrefrmEkdifiHbPfrsm;toif;/
Email - fpd.hq@mptmail.net.mm -fpbband@myanmar.com.mm

vkdY&&r,f/ uRefawmfwkdYqDrSmu ESpfusyfzkd;&SdrS wpfusyfzkd;
vkyfvkdY&w,fayghaemf/ 'Dudpöjyóem&Sdwmyg/ Transac-
tion Cost csay;wJ h a e&mrS m Exim Bank ay:cJ h & if enf ;
enf;av;tqifajyygvdrfhr,f/ a'gufwmpdefarmifajym
NyD;ygNyD/ aemufxyf a'gufwmpdefarmifrSm bmrsm; ajym
csifwm&Sdygao;ovJ/ txl;ojzifh Credit Creation bm
rsm;vk y f a y;oif h w ,f x if y govJ /
a'gufwmpdefarmif / / Credit Creation uawmh odyf
rpOf;pm;eJY/ bmvkdYvJqkdawmh uRefawmfwkdYu Inflation jzpfae
w,f/ Inflation jzpfwJhae&mrSm taMumif;awGu trsm;BuD;yJ/
48
One is Money Supply aemf/ tck Money Supply tjyifukd
tck pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvkdYr&vkdY bPfawGrSm ykdufqHawGrsm;vm
w,f/
uRefawmfuawmh NcHKNyD;ajymcsifwmu Stimulus ukdodyf
NyD; rpOf;pm;eJY/ 'DrmS vnf; wku
d ½f u
dk v
f nf; odyNf yD;awmh xdcu
kd f
aewmr[kwfbl;/ urÇmhtajctaeu aps;awGusvkdY yJaps;?
qefaps;? ig;aps;uswm/ 'gu Short term Phenomenon /
uRefawmfjzpfapcsifwmu Oyrm-Agriculture ? Agriculture
ukd uRefawmfwkdY jr§ifhcsifw,f/ Export u tJ'DuvmrSmyJ/
om;ig;yJajymajym? ykpGefyJajymajym? qefpyg;yJajymajym/
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;

trnf - a'gufwmOD;jrifh
arG ; ouú & mZf - 1937
tvk y f t uk d i f - UN Senior Economist
ynmt&nftcsif; - B.A (t*Fvdyfpmay? EkdifiHa&;odyÜH? abm*aA') (&efukefwuúokdvf)
- M.A (abm*aA') (aumeJvfwuúokdvf)
- Ph.D (abm*aA') (u,fvDzkd;eD;,m;wuúokdvf? bmuav)
vkyfief;aqmif& Gufr I - okawoevkyfief;Xme? pD;yGm;a&;wuúokdvf? &efukef/
- uxdu? abm*aA'Xme? &efukefpD;yGm;a&;wuúokdvf/
- uxdu? XmerSL;? abm*aA'Xme? ynma&;wuúokdvf? &efukef/
- XmerSL;? pD;yGm;a&;Xme? EkdifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme/
- ukvor*¾wGif 0efxrf;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? befaumufwGiftajcpkdufaom ukvor*¾
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;aumfr&Sif (tm&SESifh ypdzdwfa'o) zGHUNzdK;rItenf;qHk;aomEkdifiHrsm;Xme\
okawoeESihf zGUH NzdK;a&;rl0g'rsm; avhvmqef;ppfa&;XmecGrJ LS ;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? txufwef;
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Siftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh/
pmaya&;om;rI - okawoepmwrf;rsm;? ukvor*¾\tpnf;ta0;rsm;? aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;ESihf tvky½f akH qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;
twGuf taxmuftuljyKpmwrf;rsm;jyKpkay;cJ/h tm&SEiS hf ypdzw d af 'o\ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlraI &;
ppfwrf;pmapmifrsm;jyKpka&;om;cJh/

uRefawmfqufajymyg&ap/ tJ'Dawmh Agriculture ukd
jr§ifh&r,f/ Seed Technology Farming aemf/ tJ'D[mawG
wGe;f tm;ay;NyD;awmhwif/ usew f mtrsm;BuD;aygh/ Supply Side
ukdvkyf&r,f/ Agriculture ukd aZmif;ay;yg/ rvkw d [hJ mawG
jzKwf/ v,form;awG yku d q f vH &dk ifacs;/ a&vkw d ,fqdk &atmif
vkyf/ tJ'gawGyJ aZmufcsvkyfaemf/ aemufNyD;awmh wpfqifhNyD;
wpfqifhaygh/ tJvkdvkyfEkdif&if Growth vnf;wufr,f/ Ex-
port Earning vnf;&r,f/ v,form;awGvnf; acsmifcsdr,f/
tcku racsmifb;l aemf v,form;/ [k;d . . . olaX;v,form;
acsmifw,f? a&ay:uv,form; racsmifbl;/ tJ'gawG uRef
awmfu t&ifvkyfcsifw,f/ 'D Sector BuD;ukd OD;pm;ay;&r,f/
(Loan cswJhae&mrSm) Loan jyef&atmif tpkd;&u wm0ef,l?
uRefawmfwYdk u (Private Bank taeeJY) ygEkid w f ,f/ tJ'aD wmh
uRefawmfhtjrifu 'Dvkdvkyfcsifw,f/
a'gufwmae0if;armif / / q&mhukdvnf; wpfckjyefar;
yg&ap/ q&m wkduf½kdufrxdbl;qkdwmu uRefawmfwkdY
Crisis xJ u k d a&muf r oG m ;Ek d i f b l ; vk d Y q&m,l q ygovm;/
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
Credit Creation qk d & mrS m Credit Card vk d r sKd ; aygh / Con-
sumer Credit qk d & if q&m b,f v k d , l q ygovJ ? tJ ' g
od y g&ap/
a'gufwmpdefarmif / / 'Dvkdyg/ uRefawmfwdkYu wkduf
½kdufrvmao;bl;qkdwmu uRefawmfwkdYu Isolated jzpfae
w,f/ World Economy xJrSm Fully rjzpfbl;/ tJ'DMum;xJ
tar&du? Europe wkdYu Sanction awG vkyfxm;ao;w,f/
Direct Trade Link, Direct Transaction wkduf½kdufr&Sdbl;/
uRefawmfwYdk vmEkid w f mu Oyrm- pifumyl Recession jzpfw,f
aemf/ xkid ;f ? rav;&Sm;? tif'edk ;D &Sm; 'DaumifawGx&d if uRefawmf
wkdY Export awGu Regional trade 50 or more percent u
tJ'DrSmygw,f/ tJ'gwpfck/
aemufwpfcku Consumer Credit / Consumer Credit
uawmh uRefawmfodyftm;roefbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh
uReaf wmfwYkdvrl sK;d u ay;vkud &f if pm;ypfvu dk rf mS yJ/ aemufwpf
cku Credit Card aum/ vdrfwmawG trsm;BuD;jzpfEkdifw,f/
aemufjzpfoifhwmu Debit Card / Debit uwfusawmh
49
rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;

trnf - OD;wifarmifoef;
arG ; ouú & mZf - 1957
ynmt&nftcsif; - 1979-1980 B.Sc(Zoo), University of Yangon
- 1982 Diploma in Fisheries (Kasetsart University)
- 1992 M.Sc, Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
- 2007 Fellowship, Center for Studies in Security and Diplomacy,
School of Social Science, University of Birmingham UK.
tvk y f t uk d i f - Business Consultant (Singapore based)
- Aquaculturist
tawGUtBuKHrsm; - 1998 ckEpS rf S ,aeYtxd pifumyltajcpku d v
f yk if ef;^pDru
H ed ;f rsm;wGif tBuHay;ynm&Sif
tjzpfaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd?
- 1996 ckEpS rf S ,aeYtxd jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f a&csK^d a&iefarG;jrLa&;vkyif ef; zHUG NzdK;wk;d wufa&;
(txl;ojzifh wDvm;yD;,m;arG;jrLa&;) twGuf aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd?
- 1998-1996? AARM, SERD Asian Institute of Technology wGif Development
Expert for Training and Consultancy Unit tjzpf tm&Sa'owGif; zHGUNzdK;a&;pDrHcsufrsm;
aqmif&GufcJh?
- 1983-1989 tBuD;wef; arG;jrLa&;ynm&Siftjzpf ADB Project ESifh jrefrmtpkd;&wkdY
yl;wJGaqmif&Gufaom Inland Fisheries Development Project wGif aqmif&GufcJh/
toif ;tzJGUrsm;wGifyg0ifrI - 'kw,d Ouú|? jrefrmEkdifiHig;vkyfief;tzJGUcsKyf
- Myanmar Egress pwifwnfawmifolESifh Board of Director tzJGU0if
- tBuHay;ynm&Sif? jrefrmEkdifiH ykpGefvkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;
- tBuHay;ynm&Sif? jrefrmEkdifiH ig;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;

vnf; vlvufwpfqkyfpmyJvkyfEkdifw,f/ Banking Practice a'gufwmae0if;armif / / y&dowfukd rkdufc½kdzkef; t

uvnf; vkdao;/ ukefonfawGyJ bPfrSm aygufxm;wm/
p&if yduk q H &if Deposit vky&f r,f/ 'Dxu
f t f ;Hk / Credit
J Ekwo
Card qkd&if Online vnf; r&Sdbl;/
Consumption Loan pOf;pm;&if trsKd;orD;pGrf;aqmif
&Sifrsm;toif;u aeYjyefwkd;ay;aewm&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh Debit
Card awmh jzpfEkdifw,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfpajymwm 'gyJ/
b,f Model eJYoGm;rSmvJ/ Market Economy vm;? Gov-
ernment Control Economy vm; Private Sector tm;jznfh
&r,f/ Bank awGvnf; ckdifrmatmifvkyfay;&r,f/
50
vSnfhray;rDrSm tckwufa&mufaqG;aEG;wJhynm&Sifrsm;
xJu ajymp&mav;rsm;usefvkdY rSwfcsufjyKcsifwm&SdvkdY&Sd
&if q&mwkdYwpfa,mufpD okH;rdepfpDavmuf ajymay;ap
vkdygw,f/ q&mBuD;OD;jrifhupNyD; q&mrSwfcsufjyKcsif
wm&Sdao;&if . . . /
a'guf w mOD ; jrif h / / ckeuajymaewJh Budget udpö
awGeJYywfoufNyD; uRefawmfjrifwmuawmh ESpfykdif;&Sdwmaygh
av/ wpfykdif;uawmh &&efaiG? wpfykdif;uawmh okH;wJhaiG/
wpfcgwavusawmh uRefawmfwYdk u &&efaiGuydk J odyNf yD;awmh
LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.
 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;

trnf -
OD;cifarmifndK
arG ; ouú & mZf 1956 -
tvk y f t uk d i f -
'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL; (Nidrf;)
ynmt&nftcsif; -
1975 wGif pD;yGm;a&;ynmbGJU? 1991 wGif r[m'óe (abm*aA')bGJU
(&efukefpD;yGm;a&;wuúokdvf)/
EkdifiHhwm0efxrf;aqmifrIrsm; - 2001 ckESpftxd &efukefpD;yGm;wuúokdvfwGif uxdutjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh/
2001 rS 2006 ckESpftxd 0efBuD;csKyf½Hk;wGif 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh/
pmaya&;om;rI - urÇmpD;yGm;a&;*sme,fwGif t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sd/
- cifarmifndK (abm*aA') uavmiftrnfjzifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfqkdif&mrsm;?
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHwumESifhywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm;tygt0if
pmtkyfaygif; 30 ausmf a&;om;xkwfa0cJhNyD; *sme,f? r*¾Zif;ESifh pmapmifrsm;wGif
qufvufa&;om;vsuf&Sd/

rS OD;pm;ay;aew,f/ uRefawmfhtaeeJYuawmh okH;wJhtykdif;ukd atmifvkyfyg/ tJ'g Change of Assets yJ/ ajrBuD;xJu[m

oGm;csifw,f/ okH;wJhaiGukdaygh/ okH;aewJhaiGawGukd trsm;BuD;
aygif;vkYd&w,f/ ta&;BuD;wJ[ h mawGrmS yko d ;Hk vkYd&w,f/ aemuf
qkH;wpfckajymcsifwmu uRefawmfwkdY 0ifaiGtrsm;qkH;&wJh[m
u Natural Gas / tJ'gu rESpfu NyD;cJhwJhESpf 2007-2008
ckEpS u
f 2 'or 5 bDv, D H tar&duefa':vm&w,f/ tJ'[ D m
uRefawmfwkdYqDu Export awG&JU 44.6 Percent &Sdw,f/
'D[mu tBuD;qkH;yJ/ uRefawmfu bmjzpfcsifvJqkdawmh/ 'D'g
rsKd;[mawGu aMumufp&maumif;w,f/ ½k&mS ;NydKuJo G mG ;wmu
wpfcsufu olu a&eHukdtm;ukd;vkdY/ a&eHukdtm;ukd;wJhtcg
jyóemay:vkdY a&eHaps;usoGm;wJhtcg wkdif;jynfwpfckvkH;
ysufoGm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh uRefawmfhtaeeJYu a&eHukdxkwfyg/
xkwfNyD;awmh Change of Assets Portfolio vkdY ac:w,f/
a&eHudk ok;H ? a&eHu uRefawmfwYdk rmS &Sw
d hJ o,HZmwypön;f aemf/
uRefawmfwkdY&JUajratmufrSm&SdwJhypönf;/ tJ'D[mukd tay:ukd
,lvmvdrfhr,f/
NyD;awmh 'D Assets ukd b,fvkdokH;&rvJqkdvkdY&Sd&if puf½kH
awGaxmifr,f? Infrasturcture awG aqmufr,f/ ta&;BuD;
qkH;u wkdif;jynfrSm&SdwJh vlawG&JU Human Capacity ukd wkd;
ajray:a&mufoGm;r,f/ tJ'DajrBuD;xJu[mawGuvnf;yJ
uRefawmfwkdY&JU tusKd;&Sdr,fqkdwm/ tJ'gav;ukd uRefawmf
tqkjd yKcsifygw,f/ uRefawmfwYdk vyk Ef idk rf ,f[
h maygh/ 'gyJ uRef
awmfajymcsifygw,f/
OD;wifarmifoef; / / uRefawmfuawmh uRefawmfp
cJhwJh[mav; jyefajymcsifw,f/ urÇmBuD; b,f Direction
ukdoGm;aevJqkdwmukd urÇmBuD;NyD;&if uRefawmfwkdY b,f Di-
rection eJY oGm;aevJqkdwmukdaygh/ uRefawmfjrifwJh Perspec-
tive uae uRefawmfajymyghr,f/
uRefawmfwdkY tck em*pf jzpfvkdufw,f/ jzpfvkdufwJh
tcgusawmhrmS uRefawmfwYdk u tpuawmh [kd . . . uk, d Ehf idk if H
&JUtajctae? ukd,fhEkdifiH&JU Farming Sector ukd em;vnfw,f
qkdwJh[mu . . . / em*pfjzpfNyD; Assessment awG awmfawmf
rsm;rsm;rSm q&mBuD;OD;jrifhwkdYu tay: Layer rSmygovkd uRef
awmfwdkYu Ground rSm (tzJGUawGeJY aocsmvkyfaew,fqkd
awmh) aocsmodygw,f/ odwJhtcgusawmh bmvJqkdawmh
uRefawmfwkdY&JU ckeuajymaewJh Safety Net ayghaemf/ Safety
Net qkdwm Rural Base/ Oyrm- uRefawmf bmukdpdwfylovJ

LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009. 51

 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;

trnf - OD;ukdukdvIdif
arG ; ouú & mZf - 1956 (jrif;rl)
tvk y f t uk d i f - pma&;q&m? EkdifiHwuma&;&mokawoD
- tBuHay;t&m&Sd (owif;ESifhpme,fZif;vkyfief;? jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme)
ynmt&nftcsif; - B.Sc (DSA),
M.A (TEFL)
ynma&; - jrif;rl? vufyHwef;? &rnf;oif;NrdKUwkdYwGif tajccHynmoifMum;cJh/
- 1972 wGif wuúokdvf0ifwef;atmifjrifcJh/
- 1973 rS 1976 txd jyifOD;vGifppfwuúokdvfwufa&mufcJh/
EkdifiHhwm0efxrf; - 1977 ckESpfwGif jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sd (wyfrawmfMunf;)?
aqmifrIrsm; - 1991 ckEpS rf S 2004 ckEpS ftxd ppfOD;pD; (yxrwef;) okawoe?
- 2004 ckESpfrS ,aeYtxd tBuHay;t&m&Sd (owif;ESiphf me,fZif;vkyif ef;?
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme)
pmaya&;om;rI - 1991 ckESpfrSpí pme,fZif;rsm;wGif pnfolatmif? ukdukdvIdif? vIdifatmif paom
uavmiftrnfrsm;jzifh aqmif;yg;ESifhpmtkyfrsm; a&;om;jyKpkxkwfa0cJh/

qkv d Ydk&&dS if oGm;aewJh Driection u bmvJqadk wmh uReaf wmfwYdk
Urban Poor ayghaemf/ vIi d o
f m,mvkad e&mrsKd;rSm&Sad ewJh wpfaeY
vkyfrSwpfaeYpm;&r,fqkdwJhvlawGu olwkdY&JU Safety Net u
wpfckckqkd&if olwkdYu &GmjyefNyD; qeftdwfwpftdwfjyef,lqkd
wJh[meJY uRefawmfwkdYEkdifiHu Survive jzpfaewm/ tJawmh
'DEpS rf mS jyef,pl &m&Srd vm;/ jyef,&l if t&ifavmufv, G rf vm;
qkdwm uRefawmfwkdY pOf;pm;&r,fh Big Question xGufvm
w,f/ uRefawmfjrifwJh Direction taeeJY 'gyJajymyghr,f/
aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
OD ; uk d u k d v I d i f / / aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ uReaf wmfh
taeeJYuawmh 'D Stimulus Package eJYywfoufNyD;awmhaygh
av/ Primary Producer awGukd wkduf½kdufay;zkdYqkdwmuawmh
awmfawmfav;rvG,fwJhudpyö g/ 'gayrJh EkdifiHawmfu yHhykd;csif
w,fqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh a&S;wkef;u ukdvkdeDacwfrSm t*FvdyfawG
vkyfovkdyJ t*FvdyfawGu pyg;pkdufwJholawGukd pyg;pkdufap
csifw,f/ tJ'Dawmh cspfwD;awGukdyJ ac:vkdufwmygyJ/ cspfwD;
awGukd acs;ay;vkdufw,f/ cspfwD;awGu twkd;BuD;eJYay;pm;
NyD;awmhrS t&if;axmifay;vkdufwmyJ/
uRefawmfwkdYu 'DykHpHrsKd;awmh r[kwfbl;aygh/ tck
uRefawmf ukd,fawGUBuHKcJhzl;wJh[mav;wpfckajymcsifygw,f/
Oyrm- uavmbuf? [J[kd;bufrSmqkdvkdY&Sd&if uRefawmfwkdY
&efukefeJY jrefrmEkdifiHatmufykdif;ukdykdYwJh [if;oD;[if;&GufawG
trsm;qkH;ygw,f/ olu trsm;BuD; Input awG vkdygw,f/
"mwfajrMoZm vkdw,f/ ykd;owfaq; vkdw,f/ v,form;
rwwfEkdifbl;/ tJ'Dtcgusawmh NrdKUay:rSm&SdwJh csrf;omwJhvl
awGu tJ'D Input awGukd olwkdYwm0ef,lw,f/ xGufvmwJh
Yield ukd wpf0ufpDcJGNyD;awmh &dwfodrf;wJhtcsdefrSm 'D Busi-
ness NrdKUay:uvlu ukd,fwkdifoGm;apmifhMunfhNyD; olYqDrSmyJ
tukefvkH;jyefodrf;w,f/ wpf0ufzkd;ukd aygufaps;eJY acsvkduf
w,f/ usefwJhwpf0ufukdawmh Inputs twGuf olu,lw,f/
qkdwJhtcgusawmh olYukd,fpm;vS,feJYolY[molvkyfoGm;
NyD;om;? b,folrS vSnfhMunfhp&mrvkdbl;/ tck Contract
Farming bmnmusawmh Business awGu t&rf;BuD;w,f/
tJavmufxdukd vufvDpdwfNyD;awmhrS vkyfEkdifzkdY cufvdrfhr,f/
tJ'Dawmh 'DvkdrsKd; Private Sector rSm NrdKUay:rSm tajccsaewJh
vkyfEkdifukdifEkdifwJh? pkdufysKd;a&;eJYywfoufwJhtvkyfukd vkyfae
MuwJhvlawGukdrsm; yk*¾vdubPfawGua&m? usefcJhwJh Insti-
tution awGua&m acs;aiGav;awGukd tmrcHeJYaygh/ tJvkdrsKd;

52 LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009.

 rsufESmzkH;aqmif;yg;

trnf - a'gufwmae0if;armif
arG ; ouú & mZf - 1962 ckESpf
ynmt&nftcsif; - M.B.,B.S,
Fellowship (Yale Univesity) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
tvk y f t uk d i f - Secretary General : Myanmar Egress
Programme Director : Myanmar Egress Development Center
CEO/Policy Director : Living Color Media

vkyaf y;Ekid rf ,fqv dk Ydk &&dS if wpfenf;tm;jzifh oG,0f u

dk Nf yD;awmhrS
uRefawmfwkdY Credit Loan awG awmufavQmuf Primary Pro-
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aumuf w J h e nf ; uk d ajymif ; zk d Y v k d y gw,f /

LIVING COLOR. No.163, FEBRUARY. 2009. 53