NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations

NAMINGANDWRITINGCOMPOUNDS
CHEMICALFORMULA Itisarepresentation,whichisusedtodenoteonemoleculeofpuresubstance. It indicates the relative amount of atoms of each element in a molecule, which consists of symbols oftheelementscomposingthepuresubstanceandsubscriptsdenotingrelativenumberofatomsof eachelementinaunitparticleormoleculeoftheelementofcompound. OXIDATIONNUMBERS Oxidation number or oxidation state is an apparent charge of an atom in a compound when electronsaretransferredfromoneatomtoanothertoformions. This set of whole numbers (sometimes positive and in other cases, negative) are very useful for predicting the formulas of the compounds, classifying them, comparing the chemical properties of theelementsanddescribingchemicalreactions. RulesforAssigningOxidationNumbers/States 1. Theoxidationnumbersofanelementinthefreeoruncombinedstateisalwayszero. Example:Cu0,Si0,Mg0 2. Theoxidationnumbersofmonatomicionisthesameasthechargeontheion. The group of numbers in the periodic table will help us remember the oxidation numbers. Therearetwoimportantgeneralobservations: 1. Acommonoxidationnumberofallmetalsispositiveandisequaltoitsgroupnumber. 2. A common oxidation number of all nonmetals is negative and is equal to the group numberminus8. CommonOxidationStatesofCommonElements GROUPNO. IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA OXIDATIONNUMBERS +1 +2 +3 +4/4 3 2 1 EXAMPLES Na+,Li+,Ag+1 Mg2+,Ba2+,Zn2+ Al3+,B3+ C4+ N3,C4,Si4+ O2 F,Cl

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
An element with positive oxidation number is a positive ion called cation and an element with negative oxidation number is a negative ion called anion. There are elements that have more than oneoxidationnumbers.Generally,theyarethetransitionelements. CommonOxidationNumbersofCommonTransitionElements OXIDATIONNUMBERS Cr Cr3+ Mn Mn4+ Fe Fe3+ Co Co3+ Cu Cu2+ Hg Hg2+ Sn Sn4+ Pb Pb4+ H H *Hisnotatransitionelement. 3. The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers for all the atoms in the formula of a compound is zero. ex.Mg2+Br2+2+(1)(2)=0 4. The sum of the oxidation numbers of the atoms in a polyatomic ion must equal the charge of theion. Name Polyatomicions Monovalentions NH4+ Ammonium C2H3O2 Acetate ClO Hypochlorite ClO2 Chlorite
+ 2+ 2+ + + 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+

FORMULANAMEOFTHEION chromous/chromium(II) chromic/chromium(III) manganous manganese(IV) ferrous/iron(II) ferric/iron(III) cobaltous/cobalt(II) cobaltic/cobalt(III) cuprous/copper(I) cupric/copper(II) mercurous/mercury(I) mercuric/mercury(II) stannous/tin(II) stannic/tin(IV) plumbous/lead(II) plumbic/lead(IV) hydrogen/hydronium hydride

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
Chlorate Perchlorate Cyanide Hydroxide Bicarbonate Nitrite Nitrate permanganate Bisulfate Bisulfite Cyanate Thiocyanate Divalentions CO32 Carbonate 2 CrO4 Chromate 2 Cr2O7 Dichromate 2 C2O4 Oxalate SO32 Sulfite 2 SO4 Sulfate S2O32 Thiosulfate HPO42 Biphosphate SiO32 Silicate 2 ZnO2 Zincate Trivalentions PO33 Phosphite PO43 Phosphate Polyvalentions 4 P2O7 Pyrophosphate 5. Somecommonoxidationnumbers: a. Hydrogenhasusually+1,exceptinhydrides(ioniccompoundswithIAandIIA),ithas1. b. Oxygenhasusually2,exceptinperoxides,suchasH2O2,andNa2O2,ithas1. c. Aluminum(GroupIIIA)has+3:Zinc(GroupIIB)has+2andSilver(GroupIB)has+1. RULESINWRITINGFORMULAS GeneralRule: Thesymbolofthecationiswrittenfirstfollowedbythesymboloftheanion thenapplythecrisscrossmethod. 1. Metals,nonmetalsandinertgaseshavetheirformulasthesameastheirsymbols. Example:CalciumCa., MagnesiumMg 2. Active gaseous elements are written correctly by taking two atoms of the elements since these arediatomicmolecules. Examples:OxygenO2,HydrogenH2 ClO3 ClO4 CN OH HCO3 NO2 NO3 MnO4 HSO4 HSO3 CNO CNS

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
3. Compounds: To write the molecular formula, write the symbol of the positive element or positive radical with their oxidation number first, then followed by the negative element or negative radical with their oxidation number also. The algebraic sum of the oxidation numbers mustbeequalzerosothatthecompoundwillbeneutral. a. Whenthepositiveoxidationnumbersandthenegativeoxidationnumbersarethesame,the formulaisthesameasitstands. Example:K+Br KBr Sr+2O2 SrO b. When the positive oxidation number and the negative oxidation numbers are not the same, applythecrisscrossrulesothatthealgebraicsumoftheoxidationnumberswillbeequalto zero. Al2S3 Example:Al+3S2 Ca+2Cl CaCl2 c. Whenever a radical in a formula is taken more than once, enclose the radical inside a parenthesisandwritethecorrectsubscriptaftertheparenthesis. K2Cr2O7 Example:K+(Cr2O7)2 +2 Ba (OH) Ba(OH)2 EXAMPLES Determinetheformulasofthefollowingcompounds: 1.Sodiumchloride Na+Cl NaCl 2.Ferrousoxide Fe2+O2 FeO 3.Aluminumiodide Al3+I AlI3 4.Calciumphosphate Ca2+(PO4)3 Ca3(PO4)2 5.Ammoniumcarbonate (NH4)+(CO3)2 (NH4)2CO3 SYSTEMATICNAMINGOFCOMPOUNDS BinaryCompoundcompoundwhichiscomposedoftwoelements I.BINARYSALTSbinarycompoundcontainingametalandanonmetal.(Metal+NonMetal) a.Formetalswithfixedoxidationno. Rule: namethe(+)ion+namethestemof()ion+IDE a.NaI Sodiumiodide b.MgBr2 Magnesiumbromide c.K3N Potassiumnitride d.CaO CalciumOxide

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
b.Formetalswithvariableoxidationnos. MethodI: OldorClassicalMethod Rule: namethemetalwithsuffixesousoric+nameofnonmetal+IDE Cuprousboride Cu3B SnS2 Stannicsulfide MethodII:StockorRomanNumeralMethod Rule: nameofmetal+(Romannumeraloftheoxidno)+Nameofstemofnonmetal+IDE PbBr2 Lead(II)bromide AuCl3 Gold(III)chloride II.BINARYACIDSbinarycompoundscontaininghydrogenandnonmetallicelement. Dryform(whenacidisnotdissolvedinwater) Rule:Hydrogen+nameofnonmetallicelement+IDE HCl Hydrogenchloride HBr Hydrogenbromide AqueousForm(whenacidisdissolvedinwatertoformanacidicsolution) Rule:Hydro+nameofthenonmetalwithsuffixic+acid HCl(aq) Hydrochloricacid HBr(aq) Hydrobromicacid III.NONMETAL+NONMETAL Binary compounds containing two nonmetallic elements. Greek prefixes are used to indicate thenumberofatomsineachelementpresentinamoleculeofacompound NumericPrefixes 1mono 4tetra 7hepta 10deca 2di 5penta 8octa 11undeca 3tri 6hexa 9nona 12dodeca Rule: 9 Name the more positive element first and followed by the name of the more negative element

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
9 Use the Greek prefixes listed above, to indicate the number of atoms of each type of elementpresentintheformulaofthecompound. 9 TheprefixMONOisoftenomittedwhenitappliestothefirstelementinacompound. 9 Usethesuffix_IDEtothesecondelement. dinitrogenmonoxide N2O CO carbonmonoxide SO2sulfurdioxide CO2carbondioxide

IV.HYDRIDES Hydrogen reacts with many metals to form binary compounds called hydrides. In these compounds,thehydrogenismoreelectronegativethanthemetalanditisassignedanoxidation numberof1. Rule:namethemetal+hydride RbH Rubidiumhydride CsH Cesiumhydride LiH Lithiumhydride TernaryCompoundcompoundwhichiscomposedofthreeormoreelements. I.TERNARYACIDSOROXYACIDS Dryform Rule:Hydrogen+OxyioninATEform H2CO3Hydrogencarbonate H3PO4Hydrogenphosphate Rule:Hydrogen+OxyioninITEform H2SO3Hydrogensulfite H3PO3Hydrogenphosphite Aqueousform ThenegativeionisintheformofsuffixATE Rule:nametherootofthemiddleelement+ICplusthewordacid Carbonicacid H2CO3(aq) ThenegativeionisintheformofsuffixITE Rule:nametherootofthemiddleelement+OUSplusthewordacid Sulfurousacid H2SO3(aq)

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
II.TERNARYSALTSsaltsoftheoxyacids. Metal+Oxyion Metalswithfixedoxidationnumber. Rule:namethemetalor(+)ion+nameofthenegative()ion Sodiumnitrate NaNO3 NaNO2 Sodiumnitrite Metalswithvariableoxidationnumbers Rule:namethemetalorpositiveion(Romannumeral)+nameofthenegativeion. FeCO3Iron(II)carbonate COMPOUNDSCONTAININGFOURORMOREELEMENTS Rule:namethepositiveion+namethenegativeion ammoniumhypochlorite NH4ClO Hydrates Thesecompoundscontainwatermoleculesasapartofitscrystallinestructure.Hydratesarenamed by indicating the name of the compound first exclusive of the water followed by the term HYDRATE withaprefixmono,di,tri,etc.representingthenumberofwatermoleculespresent.Anumbermay beusedalso. BaCl22H2O Bariumchloridedihydrate orBariumchloride2hydrate

CHEMICALEQUATIONS
Chemicalequationsummarizesthemolecularchangesinvolvedinachemicalreaction. TypicalIllustrationofachemicalequation: F A(s)+B(l)+C(g)D+E+heat ReactantsProducts where(s),(l),(g) signifiesthephysicalstatesofthecompound showsthecompoundisagas showsthecompoundisadeposit symbolizespresenceofheat F acatalyst

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
StepsinWritingChemicalEquation: step1:Writetheformulasofthereactants step2: Writetheformulasoftheproductsbywritingtheoxidationnumbersofthetwocombined elementsandapplyingthecrisscross. step3: It is very important to balance the equation, i.e., the number of atoms of each element in the reactant side should be equal to the number of atoms of the said element in the productside. TypesofChemicalReactions: I.Combination/Synthesis/Metathesis asinglesubstanceisformedbyunionoftwosubstances. A.GeneralRule: A+BAB Ex.sodium+iodine step1:Na+I2 step2:Na+1I1 NaI step3:2Na+I2 2NaI Combustionprocessofburning;requiresoxygen,O2 a.metal+oxygenmetallicoxide Ex.barium+oxygen step1:Ba+O2 BaO step2:Ba+2O2 step3:2Ba+O2 2BaO b.nonmetal+oxygennonmetallicoxide Ex.sulfur+oxygen step1:S+O2 step3:S+O2 SO2 or2S+3O2 2SO3 B.GeneralRule: A+O2C+D B.1.Completecombustionofhydrocarbons Ex.CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O B.2.Incompletecombustionofhydrocarbons Ex.CH4+2O2 CO+2H2O C.GeneralRule: MetallicOxide+H2OBase Ex.magnesiumoxide+water MgO+H2OMg(OH)2 D.GeneralRule: Nonmetallicoxide+H2OAcid Ex.Sulfurdioxide+water SO2+H2OH2SO3

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
E.GeneralRule: ActiveMetal+WaterBase+H2 Ex.sodium+water 2Na+2H2O2NaOH+H2 II.Decomposition: A reaction that involves using of heat or electric current: It is the opposite reaction of synthesis. GeneralRule: ABA+B A. Metalcarbonate CaCO3CaO+CO2 B. Metaloxide HgOHg+O2 C. Metalnitrate NaNO3NaNO2+O2 D. Metalbicarbonate Mg(HCO3)2MgCO3+CO2+H2O III.SingleDisplacement the possibility of the positive part of a compound may interact with the negative part of thesecondcompound. AGeneralRule: AB+CCB+A where: A and C are metals and C is more active than A. If not, no reaction will occur. Use the ActivitySeriesofMetals(Seenextpage). Ex.Calciumchloride+sodium CaCl2+2Na2NaCl+Ca B.GeneralRule: AB+CAC+B where: BandCarenonmetalsandCismoreactivethanB.Usethe ActivitySeriesofthenonmetals,(F,O,Cl,Br,I,S).Ifnot,noreaction willoccur. Ex.bariumchloride+fluoride BaCl2+F2BaF2+Cl2

NamingandWritingCompounds/ChemicalEquations
IV.DoubleDecomposition GeneralRule: AB+CDAD+CB A.Neutralizationareactionbetweenanacidandabasethatproducesasaltandwater. Ex.Hydrochloricacid+sodiumhydroxide HCl+NaOHNaCl+H2O calciumphosphate+ammoniumacetate Ca3(PO4)2+6NH4C2H3O23Ca(C2H3O2)2+2(NH4)3PO4 potassiumdichromate+plumbousnitrate K2Cr2O7+Pb(NO3)22KNO3+PbCr2O7 Todeterminewhetherareactionwilltakeplace,theactivityseriesofelements(metals)isused. ActivitySeriesofMetals Symbol CodeName MetalName Potassium(most Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum Manganese Zinc Chromium Iron Nickel Tin Lead Hydrogen Copper Bismuth Antimony Mercury Silver Platinum Gold(leastactive) K Na Ca Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Bi Sb Hg Ag Pt Au Peter Saw Carl Make a Mangy Zebra Carry Iron Nails To Liverpool He Caught Ben a Mexican Silver Plated Goat

Thefollowingelementsarealwaysconsideredcontaining2atomsinformingacompound.Theyare calleddiatomicmolecules.H2,Cl2,Br2,I2,F2,N2,O2.

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