International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012), 3-5 July 2011, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

FWM effect in FTTH over DWDM for 320 Gbps link distance 80 km
Sh. Fatimah Tuanku Abdullah
Network Delivery Sarawak Telekom Malaysia Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia shfatima@tm.com.my

Sakena Abdul Jabar

Faculty of Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia ajsakena@feng.unimas.my

AbstractWe investigate the FWM impacts in FTTH over DWDM system. Even above SBS threshold, FWM was found to be available at lower launched power, inducing low cross-talk in this DWDM-PON. Nominal central frequencies for dense WDM systems based on 12.5 GHz anchored to the 193.1 THz reference. Thus dependency of channel spacing of 12.5 GHz, 25 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz spaced DWDM-PON at a OLT-ONU link distance of 80 km are the focus area of our investigations. The nonlinearity effect of FWM on the performance of DWDM all optical star networks is being demonstrated in terms of Q-factor. The results are presented in graphical forms using practical parameters values at bit rates of 320 Gb/s. Simulation shows that the launched power is increased up to 10 dB with signal format of NRZ are used. It is demonstrated that waveform distortion due to FWM among different carriers in DWDM becomes deterministic by narrow channel spacing of 12.5 GHz and launched power less than 1 dBm.
Keywords-component;Nonlinearity,FWM,DWDM-PON,FTTH (key words)

We simulate a DWDM system with 2 spans, where the first span is 60-km long, and the fiber is single mode fiber (SMF). The degradation due to FWM on the proposed FTTH over DWDM downstream architecture were simulated by controlling the input power of the external-injection optical source of a spectrally-sliced CW-LD with NRZ signals. The varied of power per channel from 0 to 10 dBm, Aeff of 52, 72 m2 and the channels are equally spaced frequency of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 GHz are being simulated. The transmission bandwidth ranges from 1545 nm to 1555 nm. We verified the impact of this nonlinear effect of FWM on this network architecture. The detailed parameters of the simulation are given in Table 1. II. THE THEORY

I.

INTRODUCTION

FTTH over DWDM systems operating at high bit rates offer high number of wavelengths all required high levels of optical powers (approximately 10 dB) [1], [2] to achieve longer distance network without using any amplifier.

Four-wave mixing (FWM) phenomenon is a nonlinear effect that occurs in optical fiber during the propagation of multiple optical signals in DWDM system. The power dependent of the refractive index in the optical fiber not only shift the phase of the signals of the individual channels but also give rise to new optical signals through the process known as four-wave mixing. In order to assess the impact of FWM impairment, it must be treated as noise. This nonlinearity is dependent on power, which means the higher the power input to the fiber, the higher the level of FWM. Because DWDM systems require the highest possible input optical power, the impact of FWM nonlinearity is critical[4]. FWM is related to the fact that if there are three optical signals with different carrier frequencies i, j and k copropagate inside a silica fiber simultaneously, then the nonlinear susceptibility of the silica fiber generates a new product or fourth optical frequencies i j k. In principle, several frequencies corresponding to the combination of plus and minus signs are possible. However, most of them do not build up due to lack of a phase-matching condition. But frequencies combinations of the form i j k (with i, j k) are often become an issue as they can become phase-matched when the wavelength channels are closely spaced or are spaced near the

Figure 1: FTTH over DWDM configuration

In Fig.1 configuration above, the block diagram is composed of continuous wave laser diode - CW-LD, transmitter with an external-injection optical source and operated as directly-modulating in a downstream-traffic transmitter of below 10 dBm. The DWDM consisted of four channels downstream transmissions at 320 Gbps per channel was performed covering 60 km using C band (1545-1555 nm) range.

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dispersion zero of the fiber[5]. Such frequency combinations are defined as in Equation (3) ijk = i + j - k (i, j k) (3)

The power of the newly generated optical frequency will be dependent on the powers of the propagated optical signals, intensity of the nonlinear Kerr effect and the satisfaction of the phase matching condition. This power is proportional to [7]

For N wavelength channels co-propagating through the fiber, the number of generated frequencies is M=

(6)

(4)

If the wavelength channels are equally spaced, the new optical frequencies overlap the original injected ones. This causes severe cross-talk and the depletion of the original ones, therefore results in degradation of system performance [6]. . The FWM process and generation of new optical frequencies is illustrated in Fig. 2 below for two cases; (a) two frequencies and (ii) frequencies more than two nondegenerate case. For case (i), there are two or three interacting optical channels. If there are just two optical channels with frequencies i and j, there will be two more frequencies generated which presents a degenerate case. However for case (ii), for more than two optical channels, the new generated frequencies do not build up due to lack of phase matching as nondegenerate case[7]. 1 112 Power Frequency
(a)Degenerate case of two frequencies

where n2 is the nonlinear refractive index, Aeff is the effective cross-sectionional area, Leff is the effective length, and dijk is the degeneracy factor (dijk equals 3 and 6 for the degenerate and nondegenerate cases respectively). As an illustration from Eq. (4), four DWDM ports channels will produce = 32 new frequencies. It is also important to notice that some of them will be very small and will have negligible impact on the system performance. However, some of them can have a significant impact, especially if there are several newly generated frequencies that will coincide with a specified WDM channel. Namely, the sum of newly generated optical signals could be very significant if compared with the power level of the channel in question. FWM effect can be minimized by decreasing the power level of the interacting optical channels or by preventing a perfect phase matching. To prevent this from happening increase the chromatic dispersion or increase the channel spacing. For evaluation of complete system performance, Q parameter is used [6] where Q is the link parameter performance, P1, P2 are the average optical power of bits 1 and 0 respectively and 1 , 0 are the total variances of the noises. In an optical system that incorporates a large number of channels and long spans, Gaussian approximation method is applied to establish the photocurrent variances for FWM [3] by Eq. (7).

2 221

(7)

112 Power 113

1 114

2 3

311 312 Frequency

The normalized photocurrent variance is expressed by Equation (8).

(8)

(b) Non-degenerate case of more than two frequencies

where is the normalized photocurrent variance, is the selected channel optical power, is the NRZ modulation factor and is the FWM power tone generated by xyz channels. When all channels have the same input power, the FWM efficiency, , can be expressed as the ratio of its power to the output power per channel, and is proportional to [7]

Figure 2: FWM Phenomena illustrations

In case (a), we have 2 = 1 + 2, 221 = 2 + and 112 = 1 - 2. If we use the expansion of Taylor series for each of the propagation constants in the degenerate case, the phase matching condition becomes = 2 (

(9)

(5)

where 2 is the GVD coefficient [7]. It is clear that from eq. (5) that a complete phase matching happens only if 2 = 0 or at zero chromatic dispersion point. However, a practical phase matching occurs either for very low values of the GVD coefficient or for very narrow channel spacing.

where n2 is the nonlinear coefficient index = 2.6 x10-20 m2/W, Aeff is the effective area of fiber, D is the dispersion management ps/(nm.km) and is the channel spacing in wavelength = 1.55 m.

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Table1 Setup parameters

Table Head 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.20 FTTH over DWDM Design Setup
Parameters Symbol Values

Quantum photodetector Link distance

efficiency

of

L Li Lsp

0.95 80 km 0.2 0.5 dB 0.5 dB 2.6 x 10-20 52 & 72

Attenuation coefficient of fiber Insertion loss of each connector 2x2 Splice loss Nonlinear coefficient index Aeff Dispersion coefficient Variable Spacing Frequency Channel

n2 Aeff
Dc

m2

0 ps/(nm.km) 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 GHz 1550 nm

Wavelength frequency

III.

SIMULATION RESULTS

Figure 3 presents results for channel spacing of 12.5, 25 ,50 and 100 GHz of FTTH over DWDM where the 2 spans of SMF fibers. For each channel wavelength all contributions to FWM crosstalk deriving from adjacent and non-adjacent channels are considered. As shown in the spectrum analyser for 12.5 GHz spacings FWM degenerate case, in line with the results from the eye-diagram which shows severe impairments. However, for channel spacings of 25, 50 and 100 GHz, the eye diagrams are clear and within Q value of 6.

(b) 25 GHz

(a) 12.5 GHz

(c) 50 GHz

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30 25 20 Q-factor 15 10 5 0 0 1 2

12.5 GHz 25 GHz 50 GHz 100 GHz

4 5 6 Input power (dBm)

10

(b) Aeff = 52 m2 Figure 4: Variable Aeff Q-factor Input powers for different channel spacings

Figure 5 represents results for the four variable channel spacings Bit error rate(BER) versus received power.The analysis of network system performance using BER based on Q-factor of 6.1 corresponds to BER = 10-9 [4]. In Fig. 5(a), the case of Aeff 52, where the channel spacing is 12.5 GHz, even at received power of -90 to -115 dBm and (b) at received power of -85 to 102 dBm respectively, the BER did not reach value of 10-9. It is in agreement with the Fig.3 where the Eye-diagram of (a) shown FWM phenomena. However, the improvement of using larger Aeff can be seen at channel spacing of 25 GHz and above where the BER are of range below 10-12.It is in agreement with the Fig.3(b), (c) and (d). .
1.00E-02 1.00E-05 1.00E-08 1.00E-11 1.00E-14 1.00E-17 1.00E-20
-120.00

(d) 100 GHz Figure 3: Spectrum and Eye Diagram of FTTH over DWDM (a)12.5 GHz, (b) 25 GHz, (c)50 GHz and (d) 100 GHz

Figure 4 presented results Q factor versus input power for the four variable channel spacings. In both cases of Aeff 52 and 72 m2 , for channel spacing of 12.5 GHz, even at 10 dBm Q factor did not reach value of 6. It is in agreement with the Fig.3(a) of severely impaired Eye-diagram shown FWM phenomenon. However, there seem to be an increase in Q factor for 50 GHz in Fig.3(b) where the value is above 10. This is due to phase matching effect and therefore a shift in the channel spacing from 193.1 THz, nominal central frequencies to 192.94 THz were done.
30

BER

12.5 GHz 25 GHz 50 GHz

-115.00

-110.00

-105.00

-100.00

-95.00

-90.00

Received Power (dB)

(a) Aeff = 72 m2
1.00E-04 1.00E-09 1.00E-14 1.00E-19 1.00E-24 1.00E-29 1.00E-34 -115.00

BER

25 Q-factor 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2

12.5 GHz 25 GHz 50 GHz 100 GHz

12.5 GHz 25 GHz 50 GHz

-105.00 -95.00 Received Power (dB)

-85.00

(b) Aeff = 52 m2
3 4 5 6 7 Input power (dBm) 8 9 10

Figure 5: Variable Aeff BER versus Received Power for different channel spacings

(a) Aeff = 72 m2

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III.

CONCLUSION
[1] [2] [3]

IV.

REFERENCES

We showed that FWM phenomena can impair performance of selected channels in the FTTH over DWDM transmission band. We studied the dependence of the crosstalk intensity on the channel wavelength, Aeff and developed an analytical model to estimate the effect of FWM impairment in this network. FWM occurs during narrow channel spacings of 12.5 GHz and can be greatly reduced especially when deploying above 25 GHz for this FTTH over DWDM networks and larger Aeff for the optical fiber.

[4]

[5]

[6] [7]

V. Vujicic, N. B. Pavlovic, and A. Teixeira, SBS Induced Four-Wave Mixing in Ultra Dense WDM Systems, IEEE 2011. R. Singh and M. Kumar,Trade-off between fiber dispersion & effective length v/s FWM Penalties in WDM Networks, IEEE, 2009. I. Neokosmidis, T. Kamalakis, A. Chipouras, and T. Sphicopoulous, New Techniques for the suppression of Four Wave Mixing Induced Distortion in Nonzero Dispersion Fiber, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 23, No. 3, March 2005. A. Bogoni, L. Poti and A. Bononi, Accurate Measurement of In-Band FWM Power in DWDM Systems Over Nonzero Dispersion Fibers IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 15, No. 2 February, 2003 K. Inoue Four Wave Mixing in an optical fiber in the Zero-Dispersion Wavelength Region, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. No.11, November, 1992. G. P. Agrawal, Fiber Optic Communication Systems. A John Wiley & Sons Publications , Third Edition 2002, p165. 373. M. Cvijetic, Optical Transmission Systems Engineering, Norwood, M.A: Artech House Inc., P118, 2004.

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