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61
Job No.
The S t e ~ l Construction
I Sheet 1 of 4 I Rev
Steel Designers' Manual
Wind actions to BS E N 1991-1-4 Calculation of peak velocity pressure
Made by
Institute
Job Title
Subject
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Client
DGB
I Date I Dec2009
I
Date
Town Terrain
Average height 8 m
Country Terrain
The site
Details o,f the site are: 4 5 m above sea level Site altitude 27m Building height Terrain category: From 0" to 180" is country terrain From 180" to 360" is town terrain the average height o,f the upwind obstruction (h,,,J is 8 m and the spacing to the upwind Obstructions (x) is 30m. Within this sector, the site is at least IOkm inside the town The closest distance from the sea is 24km, at a bearing of 30" from the site.
~
62
Worked example
Sheet 2 o f 4
Rev
Figure NA.1
NA.2b NA.1
Table NA.1 Table NA.2 4. I
cd,
Vh
= cscasm~c,br
v~,
qh
x 10-j = 0..7.3kN/m2 qk, = 0.613 ~2.3.3~ Terrain: country, when wind blowing ,from the east Distance from the sea: 24 k m minimum height z = 27m
c,(z) =3.1
qp(z) = c d z ) qh qp(z)=.?.I xO..?.~ =I.02kN/mZ This peak velocity pressure may he used to determine ,forces on the rtructure in each orthogonal direction.
Figure NA.7
A.p.proach 2 This approach demands knowledge of the upwind terrain all around the site. Examples of two directions, 330" and 60" are shown below, and then the full details of each direction in tabular format. 3.70" 60"
v[,,o
~d,,
= 23.3m/s
(as above)
= 0.82
= 0. 7.7
~scaro,, = 1.0
Vh
vL,
L'h,O
Vh
vL,
Vh,O
4.1
= 0. 7.7 x 1.0 ~ 2 3 . 3
T,,
?k,
= 0.613~~:
q,, q,,
= O.613vk,'
=0.18kN/m2
Terrain: country Annex AS
x = 30m (the spacing to the ~ i wind p obstructions) 2 x h,,,, < x < 6 x ha,, ? x 8 c30 <6 x 8 16 <30 <48
Worked example
Example Concept Design Sheet 3 of 4 Rev
63
hdL, =min(l.2 x 8 - 0.2 x30; 0.6 x 27) h,,,, = min(3.6; 16.2) =3.6m
Distance from the sea = 42 km c,(z) = 2.94 (at z - h,,,, =23.4m) Distance inside town = IOkm = 0.88 (at z - hdri =23.4m) Distance from the sea = 25 km c,(z) = 3.10 (at z = 2 7 m ) Interpolated ,from Figure NA.7 Figure NA.8 NA.2.17
csl
= 0.57kN/m2
Bearing
Vh.()
Cdlr
(m/s)
C,'.,,,,
90 150 180 120 2.?.3.? 23.33 2.?.3.? 23.33 0.74 0.73 0.80 0.85 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 17.26 I 7.03 18.66 19.83 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.24
27 3.08 34 3.06 0.55 47 3.04 0.64 7.? 3.00 0.72
210 23.33 0.93 1.0 21.70 0.29 >I00 2.88 0.88 0.73
240 23.33 1.00 1.0 23.33 0.33 >I00 2.88 0.88 0.84
270 23.33 0.99 1.0 23.10 0.33 >I00 2.88 0.88 0.84
3.07 3.1
Ce.r
Following Approach 2 results in a maximum peak velocity pressure of 0.84kN/mZ,compared to 1.02 k N / m 2from Approach 1. The peak velocity pressure o,f 0.84kN/m2 may he used to determine forces on the structure in each orthogonal direction. A.p.proach 3 In Approach 3, the most onerous values of any factor are taken from any direction within the chosen quadrant. Quadrants may be chosen judiciously to produce the lowest peak velocity pressure. The lowest peak velocity pressure ,found by Approach 3 will never he smaller than that from Approach 2, but is generally less than the peak velocity pressure from Approach I . Two quadrants are demonstrated in detail, and then the results presented in summary form. Assume that the quadrants are 0" to 90" inclusive, 90" to 180" inclusive, etc, and taking the quadrant from 90" to 180" as an example. With reference to the Table in Approach 2:
vh.0 =23.3m/s maximum cdlr from within the quadrant 90" to 180" = 0.85 (at 180")
CS,,,,,,
vh
= 1.0
=c~eawn cdir vh,O
vh
8l~ 0 - j =0.24kN/mZ qb =O.6I.Zvk,' qh =0.613 ~ 1 9 . x Terrain: country Closest distance from the sea within the sector 90" to 180" = 2 7 k m (at 90") height z = 2 7 m
64
Worked example
Sheet 4 of 4 Rev
c,(z) =.?.08
qp(z) = c d z ) qb q p ( z )= 3.08 x 0.24 = 0.74kN/mZ Taking the quadrant from 21O"to 300"as a second example v~,,~ = 2.7.3 m / s maximum cd,,from within the quadrant 210"to 300" = 1.0 (at 240")
c,,:,,,,,
vh
= 1.0
= c,,,,,,,,
C,br
h,,o
v,,
qb =O.6I.7vk,' qb =0.613 x2.7.3' xIO:' =0.33kN/mZ Terrain: Town h,,,, = 3.6m Closest distance ,from the sea within the sector 210" to 300" = 66km (at 3000) c,(z) =2.91 (at z - h,,,, =23.4m)
cc,T = 0.88 (at z
- h,,,, = 23.4m)
30 to 120 inclusive 120" to 210" inclusive 210" to 300" inclusive 300" to 30" inclusive
When the quadrants are chosen as above, the maximum peak velocity pressure o,f I.OOkN/m' may be used to determine forces on the structure in each orthogonal direction. Sector peak velocity pressure ( k N / m 2 ) 0.63 1.00
0" to 90" inclusive 90" to 180" inclusive 180" to 270" inclusive 270 to 0 inclusive
When the quadrants are chosen as above, the maximum peak velocity pressure of 0.88kN/m2 may be used to determine forces on the structure in each orthogonal direction. In both these examples of the application of Approach 3, the resulting maximum peak velocity pressure is less than that from Approach 1, but more than that from Approach 2. The example demonstrates the beneficial effects of judicious choice of quadrants.
128
Worked example
I
Sheet 1 of 6 Worked Example Portal Frame Design Chapter 4 Made by Checked by GWO Date
Rev
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (0 1344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Portal Frame Design Example: Design of portal frame using plastic analysis
This example introduces the design o,f a portal ,frame f o r a s i n g l e - s t o p building, using a plastic method of global analysis. The frame uses hot-rolled I-sections f o r rafters and columns. This example presents the overall ,frame geometry (including restraint position), definition of loads and selection of load combination.
12567b.wmf
Frame Geometry
30000
7.2 m
*
~
torsional restrainl
The cladding to the roof and walls is supported by purlins and side-rails as indicated. The positions and spacing of the purlins and side rails were chosen as follows: Torsional restraints are to he provided at both ends of the haunch (i.e. one at the column end and one at the rafter end). A torsional restraint is to be provided at a n intermediate position along the rafter. The spacing of the purlins and side-rails should generally he ahout 1 8 0 0 m m for lateral stability of the rafters and columns. The spacing will he less in regions where the frame members are close to their plastic moment of resistance. Uniform spacings are adopted within the above constraints.
Worked example
Portal Frame Design Sheet 2 of 6 Rev
129
p 1 5725
Spacing ofportal.franzes
7.2 nz;
torsional restraint
130
Worked example
I Sheet 3 of 6
Rev
Loads
Load combinations
Values for the combination are given in BS EN 1990. The value to be used must he ,found f r o m the National Annex to BS E N 1990. The value in BS EN 1990:2002 Table Al.1 is 0.7 generally, but 1.0 for structures supporting storage loads. Note that in portal frames with small roof slopes, the wind load may reduce the effects of roof load. Therefore the critical design combinations are usually: (i) Gravity loads without wind, causing sagging moments at midspan of the rafter and hogging moment in the haunches. (ii) Upward wind pressure with minimum gravity loads, causing maximum reversal of moment compared with case (i). The worst wind case might be f r o m either transverse wind or longitudinal wind, so both must be checked. (iii) The design must also be checked for gravity plus wind as this may be the critical case ,for some geometries o,f building.
BS EN19931-1
c 1
Frame imperfections
= 1/200 Taking a,, = 1.0 and a,,,= 1.0 ,for simplicity, (I9 = (b(, ' a, .a, = 1/2000 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 1/200 It is simplest to consider the frame imperfections as equivalent horizontal forces. The column loads could be calculated by a frame analysis, but a simple calculation based on plan areas is suitable ,for single-storey portals. Ultimate Limit State Analvsis
5.3.2 (3)
In this example the bases have been assumed to be truly pinned for simplicity. Steel grade is S.355. The following assumptions are made: (i) The sections are assumed to he Class I for the global analysis. (ii) The axial compression is assumed to be within the limit in BS EN 199.3-1-1 ,for ignoring the effect o,f axial force on the plastic moment of resistance. These assumptions are checked a,fter the analysis has been completed. Column plastic moment: I P E 500 has tt < 4 0 m m , J, = 355 N/mmz
Hinge number I 2
Member
Right hand column Lefi hand rafier
A mechanism is not formed until the second hinge has formed at a load factor of 1.07. Therefore the section sizes are suitable for this load combination.
$ Portal
I I
I
h !
V = 155,7 kN
i l
J k M = O k N m
g
30 m
Sheet 4 of 6
Worked example
&
Rev
131
132
Worked example
I Sheet 5 of 6
+ transverse wind
Rev
The load combination results in an uplift load case causing tension in the members which does not destabilise the structure. Therefore the frame imperfection ,factor EC 3 C15.3.2 may be omitted from this load combination. The partial safety ,factors for loads are 7% = 1.00 and yo = 1.50 The collapse load factor = 6.22, which is greater than in load case no.1. Therefore this load case is not critical for cross-sectional resistance, hut member stability must be checked because the moments are in the opposite sense to load case no.]
Worked example
Portal Frame Design Load combination No.3: dead
133
I Sheet 6 of 6
+ longitudinal wind
Rev
In this case the wind loads applied to the structure result in a net upward force (except L H Column) on the roof as in load case no. 2. The collapse load ,factor =2.69, which is greater than in load case no.]. Therefore this load case is not critical f o r cross-sectional resistance, but member stability f o r this case must be checked because the moments are in the opposite sense t o load case no.1.
498
Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction
Job No.
Subject
Sheet
of
Rev
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
Compression Members
Client
I Made bv
CALCULATION SHEET
LG
DAN
I Date
Checked by
2010
Date
2010
Compression members Rolled Universal Column design Problem Check the ability o,f a 20.7 x20.3 x 5 2 UC in grade S275 steel to withstand a design axial compressive load of 1150kN over an unsupported height of 3.6m assuming that both ends of the member are pinned. Design to BS E N 199.3-1-1. The problem is as shown in the sketch below:
Partial factors:
7/uo = 1.0; 7/ui = 1.0
LIK N A to SS E N 19931-1
Geometric properties: A = 66.3 cm2 = 66.Z0mm2; i2 = 5.18 c m = 51.8mm; ti = 12.5mm; ct/tj = 7.04; c,Jt,+ = 20.4
Material properties: Yield strength f , =275N/mm2 since ti I 1 6 m m Check cross-section class@cation under pure compression: Need only check that section is not Class 4 (slender) For outstand j a n g e cr/tie I 1 4 For web c,/t,& I42
= 0.92
275
Actual ct/tF = 7.04/0.92 = 7.62; within limit Actual c,/t,E = 20.4/0.92 = 20.2; within limit : . Section is not Class 4
Worked example
Rolled IJniversal Column Design
Sheet 2 of
499
3ev
3s EN 199.3-1 C1 6.2.4
Member buckling resistance: Take effective length L,, = 1.0 L = 1.0 x3600 = 3600mm O n the assumption that minor axis jexural buckling will govern, use buckling curve 'c'.
PS EN '99.3-1-1 Table L 2
Oz = 0.5[ I
9 s EN '993-1-1 71 6.3.1.2
x i
QZ +
,/-=
= 0.66
< 1.0
9 s EN 1993-1-1 Z1 6.3.I . I
: . Use 203 x 203 x 52 UC in grade S275 steel It should be noted that the same answer could have been obtained directly by the use of Reference I .
500
Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction
Job No.
Subject
PUB 809
Sheet
1 of
Rev
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
Compression Members
Client
I Made bv
CALCULATION SHEET
LG
I Date
Checked by
DAN
2010
Date 2010
Compression members Pinned column with intermediate lateral restraints Problem A 254 x254 x 89 UC in grade S275 steel is t o be used as a 12.0m column with p i n ends and intermediate lateral braces provided restraint against minor axis buckling at third points along the column length. Check the adequacy of the column, according to BS EN 199.7-1-1, to carry a design axial compressive load o,f 1250 k N The problem is as shown in the sketch below:
NEd NEd
31
\ \
I I
I
I I
I I I
Partial factors:
7/uo = 1.0; 7/ui = 1.0
UK NA to BS EN 199.3-1-1
Worked example
Pinned Column with Intermediate Lateral Restraints
SO1
I Sheet
2 of
3ev
iteel Building yesign: yesign Data
Geometric properties: A = 113 cmz = 11300mmz;i, = 11.2 cm = 112mm; i, = 6.55 cm = 65.5mm; tt = 17.3mm; ct/t+=6.38; c,Jt,+= 19.4 Material properties: Yield strength J, = 265 N / m m z since 16 > tt 2 4 0 m m Check cross-section classification under pure compression: Need only check that section is not Class 4 (slender) For outstandjange cr/tiE 5 14
235
= 0.94
Actual cr/tie = 7.04/0.94 = 6.77; within limit Actual c,/t,e = 20.4/0.94 = 20.7; within limit :.Section is not Class 4 Cross-section compression resistance: N , Rii
= -= 11300x265x10-~7 = 2 9 9 5 k N > 1 2 5 0 k N = N ,
Yuo
1.0
OK
9 s EN '993-1-1 71 6.2.4
Effective lengths: L,,! = 1.0 L = 1.0 x 12000 = 12000mm for buckling about the y-y axis L,r,z= 1.0 L = 1.0 x 4000 = 4000mm for buckling about the z-z axis. Non-dimensional slendernesses:
Buckling curves. For major axis buckling, use buckling curve '6' For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve 'c'. Buckling reduction ,factors
x:
SO2
Worked example
Sheet 3 of 3
Rev
BS EN 199.3- I - I C16.3.1.2
XY
@?
1
= @,
, ,
+,/=1
1 1.40+41.402 -1.212
= 0.5[1+
- 0.2)
X? =
O?
+, / =
0.86 + 40.86'
= 0.73 _C 1.O
BS E N 199.31-1 CI 6.3.1.1
522
Worked example
The S t e ~ l
Sheet 1 of 2
Rev
Construction Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Beam example 1
Made by
From Reference 2, page C-66, cross-section is Class I and Mc.,.RII = 566 k N m Alternatively, from Reference 2, page B-4: cl/tr = 6.58, c J t , = 49.6, W,,,,, = 2060 cm' Yield strength f , = 275N/mmz since ti = 13.2mm 1 1 6 m m
E=
BS EN 10025-2
6
235
= 0.92
From Table 5.1 of BS EN 1993-1-1: For a Class I outstand flange in compression: ct/t+& I9 For a Class 1 web in bending: Actual cI/tl" = 6.58/0.92
= 7.12; within = 53.7;
BS EN 1993-1-1
Table 5.1 c , / t , ~I72 limit
Actual c , / t , = ~ 49.6/0.92
within limit
: . Cross-section is Class I
BS EN 199.7-1-1 C16.2.5(2)
Worked example
Beam example 1
Alternatively, from Reference 2, page B-4: ct/tt= 6.58, c,+ / t , = 49.6, W pl,= 2060 cm' Yield strength J = 355 N / m m 2 since ti = 13.2mm I 16mm
Sheet 2 of 2
523
Rev
BS EN 10025-2
From Table 5.1 of BS EN 1993-1-1: For a Class 1 outstandjange in compression: c,/t,e 5 9 For a Class 1 web in bending: c, /t,& 5 72 Actual ct/tt&= 6.58/0.81 = 8.09; within limit Actual c , / t , & = 49.6/0.81 = 61.0; within limit
: . Cross-section is Class I
BS EN 1993-1-1 C16.2.5(2)
524
Worked example
I
The S t e ~ l Construction
Sheet 1 of 3
Rev
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (0 1344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Client
7.2m
Due to the lateral restraint from the concrete slab, there is no possibility of lateral torsional buckling, so design the beam for: i) ii) Cross-section bending resistance Shear resistance
iii) Dejections
Loading
Assume self-weight o,f beam
= 1.0 k N / m
Permanent load (concrete slab) =2400 x9.81 x 0.14 x 10-3 ~ 3 . 6 = 11.9 k N / m Variable imposed loading Design combination at U L S Design ultimate moment Mbd
= 7.0 x 3 6
= (1.35 x l l . 0 +11.9]) = 55.2
= 25.2 k N / m
x 7.22/8
kNm
= 198.6 kN
Initial sizing
Adopting S275 steel and assuming no material is greater than 16mm thick (to be confirmed later), the nominal yield strength f,is 275 N/mmz.
BS EN
10025-2
Worked example
Beam example 2
525
Sheet2of3
I Rev
Assuming that the cross-section is Class 1 or 2 in bending (to be confirmed when a section is chosen): Required W,,,=357.5 x106/275 =1.30 x l b m m ' =1300 cm' From section tables, a 457 x 1 5 2 x 6 7 U K B has a value of W,,,, of 1450 cm', and a self-weight less than that assumed. Maximum component thickness is,flange thickness ti = 15.0mm I 1 6 . 0 m m : . f, =275 N / m m 2 is OK.
BS EN 10025-2
From Table 5.1 of BS EN 199.7-1-1: For a Class I outstand flange in compression: ct /ti&I9 For a Class 1 web in bending: c,/t,& 5 72 Actual c,/tle Actual c,/t,&
= 4.15/0.92 = 4.49;
: . Cross-section is Class I .
Bending resistance M , , , , ~ ,= wpiyfy ,for class I or 2 cross-sections BS EN 1993-1-1 C16.2.5
YWI
M,,,,H, = 1 4 5 0 x 1 0 ' x 2 7 5 x 1 0 4 =398.8kNm>.357.5 k N m 1.oo
: .
Shear resistance
For a rolled 1-section, loaded parallel to the web, the shear area A, is given by:
A, = A -2btl
+ (t- + 2r)tl
From U K N A to BS EN 199.7-1-5, 11 = 1.0. With 11 = 1.0, A , > q h , t , for all U K B and UKC.
U K N A to BS EN 199.3-1-5
526
Worked example
Sheet 3 of 3
Beam example 2
Rev
: .
: .
Shear resistance is OK
Dejections
Check deflection under unfactored variable loads.
U K N A to BS EN I 99.3- I - I
5 WL' 384 E I
: .
Dejections OK
Worked example
527
Rev
'
ThsStesl Construction
Sheet 1 of 2
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Made by
Date
I 2010
Date
2010
Maximum component thickness is j a n g e thickness ti = 19.6mm > 16.0mm : . J, =265 N/mmz. Check cross-section classification:
E=&
235
= 0.94
From Table 5.1 of BS EN 199.7-1-1: For a Class 1 outstand j a n g e in compression: cr/trE I9 For a Class 1 web in bending: c,/t,& I 7 2 Actual cr/tiE = 4.89/0.94 =5.19; within limit Actual c , /t,E = 46.0/0.94 = 48.8; within limit B S EN I 99.3- I - I Table 5.2
: . Cross-section is Class I
Using NCCI SN002 (Method 3 o,f Reference 7), lateral torsional buckling slenderness is defined as:
528
Worked example
Beam example 3
?LIT
Sheet2of2
Rev
1 =puvxz& fi
UV = 0.9.
&
= 0.94
Table 17.7
.'. L I T = -UVxZ&
fi
Buckling curve selection: h / h = 612.2/229.0 = 2.67 For the case of rolled and equibalent welded sections, for I-sections with
2-< h / b 53.1, use buckling curve 'c' (a = 0.49). For rolled sections, , 0 = 0.75 and 0 = 0.4.
U K NA to BS EN 1993-1-1
= 0 4 1+ ~
BS EN
199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.3
=0.5[1+0.49(1.39-0.4)+(0.75~1.39~)] =1.46
1
Ol1
XIT=
+,/=
= 0.44
1.46+41.462 - 0 . 7 5 ~ 1 . 3 9 ~
M hRii
f t
10'
265
BS EN
199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.1
:.OK
Since section is larger than before, V,,, and 6 will also he satisfactory.
Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction
529
Rev
Sheet 1 of 4
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Made by
Date Date
I 2010
2010
A
& &
B
3.0 m
A
C
3.0 m
A
Y
Ill6
kN D
+ A 7
3.0 m
X
"
The cross-beams may reasonably be assumed to provide full lateral and torsional restraint at B and C; assume further that ends A and D are similarly restrained. Thus the actual level o,f transfer o,f load at B and C (relative to the main beam's shear centre) will have no effect; the general lateral torsional buckling aspects of the design are therefore to consider the segments AB, BC and C D separately. In this example, the simplified method set out in N C C l SN002 and referred to as Method 3 in Reference 7 will be employed. From statics, the bending moment diagram ( B M D ) and shear force diagram (SFD) are as follows:
BMD
SFD
135 kN
126 kN
10 kN
A 457 x 152 x 74 U K B is Class 1 and provides Mc,Kd = 431 k N m . Given that each o,f the unrestrained segments (AB, BC and C D ) have the same length ( L ( ,= 3.0 m), it is clear f r o m the B M D that segment B C is critical (since it contains the most severe magnitude and distribution of bending moments). Therefore, only segment B C need be considered for lateral torsional buckling.
530
Worked example
Beam example 4
Try 457 x 152 x 74 U K B Geometric properties: h = 462.0mm; h = 154.4mm; t , = 9.6mm; ti = 17.0mm; cl /ti = 3.66; c, / t , = 42.5; iz = 3.33 cm = 33.3 mm; Wz,,,,, = 16.70 cm' = 16.70 x IO'mm-'
Sheet2of4
Rev
Maximum component thickness is,flange thickness tt = 19.6mm > 16.0mm : . f , =265 N/mmz Using NCCI SN002 (Method 3 of Reference 7),lateral torsional buckling slenderness is defined as:
BS EN 10025-2
For class I or 2 sections, = 1.0. Conservatively ,for I-sections, take UV = 0.9. For the ratio of end moments t y =377/406 = 0.93, 1I& = 0.98 (by interpolation) from Table 16.7 (Table 6.4 of Reference 7).
Table 17.7
A 1
Ll
88.4
: .
%IT
= -UVnz&
&
= 0.98 ~
0 .x 91 . 0 2 ~ 1 . 0 = 0.90
Buckling curve selection: h / h = 462.0/154.4 = 2.99 For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sections with 2 < h / h 53.1, use buckling curve 'c' ( a = 0.49). For rolled sections, p = 0.75 and Buckling reduction factor xLI :
=0
U K N A to BS EN 1993-1-1
1 ,T O = 0.4.
BS EN 1993-1-1 C 1 6.3.2.3
4 1+ a r T ( z r
-n,TO)+@,'T]
I
= 0.70
= 0.5[I
XLI
=
QL1
+,/a= +
0.92 40.92'
- 0.75 x
0.90'
Worked example
Beam example 4
Lateral torsional buckling resistance: M,,,, = xLI W,
531
I S h e e t 3 o f 4 I Rev
3
f
~
YA41
I .o
BS EN I 99.3- I - I
= 303 k N m c 406 k N m
=ME()
: .
C16.3.2.1
For Class 1 or 2 sections, ,BN,= 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take UV = 0.9. As above, ratio o,f end moments =377/406 = 0.9.3. : . ll&=O.98.
Table 17.7
/-1 = 2. = 2 L,, I i.
2.1
A1
..Air = - l J V ~ z & = 0 . 9 8 ~ 0 . 9 ~ 0 . 8 2 ~ l . 0 = 0 . 7 2
J c
For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sections with
2 < h / b 53.1, use buckling curve c (a = 0.49). For rolled sections, 2.Ll 0 = 0.4.
p = 0.75 and
U K N A to BS EN I 99.3- I - I
BS EN
1993-1-1
Cl 6.3.2.3
X I T
1
OL1+
= 0.81
532
Worked example
Beam example 4
Lateral torsional buckling resistance:
Sheet4of4
Rev
Mh
= 409 k N m
: . OK
BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C1 6.3.2.1
A 457 x191 x 8 2 U K B provides sufficient resistance to lateral torsional buckling for segment BC and, by inspection, also segments A B and CD. The beam is therefore satisfactory in bending.
Shear resistance:
BS E N
1993-1-1 C 1 6.2.6
For a rolled I section, loaded parallel to the web, the shear area A, is given by:
A, = A - 2htt + (t,, + 2r)tt
for all U K B From U K N A to B S E N 1993-1-5, q =1.0. With q =l.O, A, > qhlh,t, and UKC.
: . Shear resistance is O K
Dejections: Check deflection under unfactored variable loads. Assume for initial design that the point loads can be represented as a U D L and that the design loads can be factored down by 1.5 to estimate the serviceability loads. Assumed dejection limit is span/360 Assumed serviceability U D L w = Actual deflection.
ij---=
= 3000/360 = 25.0 mm
U K N A to BS EN 199.7-1 -1
145+116 = 19.3 k N / m
1.5~9
5 wL4 384 EI
: . OK
Beam is clearly satisfactory for dejection since these (approximate) calculations have used the full load and not just the imposed (variable) load.
: .
Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction
553
Rev
Sheet 1 of 10
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Client
Made by
Date Date
I
A
9350
11300
9350
1
30000 Plate girder span and loading
1
UDL Point loads
Actions (loading)
Permanent actions:
gk =25 k N / m
G k = 200 k N
Variable actions:
qk =40 k N / m
Qk = 450 k N
Partialvfactorsvforactions
Partial factor for permanent actions Partial ,factor for variable actions Reduction factor for permanent actions
BS EN 1990
x;= 1.35
x)= 1.50
5
=0.925
F d = (1.35 x
554
Worked example
Sheet 2 of 10
Rev
1550
3900 3900
L L
5650
L
5650
L
3900 3900
L
1550
30000
A B
Shear force kN
w 1 _ 1 J /
11142
18909
Initial sizing
ofplate pirder
The recommended span/depth ratio for simply supported non-composite plate girders ranges between 12 for short span girders and 20 for long span girders. Herein the depth is assumed to be span/l5.
Estimate flange area assuming Lt = 255 N/mmz (i.e. assuming 4 0 m m <ti < 6 . 7 mm).
BS E N 10025-2
For non-composite plate girders, the flange width is usually within the range of 0.3 and 0.5 of the depth. Assume afEange 750 x50 =37500mm2. The minimum web thickness for plate girders in buildings is usually t , 2 h , J 1 2 4 ~ to ensure a non-slender section. Assume the web thickness t , = 1 5 m m , slightly less than that required for a Class 3 section due to proposed transverse stiffening.
554
Worked example
Sheet 2 of 10
Rev
1550
3900 3900
L L
5650
L
5650
L
3900 3900
L
1550
30000
A B
Shear force kN
w 1 _ 1 J /
11142
18909
Initial sizing
ofplate pirder
The recommended span/depth ratio for simply supported non-composite plate girders ranges between 12 for short span girders and 20 for long span girders. Herein the depth is assumed to be span/l5.
Estimate flange area assuming Lt = 255 N/mmz (i.e. assuming 4 0 m m <ti < 6 . 7 mm).
BS E N 10025-2
For non-composite plate girders, the flange width is usually within the range of 0.3 and 0.5 of the depth. Assume afEange 750 x50 =37500mm2. The minimum web thickness for plate girders in buildings is usually t , 2 h , J 1 2 4 ~ to ensure a non-slender section. Assume the web thickness t , = 1 5 m m , slightly less than that required for a Class 3 section due to proposed transverse stiffening.
Worked example
Plate girder design example
555
Sheet 3 of 10
I Rev
Cross-section classtfication
lnitial sizing proposed a plate girder with 750 x 5 0 m m janges and 2000 x l 5 m m web. Check cross-section classification. Flange: For tt = 50mm, J,+ = 255 N / m m 2
BS EN 10025-2
= -
750-15 =367.5 mm 2
9= 367.5 = 7.35
tf
: . Flange is Class I
Web: For t , = 15mm, L,,+=275 N / m m 2
BS EN 10025-2
6
235
= 0.92
c , = 2000mm
: .
Web is Class 4.
Since
h- > 7
~
w t
rl
BS EN 1993-1-1 C16.2.6(6)
556
Worked example
Sheet 4 of 10
Rev
OK
= 2293
kN
Web aspect ratio a / h , = 1550/2000 = 0.78 Buckling coefficient (for a / h , < 1): k , = 4.00 + 5..?4(h,+Iaj2 = 4.00 +5.34(2000/1550)2 = 12.89 Web slenderness: 2000
= 1.07
BS EN I 99.7-1 -5 C1 A.3(1)
BS EN 1993-1-5 c 1 5..?(.7)
BS EN 1993-1-5 C15.3 ( I )
BS EN 1993-1-5 C15.2(1)
Worked example
Plate girder design example
557
Sheet 5 of 10
I Rev
Web aspect ratio a / h , =3900/2000 = 1.95 Buckling coefficient (for a/h, 2 1): k , = 5.34 + 4.00(h, la)' = 5.34 + 4.00(2000/3900)2 = 6.39 Web slenderness:
BS EN
199.3-1-5 Cl A.3(1)
BS EN
h, 2000 = 1.53 .Z7.4tbV&&= 37.4 x 15 x 0 . 9 2 m
1993-1-5 Cl 5..?(.?)
I"=
0'76g=
Vb,+.RII:
BS E N
1993-1-5 C15.3(1)
BS EN
OK
199.3-1 -5
C15.2(1)
Shear buckling resistance of panel DE
The shear resistance of panel D E is calculated assuming a rigid end post bul ignoring the contribution of the jange.
Buckling coefficient (for a/h,+2 I): k , = 5.34 + 4 . 0 0 ( h , l ~=5.34 )~ + 4.00(2000/5650)2 = 5.84 Web slenderness:
"f'W
BS EN
1993-1-5 Cl A..Z(I)
BS EN
199.3-1-5
h
37.4t,~&-
"v=o'76&=
C15.3(3)
BS EN
1993-1-5 C15.3(1)
BS EN
1993-1-5 C15.2(1)
558
Worked example
Sheet 6 of 10
Rev
BS EN 10025-2
235
E=&
= 0.94
24
i i
z
It is assumed that the support reaction acts at the centroid o,f the effective stiffener section, such that there is no bending moment induced. The effective stiffener section will therefore he designed to resist an axial compression equal to the support reaction Nbd =2293 kN. It is assumed that both ends of the stiffeners are fixed laterally such that their effective length may he taken as 0.75h,. Effective stiffener properties:
A, = (2 x 280 x 24) + (I208 + 241 x 15) = 16920mm2
Worked example
Plate girder design example
559
Sheet 7 of 10
Rev
N,R,i
= -= 16920
Yuo
1.0
265 x
= 4484
kN > 2293 kN
= Nro
OK
a,
rfi J F
= = 88.4
BS EN 1993-1-5 C19.4(2)
Since
1c 0.2, buckling effects may be ignored and only cross-section checks apply.
BS EN 1993-1-1 C16.3.1.2(4)
BS EN 10025-2
E=
6
235
= 0.92
560
Worked example
I Sheet 8 of 10 I
Rev
BS EN 1993-1-5 c 1 9.3.3(.7)
Actual I , , = ( 1 5 ~ [ 1 5 + 2 ~ 8 0 ] - /+ 12 (2 ) x 2 0 8 ~ 1 5 / 1 2=6.82x106mma ) Actual I,, = 6.82 x 1O6 > Required I,, = 5.06 x 106mm4 Douhle-sided intermediate transverse stiffeners are designed to resist a compressive axial force Pbd,where, for a 2 h,:
BS EN 1993-1-5 C 1 NA.2.7
qkd = 0 for a symmetric section; Vkd= 2152 kN L = kzor
0 k
= -
12(1- v) b
[r
= 190000
[ir
= 190000
2000
= 10.7 Nimm
+ 4.00(200/.7900)2= 6.39
PA*
= Vb, - 0.8z,h,t,
0, rii
~
Worked example
Plate girder design example
561
Sheet 9 of 10
I Rev
Yuo
X275 x lo-' I .o
= 2438
k N > 514 k N
= Pro
OK
BS EN 1993-1-5 C19.4(2)
For buckling of stiffeners, use buckling curve 'c', which has a n imperfection factor a = 0.49.
BS EN 199.3-1 -5 Cl 9.4(2)
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.1.2
X=
1
0 + -=
=-=
1
0.80 + .\/0.802- 0.62'
=0.77II.O
NhHd
Af,
YWl
OK
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.1.1
562
Worked example
Sheet 10 of 10
Rev
For panels DE, a = 5650mm. For a 2 h,,, the compressibe axial force Pro is given by:
BS EN 1993-1-5 C 1 NA.2.7
orbd
= 0 for
L = kzor
q r = k Z o b=5.84x10.7=62.4Nlmmz
=1440-(0.8x62.4x2000x15x10") =-96.7kN
:.Take Pro = 0.
The total compressive ,force to he resisted is therefore 925 + 0 = 925 k N Buckling resistance of the stiffener (as above) NI,,Hd = 1881 k N > 925 kN
OK
1550
J
' 3
13900 13900
c
1 5650
5650
13900 13900
c
c (
1 , 1550
/
30000
586
Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction
Sheet 1 of 3
Rev
Institute
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Client
Made by
Date
I 2010
_I
W
Try 2 0 . 7 x20.3 x 60 UKC in S275 steel member capacity tables suggest a minor axis buckling resistance Nh,i,Hd of approximately 1400 kN will provide correct sort o,f margin to carry the moment.
~
Partial factors:
7/uo = 1.0; 7/Ul = 1.0
U K N A to BS EN 1993-1-1
Geometric properties:
h b = 205.8mm; c , / t , =17.1; i, = 8.96 cm = 89.6mm; iz = 5.20 cm WIJl,, = 656 cm' = 656 x 10' mm ' ;
cl /ti = 6.20;
= 209.6mm;
t , = 9.4mm; ti =14.2mm; A = 76.4 cm2 = 7640mm2; = 52.0mm; WIJl,? = 305 cm' = 305 x l O'mm ' ;
ti < 16mm
B S EN 10025-2
Check cross-section classijkation: For a Class I outstand flange in compression ct /tie 5 9 BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2
Worked example
Beam-column example 1
For a Class I web in compression c,/t,bE 5.5
E=&
587
Sheet2of3
Rev
235
= 0.92
Actual ct/t,&= 6.20/0.92 = 6.70; within limit Actual c,/t,& =17.1/0.92 =18.5; within limit Cross-section is Class I under pure compression, so will also be Class I under the more favourable stress distribution arising from compression plus bending.
L,,, = 1.0 L = 1.0 x3600 =3600mm for buckling about the y-y axis
L,r,z=1.0 L =1.0 x3600 =3600mm for buckling about the z-z axis Non-dimensional column slendernesses:
fi
-
-=a \ 1 F = 8 6 . 8
~
-L=-
A A,
L,, , l i ,
A,
A=_=
A 1
A,
Buckling curves: h / b =209.6/205.8 = 1.02 < 1.2. For major axis buckling, use buckling curve 6 (a = 0.34) For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve c ( a = 0.49) Buckling reduction factors X:
O,, = 0.5[1+a(%,, -0.2) +%,:I = 0.5[1+0.34(0.46 -0.2) +0.46] = 0.65
XY
0, +
JG0.65 + 40.65
+ %.!I
BS EN 1993-1-1 C 1 6..Z.1.2
- 0.46
= 0.90 51.0
Oz = 0.5[1+a(/l.- 0.2)
= 0.5[1+0.49(0.80 - 0.2)
+ 0.802]= 0.96
BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.1.2
X? =
I
OZ
I
0.96 + 40.96
- 0.80
+, /-=
= 0.66 5 1 .O
588
Worked example
Beam-column example 1
Sheet3of3
Rev
OK
BS EN 199.3- I - I C16.3.1.1
BS EN 1993-1-1 C1 6.3.I . I
OK
absent in this example since M,,bd= 0. Maximum (conservative) values o,f kiLmay be taken from Table 18.1, as k,, = 0.6kzi. kzz= 2.4C,,,. For t y = 1, C,,z = 1.0 from Table B.3 of BS EN 1993-1-1.
.'.kzz=1.4C,,, =2.4 ~ 1 . =2.4; 0 k j Z=0.6k,, =0.6 ~ 2 . =1.44 4
.. .Nld +k,,Nil, RO
M,
bd
I
RO
:.OK
.. .&
Ni,zRij
+kz2- M 7bd = 840 + 2.4- 12 = 0.60 + 0.34 = 0.95 < 1.O M c z ~ i j 1395 83.9
~
: . OK
Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction
589
Rev
Sheet 1 of 8
Institute
Silwood Park. Ascot. Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Subject
Client
Beam-column example 2
I
Date
I 2010
U K N A to BS EN 199.7-1 -1
Geometric properties.
h = 528.3 mm; h = 208.8mm; t , = 9.6 mm; tt = 13.2mm; ct/tt = 6.55; c,Jt,+= 49.6; A = 105 cm2 = 10500mm2; i, =21.3 cm =213mm;i, =4.38cm =4.Z.8mm; W,,,, =2060 cm' =2060 x IO'mm'; W,,,, = .ZOO cm' = .ZOO x I 0' mm ' ;
Material properties: Yield strength J = 355 N/mmz since ti < 16mm
BS E N 10025-2
590
Worked example
Beam-column example 2
Check cross-section classification: For a Class 1 outstand jange in compression cl/t,& I 9
Sheet 2 of 8
Rev
6
235
= 0.81
= 8.05; within
limit
Actual c,+/t,E= 49.6/0.81 = 61.0; within limit for pure bending Assume since compression of 160kN is very low compared with axial resistance of cross-section (A,f, = 10500 x355/10' =3727kN) that section is Class I under combined loading.
L,,,, = 1.0 L = 1.0 x5600 =5600mm for buckling about the y-y axis L,,,
= 1.0
= 1.0
A, L,,
li,
5600/213 76.4
= 0.34
Buckling curves: h / b = 528.3/208.8 = 2.53 > 1.2. For major axis buckling, use buckling curve 'a' (a = 0.21) For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve 'b' ( a = 0.34) Buckling reduction factors
x:
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6..Z.1.2
@> = o . S [ l + ~ ( x , -0.2)+~~]=0.5[1+0.21(0.34-0.2)+0.342]=0.57 ,
X Y
0, +
d m = 0.57 + 40.572
- 0.34'
= 0.97 I I .O
O2=OS[I+a(/ZL -0.2)+/zf]=0.5[l+0.34(1.67-0.2)+1.672]=2.15
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6..Z.1.2
Worked example
Beam-column example 2
1
O?
591
I
1
= 0.29 5 1.0
- 1.67'
Sheet 3 of 8
Rev
X? =
+d
n = 2.15 + 42.15'
BS E N 1993-1-1 C 1 6.3.I . I
BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.1.1
For Class 1 or 2 sections, ,BN,= 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take UV = 0.9. For the ratio of end moments v =0, 1I& = 0.75 ,from Table 6.4 of Reference 2 see also Chapter 17.
-
For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sections with 2 < h / b 53.1, use buckling curve 'c' ( a = 0.49). For rolled sections, p = 0.75 and
U K N A to BS E N
1993-1-1
Or
= 0.5[1+ a1
T(xI
1, ")+ @ f T ]
BS E N 1993-1-1 C 1 6.3.2.3
XIT
1
OL1+ / , =
1
1.16 +41.162 - 0.75 x1.13'
= 0.56
= X r T W, -= 0.56 x
YWI
f t
2060 x 10
BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.1
Clearly the lateral torsional buckling resistance is insufficient. This may be Lmproved by adding bracing to reduce the minor axis buckling length and hence
LIT.
592
Worked example
Sheet 4 of 8
Rev
For minor z-z axis buckling and lateral torsional buckling (LTB), L,, = 1.6 m ,for the upper part of the member and 4.0 m for the lower part, while for major y-y axis buckling, L,, = 5.6rn. Major axis buckling resistance is therefore unaltered, while minor axis buckling resistance and L T B resistance are increased. For the upper part o,f the member, the bending moment varies linearly from 530kNm to 379kNm (= 530 x 4/5.6), while for the lower part of the member, the bending moment varies linearly ,from 379 k N m to zero.
*530 kNm
E
I I I I \
76.4
Buckling curve. h / b = 528.3/208.8 = 2.53 > 1.2. For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve 'b' (a = 0.34) Buckling reduction factor
x:
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.1.2
Worked example
Beam-column example 2 I
Oz +
593
I
I
- 0.48'
Sheet 5 of 8
Rev
X? =
,/-=
0.66 + 40.66'
= 0.89 5 1.O
OK
BS E N 1993-1-1 C 1 6.3.I . I
For Class I or 2 sections, = 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take W = 0.9. For the ratio of end moments ly=379/5.?0 = 0.71, l l f i = 0.91 (by interpolation) from Table 6.4 of Reference 2 - see also Chapter 17.
Since
Hd.
M , , Ril
f,
ylvo
10
'355 x 10" I .o
For
j
Nro
~
Nh,Kd
594
Worked example
Beam-column example 2
Applying the interaction equations (Equations 6.61 and 6.62) of BS EN 1993-1-1:
I Sheet 6 of 8 I
Rev
*
N i J i ~ d
5.30 +k,,-M (I = 160 + 0.89= 0.04 + 0.65 = 0.69 c 1.0 : . OK M I J H ~ 3604 731
~
Ni,,K d
+ k,,
_C
MI>,,
160 1 = -+ 3.3.32
530 1.07.71
For the lower part o f the member: Minor axis column buckling resistance
Effective length:
L,,,
= 1.0
= 1.0
2.. A,=-=2.1
L,,z li,
2.1
400014.3.8 76.4
= 1,20
Buckling curve: h / b = 528.3/208.8 = 2.53 > 1.2. For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve b ( a = 0.34) Buckling reduction ,factor
@?
x:
BS EN 199.3-1-1 C16.3.1.2
X? =
1
O?
1 1.38+41.38-1.20
+,/-=
= 0.48 51.0
BS E N 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.I . I
Worked example
Beam-column example 2 Lateral torsional buckling resistance
Non-dimensional beam slendernesses is determined using the simplified approach given in NCCI SN0026and Reference 2 as follows:
LLl
595
Sheet 7 of 8
I Rev
= -UV;i&
NCCI SN002
For Class 1 or 2 sections, ,BN,= 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take UV = 0.9. For the ratio of end moments = 0, 1I 6 = 0.75 ,from Table 6.4 o,f Reference 2 see also Chapter 17.
-
a,
1 -uvXz& 6
= 0.75 x
y ,
1.0 = 0.81
For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sections with 2 < h / b 53.1, use buckling curve c ( a = 0.49). For rolled sections, p = 0.75 and
-
a,
= 0.4.
U K N A to BS E N 1993-1-1
= 0.5[l+arr(Xr.r = 0.5[1+
-~r.r,o)+,B~~rI
BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.3
= 0.76
XLI
=
QL1
+d
m
fl
= 0.84 + 40.84
- 0.75 x
0.81
M ~ R ,= !~rrW,
~
YMI
= 0.76 ~ 2 0 6 x 0 I0
355
~
1.0
x 10 (4.0/5.6)
: . OK
BS EN 199.7-1 -1 C16.3.2.1
Values of k,, and k,, are determined graphically from Figure 19.12. For
= 0, C,,,,,= 0.6
BS E N
1993-1-1
3 k , , = 1.01 x
Figure
18.12 (6)
596
Worked example
Beam-column example 2
Applying the interaction equations (Equations 6.61 and 6.62) of BS EN 1993-1-1:
Sheet 8 of 8
Rev
Nbd +k,,
Nb i- RO
=160 +0.60-=0.04+0.41=0.46<1.0
3604
379 555
:.OK
*+
NI, R ~ I
I
= 0.76
c 1.0
:.OK
Worked example
The S t e ~ l Construction
597
Rev
Sheet 1 of 3
Institute
Silwood Park. Ascot. Berks SLS 7QN Telephone: (01344) 623345 Fax: (01344) 622944
CALCULATION SHEET
Subject Client
Beam-column example 3
Made by
I
Date
I 2010
A 254 x254 x 73 UKC is to be assessed for use as an internal column in a simple ,frame (i.e. designed on the assumptions of simple construction). The column length is 5.0 m and the steel grade is S275. Connection eccentricity causes a design major axis bending moment M,,rO o,f 9.4kNm and a design minor axis bending moment M..,bdof 2.3 kNm. The design axial load in the column Nbdis 125.3 k N Check the adequacy o,f this section to carry the applied loads.
The simplified interaction expression f r o m columns in simple construction is as follows:
Partial ,factors:
x l 4 n
UK N A to BS EN 199.3-1-1
Geometric properties:
h = 254.1 mm; h = 254.6mm; t , = 8.6 mm; tt = 14.2mm; A = 9.3.1 cm2 = 9.310mm2; ct/tt = 7.77; c,Jt,+ = 2.7.3; i , = 11.1 c m = I I I mm; i , = 6.48 c m = 64.8mm; W,,,, =992cm7=992xIO'mm'; W,,,. =465 cm' =465 x l 0 ' m m ' ;
Material properties: Yield strength J = 275 N/mmz since ti < 16mm Check cross-section classification: For a Class 1 outstand j a n g e in compression c,/tp I 9
BS EN 10025-2
235
= 0.92
598
Worked example
Beam-column example 3
Actual c+/t,& = 7.77/0.92 = 8.40; within limit Actual c , /t,&
= 23.3/0.92 = 25.2; within
I
limit
Sheet2of3
Rev
Cross-section is Class I under pure compression, so will also be class I under the more favourable stress distribution arising from compression plus bending.
L,,z = 1.0 L = 1.0 x5000 =5000rnm for buckling about the z-z axis
Non-dimensional column slenderness:
Buckling curve: h / b =254.1/254.6 =1.0 51.2. For minor axis buckling, use buckling curve 'c' ( a = 0.49) Buckling reduction ,factor
@?
x:
BS EN I 99.3- I - I C16.3.1.2
= 0.5[1+
- 0.2)
X? =
1
O?
+, /-=
1 1.06 + 41.06'
= 0.61 5 1.O
For Class 1 or 2 sections, ,BN,= 1.0. Conservatively for I-sections, take UV = 0.9 and
c, = 1.0.
Worked example
Beam-column example 3
599
Sheet3of3
I Rev
For the case of rolled and equivalent welded sections, for I-sectionswith h / h 52.0, use buckling curve 'b' ( a = 0.34). For rolled sections, , 0 = 0.75 and All = 0.4. Buckling reduction factor XL1:
OL1= 0.5[1+all
= 0 4I
U K N A to BS EN 1993-1-1
(xll-Ill,,) + ,0&
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.2.3
= 0.82
XrT
OL1+
= /,=
BS EN 1993-1-1 Cl 6.3.2.1
w~Jizfu ~
465
1.0
YM 0
:.Adopt 254 x 254 x 73 UKC Note how the ,first term (axial load) dominates for this arrangement, illustrating why great precision is not required with the two bending terms and justifying the use of conservative interaction factors.