TRANSFORMERS

Internet site: MENUDRIVEN GRAPHICAL Insulating Oils- USER INTERFACE Power Transformers-Indian OBJECTIVE Indian & IEC (GUI) PROGRAMSStandards QUESTIONS standards Performance from Transformer equivalent circuit

TYPE

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MENU-DRIVEN GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) PROGRAMS - by Prof. H. Sadat. -The transformer program obtains the transformer equivalent circuit from open-circuit and short-circuit tests. It also finds the transformer performance characteristics using the transformer parameters. In the induction motor program the parameters of the equivalent circuit can be entered on the circuit diagram. The program draws the Thevenin's equivalent circuit. Performance characteristics are then obtained for the specified slip and the torque slip curve is plotted on the screen. The analysis can be repeated for different slips. A GUI program deals with the design of a first-order controller in the forward path of a closed-loop control system. This GUI program designs the following controllers: Proportional, phase-lag, phase-lead, PD,PI, and PID controllers. To run the controller design program at the MATLABprompt type>> rldesigngui

TRANSFORMERS -OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. For a delta-star 3-phase transformer the primary winding has N1 turns/phase and a secondary has N2 turns /phase. The single-phase equivalent circuit will have a turns ratio a. N1/N2 b. N1/ 3/N2

c. N1/N2/ 3

Ans: (b)

2.

The use of higher flux density in transformer design

a) b) c)

reduces the transformer weight per kVA increases the weight/kVA increases the weight/kW

Ans. a

3.

The conservator is used in a transformer because

a) b) c)

it supplies oil to the transformer whenever needed protects the transformer from damage when oil expands due to rise in temperature it provides fresh air and cools down the oil.

Ans. b

4.

Which of the following has the highest efficiency?

a)

dc shunt motor

b) c) d)

transformer induction motor synchronous motor

Ans. b

Power Transformers-Indian Standards

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Power Transformers [ISD: 2026 (Part 1)-1977]
TYPE TESTS

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Type test Measurement of winding resistance Measurement of voltage ratio and check of voltage vector relationship Measurement of impedance voltage/ short-circuit impedance (principal tapping) and load loss Measurement of no-load loss and current Measurement of insulation resistance Dielectric tests (Lightning impulse on line terminals Temperature rise test

Purpose To know resistance of winding utilized To know correct voltage ratio at each tap and to check vector symbol (To ascertain phase displacement) To know copper (load) loss and impedance voltage To know core loss & excitation current To check insulation strength To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of insulation (Line terminal to earth & other winding) To check temperature rise of

Tests on on-load tap changer (where appropriate)

transformer under loading conditions To ensure proper operation of OLTC

SPECIAL TESTS

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Special test Dielectric test (Modified impulse test on Neutral

Purpose

To verify impulse voltage withstand capacity of insulation (Neutral terminal to earth & other winding) Measurement of zero sequence To check zero sequence impedance of 3impedance of 3-phase transformers phase transformers Short circuit test To ensure mechanical strength under short circuit condition Measurement of acoustic noise level To measure sound level produced by transformer during rated excitation under no-load condition Measurement of harmonics of the no- To measure harmonics of the no-load load current current Measurement of power taken by fans To know power consumption of fans & & oil pumps oil pumps

ROUTINE TESTS

S. Routine test Purpose No. Type Tests 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 9 will also be the Routine Tests. In addition, the following Dielectric tests will be performed as a Routine test Dielectric Tests

Separate AC source Induced over voltage

To verify power frequency withstand capacity of winding (winding to other winding and to earth) To verify power frequency withstand capacity of winding (phases to earth and other winding)

ACCEPTANCE TESTS The routine tests on each transformer are to be considered as acceptance tests

SAMPLE CRITERIA: Each power transformer to be tested

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Insulating Oils- Indian & IEC standards

INSULATING OILS [IS: 335-1983 OR IEC: 296-1982]

There are no specific lit of type/routine /acceptance tests to be performed on manufactured insulating oil. However, the manufacturer shall verify the following characteristics by carrying out relevant tests on the insulating oil.

S. No. 1

Property Appearance

As per IS: 335 (Un-inhibited) Clear & transparent and free from suspended matter or sediments 0.89 at 270C 27 cSt at 270C 0.04 N/m at 270C 1400C

As per IEC: 296 Un-inhibited Inhibited -IA Clear & transparent and free from suspended matter or sediments < 0.895 at 200 C 16.5 cSt at 40 0C 0.04 N/m at 250C Clear & transparent and free from suspended matter or sediments < 0.895 at 200 C 16.5 cSt at 40 0C 0.04 N/m at 250C

2 3 4 5

Density g/cm3 Kinematic viscosity at 270 Max. Interfacial tension Min. Flash point Pansky-Marten (closed) Min Pour point Max. Neutralization value Total acidity

1400C

1400C

6 7

-90 C

-300 C

-300 C

0.03mg KOH/g Nil

0.03mg KOH/g Nil

0.03mg KOH/g Nil

Max. Inorganic acidity/alkalinity

8 9

Corrosive sulpher Electric Strength (Breakdown voltage) Min. New unfiltered oil

Non-corrosive

Non-corrosive

Non-corrosive

10

30 kV (RMS) After filtration 50 kV (RMS) 0.005

30 kV (RMS) 50 kV (RMS) 0.005

30 kV (RMS) 50 kV (RMS) 0.005

11

Dielectric dissipation factor( tan) at 900 Max. Specific resistivity At 900 Min.

30x 1018 ohm-cm 500x 1018 ohm-cm -

12

At 27 0 Min. Oxidation stability Neutralizatio n value after oxidation Max. Total sludge after oxidation Max.

0.40 mg KOH/g

0.40 mg KOH/g

No limit

0.10% by weight

0.10% by weight

SAMPLING CRITERIA

As per IS:6855-1973 OR relevant specification of equipment where oil is required.