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Fluid Mechanics Fluid dynamics Fluid statics Stress, Normal stress, Pressure Shear force, shear strain Newtons law of viscosity

If YES lets move on.

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Viscosity
dV = dy
Newtons law of viscosity
Shear stress is linearly proportional to the velocity gradient

dV dy

= f (types of fluid, time and T)

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Types of fluids
Newtonian fluids
Fluids that obey Newtons law of viscosity A fluid whose viscosity doesn't depend on gradients in flow speed. Gases and low-molecular weight liquids are usually Newtonian fluids.

Non-Newtonian fluids
Fluids that do not obey Newtons law of viscosity A fluid whose viscosity changes when the gradient in flow speed changes. Colloidal suspensions and polymer solutions like ketchup and starch/water paste are nonNewtonian fluids.
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 varies with types of fluid

Newtonian fluids
is proportional to dV/dy All gases All liquids having simple chemical formula E.g: H2O, CH3OH, C6H6 Most dilute solution of simple molecules in water or organic solvents Metal ion solution, sugar in water

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Newtonian fluids Straight line through origin

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 varies with types of fluid

Non-Newtonian fluids

Shear stress is a function of the velocity gradient. (viscosity is not a constant)

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 varies with types of fluid

Bingham fluids
Resist small shear stress. Flow easily under larger shear stress
(Force must be given in order to move the fluid)

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 varies with types of fluid

Pseudoplastic fluids
Shear thinning fluids as dV/dy

High stress, Low Viscosity

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A shear thinning fluid decreases in viscosity with increasing shear rate

 varies with types of fluid

Dilatant fluids
Shear thickening fluids as dV/dy High stress, High Viscosity

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 varies with time

Viscosity is time independent

All Newtonian fluids are time independent Most of non-Newtonian fluids are time dependent
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 varies with time

Viscosity increases with time

Rheopectic

A rheopectic fluid increases in viscosity over time at a constant shear rate.

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 varies with time

Viscosity decreases with time

Thixotropic

A thixotropic fluid decreases in viscosity over time at a constant shear rate.

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Non-newtonian fluid classification

Rheopectic Time-dependent viscosity Thixotropic Viscosity increases with duration of stress Viscosity decreases with duration of stress Lubricants

Clays, honey

Dilatant (Shear thickening) Shear-stress-dependent viscosity Pseudoplastic (Shear thinning)

Viscosity increases with increased stress

Corn starch, printing inks

Viscosity decreases with increased (stress

Blood, ketchup

Does not exhibit any shear rate (no flow) until Bingham a certain stress is achieved

Viscosity constant

Toothpaste, jellies

Unit of
Unit Pas / N/m2s / kg/m-s(SI) Ibm/ft-s (BG) Poise centipoise (cP) For water, = 1 cP (at 20oC)

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 varies with T

= Ae

b T

(Andrade equation) b T

ln = ln A +

T = o To

(power law)
3 2

T To + S = o To T +S
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(Sutherland' s equation)

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Kinematic Viscosity
=
Unit m2/s (SI) ft2/s (BG) Common unit: centistoke (cSt)
2 2 1 cP -6 m 5 ft 1 cSt = = 10 = 1.08 10 g s s 1 3 cm
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Density
mass m = = volume V

Units : kg/m3 (SI) or Ibm/ft3 (BG) Density of liquids are slightly affected by pressure and temperature Density of gases are strongly influenced by pressure and temperature

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Density
Density of water at different temperatures:

Temperature (oC) 0 4 10 20 30

(kg/m3) 999.0 1000.0 999.7 998.2 995.7

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Density
Density of gases can be calculated through ideal gas equation: PV = nRT PV = (m/M)RT m/V = PM/RT

= PM/RT
where R = gas constant = 8.314 m3 Pa/mol K
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Specific volume
Specific volume,

1 V = = m
Unit: m3/kg (SI) or ft3/Ibm (BG)

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Specific weight
Specific weight,

weight W = = volume V
Unit: N/m3 (SI) or Ibf/ft3 (BG) Related to density through:
=g
where g = local gravitational acceleration

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Specific gravity
Specific gravity, SG of liquid and solid

SG =

water at specified T and P

substance

Throughout the course, specific gravity referred to water at 4oC is used Unit: Dimensionless
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Specific gravity
Specific gravity, SG of gas

SGgas

gas = air

at same T and P

For ideal gas;

Mgas SGgas,ideal = M air Where: M = molar mass of the gas

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Class Example 1
A reservoir of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has a mass of 500 kg and a volume of 0.315 m3. Determine the CCl4: a) Weight b) Density c) Specific weight d) Specific volume e) Specific gravity Take gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2
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Solution
a) Weight, W= mg = (500)(9.81) = 4905 N = 4.905 kN

b) Density, = m

500 kg = = 1587 3 V 0.315 m

c) Specific weight, = W 4905 kN = = 15.57 3 V 0.315 m

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3 1 1 m d) Specific volume, = = = 6.301 10- 4 1587 kg

e) Specific gravity, SG CCl4 1587 = = = 1.59 H2O 1000

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Class Example 2
The volume of a rock is found to be 0.00015 m3. If the specific gravity of the rock is 2.60, determine its mass and weight.

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Solution
S.G =

rock rock = = 2.60 H2O 1000

rock = 2600 kg/m3 Mass, m = V = (2600)(0.00015) = 0.39 kg Weight, W = mg = (0.39)(9.81) = 3.826 N

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Class Example 3
Nitrogen gas occupies a volume of 100 L at 120 kPa and 100oC. Determine its specific volume and specific weight.

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Solution
V = 100 L = 100 10-3 m3

P = RT P 120 kPa kg = = = 1.08 3 3 RT m kPa m 8.314 kmol K (100 + 273 K ) 28 kg kmol

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1 1 m3 Specific volume, = = = 0.923 1.08 kg

Specific weight, = g = (1.08)(9.81) = 10.6 N/m3

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Fluid Properties
Week 2
Viscosity & kinematic viscosity

Density, Specific volume, Specific weight, Specific gravity Surface tension, Pressure

Non-newtonian fluid classification

Rheopectic Time-dependent viscosity Thixotropic Viscosity increases with duration of stress Viscosity decreases with duration of stress Lubricants

Clays, honey

Dilatant (Shear thickening) Shear-stress-dependent viscosity Pseudoplastic (Shear thinning)

Viscosity increases with increased stress

Corn starch, printing inks

Viscosity decreases with increased (stress

Blood, ketchup

Does not exhibit any shear rate (no flow) until Bingham a certain stress is achieved

Viscosity constant

Toothpaste, jellies

Unit m2/s (SI), ft2/s (BG) Common unit: centistoke (cSt)

dV = dy

mass m Units : kg/m3 (SI) or Ibm/ft3 (BG) = = volume V = PM/RT

weight W = = 3 3 Unit: N/m (SI) or Ibf/ft (BG) volume V

1 V = = m

Unit: m3/kg (SI) or ft3/Ibm (BG)

=g

SG =

water at specified T and P

substance

SGgas

gas = air

at same T and P

Mgas SGgas,ideal = M air

Surface tension
What is surface tension?
An effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes that layer to behave as elastic sheet.

What causes surface tension?

The intermolecular forces between the liquid molecules

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Surface Tension
B

liquid

In the bulk of liquid, A is pulled equally in all directions by neighboring liquid molecules, resulting in a net force of zero At the surface of the liquid, B is pulled inwards by other molecules deeper inside the liquid which can be balanced only by the resistance of the liquid to compression. This inward pull tends to diminish the surface area, and in this respect a liquid surface resembles a stretched elastic membrane.

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Effects in everyday life

Water beading on flowers

Insects walking on water

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Capillarity
Capillary attraction,
or capillarity, is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to external forces like gravity

Depends on
the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel

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Application: Capillarity
Liquids rise in tubes if they wet (adhesion > cohesion)

Liquids fall in tubes if they do not wet (cohesion > adhesion).

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Capillarity
Perfect wetting
liquid spreads as a thin film over the surface of the solid Mercury on clean glass

Case of no wetting

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Capillarity
Capillary rise, h can be calculated using the equation:
cos Wetted perimeter h= Cross sectional area
h = height of capillary rise = surface tension = contact angle = specific weight
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Capillarity
For circular tube: cos d 2 h= d
cos d 2 cos = r =
d = diameter of the tube r = radius of the tube

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Capillarity
Capillarity is important when using tubes smaller than about 3/8 inch (10 mm) in diameter. For tube diameters larger than 1 in (12 mm), capillary effects are negligible.
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Outline

Pressure and Temperature

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Terminology
Gauge pressure, Pg
P of a system is measured by a gauge, which excludes Patm Its measured relative to Patm

Absolute pressure, Pabs

Total P exerted on a system Pabs = Patm + Pg Its measured relative to high vacuum (0 psia)
1 atmosphere 0 psig 0 psia vacuum range
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100 psig 114.7 psia

14.7 psia

Pressure Conversion
Atmospheric pressure, Patm P exerted on the surface of a body by a column of air in an atmosphere Standard Patm (at sea level) = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg

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Relationships
Pabs = Patm + Pgage Pabs = Patm Pvac 1 atm = 0 gage 101.3 kPa = 0 gage

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Temperature
Temperature scales: Celcius (C) Kelvin (K) Fahrenheit (F) Rankine (R)

T(K) = T(C) + 273.15 T(R) = T(F) + 460

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Units
SI unit (International unit) English system (foot-pound-second, BG)

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Conversion
Length: 1m 1 ft = 3.281 ft = 0.3048 m

Mass:

1 kg = 2.2046 Ibm 1 Ibm = 0.45359 kg

Pressure 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 14.696 psi

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Class Example 4
A steel cylinder has a diameter of 5 cm and a length of 20 cm. It moves at a velocity of 0.5 m/s inside a tube of slightly larger diameter. Determine the clearance between the cylinder and the tube, if castor oil film of constant thickness is filled between the cylinder and the tube. Data: at room temperature SGsteel = 7.85 castor oil = 0.287 kg/ms

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Solution
dy

F dV = = A dy
F = W = mg = (V )g 2 F = (7.85 1000 ) (0.05) (0.2 )(9.81) = 30 N 4
Clearance, dy

A dV (0.05)(0.2)(0.5) dy = = (0.287) = 0.15 mm F 30

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Class Example 5
Determine the capillary rise of water at 10oC in a tube if the tube diameter is 1 mm. What will happen if the tube diameter increases by 50%? Data: water @ 10oC = 0.00742 N/m

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Solution
2(0.00742 ) cos 0 h= = 1.51 mm (1000 )(9.81)(0.001) if tube diameter increases by 50%

2(0.00742 ) cos 0 = 1.0 mm h= (1000 )(9.81)(0.001 1.5 )

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Learning Outcome: CHAPTER 1

At the end of the chapter, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Define the term fluid Determine various types of fluid Determine properties of fluid Solve fluid related problems using different unit conversions

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Quiz

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