SOME TIPS TO ACHIEVE 100% MARKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE IN EXAMINATION HALL Read the entire paper thoroughly in the

e time allotted for this separately. Stay calm. Write correct question number boldly in the left margin. Attempt all parts of the question at one place. Number them appropriately. Be specific. Write to the point. Give points in required number only. Leave some space before starting a new question. Draw a line in between the answers of two questions if possible. Number each point & highlight main points. If possible, suitable headings. In writing answers you must underline key terms, concepts & points to highlight them. Use correct spelling & proper grammatical sentences while writing answers. Dont waste time in pondering over a difficult question. Fasten the Map inside the answer book. Check & Recheck the answers in the last 10-15 minutes before submitting the answer book. Maintain neatness & accuracy in the answer book. Dont give wrong data. DIRECTIONAL WORDS IN DIFFERENT QUESTIONS Name, List, Mention, Enumerate are to be treated as same & require only writing the required feature/factor/name etc .No need for any further explanation. Define requires giving definition & critical components of that concept. Explain requires short & specific explanation of the term or concept specified. Analyze refers to understanding of the concept/situation & drawing conclusion/effect. Describe means to elaborate the term wholly. MANY WORDS CONVEY THE SAME MEANING Factors & circumstances Causes, reasons, motives Effects, result, consequences, impact Qualities, features & characteristics MAP QUESTIONS Identify the maps meant for History & Geography. Read the asking of the questions carefully. Label the place & give proper symbols for different locations. Dont neglect this section. Practice more maps before the examination.

CHAPTER ( CIVICS ) FEDERALISM 1. Explain the key features of federalism. Ans. Key features of federalism are: Two or more levels of govt. Follows dual polity each level has its Own Jurisdiction Constitutionally specified jurisdictions Consent of levels of govt. For changes in power Authority of each tier is guaranteed changes cannot be brought unilaterally Courts can interpret constitution and resolve disputes Sources of Revenue is Specified Motto- promote national unity and regional disintegrity Dual objectives - to safeguard & promote unity - Accommodate regional diversity

Federalism- It is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority & various constituent units. Two system of govt.: Unitary system One level of govt. No distribution of Power Local govt. is subordinate to center Federal system Division of power Three levels of govt. Constituent units are Independent

2. Describe the 2 types of federation in the countries with examples. Ans. 2 types of govt. are: Forms of Federalism Coming together federation Independent states come together

increase sincerity by pooling sovereignty Form bigger unit Increase security Share equal power For ex. USA, Australia, Switzerland Holding together federation Bigger unit divide the power Country divides into states Form stats & national govt. Easy administration Unequal power sharing E.g. are India, Spain, and Belgium

3. Explain the three fold distribution of legislative powers between the union and state govt. Ans. Three fold distribution of legislative powers: Union list

Powers of national interest 97 subjects Under union govt. e.g. defence, banking, foreign affairs, communications , currency

State list Powers of state interest 66 subjects under state government e.g. police ,trade ,commerce

Concurrent list Powers of both national and state interest 47 subjects e.g. education ,forest ,marriage ,adoption under state & union govt.

Residual powers Latest powers e.g. computer science under the Union 4. Explain the role of judiciary in federal form of govt. in India. Ans. Roles of judiciary in Federal India: Oversees the implementation of constitutional provisions, procedures Resolves disputes Interprets constitution Alter the powers of different tiers

5. How is federalism practised? Explain in 4 points. Ans. Federalism in India: 3 tier system Own jurisdiction for tiers Language policy and Linguistic states Decentralization of Powers

6. Federalism practiced Linguistic states Old states vanished Formation of new states on the basis of common language Easy administration Language policy Hindi as official language Protect scheduled language States have their own official language Centre state relations Separate power to centre & state govt. Independent powers Coalition govt.

7. Basic ideas behind decentralization For better accommodation in local areas to get better idea to spend money for efficient management Democratic participation

 Active participation For knowledge of problems To lessen the responsibilities over other two govts. 8. Steps taken in1992 in the third tier of govt. 9. Regular election Reservation of seats for scheduled 1/3 seats are reserved for women Conduct panchayat & municipal election Share of power & revenue of state with local govt. bodies Structure of local self-government Gram panchayat Elected by 18+ population Headed by sarpanch Rural local govt. Block samiti Group of gram panchayat Elected by panchayat members Headed by BDO Zila (district) parishad Group of samitis MLAs are also its member Headed by DM or Chairperson In urban centres In towns, municipalities are set up, headed by municipal chairperson In cities, municipal cooperation are constituted, headed by Mayor

10. Limits in local self government Gram sabhas are not held regularly Mostly states do not transfer their specific power Not given adequate resources to local bodies Male dominance in panchayati raj over women

11. Language policy works as the basis of Indian federation. Explain. No recognition to any language as national language 22 languages have been recognized as scheduled languages

 candidate can opt for any language in exams formation of linguistic states 12. Explain major steps for decentralization in 1992. Ans. Major Steps taken were: Permission to hold regular elections at local levels Reservations for women, S.T, S.C, and OBC. Creation of state election commission Sharing of powers of state with local bodies

13. India is federal in form but unitary in spirit. Explain. India is federal as it has: 3-tier system linguistic states decentralization of powers India is unitary in spirit as: Union govt. rules at times of emergency Union govt. rules at times of concurrent disputes Parliamentary decisions are abided by all Union govt. rules at times of residual disputes Union list has more subjects.

9.How is a federal government better than a unitary government? Explain with examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka. Ans. 1. Federalism is a system of government under which power is divided between central authority and its various constituents units. 2. The Belgium leaders tried to solve the ethnic problem by respecting communities and regions by establishing a federal government, whereas Sri Lanka government tried to solve the problem through majoritarianism. 3. The Belgium solution helped in avoiding the civic strife, whereas the majoritarianism in Sri Lanka led to the civil war.

AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 1. i. ii. iii. iv. v. 2. What were the features of proto industrialization of 18 century? Organized and set up by merchants by joining hands with village craftsmen. Mass production in the absence of factories. Situated at the country side. Step wise place to place production. Profitable to the both merchants and weavers. What were trade guilds and urban crafts? What did they do?

Trade guilds and urban crafts were the associations of trades and merchants of cities. They mainly i. ii. iii. 3. i. ii. iii. iv. 4. i. ii. iii. iv. 5. i. ii. 6. Trained craft persons Maintained control over labour. Regulated competition and labour What were the features of the factory production/system? Increased per capital income. Regulated labour under one roof. Continuous watch on labour and production. Use of Machines which saved time and labour. Why the journey traditional products to factory products were so slow? It took time for the people to accept machine goods instead of traditional goods. Technology was not available to all. New machines were too costly. Machines were hard to maintain or repair. Why were metals required? To make Transportation system To make World war equipments Why was there was no shortage of hand labour in Britain ? i. ii. iii. Masters gave low wages due to high competition. Machines required high investment. Hand products had great quality and demand.

iv. 7.

People appreciated the variety in hand labour.

How were the lives of workers affected? i. ii. iii. Abundance and favoritism in choosing of labour. Rising prices and unemployment a problem. Seasonality of jobs.

8.

Describe the networking age of Indian textiles? i. ii. iii. iv. Investment by Indian merchants. Workshops majorly present in villages. Village weavers at a good relationship with merchants. Important ports were surat, hoogly and mauslipatnam.

9.

Why after 1750, Indian networking broke? i. ii. iii. iv. European companies became powerful in India. Development of new ports by British & decline of old Indian ports. Fail of Indian exports due to absence of raw materials. Financial problems faced by Indian weavers.

10. What were the measures or steps taken by British to decline Indian textiles? i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Elimination of Indian weavers and merchants. Applied gomasthas to check weavers who took loans. High interest rates of loans causing financial problems. Monopoly trade introduced in India. High import duties on Indian exports. Shortage of raw materials as British purchased all.

11. How were weavers affected due to decline of Indian textiles? i. ii. iii. iv. Some deserted villages and profession. Loans caused financial problems. Weavers left their profession and concentrated on odd jobs. Fight between weavers and gomasthas.

12. What problems were caused by Manchester coming to India? i. ii. Collapse of Indian local market. Decline in export market of India.

iii. iv.

Lack of raw materials. Change of profession by the weavers.

13. Who were the early entrepreneurs of India? How did they accumulate wealth? i. ii. iii. The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China. In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China. So did the father as well as grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla. Jeejeebhoy was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large fleet of ships, but competition from English and American shippers forced him to sell his ships by the 1850s.

iv.

v.

14. Who was the Jobber? What did he do? Jobber was an old and trusted worker whose work was to recruit new people in the industries. Hei. ii. iii. Followed favouritism Misused his power Took bribes from people

15. What were the peculiarities of industrial growth in India? i. ii. iii. iv. Goods produced were exported instead of sale in India. Though Indian fabric was famous, factories produced coarse yarn instead of the fabric Cotton production doubled in India during 1900-1912. War time boomed the cotton production in India and provided mills with a large Home market.

16. Why did small scale industries predominate between 1900-1940? i. Most of the large scale industries about 67 per cent in 1911 were located in Bengal and Bombay. Over the rest of the country, small-scale production continued to predominate.

ii. iii. iv.

There were several small innovations that helped weaver improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector. E.g.- Spinning Jenny Mills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production. Small scale industries needed much less investment in labour and machines.

17. How were the people persuaded to buy the goods produced in factories? i. ii. iii. iv. Advertising made the products look desirable Trade Mark showed a sign of quality. Calendars used by both literate and illiterate popularised the products. Pictures of gods and goddesses made the product look divine and useful.

18. Why did the women workers in Britain attack the Spinning Jenny? i. ii. Fear of unemployment since they were dependent on spinning for food. Machine was easier to handle and faster, the wages of the workers reduced.

Coalition government: coalition government is a government formed by the coming together of more than two political parties, since no single party got a clear majority. Decentralization: When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government it is called Decentralization. This concept helps to inculcate a habit and culture of democratic participation even at the gross root level. Q. 1 What is Gram Panchayat? Ans. It is a council consisting of several ward members, often called panch and a president or a sarpanch. Q. 2. . What is a Panchayat Samiti? Ans. A few gram panchayats are grouped together to form a panchayat Samiti or Block or a Mandal. Q . 3. Who is a Mayor? Ans. A Mayor is an elected Chairperson of the Municipal Corporation. Q 4 . Why were the linguistic states created? What are their advantages? Ans. The Linguistic states were created to ensure that the people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. 1. It has made the country more united and stronger. 2. It has also made administration easier. Q. 5. Mention any four difficulties of local government in India. Ans. 1. Most states have not transferred significant powers to the local governments. 2. There is a shortage of resources. 3 .Elections are not held regularly. 4. Gram sabha are not held regularly. Q.6. What is Gram Sabha? Mention its functions. Ans . Every adult of the village who is 18 years of age constitute the Gram Sabha. 1. It is the decision making body of the entire village. 2. The village panchayat works under the supervision of the Gram Sabha. 3. It approves the annual budget of the Gram Panchayat.

Q. 7. What is Panchayati Raj? What is its importance? Ans. Rural local government is known as the Panchayati Raj. 1. It helps the people to directly participate in decision making. 2. It helps in the decentralization of power. 3 .It reduces the burden of the central government. Q. 8. Distinguish between coming together federation and holding together federation. Ans. Coming Together federations 1. Under this independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit. 2. Under this, all constituent states usually have equal power. 3. USA, Switzerland and Australia Holding together federations 1. Under this, a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent states and the national government. 2. Under this central government tend to be more powerful. 3. India, Spain and Belgium. Q 9. Distinguish between Federal form of government and Unitary form of government. Federal form of government 1. Under the federal system there are two levels of government, one at the central level and other at the state level. Both levels have their areas of jurisdiction. 2. In federal system a state government has power of its own for which it is not answerable to the central government. 3. Central government cannot order the state government to do something. Unitary form of government. 1. But in Unitary form of government either there is only one level of government or the subunits are subordinate to the central government. 2. On the other hand in unitary system the state government does not have power of its own. 3. The central government can pass on orders to the local government. Q. 10 . What is the importance or need for decentralization? Ans. 1. The basic idea behind decentralization is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. People have a better knowledge of problems in their localities. They also have better ideas on where to spend money, and how to manage

things more efficiently. 2. At the local level, it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation. Local government is the best way to realist one important principle of democracy, namely the local self government.

One word question for power sharing

1.A social division based on the shared culture_________? 2.What is the capital of Belgium________? 3.How much percentage of the people speak dutch and French_______? 4.Who are the major social groups in srilanka? 5.Tamil natives of the country are called_______? 6._______is the belief that the majority community should be able to a country in whichever way he wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority? 7.In which year the act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language ,thus regarding the tamil_______? 8. Apart from the central and the state government ,there is a third kind of government .Name? 9.Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of ________between social groups? 10.Power sharing is very ________of democracy? 11.___________stress that power sharing will bring better outcomes? 12. _________ emphasise the very act of the power sharing? 13.Which power sharing is known as horizontal power sharing? 14.Give two examples for pressure groups? 15.The constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of the government? 16.Demanding independence of any particular area or demanding equal power for the rest of the country____________? 17.Sharing power by different groups or levels for the smooth functioning of the government_______________?