Cold Facts Spring-2012

The Magazine of the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.
Spring 2012 Volume 28 Number 2

Inside this Issue
Sustaining Members
Listed/Spotlights
Back Cover; 15, 18, 19, 24, 26, 34, 37, 39
Influence of Deep Cryogenic
Treatment
4
CSA Short Courses
11
McIntoshs Cryogenic Concepts
13
Radebaughs Cryo Frontiers
14
Defining Cryogenics
16
Masons Space Cryogenics
20
Special Editorial: Specialty Gases
25
Tour of JLab Cryogenics
26
ICEC24/ICMC12
30
People, Companies in
Cryogenics/Calendar
40/41

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(Continued on page 6)
Introduction
The need for greater productivity
calls for the development of new, high-
er performance tools and tool materials
capable of higher cutting speeds and
feed rates. It is important to remember
that for complex machining jobs that
require several tools, floor-to-floor time
depends on the best performing tool.
Generally, complex shaped HSS tools
are used; improving their performance
brings along higher productivity of the
entire system. Its main applications are
for drills, taps, milling cutters, broaches
and also bits where the economical cut-
ting speed is too low to consider car-
bide tools.
In recent decades, interest in low
temperature effects has been demon-
strated, particularly during heat treat-
ing cycles of tool steels. Research has
shown that cryogenic treatment
increases product life, and in most cases
provides additional qualities to the
products such as stress relief, increased
service life and increased hardness and
toughness simultaneously [1]. The
extent of benefits of this emerging pro-
cessing route can only be suitably
exploited if the underlying mechanism
of this process is carefully unfolded in
an organized manner.
The main objective of this study is
to examine the effect of cryogenic treat-
ment on AISI M2 high-speed tool steel
with respect to microstructural changes
and changes in mechanical properties
such as hardness and toughness. This
article is the condensed version of a full
research paper. Interested readers are
encouraged to refer to the authors
paper in CSAs Cryogenic Treatment
Database (www.cryogenictreatment
database.org) for comprehensive
understanding of the investigation.
Material and Methods
The chemical composition of the
material used for this investigation was
measured using optical emission spec-
troscopy (OES) and reported in Table 1.
This confirms that the material used is
AISI M2 high speed tool steel. AISI M2
steel rod of 20 mm diameter was
machined to required dimensions for
various ASTM standards, i.e. Charpy
impact test, hardness. Then the samples
were divided into three groups, namely
Group I: conventional heat treatment
(CHT), Group II: shallow cryogenic
treatment (SCT) and Group III: deep
cryogenic treatment (DCT). The tem-
perature and time details for the three
heat/cryogenic treatments are
explained in the full version of this
paper available in the Cryogenic
Treatment Database mentioned above.
Table 2 shows the treatment conditions
and nomenclature followed for the
present research work. Vickers hard-
ness tester, instrumented impact tester,
optical microscope and scanning elec-
tron microscope (SEM) and thermo
mechanical analyzer were the instru-
ments used for the investigation.
Results and Discussion
The result of the Vickers hardness
test is shown in Figure 1 on page 6. It
Inf luence of Deep Cr yogenic Tr eat ment on Alloy Car bide Pr ecipit at ions
and Mechanical Proper t ies of AISI M2 High Speed Tool St eel
by A. Bensely; S. Venkateswaran, Cognizant Technologies Solutions, India; Angel D. Subisak, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, The Ohio State University; D. Mohan Lal, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, India; A. Rajadurai,
Department of Production Engineering, Madras Institute of Technology / Anna University, India; Gyngyvr B. Lenkey, Department
for Structural Integrity, Bay Zoltn Foundation for Applied Research, Institute for Logistics and Production Systems, Hungary; Pete
Paulin, 300 Below Inc.
Table 1 Result of chemical analysis of AISI M2 raw material in weight %

Element
Name
Carbon

Chromium

Molybdenum

Tungsten

Vanadium

Iron

% 1.269 4.288 3.005 5.88 4.56 77.67
5
Cold Facts Editorial Board
Randall Barron, ret. Louisiana Tech University;
Jack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLC;
Robert Fagaly, Quasar Federal Systems;
Brian Hands, ret. Oxford University;
Peter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames;
Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion Lab;
Glen McIntosh;
John Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin-Madison;
Ray Radebaugh, ret. NIST Boulder;
Ralph Scurlock, Kryos Associates, ret. University of Southampton;
Nils Tellier, Robertson-Bryan, Inc.
SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2 www.cr yogenicsociet y.or g
ColdFacts (ISSN1085-5262)i s publ i shed f i ve t i mes per year i n
t he Wi nt er, Spri ng, Summer and Fal l and a December Buyers Gui de
by t he Cryogeni c Soci et y of Ameri ca, Inc.
Cont ent s 2012 Cryogeni c Soci et y of Ameri ca, Inc.
Although CSA makes reasonable efforts to
keep the information contained in this maga-
zine accurate, the information is not guaran-
teed and no responsibility is assumed for
errors or omissions. CSA does not warrant the
accuracy, completeness, timeliness or mer-
chantability or fitness for a particular purpose
of the information contained herein, nor does
CSA in any way endorse the individuals and
companies described in the magazine or the
products and services they may provide.
Cold Fact s Magazine
Execut ive Edit or
LAU RIE H U GET
Edit or
TH ERESA BOEH L
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Chair man
JOH N W EISEN D II
FRIB Michigan St at e U niver sit y
517/ 908-7743
Pr esident
JOH N U RBIN
Linde Cr yogenics, A Division of Linde Pr ocess
Plant s, Inc. | 918/ 477-1341
Past Pr esident
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Tr easur er
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FA BIO CA SAGRA N DE
FRIB Michigan St at e U niver sit y
MICH A EL COFFEY, Cr yomagnet ics, Inc.
LA N CE COOLEY, Fer mi N at l. Acceler at or Lab
JA MES FESMIRE
N A SA Kennedy Cr yogenics Test Labor at or y
VIN CEN T GRILLO, Cr yofab, Inc.
JOH N PFOTEN H AU ER
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SIDN EY YUA N , The Aer ospace Cor p.
A L Z ELLER, FRIB, MSU
A DVISORY COMMITTEE
SU SA N BREON , N A SA Goddar d Space
Flight Cent er
From the Executive Director
Its been a busy time
at CSA headquarters
recently. We attended a
meeting of the Super-
conducting Particle
Accelerator Forum of
the Americas (SPAFOA)
held at Thomas Jeff-
erson National Accelerator Facility
(Jlab) in April. Theres a lot of cryogen-
ics going on at JLab, which is also a
Corporate Sustaining Member of CSA,
and it was great to spend a little time
with some of the staff and tour their
facilities (see page 26). We also paid a
visit to CSA Corporate Sustaining
Member Kelvin International Corpora-
tion while we were in Virginia (see page
19). It was exciting to learn of develop-
ments there as well.
Quickly on the heels of that trip was
a week-long trip to Japan to attend
ICEC24/ICMC2102 in Fukuoka. Our
days and nights at the conference were
busy. We were able to network with
many of our members and to meet new
colleagues and learn about cryogenic
developments in Europe and Asia. We
toured an LNG plant, a power generat-
ing plant and the Kyushu University Ito
Campus cryogenics and superconduc-
tivity facilities.
We were greeted by members of the
Japanese, Indian and Chinese cryogen-
ics societies, who were impressed with
the size and health of CSA and sought
cooperative relationships with us.
CSA has steadily been welcoming
new Corporate Sustaining Members
from all over the world. Right now the
roster stands at 116 from 12 countries.
Well be on the road again in July
for the July 9 Foundations of
Cryocoolers Short Course in conjunc-
tion with the 17th International
Cryocoolers Conference at the Sheraton
Universal Hotel in Universal City CA.
The organizers promise a great venue
and some really interesting speakers.
In fall well be at the Applied
Superconductivity Conference in
Portland OR, October 7-12. Well be
offering two Short Courses just before
that meeting starts: Cryogenics for
Superconductivity and Refrigeration
for Superconducting Systems. More
information is available on page 11.
Hope to see you this summer.
Were going back to the Alyeska resort! Save the dates!
2013 Space Cryogenics Workshop, June 23-25, 2013
(after CEC/ICMC).
Make sure to make your reservations early for this wonderful
resort. Hotel reservation deadline: May 23, 2013.
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indicates that there is no large varia-
tion in hardness values among the SCT
and DCT samples for different stages
of tempering but significant variation
was observed between the CHT-1T,
SCT-1T and DCT-1T samples.
However, on comparing the improve-
ment caused by shallow and deep
cryogenic treatment, a marginal
increase in the
hardness values is
noted for all the
stages of temper-
ing in SCT and
DCT samples
when compared
with CHT sam-
ples. Generally
the wear resist-
ance improve-
ment can be influ-
enced by hard-
ness values. An
increase in hard-
ness can increase the abrasion resist-
ance and the load bearing capacity of
the material [2]. The cutting perform-
ance of high speed steel is primarily
determined by its toughness, and its
resistance to both wear and tempering
at operating temperatures. The tough-
ness of high-speed steel is determined
by the state of tempering of the matrix
and the spatial and size distribution of
the primary carbides. The uniform dis-
tribution and small size carbides in the
matrix represent important toughness
advantages. Wear resistance is general-
ly a function of hardness and of the
type, volume and shape of the primary
carbides present in the materials.
Temperature resistance is largely deter-
mined by the composition and growth
of secondary hardening carbides [3].
From Table 3 on page 8, it is observed
that the value of impact energy for
DCT-1T and DCT-2T samples have
lower value than all other samples.
This is due to the presence of higher
martensitic structure. This can be sup-
ported by the higher hardness value
reported in Figure 1.
Figure 2 on page 8 shows the opti-
cal and SEM micrographs of double
tempered samples. This clearly indi-
cates that cryogenic treatment reduces
Fi gur e 1. Vi cker s har dness t est r esul t s.
(Continued from page 4)
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8
www.cr yogenicsociet y.or g
the retained austenite (white region with
no definite shape) and promotes carbide
(spherical) precipitation. DCT is much
better than SCT for higher carbide pre-
cipitation which is evident by comparing
the SEM micrographs (magnification:
2000x). Figure 3 shows the linear expan-
sion coefficient of untempered CHT, SCT
and DCT specimens with respect to tem-
perature. The thermomechanical study
revealed that that there is a sudden con-
traction between the temperature range
of 373K to 423K, which is due to the
redistribution of the carbon atoms in the
martensite by segregation of the carbon
atoms to lattice defects and a clustering
of carbon atoms, i.e., the precipitation of
a carbon-rich phase called carbide. As a
consequence, the carbon in the marten-
site is reduced to approximately 0.3%.
From 423K to 543K, it is observed that
there is increase in length, which is due
to decomposition of the retained austen-
ite to ferrite and cementite. From the tem-
perature interval of 543K to 633K, there is
a sudden contraction; this may be attrib-
uted to the formation and growth of
cementite (Fe
3
C) at the
expense of carbides.
From 623K to 773K, the
length increased, the main
reason for this being the effect
of carbide coarsening. At
823K, it is observed that the
slight increase in length is
due to the decomposition of a
minor part of the austenite.
At higher temperatures, pre-
cipitation of alloy carbides
and breakdown of martensite
occur, as a result of which
there is a contraction in
length [4].
Conclusion
The study resulted in the
following findings:
From the hardness test,
it was identified that there
was a slight increase in the
Table 3 Instrumented Impact strength test results
Sample ID Impact energy (J)
Static fracture
toughness
K
IC

MPa (m)

Dynamic fracture toughness
K
Id

MPa (m)

CHT-1T 3.6 27.273 5.258
CHT-2T 3.4 26.509 5.202
CHT-3T 3.1 25.313 5.113
SCT-1T 3.1 25.313 5.113
SCT-2T 3.5 26.869 5.230
SCT-3T 3.4 26.509 5.202
DCT-1T 2.83 24.185 5.026
DCT-2T 2.83 24.185 5.026
DCT-3T 3.3 26.117 5.173
Fi gur e 2. O pt i cal and SEM mi cr ogr aphs of doubl e t emper ed sampl es
CHT-2T SCT-2T DCT-2T
Optical
Micrograph

SEM
Micrograph

Spheroided carbide
Clustered Carbides
SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2 9
average hardness value for DCT samples
when compared to CHT samples.
SCT samples experienced higher hard-
ness values when compared with CHT sam-
ples, due to the reduction of retained
austenite.
CHT samples show the presence of
large elongated primary carbides and small
spherical secondary carbides in a tempered
martensitic matrix along with newly
formed martensite. The DCT samples show
that the sizes of the secondary carbides are
much finer and uniformly distributed
throughout the matrix.
The precipitation of more hard car-
bides in the deep cryogenically treated sam-
ples can reduce the carbon and alloy con-
tents in the matrix which can improve the
toughness of the matrix.
There is no large variation in fracture tough-
ness value between CHT, SCT and DCT samples.
Fractographic analysis of all the samples
shows that the fracture mode is quasi cleavage.
Acknowledgement:
The authors gratefully acknowledge the timely
help rendered by the employees of Chennai Metco,
Chennai, and Department of Chemistry, AC College
of Technology, Anna University Chennai for testing.
References
1. Preciado M., P.M. Bravo and J.M. Alegre, Effect
of low temperature tempering prior cryogenic treatment
on carburized steels, Journal of Materials Processing
Technology, 176, 2006, pp. 41-44.
2. Molinari A., M. Pellizzari, S. Gialanella, G.
Straffelini, K. H. Stiasny, Effect of deep cryogenic treat-
ment on the mechanical properties of tool steels,
Materials Processing Technology, 118, 2001, pp. 350-355.
3. Krauss G., Steels: Heat Treatment and
Processing Principles,ASM International. Ohio, USA,
1990.
4. Reed-Hill R.E., Reza Abbaschian, Physical
Metallurgy Principles, Third edition, Eswar
Publishers, 1994.
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Fi gur e 3. Pl ot of l i near expansi on of speci men vs. t emper at ur e (K)
10 SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2
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Cor r ect ion
The Winter issue of Cold Facts featured
a Spotlight on Sustaining Member piece
on Lake Shore Cryotronics entitled, New
Measurement System, Cryogen-free Probe
Stations from Lake Shore. The following
sentence should have read, The 8400 series
HMS uses AC field techniques to extract the
diminishingly small Hall voltage from the
background noise produced by these new
materials.... The reference to DC was
incorrect. Cold Facts regrets the error.
CSA t o Offer Educat ional Oppor t unit ies at ICC-17 and ASC 12
As part of
our commitment
to education in
cryogenics and
superconductivi-
ty, CSA is offer-
ing short courses
at two major
cryogenics con-
ferences, the In-
t e r n a t i o n a l
Cr y o c o o l e r s
C o n f e r e n c e
(ICC-17) and
the Applied Su-
perconductivity Conference (ASC12).
These courses are taught by experts and are
designed to expand the knowledge of pro-
fessionals at all levels.
Foundations Short Course at ICC-17
The Cryogenic Society of America will
once again offer the Foundations of
Cryocoolers short course just before the
International Cryocooler Conference on
Monday, July 9, 2012, in Universal City,
California.
Presented by
Dr. Ray Rad-
ebaugh, Consul-
t ant t o t he Phys-
ical and Chemical
Properties Division
of NIST, Boulder,
and Dr. Philip
Spoor, Develop-
ment Engineer at
Chart Qdrive, the
Foundat i ons
course provides
the background
and tools for con-
cepts in cryocooler
design for both sea-
soned experts and those new to the field.
The course is also helpful to marketing pro-
fessionals, those only familiar with one type
of cryocooler and those looking to catch up
with developments in the last few years.
Additionally, this years course will feature
new material on compressors.
Not only will students gain valuable
knowledge from the instructors, they will
also benefit from the exchange of questions
and answers, as well as the discussions of
the whole class. Each student will receive a
copy of course notes compiled by the
instructors.
Foundations of Cryocoolers will be
held at the Sheraton Universal Hotel in
Universal City CA, close to many tourist
destinations including Universal Studios
and City Walk. Discounted rates are offered
to CSA members and students.
Fees
Regular Registration: $385*
Student Registration (with valid ID): $200
*For non-members, fees include 1 year of
CSA membership.
To register, visit: www.cryogenicsocie
ty.org/calendar/icc17_short_course_regis
tration/.
Course Description
Cryogenic temperatures provide bene-
fits in a wide variety of applications.
Depending on the application, these tem-
peratures can vary from about 50 mK to
150K. Cryocoolers are used in most cases to
achieve such temperatures. However, the
use of cryocoolers can present some disad-
vantages that can hinder the development
of applications. Developments in cryocool-
ers in the past twenty years or so have alle-
viated many of these disadvantages, which
have ushered in many more practical appli-
cations, especially many space and super-
conductor applications.
This course will review many of the
advances that have been made to overcome
some of these disadvantages, and then pro-
ceed to discuss new areas of research. The
course begins with a study of cryocooler
fundamentals, followed by a description of
how these principles are used in the various
types of gas-cycle cryocoolers to achieve
temperatures from about 2K to 150K. The
operating principles of the major cryocooler
types will be discussed, which includes
Joule-Thomson, Brayton, Claude, Stirling,
Gifford McMahon and pulse tube systems.
The advantages and disadvantages of each
type will be discussed and examples of
applications of each will be shown.
Alternative cooling methods to reach the
millikelvin temperature range are briefly
mentioned.
A new area to be covered in this course
focuses on compressors, especially those
used for Stirling and pulse tube systems in
which an oscillating pressure is required.
This type of compressor is often called a
pressure wave generator or pressure oscilla-
tor. This course will cover compressor loss-
es, flexure bearings, acoustic impedance
matching to cold heads, some general
design guidelines and compressor manu-
facturing issues.
Half-Day Short Courses at ASC
CSA will also
present two half-day
courses on Sunday,
October 7, 2012, just
before the Applied
Superconductivity
Conference in Port-
land OR. Dr. John
Weisend II, Professor
of Engineering and Cryomodule Depart-
ment Head at the Facility for Rare Isotope
Beams, Michigan State University, will pres-
ent Cryogenics for Superconductivity. Dr.
Ray Radebaugh, mentioned above, will
present Refrigeration for Superconducting
Systems.
Fees
Early Registration (before September 7):
$175 per course
Regular Registration: $225 per course.
Student Registration (with valid ID): $115
per course
OR Register for both courses:
Early (before September 7): $325
Regular: $425
Student: $220
Online registration will be available
soon on the CSA website.
Course Descriptions
Cryogenics for Superconductivity
The successful application of supercon-
ductivity requires that the devices be kept at
their operating temperatures via a cryo-
genic cooling system. There are a variety of
ways to cool superconductors and each has
Good technology doesnt
always yield good results. The
project was to design and fabri-
cate a small lot of liquid helium
flight cryostats for some kind of
laser sensor. Size and weight were
very critical so the design was
based on a close fitting vacuum
jacket with high quality gold plat-
ing on both the warm and cold
facing surfaces.
Maintaining a high vacuum without a cold getter was
essential. Fabrication was executed carefully and the gold
plating was beautifully done. After assembly and leak
checking, the first unit was given a high temperature
bake-out consistent with conventional vacuum tech-
niques. Everything was first class up to this point.
After bake-out, the first unit was filled with liquid
nitrogen and cold soaked for several hours. Then it was
cooled down and filled with liquid helium. After a couple
of hours of stabilizing, the helium level was topped off
and the outlet was connected to a wet test meter for a
boiloff measurement. The preliminary results were terri-
ble and the cryostat was refilled to confirm the test data.
Results from the extended boiloff test were still terrible.
Our only option at this point was to grind out the
welds to see what was wrong. We were astonished to see
what was inside. The surfaces were as black as coal with
an emissivity of nearly 1.0. We had created a real Black
Body. In accordance with the typical gold plating
process, the stainless steel surfaces first received a
strike of nickel and then gold was plated on the nickel-
plated surface.
The high temperature bake-out caused the gold to
form a black amalgam which ruined its emissivity. The
solution was to pre-bake the stainless steel sub-assemblies
and then apply gold plating to get acceptable thermal per-
formance with only a normal high vacuum pumpdown.
SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2 13 www.cr yogenicsociet y.or g
Cryogenic Concepts
by Dr. Glen McIntosh, CEC Collins Awardee, CSA Fellow, cryogem@juno.com

In the previous issue of Cold Facts, I
discussed the potential of superconduct-
ing computers in solving the problem of
excessive power consumption in the
quest for exascale computers by the year
2020. The worlds fastest computer, the
Japanese K-computer, runs at 10
petaflops (10
16
floating point operations
per second) and consumes 10 MW of
power. A 1-exaflops (10
18
flops) comput-
er of the same efficiency would then
require 1 GW of power and cost about
$1 billion per year to operate. For an
exascale computer to be practical, both
DARPA and DOE goals have set a power
limit of about 20 MW for exascale com-
puters. That limit means a reduction in
energy per flops by two orders of magni-
tude must be achieved within ten years.
In the previous column, I focused on
the central processing unit (CPU), for
which two recent developments in
superconducting logic circuits offered
the potential for much higher speeds and
lower power consumption than that of
conventional semiconductor computers.
However, the CPU accounts for less than
50% of the total power consumption.
The power used for memory and the
transmission of information between the
CPU and memory accounts for much of
the rest and is increasing as speed
increases. Thus, a superconducting com-
puter must be teamed with equally effi-
cient memory and communication if the
more efficient superconducting proces-
sor can lead to overall higher efficiency.
Computer memory has not kept up
with the speed of processors, so deep
memory hierarchies have been devel-
oped with multi-level caches to position
the most relevant data for a program
close to the processing unit. The access
time for memory depends on the type of
memory and its distance from the
processor. The first level of cache, the
most expensive, is placed on the same
chip as the processor, whereas the next
level may be on another chip with longer
communication time. Communication is
by wire, which is about an order of mag-
nitude slower than the speed of light.
Thus, research on optical communication
within computers has become important
recently, both at room temperature and at
cryogenic temperatures. The ideal mem-
ory should be fast, cheap, persistent
(non-volatile) and dense. No currently
available memory satisfies all these char-
acteristics, so different types are used at
the various levels.
Static random access memory
(SRAM) is the fastest, but very expen-
sive, volatile and low density. It is used
for caches. Dynamic RAM (DRAM) has
higher density, is somewhat cheaper, a
little slower and also volatile. It is used
for main memory. Hard disk drives
(HDD) or magnetic disks are cheap,
dense and non-volatile, but very slow.
The quest for exascale computers
must begin to focus on the energy effi-
ciency of memory in addition to speed.
Current SRAM requires about 1 pJ (10
-12
joules) of energy per bit and an access
time of about 10 ns. Because it is volatile,
it also requires static power, which easily
doubles the effective energy per bit
accessed. Several new memory technolo-
gies are being studied to meet the exa-
scale demands. These include phase
change (MCRAM), resistive (RRAM) and
magnetoresistive (MRAM). One version
of MRAM, known as spin-torque transfer
RAM (STT-MRAM), offers a read speed
and density comparable to SRAM, but
because it is non-volatile the energy per
bit access is significantly reduced.
A superconducting computer can
only operate at high speed if the cache
memory is located close to the processor,
i.e., at 4K. The main memory could be
located farther away, but it would still
need to be at about 80K to keep the com-
munication time short. All of the com-
puter memories developed for semicon-
ductor computers will not work at cryo-
genic temperatures, although some of
the new types are being investigated for
cryogenic operation. Low temperatures
reduce thermal noise and allow devices
to operate well at much lower voltages
and powers.
The superconducting single flux
quantum (SFQ) logic devices being stud-
ied for the processor could form the basis
of cryogenic memory. Read/write ener-
gies as low as 10
-17
to 10
-19
J may be pos-
sible. Unfortunately, the size of the niobi-
um circuits to detect flux quantum is rel-
atively large with node spacings of 90 to
250 nm compared with 22 nm for current
silicon technology. The use of electron or
nuclear spins for high density memory is
the subject of many research efforts, both
at cryogenic temperatures and at room
temperature. DARPA is currently devel-
oping a program to investigate cryogenic
memory for use with superconducting
computer logic. Their intermediate goal
is to develop a superconducting 32 bit,
1-million gate processor operating at 10
to 100 GHz with at least 1 Mb of local
memory integrated on a multi-chip mod-
ule.
Cryogenic memory should easily
meet the exascale memory goal of low
power and high speed, but the density is
a big question mark at this time. We may
need another type of Moores law over
many years to bring the density of any
new cryogenic memory up to the level
achieved in silicon. Breakthrough dis-
coveries in cryogenic memory are
urgently needed in order for supercon-
ducting computers to seriously compete
in the race to develop exascale comput-
ers by 2020.
W ant ed: Low Temper at ur e Memor y for Super conduct ing Comput er s
Cryo Frontiers
by Dr. Ray Radebaugh, NIST Boulder, 2009 CEC Collins Awardee, radebaugh@boulder.nist.gov
Helium Recovery System for Portable Liquid Helium Plant
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Taylor-Wharton
has announced the
Tayl or- Whar t on
Partners for Life
A c h i e v e m e n t
Program, which will
support various medical research fields
each year.
The inaugural Taylor-Wharton
Partners for Life campaign aims to
support the ongoing challenge of find-
ing a cure for breast cancer. According
to the American Cancer Society, 226,870
individuals are expected to be diag-
nosed with this terrible disease in the
United States this year. In addition,
approximately 39,510 US deaths are
expected to be attributed to breast can-
cer in 2012 alone. Partners for Life
aims to play a role in developing a cure
to reduce these tragic statistics.
Luke Bradshaw, CryoScience Sales
Manager for the Americas, stated, As
part of our campaign, Taylor-Wharton
has produced a
specialty-manu-
factured version
of the popular
LABS-20K cryo-
genic freezer,
i ncorporat i ng
the well-known
breast cancer
ribbon into the
logo. This freez-
er, with special-
t y - d e s i g n e d
pink accents,
will be used for
trade shows and other industry events
across North America throughout the
year.
Researchers from North America
will be asked to submit a narrative on
their work to find a cure for breast can-
cer and how this freezer could benefit
the search for a cure. At the end of 2012,
Taylor-Wharton will donate the LABS-
20K freezer, valued at over $22,000.
A panel of six has been selected to
determine the most worthy recipient of
the LABS20K cryogenic freezer. The
panelists are six professionals in the
cancer research field: Marie Hoover,
Mark R. Ackermann DVM, PhD, Elaine
Gunter, Lisa Miranda, Cara Kliefoth
and William B. Coleman, PhD.
More information will be available
soon on how to apply and be consid-
ered to become a recipient of the LABS -
20K cryogenic freezer.
Taylor-Wharton in Theodore AL
manufactures state-of-the-art Cryo-
Science equipment from 1.5 liters to the
largest LABS freezer that holds up to
94,200 vials. A complete line of
CryoScience laboratory inventory con-
trol systems and accessories is also
available. For more information, visit
www.taylorwharton.com.
Taylor-Wharton Announces Partners for Life Campaign
Spotlight on Sustaining Member
Defining Cryogenics
by Dr. John Weisend II, FRIB, Michigan State University, CSA Chairman, weisend@frib.msu.edu
A thermosyphon
(or thermosiphon) is a
device that transfers
heat via natural convec-
tion in a fluid. The natu-
ral convection is driven
by gravity with the
colder, denser fluid
flowing downhill and the warmer, less
dense fluid flowing back up. Thus, ther-
mosyphons connect an object to be
cooled with a reservoir or device provid-
ing the cooling. There are a variety of
designs in thermosyphons; they may use
a single phase fluid or, more commonly
in cryogenic applications, a two-phase
system in which liquid flows down to the
item being cooled and vapor flows back
up to the cold sink. Depending on the
application, thermosyphons may consist
of a single pipe or separate pipes for the
cold and the warm fluids.
Thermosyphons in cryogenics use a vari-
ety of working fluids, including helium,
nitrogen, argon or even neon.
Increasingly, thermosyphon systems
have incorporated small cryocoolers to
provide cooling at the cold reservoir end.
Thermosyphons have a number of
advantages. They are passive devices
requiring no external pumping to pro-
vide fluid flow and heat transfer. This
leads to simpler, more reliable systems.
Since the thermal conductivity of most
materials at cryogenic temperatures is
quite low, thermosyphons can in many
cases transfer heat more efficiently than
solid conduction.
There are potential disadvantages to
thermosyphons as well. As they are grav-
ity driven, they are best oriented in verti-
cal or near vertical geometries. The dis-
tance between the top and bottom of the
thermosyphon must be sufficiently large
to set up the natural convection flow
needed. The design of the thermosyphon
loops must be carefully done to avoid
pockets that can trap the returning warm
vapor, thus stopping the convective flow.
The passive nature of the thermosyphon
can limit the amount of adjustability that
the cooling system has for dealing with
unexpected heat loads.
Thermosyphons have been well
studied, both in general and in support of
specific applications. Examples of gener-
al studies and recommendations for ther-
mosyphon design include: Design
Parameters for Cryogenic Thermo-
syphons, H. Timinger et al. Adv. Cryo.
Engr. Vol. 53B (2008); Impact of Cooling
Condition and Filling Ratio on Heat
Transfer Limit of Cryogenic Thermo-
syphon, Z.Q. Long et al. Cryogenics 52
(2012); Technology of Gravity Cooling
and Heat Transfer Systems, G.E.
McIntosh and Experimental Study of a
Nitrogen Natural Circulation Loop at
Low Heat Flux, B. Baudouy, both in
Adv. Cryo. Engr. Vol. 55B (2010).
A recent large-scale application of a
thermosyphon cooling loop is found in
the superconducting solenoid in the CMS
experiment at LHC. This is described in
Commissioning of the CMS Cryogenic
System after Final Installation in the
Underground Cavern, T. Dupont et al.
Adv. Cryo. Engr. Vol. 55A (2010). Another
application of thermosyphons, this one
using a NeAr mixture, is described in
Cryogenic Design of the KATRIN
Source Cryostat, S. Grohmann et al.
Adv. Cryo. Engr. Vol. 53B (2008). A recent
thermosyphon application is found in A
Helium Thermosiphon Cooling Loop for
the APS Superconducting Undulator, by
D.C. Potratz et al., which will be pub-
lished in the forthcoming Vol. 57 of Adv.
Cryo. Engr. (2012).
advantages and disadvantages. The
approach taken depends on issues such as
the required temperature, expected heat
load, number of devices, physical geome-
try, cost and expected lifetime of the device.
This course surveys the various methods of
cooling superconductors, describing their
governing equations, design aspects,
advantages and disadvantages. It also pro-
vides a brief overview of cryogenic insula-
tion and refrigeration techniques as well as
cryogenic safety. Extensive use is made of
examples of the cooling of both supercon-
ducting RF cavities and superconducting
magnet systems in the areas of basic
physics research, fusion energy and MRI
systems. The emphasis will be on large
superconducting systems as opposed to
the cooling of superconducting electronics.
Cooling via small cryocoolers will be
briefly discussed.
Course Outline
Introduction
Bath Cooling
Forced Flow Cooling
Conduction Cooling
He II Cooling
Thermosyphons
Cooling of HTS systems
Thermal Insulation Basics
Cryogenic Refrigeration Basics
Safety Basics
Refrigeration for Superconducting
Systems
Practical superconductors must be
kept at temperatures below about 80K.
This half-day short course reviews the
various refrigeration methods currently
used to provide these temperatures. The
course is limited primarily to closed-
cycle systems, known as cryocoolers,
although their use in liquefaction is also
included in the course.
Cycles discussed in the course
include Joule-Thomson, Brayton,
Claude, Stirling, Gifford-McMahon and
pulse tube systems. Millikelvin refrigera-
tion techniques for use in cooling some
superconducting detectors will be briefly
covered. Refrigeration systems for small
superconducting electronics as well as
large superconducting magnets are con-
sidered.
CSA t o Offer Educat ional Oppor t unit ies at ICC-17 and ASC 12
J A N I S
Contact us today:
sales@janis.com +1 978 657-8750
www.janis.com/Applications.aspx
www.facebook.com/JanisResearch
Janis has cryogenic research equipment to
help with your application. Our engineers will
assist you in choosing the best system for your
requirements.
From ARPES to X-ray
Diffraction
Come in from the Cold
Get the Hottest Market Information
on Cryogenic Systems
Subscribe to
CryoGas International
www.cryogas.com
Its Easy. Print or Digital.
Subscribe on-line www.cryogas.com/subscribe
Or call Melissa Martel
1-781-862-0624
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Its FREE. Go to:
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18
Wessington Cryogenics Annouces New Facility, Projects
Due to a surge in demand for
some of their most popular tanks, as
well as a move toward new and larger
products, Wessington Cryogenics has
announced its expansion to an addi-
tional facility.
The new facility spans more than 15,000 square feet and is based only a
short distance from Wessingtons main 70,000-square-foot factory. For the
immediate future it will assist in the building of ISO frames, skid units and
other related products. The additional facility will allow for more space in
the companys main site to start building new 40-foot LNG ISO containers, a
bigger throughput of their world-leading 10-foot ISO containers and existing
range of 20-foot ISOs. New, larger capacity cranes are being installed to assist
with these new/bigger tanks, including a 60,000 liter tank that was recently
ordered.
Wessington has also announced that the company has shipped the
largest helium dewar they have built to datea 15,000 ASME certified liquid
helium dewar, ultimately destined for a client in the US. A new MLI insula-
tion machine was designed and built specifically for this project, but with
enough scope to allow the company to go even bigger if needed.
The ladder and platform/handrail were all designed to be easily
removed prior to shipping to meet dimensions/transportation requirements.
Wessington was recently awarded a contract to
build a number of 40-foot ISO containers for liquefied
natural gas. Although the company has been building
LNG vessels for many years and has supplied a num-
ber of 20-foot LNG ISOs, these are their first 40-foot
tanks and will be a great addition to their existing
portfolio. Wessington will be offering these in both
European and ASME approved versions.
Other news at Wessington includes the announce-
ment that Gill Southern and Paul Rowe have recently
made the regional finals for the prestigious E & Y
Entrepreneur of the Year 2012 award. The judges
interviews recently took place in Leeds, with the
results to be announced at the Regional Awards Night
in Manchester in June. Wessington is also a finalist for
both the CIPD Engagement and Wellbeing Award and
the CIPD SME Excellence in HR & D Award. The CIPD
People Management Awards recognize and celebrate
outstanding achievements in HR and the impact HR
has on business success.
Also, Darren Nutter has been hired as business
development manager and will be looking at new
areas that complement Wessington Cryogenics exist-
ing product portfolio. Darren has worked in the tank
manufacturing industry for 26 years, first with Fort
Vale, a manufacturer of tank fittings, and then moving
into liquid road transport with a local road tanker
manufacturer as their sales manager, and then as gen-
eral manager.
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All-New, Expanded
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Colorado School oI Mines, Golden, Colorado
Instructor: David-John Roth, Redstone Aerospace
www.cryocourses.com
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Space is limited - sign up early!
Fully updated content based on Dr. Thomas
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Kelvin Int er nat ional Offer s Var iet y of Product s, Ser vices
A lot has changed and developed at Kelvin International Corporation (KIC)
since the company first joined CSA. A recent visit to their Newport News VA
headquarters revealed a host of product developments at the company, which is
headed by President Al Guerra. KICs Business Manager is Jan Sherwood. The
company has been in business since 1993.
KICs core competency is cryogenic engineering and manufacturing. They
have customers the world over. They also are a distributor for a wide range of
other companies such as Wessington Cryogenics, International Cryogenics,
Iwatani, and others.
LN
2
and LOX generators and instruments, bio
archival tanks, military and industrial cryogenics,
cryocoolers and detector applications are all part of the
KIC product line. They have an SBA 8(a) Certified Federal
CCR Registration, CE marked products, and both
ISO9001:2008 and SEMI S2 are in process.
The M50n LN2 generator and automatic delivery
system, with applications in the biological and semicon-
ductor industries, can produce more than 100 liters per
week and stores LN
2
in an internal 40 liter storage low-
loss dewar. Liquid levels for the internal and satellite
dewars are monitored and automatically controlled using
Touch Screen controls. Upon a power loss, the liquefier
can be configured to Auto-Start.
The M 50n LN 2 gener at or .
The M50n has higher capacity and costs less than
competitors. It is CE certified, complete and ready to
useno field installation needed. A safe and reliable,
fully automatic unit, it is available as a commercial off-
shelf product, with worldwide support. It features mod-
ular design, is stand alone with compressor, available
with seismic bolting or casters and is suited to dedicat-
ed use with tool or instrument.
With KICs transfer systems, the M50n can generate
the cryogen and deliver it to solid state and IR detectors
in class 10 clean rooms. The computer interface allows
these devices to be operated and monitored from an
office outside the clean room environment.
Features include PLC and Touch Screen controls;
semi-tool ready; auto-delivery for tool dewars; built-in
diagnostics and safety, VJ transfer line option, and an
included LN
2
external sensor. Applications include
solid state detectors, SEM and CCD instruments, x-ray
crystallography, controlled rate freezers and biological
storage devices.
For automatic LN
2
stor-
age and transfer, the Kryo
Bot KBN2 is ideal. Safe, reli-
able and fully automatic, it
replaces transfer lines and
eliminates the need for han-
dling dewars. It can extend
the range of transfer lines or
expand the inventory of a
liquefier in the laboratory.
Once filled with 120 liters of
LN
2
, it provides automatic
filling to any target dewar,
most instruments and tools.
It plug and plays with liquefiers and has built-in diag-
nostics and safety.
For commercial helium
dewars, cryogenic storage
systems, biostorage tanks and
gas management systems, the
Kryo Bot Model KBHE
dewar contents manager
monitors and controls the
pressure within the storage
vessel. A PID loop drives a
drop-in heater maintaining
a user selectable pressure.
Level and temperature are
displayed. Venting and
decanting valves can be con-
trolled to maintain a required level and pressure limits.
Both Kryo Bots feature PLC and Touch Screen controls.
Contact KIC, 709 Middle Ground Blvd., Newport
News VA 23606, 800-8KELVIN, info@kelvinic.com,
www.kelvinic.com.
The Kr yo Bot KBN 2.
The Kr yo Bot KBH E.
It occurs to
me that many of
my readers would
welcome specific
information on
how to view space
launches without
necessarily being
invited by NASA.
It turns out that
most launches are
visible from publicly accessible loca-
tions. I will supply a directory of sites.
Ill give some idea of where viewing
sites are, and of launch schedules. For
this column, Ill cover Kennedy Space
Center, Florida, and Wallops Flight
Facility, Virginia. In my next column, I
will cover Vandenberg Air Force Base,
California, White Sands Missile Range,
New Mexico, the Kauai Test Facility,
Hawaii, and the Kodiak, Alaska,
Launch Complex.
Balloon launches are often as inter-
esting as rocket launches, and I will also
discuss NASAs balloon launch facili-
ties in Texas, New Mexico, Australia
and Antarctica.
The big players in space launches
are the NASA Kennedy Space Center
(KSC) and the Cape Canaveral Air
Force Station (CCAFS), which are locat-
ed next to each other on the Florida
coast east of Orlando. Shuttle launches
used to fly out of KSC, while rocket
launches continue out of CCAFS.
Launches fly mainly to the east, in the
plane of the moon and the solar system,
and hence are used for lunar and inter-
planetary missions. However, they can
fly well above and below the ecliptic
plane for special purposes.
Wallops Flight Facility is an active
site for smaller NASA scientific pay-
loads. On the west coast, Vandenberg
Air Force Base is a major launch site for
north-south trajectories, which are pri-
marily for military earth surveillance
and scientific surveys of the earths sur-
face and atmosphere. White Sands
Missile Range in New Mexico is used
for sub-orbital rocket launches of mili-
tary and scientific payloads. There are
also launch sites in Kodiak, Alaska,
used mostly for scientific observations
of the northern sky. Another rocket
launch site is in Hawaii, on Kauai
Island, originally used for surveillance
of atomic bomb tests on Kwajalein, but
now used for a variety of military and
scientific sub-orbital rockets.
I. Kennedy Space Center and
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
KSC has been the launch site of all
the space shuttles. However, since the
final grounding of the space shuttle,
there have been no launches from KSC
launch sites. All booster rocket launch
activity has taken place from Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS),
east of KSC and directly on the ocean.
Both NASA and military payloads are
launched on large boosters such as the
Delta.
Viewing can take place from sever-
al sites. Perhaps the best is the city of
Cape Canaveral, directly south of
CCAFS. From I-95, Route 528 crosses
Merritt Island and becomes Route A1A
(see map 1) which continues to the city
of Cape Canaveral and then south
along the ocean. Access from the beach-
es east of A1A provides an excellent
view of the launch sites. One may also
view launches from 528 and 520, a little
further away. One can also watch from
US 1 on the mainland. It is further
away, but more convenient. One can
also visit the NASA visitor center on
Route 405 from the mainland to KSC.
See www.kennedyspacecenter.com/
buy-tickets.aspx. In the past, tickets
were available from the Visitor Center
for viewing Space Shuttle launches, but
this does not appear to be case for the
rocket launches, nor could I get infor-
mation as to whether one could view
launches from the Visitor Center.
The current big news is the launch
and rendezvous of the privately devel-
oped Dragon, the first commercial
spacecraft to visit the space station. It
was launched on May 22 on a Falcon 9
launch booster from CCAFS, and
docked with the space station on May
25. Cargo was moved from Dragon into
the shuttle on May 26. Both the Dragon
and Falcon 9 were built by Space
Exploration Corporation, Space X, a
major participant in NASAs program
to launch its spacecraft from privately
owned vehicles, which are expected to
be cheaper than NASA-developed
vehicles. Falcon 9 and Dragon are not
man-rated, but NASA intends to move
in that direction.
The following launches are on the
Kennedy Space Center schedule for
2012 (see the schedule at
http://2csa.us/4j):
June 18, Atlas V NROL-38. A
United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket
will launch a classified spacecraft pay-
load on behalf of the US National
Reconnaissance Office.
June 28, Delta 4-Heavy NROL-
15. A United Launch Alliance Delta 4-
Heavy rocket will launch a classified
satellite cargo on behalf of the US
National Reconnaissance Office.
August 18, SpaceX Falcon 9. The
SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the
third Dragon spacecraft, called Dragon
C3. The mission will demonstrate the
rendezvous and docking with the
International Space Station. The com-
pany is building the Dragon to fly on
resupply missions to the International
Space Station.
August 23, Atlas V RBSP. A
United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket
20 SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2
by Dr. Peter Mason, retired, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Visiting Associate, California Institute of Technology, CSA Fellow,
pmason@alumni.caltech.edu
W her e t o GoViewing a Space Launch
Space Cryogenics
Introducing the Model 22C
Introducing the Model 22C
Two multipurpose input channels support most cryogenic
temperature sensors. Thermocouple inputs are optional.
Operates fron <POOnK to over "LOOK.
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Lthernet, lLLL4BB.P [OBlP] and LSB renote interfaoes.
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will launch NASA's Radiation Belt Storm
Probes (RBSP) mission. Two spacecraft
will fly in elliptical orbits to study Earth's
radiation belts and probe the influences of
the sun. The mission has been built and
managed by the Applied Physics
Laboratory located at Johns Hopkins
University.
September 20, Delta 4 GPS 2F-3A.
United Launch Alliance Delta 4 rocket will
launch a navigation satellite for the Global
Positioning System for the Air Force.
December 15, Falcon 9 Dragon C4.
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch the
Dragon spacecraft on a cargo delivery mis-
sion to the International Space Station.
II. Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia
Wallops Flight Facility is located on
the east coast of the Assateague Peninsula.
The recommended site for viewing rocket
launches and aircraft activities at the
Wallops Flight Facility is from the NASA
Visitor Center. The Center is located on
State Route 175 directly across from the
Wallops runways and adjacent to the
marsh, for a clear view of Wallops Island,
the location of the rocket launch facilities.
From this site, visitors can keep apprised
of the launch schedule and countdown.
Televisions in the center also give the visi-
tor a look at activities on the launch pad.
Route 175 is accessible from the south
via Norfolk VA on US Route 13, and from
the north via Route US 13 from Salisbury
MD (see Map 2). A detailed map of the
Wallops Flight Facility is available at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wallop
s_Island_map.png.
In addition to the Wallops website
which lists the WFF Operations Schedule,
(www.nasa.gov/centers/wallops/home/in
dex.html) the public can get the latest
launch schedule on the Wallops Public
Information Line by calling 757/824-2050.
See Figure 1 for key dates from the launch
schedule.
Space Cryogenics
Map 1. KSC
Map 2. Wallops
Flight Facility
Fi gur e 1. Wal l ops Fl i ght Faci l i t y Launch Schedul e
KEEP YOUR COOL

WWW.CRYOCOMP.COM
When ColdQuanta, Inc. CEO Rainer Kunz and co-founder Dr. Dana Anderson
started their cold atom technology company in 2007, they faced two major challenges in
bringing their products to the market: securing funding to commercialize such a niche
product and making sure their cutting-edge products would work consistently in the
real world.
ColdQuanta is a spinoff of the University of ColoradoBoulder and is located in
Boulder. The company produces devices that simplify the creation of Bose-Einstein
Condensate (BEC) and ultracold matter. Ultracold matter can dramatically increase the
accuracy of the current widely used laser-based measurement technologies, due to their
strong interaction with gravity and magnetic fields.
This cold atom technology is especially suited for instrumentation such as gyro-
scopes, accelerometers, gravimeters and magnetometers, where precise measurement
is crucial. Only
a few hundred
labs in the
world would
be interested
in purchasing
such a device,
but those that
do find it
invaluable. As
Kunz ex-
plains, Cold-
Quantas BEC
devices help
scientists lower the timeframe needed to
set up complex experiments for their
work in applied research.
Our advantage is that we can deliv-
er compact, completely enclosed vacuum
systems, he said.The system comes
with an atom chip by which the
researchers can manipulate the atom
cloud just millimeters from ambient room
temperature. We take away all the pain of
vacuum processing.
The University of Colorado spent
about a decade developing the technolo-
gy before it was licensed to ColdQuanta,
which then worked to lower the barriers
of entry for new R&D. The company now
sells to research institutions and universi-
ties, both in the US and abroad, and has
broadened its product line to include
accessories and devices destined for the
educational market.
While the ultracold atom market has
been ramping up recently, Kunz
explained that in the early stages, the spe-
cialized nature of this technology present-
ed some obstacles to finding private
investors, who often expect relatively
quick returns. In addition, the company
dealt with the pressures of getting various
kinks out of the manufacturing process to
ensure reliability, both a time-consuming
and expensive task. Now that the technol-
ogy is commercialized, Kunz is confident
that ColdQuantas products can help
researchers with limited time and
resources.
We sell equipment that takes part of
the headache away from people, said
Kunz. If they buy our product, they only
have to do half the work, so to speak.
Contact ColdQuanta, Inc., 1600
Range Street, Suite 103, Boulder CO
80301, info@coldquanta.com, 303/440-
1284, www.coldquanta.com.
ColdQuanta Inc. Offers Cold AtomTechnology for Applied Research
Physi cs st at i on wi t h
Col dQ uant a s RuBECi
.
23
www.cr yogenicsociet y.or g SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2
Exper t s Cont r ibut e t o Book on Fut ur e of Helium
Cold Facts recently spoke with
Richard Clarke, cryogenics specialist at
the UKs Culham Center for Fusion
Energy, about The Future of Helium as a
Natural Resource, of which he is co-edi-
tor. Clarke explained that in the Spring of
2009, the Culham Science Center spon-
sored a workshop that brought together
around 40 experts from the helium com-
munity, all working in diverse fields and
applications, to discuss the future of this
important resource.
The meeting sparked such interest
that rather than produce a set of confer-
ence proceedings, the organizers decided
to make use of the some of the partici-
pants expertise to produce a book on the
subject. Three years in the making, The
Future of Helium as a Natural Resource
was published on April 26, 2012, as part
of the publishers Routledge Explo-
rations in Environmental Economics
series. The books 18 chapters explore
heliums role in current and future mar-
kets, as well as strategies for improved
helium resource exploitation, conserva-
tion and substitution.
Clarke said that the contributors
were largelybut not exclusivelycho-
sen from participants in the 2009 work-
shop and tasked to write about the most
pressing and relevant topics, such as geo-
graphical issues, the natural gas industry,
substitution technologies and modeling
of the market. Clarke and his co-editors
William J. Nutall and Bartel A. Glowacki,
both of the University of Cambridge,
hope the book garners interest from busi-
ness, government and even the academic
sector, as well as any industry that relies
heavily on helium. Taking a different
approach from much of the existing liter-
ature on helium, the editors made a point
to recognize the increasingly internation-
al nature of the helium market.
We felt that quite a lot of the papers
and the writing were fairly US-centric,
said Clarke. Of course, the US is the pre-
dominant source of helium, but as we
move to LNG and so on, its becoming
much more of an international market,
and as the BLM winds down, that will
increase. Special chapters on helium in
Algeria, Russia and India are featured in
the book.
The contributors also tackle two fun-
damental challenges that face the helium
market: intermittency of supply and
long-term resources. The books contrib-
utors speculate on short-term and long-
term solutions to these problems, includ-
ing additional crude storage and substi-
tute technologies.
We think theres a need for another
form of crude storage somewhere, said
Clarke, adding that this could be any-
where in the world. Theres no doubt
that having a reservoir where there are
potentially useful quantities of gas defi-
nitely has a sort of flywheel effect. And
thats one of the things were desperately
short of now. Clarke said that in addi-
tion to getting a better handle on poten-
tial sources of helium, pricing of crude
helium by the US government will also
play a role in heliums future outlook and
opportunities for investment in new
plants.
Clarke hopes what readers take away
from the book is a more informed view of
the realities of the helium market today,
and how these realities influence current
and future decisions about the gas.
Its definitely not a question of all
helium gone in 20 yearsdefinitely not,
said Clarke. We may get to what we call
peak helium in 2030, but thats not the
end of it by any means. He stressed that
helium supply will depend on the effi-
ciency of the market, which he assessed
as not quite right at the moment. But
rather than feed uncertainties and anxi-
eties with regard to the market, the
books co-editors wanted to address the
issues facing an industry they feel has a
long-term future.
If we do nothing else, that would be
great, Clarke said.
The Future of Helium as a Natural Resource
About the editors:
William J. Nuttall is University Senior Lecturer in Technology Policy at the Judge Business School, at the
University of Cambridge, UK.
Richard Clarke is a Cryogenic Process and Helium Specialist at Culham Center for Fusion Energy, a UK-
based research organization developing fusion as a sustainable, long-term energy source.
Bartek A. Glowacki is Reader in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of
Cambridge, UK.
Chapters:
1. Introduction Richard Clarke, William J. Nuttall and Bartek Glowacki 2. A History of the Helium Industry
Bo Sears 3. The US Federal Helium Reserve Joseph B. Peterson 4. Helium in Algeria Benjamin Rheinoehl 5.
LNG Andrew Flower 6. Helium in Russia Benjamin Hooker 7. India: Harnessing Helium from Earths Interior Nisith K. Das 8. Helium from
the Air R. Clarke and R. Clare 9. Helium Demand Z. Cai 10. The Dynamics of the Helium Market W.J. Nuttall, Z. Cai and B.A. Glowacki
11. Closed Cycle RefrigerationMinimizing Helium Demand in Cryogenic Applications T.W. Bradshaw and T. Miller 12. Helium in
Medical Imaging A. Thomas 13. Rising to the Challenges of Changing Liquid Helium Supply on Cryogenic Systems for the Research
Market John W. Burgoyne and Michael N. Cuthbert 14. Helium and Nuclear Fission Energy R. Stainsby 15. Helium and Fusion Energy
Richard H. Clarke and Z. Cai 16. Substituting Hydrogen for Helium in Cryogenic Applications Bartek A. Glowacki 17. Future for Helium
Ralph Scurlock 18. Future for Helium William J. Nuttall, Richard H. Clarke and Bartek A. Glowacki
24
Janis Research Company Adds Dr. John Brisson to Board
Kold-Seal
for Cryogenics
and LNG
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The products you need.
The quality you demand.
Janis Research Company, one of the worlds
leading manufacturers of cryogenic research equip-
ment, has announced the addition of Dr. John
Brisson to its Board of Directors.
Brisson has served as a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) since 1993, during which time he
has researched and published extensively on innovations in cryogenic technolo-
gy. Prior to joining MIT, Brisson served in research roles at Los Alamos
Laboratories, Harvard University and Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation.
Brisson received his BE from
Stevens Institute of Technology, and his
MS and PhD in Applied Physics from
Harvard University.
Founded in 1961, Janis designs and
builds standard and custom cryostats
for a variety of experiments using liquid
helium, liquid nitrogen, and cryogen
free technology. For more information,
please visit the Janis website at
www.janis.com/JohnBrissonCF.aspx.
CryoOps 2012
Held at KEK
The 2012 Cryogenic Operations
Workshop, CryoOps 2012, was held
May 21-23 at the KEK Laboratory in
Tsukuba, Japan. This workshop, the fifth
held since 2004, brought together opera-
tors and vendors of large-scale cryo-
genic systems used in scientific facilities
to discuss areas of common interest.
More than 30 attendees met to discuss
topics in areas including: operational
experience, reliability, automation and
safety.
While this workshop was aimed at
engineers who operate large cryogenic
facilities in support of physics research
or industrial applications, engineers
from private industry and students from
participating institutes were also wel-
come.
The CryoOps Workshop featured a
series of 40-minute oral presentations
including Q&A and discussions. The
banquet was held on Tuesday, May 22.
On Wednesday, May 23, there was a tour
of KEK and a factory tour of Mayekawa
in Moriya.
25 www.cr yogenicsociet y.or g
Specialty Gases: Going Beyond the Molecule
As perhaps a smaller fraction
of your overall industrial gas
spend, you might be tempted to
conclude that specialty gases are
way down the list in terms of pur-
chasing priorities. In fact, many an
uninformed purchasing agent has
undervalued the importance of
specialty gases and discovered
later the consequences of inaccu-
rate measurements, poor perform-
ing instruments or manufacturing
line shutdown. Its easy to see why
youd be tempted to sway your attention from this relatively
smaller spend in favor of your much larger gases and chemical
purchases. However, when you look closer, you will see just how
much of an impact specialty gases can have on your operation
and how your success in specialty gas applications goes way
beyond the molecule itself.
From medical procedures to deposition of elements on semi-
conductor devices, specialty gases, in pure or mixed form, are per-
vasive. In addition to medical and semiconductor applications,
specialty gases are found in a plethora of applications in environ-
mental testing, renewable energy, laboratory, oil and gas, refining,
chemical, power generation and petrochemical market segments.
Within these segments, there are mission critical applications that
require gases of specific purity, accuracy or precision.
Sometimes these special gases (or gases of precise specifica-
tion) are consumed in the manufacturing process or application.
Some medical specialty gases are actually inhaled by patients for
therapeutic use, and electronic specialty gases leave behind
important elements or compounds on advanced semiconductor
circuits that enable devices such as cell phones, televisions, com-
puters and appliances to function properly. Other times, these
specialized gases are not directly consumed in the application but
instead are created to simulate process or emission gas streams, so
that process, medical or analytical instruments can be properly
calibrated. These types of specialty gases are often defined as ref-
erence standards or calibration gases. One example of the use
of calibration gases is in the area of continuous emission monitor-
ing (CEM): trace part-per-million concentration mixtures of stack
gas pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide, are careful-
ly blended and analyzed in cylinders as a known sample, and a
stack monitoring system is calibrated daily against them.
Because many of the applications used in various segments
are absolutely mission critical, the considerations for the selection
of a supplier of specialty gases go way beyond the molecules
themselves. Using a little alliteration, the core attributes are
Capabilities, Consultation, Customization, Customer Care,
Consistency and Collaboration. In addition to leading edge capa-
bilities, an excellent specialty gas provider will have experienced
sales personnel, backed by product and applications specialists to
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Easily installed on any cryogenic container.
Available in a wide range of pressure settings.
consult with customers up front to understand the require-
ments of the application and to customize a total solution,
including gas, equipment, service and information to sup-
port it. And since specialty gases often involve detailed and
customized purities and specifications, the provider must
not only have the appropriate cylinder preparation, purifi-
cation, precision blending and analysis technologies for
product consistency, it must also have proper CRM systems
and experienced people to render excellence in ongoing
customer care. And when all parties work hard together to
get the details right, then a true collaboration exists
between the customer and supplier.
In summary, while your specialty gas purchases may
not rival other commodities you purchase in terms of dollar
spend, the opportunity cost associated with ignoring their
criticality or choosing the wrong provider can be very
largelook beyond the molecule!
CSA is reaching out to cover the industrial and specialty
gases industry. This is the first in a series of invited articles on
various aspects of these markets. If youre interested in contribut-
ing, contact theresa@cryogenicsociety.org.
by Rick Kowey, Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer, Matheson
Guest Editorial
26 www.cr yogenicsociet y.or g SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2
Laurie Huget and Theresa Boehl from
CSA toured Thomas Jefferson National
Accelerator Facility (JLab) on April 24 in
conjunction with a meeting of the
Superconducting Particle Accelerator
Forum of the Americas (SPAFOA). The lab
hosted a full day of technical introductions
and site visits. We learned much about the
labs recent and future growth.
Greeted by JLab Director Dr. Hugh
Montgomery, we learned about the overall
status of the lab and its latest exciting activ-
ities. He noted that there is substantial
improvement to infrastructure in progress,
as well as lots of interesting accelerator
work: SRF, cryogenics, Free Electron Laser
(FEL)/Energy Recovery Linac develop-
ments. The lab is doing lots of exciting
physics, with goals of understanding the
structure of the nucleus and nucleon, the
strong interaction, more broadly; measur-
ing the weak interaction and exploring fun-
damental symmetries.
SPAFOA Chairman Tony Favale, of
AES, standing in for SPAFOA President
Ken Olsen, gave an update on the status of
the forum and its efforts to bring accelera-
tor business to US companies. There is
much trepidation over looming DOE budg-
et cuts, especially as the ITER agreement is
taking away most other funding and
eclipsing other science, he said.
Accelerator Program
Dr. Andrew Hutton, JLab Associate
Director, Accelerators, discussed the labs
accelerator program. The Accelerator
Mission is to advance the capability of
Jefferson Lab to carry out world-class
nuclear science and, more broadly, to
develop Jefferson Labs expertise in tech-
nologies associated with high-power
superconducting linacs.
He cited four strategic areas:
1. Operate and upgrade the
laboratorys accelerator facilities
2. Prepare the future evolution of nuclear
physics experimentation at Jefferson Lab
3. Expand Jefferson Labs core accelerator
competencies to support DOE Office of
Science projects and other partnerships and
4. Attract and educate the next generation
of accelerator scientists and engineers.
Hutton cited the many unique capabil-
ities of JLab:
Only high-power CW electron accel-
erators in the world Continuous Electron
Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) FEL
Injector test stand High-polarization,
high-current beams New SRF facility
(TEDF), which incorporates and improves
the capabilities of the existing Test Lab
Highly experienced SRF workforce
Scientists, engineers and technicians
Track record in delivering large SRF proj-
ects SNS superconducting proton cavities
C-100 cryomodules for the 12 GeV Project
World-leading cryogenics group.
Lab Tours
We toured the new Technology and
Engineering Facility (TEDF) building,
which will house office and research spaces
supporting JLabs role at the forefront of
design and fabrication for SRF technolo-
gies. TEDF is a 74,600-square-foot, $72 mil-
lion project that will accommodate 200
employees from the labs Physics and
Engineering division. This is the first sec-
ond generation SRF facility in the world,
home to the JLab SRF Institute.
Construction is also in progress on the
46,500-square-foot Test Lab Addition and
renovation is in progress on the 86,000-
square-foot Test Lab.
Other tours included the Accelerator,
CHL2 and FEL. The lab is well underway
with its 12GeV upgrade to the accelerator.
The cryomodule development program
exceeds the original design spec by a factor
of five, using higher performing seven-cell
SRF cavities with the original design
length. Ten higher performance cryomod-
ules will be installed for the upgrade.
Cryogenic System
Later, we were treated to a special tour
of the Cryogenic Systems area by Dr. Rao
Ganni, Deputy Cryogenics Group Leader.
Ganni stated that JLab has established itself
as a key US technology leader in cryogenic
systems design required for 24/7 operation
of both 2K and 4.5K systems to meet the
presently required availability and efficien-
cy. The JLab cryo group has:
Supported industrial collaborations
to improve the commercially produced
cryogenic equipment and systems.
Developed the floating pressure
cryogenic system technology, also called
the Ganni Cycle. This technology has
been transferred to industry.
Developed a new helium screw com-
pressor skid design.
Cold Facts Tours JLabs Cryogenics Facilities
The Jef f er son Lab SRF Inst i t ut e.
Assembl y t o be i nser t ed i n a cr yomodul e.
H el i um scr ew compr essor f or 12GeV cr yogeni c
syst ems.
Kel l y Di xon shows vi si t or s t he 12GeV 4K col d box.
27
What projects are you involved in now? My work involves development of
semiconductor devices (diodes and transistors) for operation at cryogenic tempera-
tures, down to as low as liquid helium temperatures for certain applications. The
idea is improved performance, such as better signal-to-noise for preamplifiers, or
reduced losses for power converters.
Currently, what are the biggest challenges you face in your projects? The
biggest challenges relate to semiconductor device design and fabrication. However,
heat removal at cryogenic temperatures is also a serious challenge.
What future developments would help solve this? I would like to see a small
cryocooler, of modest cooling power, something like a thermoelectric cooler but able
to reach 20-40K. It should be electrically powered and self-contained (except for the
waste heat output) and not require any external apparatus or fluids. Such a cry-
ocooler would be very useful for spot cooling of critical electrical components to
improve signal-to-noise, or frequency or speed capability.
What projects are you involved in now? Development of sub-femtotesla sensi-
tivity magnetic field sensors.
Currently, what are the biggest challenges you face in your projects? Extending
bandwidths to tens of MHz and beyond (and of course, the usual need for funding).
What future developments would help solve this? Discovery and development
of room temperature superconducting materials that are ductile and have coherence
lengths that are at least 2 nm. For my application, the current carrying capability of
the wire needs only to be at the 0.001 - 0.01 amp level.
cvi
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precision, quality and efficiency. This attitude
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www.cr yogenicsociet y.or g SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2 28
At last falls EUCAS/ISEC/ICMC, the
New Zealand High Temperature Super-
conductor Industry Association
(NZ-HTSIA) hosted a reception to network
with some of the leaders of the supercon-
ductor world.
Cold Facts followed up with Simon
Arnold of arnold.co.nz, NZHTS Chief
Executive, to learn more about this group.
The association is an industry-led incorpo-
rated society which represents New
Zealand organizations and their interna-
tional collaborators. It includes national
and international engineering and manu-
facturing; research and education; power
systems, utilities, equipment manufactur-
ers and consultants; business consultancies
and venture financing; local government,
economic development agencies and busi-
ness organizations and central government.
According to the association, New
Zealand has established itself as a key play-
er in the development and application of
high temperature superconductivity (HTS)
technologies since its discovery in 1988 and
patenting of BSCCOthe first commercial-
ly viable material for wire production.
Based on this capability, New Zealand has
developed a strong global leadership posi-
tion in the commercial sale of HTS devices
made from wire supplied by international
manufacturers. Industry members such as
HTS-110 Limited and General Cable
Superconductors Limited are currently
exporting scientific and industrial equip-
ment based on HTS magnets and specialty
cable for use in that equipment.
NZ-HTSIAs aim is to build a signifi-
cant high technology industry in New
Zealand based on our current world-lead-
ing capability in HTS. In the future we will
move into medical imaging equipment,
power systems equipment, generators and
motors, all based on HTS.
Arnold commented that the whole
[HTS] industry depends commercially on
the ability to manage the cryogenic envi-
ronment so the benefits of the material can
be cost effectively achieved. He gave us an
overview of the history of HTS develop-
ment in New Zealand: The genesis of the
activity was the discovery and patenting by
scientists at NZ government lab DSIR, now
Industrial Research Limited (IRL),
www.irl.cri.nz, of BSCCO and its licensing
to American Superconductor (AMSC, a
CSA Corporate Sustaining Member).
IRL is a Crown Research Institute man-
dated to support New Zealand industry. It
brings together industrial, research and
government organizations working at the
Indust r y Associat ion Boost s N ew Z ealand HTS
Provided the process design and
planning for a number of cryogenic sys-
tems. These include its own 12GeV
upgrade, as well as the Spallation Neutron
Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Lab
(ORNL), RHIC improvements at
Brookhaven National Lab (BNL), the James
Webb Telescope testing facility at the
NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) and the
National Superconducting Cyclotron
Laboratory (NSCL) and the FRIB project at
Michigan State University (MSU).
Ganni Cycle
The Floating Pressure Process has
been incorporated in the base design for
the 12GeV Upgrade. This patented refriger-
ator process cycle is applicable for all cryo-
genic temperatures and has been licensed
to Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde
Process Plants, Inc. and Linde Kryotechnik
AG for worldwide commercialization.
In the Floating Pressure Process, the
recycle compressors handling the recycle
flow are allowed to float in pressure, but
at a relatively constant pressure ratio. This
allows optimum compressor and turbine
efficiencies to be maintained over a wide
load range without regulating turbine inlet
valves or adding additional heat loads.
This process cycle has demonstrated
positive effects in improving the opera-
tional efficiency, minimizing the repair,
maintenance, operation and capital equip-
ment cost at JLab and other laboratory
cryogenic plantsincluding the NSCL at
MSU; SNS at ORNL; the RHIC at BNL; and
the James Webb Telescope test facility at
NASA-JSC. The combined operational cost
savings at these places is in the millions of
dollars resulting from the power savings of
around 10MW.
Helium Screw Compressors
The JLab cryogenics group has devel-
oped and designed a standard model for
warm helium screw compressors with sev-
eral innovations targeted to reduce capital
cost and improve the operating efficiency.
The compressors for CHL-2, the new
refrigerator for JLabs 12 GeV project, are
the realization of these innovations. Some
of these innovations were incorporated
into the compressor used by NASA-JSC for
the James Webb Telescope test facility.
Helium Purification
To support the growing need for heli-
um gas conservation, a standard purifica-
tion system has also been developed and
built to support 12 GeV operations, and is
now available through industry to other
laboratories.
Recently, JLab and NASA-JSC have
completed preliminary testing of the 20 K
helium refrigerator at James Webb
Telescope test facility which shows sub-
stantial efficiency improvements in both
compressor and overall process design.
This system, which uses the Floating
Pressure Process shows an unprecedented
turn-down ratio, while maintaining near
design point efficiency and temperature
stability automatically for a very wide load
capacity range.
Fr om l ef t t o r i ght : compr essor oi l r emoval syst em,
300-60K out si de col d box, LN 2 dewar .
Cold Facts Tours JLabs Cryogenics Facilities
Linde Kryotechnik AG Linde Cryogenics
Daettlikonerstrasse 5, 8422 Pfungen, Switzerland Division of Linde Process Plants, Inc., 6100 South Yale Avenue, Suite 1200
Phone +41.52.304-0555, Fax +41.52.304-0550, www.linde-kryotechnik.ch Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136, USA
Phone +1.918.477-1200, Fax +1.918.477-1100, www.lppusa.com
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t Clinical / Diagnostic Equipment and Instrumentation

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24th International Cryogenic Engineering Conference/
International Cryogenic Materials Conference 2012
May 14-18, 2012, Fukuoka, Japan
The 24th International Cryogenic
Engineering Conference and the Inter-
national Cryogenic Materials Conference
2012 (ICEC24-ICMC2012) was held May 14-
18 at the Fukuoka International Congress
Center in Fukuoka, Japan. The purpose of
the conference was to bring together people
from universities and industries to stimulate
the fruitful exchange of information and
ideas in cryogenic engineering, supercon-
ducting materials and applications, to out-
line actual trends and to discuss present and
future developments. This conference has
been held every two years in European and
Asian countries since it first began in 1967 in
Kyoto. Almost 600 individuals from 23 coun-
tries attended the conference, the fifth hosted
by the Cryogenics and Superconductivity
Society of Japan.
Fukuoka, which has been recognized as
one of the most livable international cities in
the area, boasts many historical sites, a mild
climate and a population of 1.4 million. The
Fukuoka Convention and Visitors Bureau,
along with the Commemorative Organiza-
tion for the Japan World Exposition (70),
were supporters of ICEC24/ICMC2012.
The conference featured booths repre-
senting more than 45 exhibitorsproduct
manufacturers and service providers
involved in the fields of cryogenics, cryo-
genic materials and superconductivity,
among others.
Chairman of the Conference was Prof.
Tom Haruyama of KEK.
As part of the technical program, a num-
ber of plenary talks were given on Tuesday
and Wednesday. These were: New Maglev
Transportation System in Japan, Prof.
Eisuke Masada, The University of Tokyo;
Low Temperature Cooling for Space
Missions: from Mechanical Coolers to Sub-
Kel vi n Cool i ng, Dr. Pet er Shi rron,
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center;
Challenges for Cryogenics in the Nuclear
Fusion Quest: the ITER Cryogenic System,
Dr. Luigi Serio, ITER Organization; Topics
of Superconductors in Japan since 3.11
Fukushima, Prof. Koichi Kitazawa, Japan
Science and Technology Agency; Conduc-
tors for Very High Field Magnets, Prof.
David C. Larbalestier, NHFML, Florida State
University; Mendelssohn Award Lecture:
From Early Superconducting Magnets to
MRI, Sir Martin Wood.
In his plenary talk, Kitazawa made the
case for the use of superconductors to con-
tribute to electric power sharing, a process
that would vitalize solar and wind power,
which currently tend to be unstable. New
ideas for energy sources and transmission
come on the heels of the Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Station disaster following the
March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake.
Kitazawa stated that for the time being all
nuclear power plants have been taken offline
in Japan. He also stated that he felt super-
conductors could play a large role in the
future of energy both in Japan and around
the world.
As an example of efforts toward this
goal, he mentioned the Yokohama Project,
Japans first national in-grid HTS cable proj-
ect. Kitazawa said that through supercon-
ducting technologies we can connect east to
west or south to north, averaging out day
and night and summer and winter, to meet
power demand, allowing for more stable
electric transmission.
Shirrons plenary address explored low
temperature cooling for space missions. He
said that requirements are getting more chal-
lenging for cryogenic space technologies in
the case of both cooling and detectors.
Where instrument trends are concerned,
array sizes are growing, increasing the need
for more capable cooling. As one example of
this need, Shirron mentioned the X-ray
Spectrometer (XRS) on the Astro-E2 mission,
where LHe was lost after just three weeks in
orbit, which meant there was no chance for
recovery of the operation. Cryocoolers,
rather than stored cryogens, will allow for
recovery from problems like those experi-
enced by XRS. He discussed the advantages
and limitations of several kinds of Adiabatic
Demagnetization Refrigerators for space
technologies, concluding that these are
important technologies for the future of
space exploration and would benefit from
commercialization.
Haruyama presented the Mendelssohn
award to Sir Martin Wood, and mentioned
that in addition to knighthood, Wood had
also achieved the honor of Order of the
Rising Sun. With the help of his wife Audrey,
Wood shared his experiences as a young
engineer, including the co-founding of
Oxford Instruments in 1959. He described
his excitement during the early days of
developing superconducting magnets, say-
ing that during his first attempts, I felt like I
was standing on the heels of Kamerlingh
Onnes in a way.
The companys first whole-body super-
conducting magnet was delivered to a hospi-
tal in London in 1980. By 2000, Oxford
Instruments had delivered more than 500
dilution refrigerators. Wood stated that
nowadays Oxford Instruments is most heav-
ily involved in cryogenics and materials. In
concluding, Wood displayed the first super-
conducting magnet he built; a crowd formed
around him to see and hold this fascinating
artifact.
ICEC24/ICMC12 also featured oral ses-
sions, poster sessions and several social
activities. An exhibitor reception was held
Tuesday night, and the banquet was held
Wednesday night at the Grand Hyatt
Fukuoka. Guests enjoyed traditional
Japanese music and cuisine and received
several small gifts. Sumitomo, Air Liquide
and Linde also hosted dinners by invitation.
Technical tours were offered as part of
the conference. Participants in Course A vis-
ited the Shin-Kokura Thermo-Electric Power
Station and the LNG Plant in Kitakyushu
City. Participants in Course B visited the
Kyushu University Ito Campus, including
the Research Institute of Superconductor
Science and Systems, the Low Temperature
Center, the Research Center for Hydrogen
Industrial Use and Storage and the Research
Laboratory for High Voltage Electron
Microscopy.
Report on ICEC24-ICMC12 Held in Fukuoka, Japan
(Al l descr i pt i ons ar e f r om l ef t t o r i ght .) 1. Robi n
Langebach, TU-Dr esden; M i chael Boer sch,
WEK A AG; N i co Di t t mar , TU-Dr esden; Juer gen
Essl er , TU-Dr esden. 2. Tuesday ni ght s exhi bi t or
r ecept i on. 3. Si r M ar t i n Wood, co-f ounder of
O xf or d Inst r ument s, M endel ssohn Awar dee, di s-
pl ays t he f i r st super conduct i ng magnet he bui l t .
4. The Fukuoka Int er nat i onal Congr ess Cent er ,
conf er ence venue. 5. Col d Fact s on di spl ay at
CSA s boot h. 6. Dr . Pet er Shi r r on pr esent s a pl e-
nar y addr ess on Wednesday mor ni ng. 7. Guest s
enj oy f ood and dr i nks at t he Sumi t omo r ecept i on.
8. Guest s ar e t r eat ed t o a per f or mance by t r adi -
t i onal Japanese dr ummer s at t he Ai r Li qui de
r ecept i on. 9. Exhi bi t H al l . (Phot o cour t esy
ICEC/ICM C.) 10. At t he Li nde di nner : Dr . Phi l i ppe
Lebr un, CERN ; Emmanuel M onner et , ITER;
Laur ent Tavi an, CERN ; Dr . Lar s Bl um, Li nde
Kr yot echni k 11. Downt own Fukuoka at ni ght .
12. Conf er ence or gani zer s br eak i nt o t he speci al
sake r eser ved f or t he banquet . (Phot o cour t esy
ICEC/ICM C). 13. The ener gy-f i l t er i ng hi gh vol t age
el ect r on mi cr oscope at t he Resear ch Labor at or y
f or H i gh Vol t age El ect r on M i cr oscopy at Kyushu
Uni ver si t y. Conf er ence at t endees vi si t ed t he uni -
ver si t y s campus as par t of a t echni cal t our .
14. At t he pr e-banquet r ecept i on: M ar i nco
Lef ever e, DeM aCo H ol l and BV; Ronal d Dekker ,
DeM aCo H ol l and BV; John Ur bi n, Li nde Pr ocess
Pl ant s. 15. The banquet hal l at t he Gr and H yat t
Fukuoka. Except 9 and 12, al l phot os cour t esy
CSA.
Vi si t www.cr yogeni csoci et y.or g/news/phot o_
gal l er i es/ f or mor e phot os f r om ICEC/ICM C.
Phot o Capt i ons
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When I came to
gasworld five years
ago, LNG wasnt on
the radar. It wasnt an
industrial gas, it
didnt have the same
hype as hydrogen,
and it wasnt particu-
larly topical. Oh, how
that has changed, for
both gasworld and
the industrial gas
community.
It still isnt an industrial gas. It perhaps
still doesnt have quite the same level of
hype as hydrogen, in the public domain at
least. But it certainly is topical. And it is
potentiallybig business for the industrial
gas and equipment industry.
Its been interesting to see that promi-
nence evolve. Theres a buzz, an excitement
for LNG right now. In fact, I was speaking
with a very informed individual recently
and I was told, Theres a real buzz about
the LNG distribution chain at the moment.
This is a hot topic. This is big business for
our industry.
Thats where I think were at right now:
its undoubtedly one of the hot potatoes in
our industry at the moment. As part of the
clean energies sector, LNG is a megatrend.
Thought to provide around 25% of global
energy requirements, natural gas has
become the fuel of choice for new power
plants built since the 1990s. Natural gas is
also an important feedstock for downstream
petrochemical industries and chemical fertil-
izers, while its growing use as a transporta-
tion fuel is increasingly being facilitated by
the development of small-scale liquefaction
plants.
Until relatively recently pipelines were
the only practical means of delivering natu-
ral gas over long distances to power plants,
industrial facilities, commercial centers and
households. Its thought that this mode still
accounts for around 90% of global consump-
tion, but when you get beyond the range of
about 3,000 km, it becomes unfeasibleor at
the very least, uneconomic. The problem lies
in the remote or inconvenient location of
natural gas reserves, compared to the cen-
ters of demand. Major trade routes for LNG
extend for many thousands of kilometers to
increasingly supply the markets concentrat-
ed in North America, Europe and Japan.
Therein lies the opportunity for the
cryogenics communityliquefaction. While
the most developed route or means of trans-
portation of the gas is via the grids (pipeline
grids), the transportation of gas in its liquid
form through LNG shipboards, semi-trail-
ers, trains and intermodal containers is
gradually increasing. I understand that close
to 10% of the global market for natural gas
(or 200 billion cubic meters) is now trans-
ported around the globe as LNG, in a grow-
ing fleet of specially designed and insulated
cryogenic tankers. And so the cryogenic
expertise or synergy of the industrial gas
and equipment business comes to the fore.
As a branch of cryogenics, its a growth
driver for cryogenic equipment like pumps
and valves. Theres a synergy between the
expertise and technologies developed in our
industry and the know-how that can be
applied to the blossoming LNG business.
The cryogenic processing of these gases is
using the same type of process by utilizing
machinery such as compressors, expanders,
heat exchangers, pumps and liquefaction
systems that are constructed on the same
basis. A few modifications have to be made,
of course, but the base technology remains
largely the same.
You only have to speak to one of the
many cryogenic equipment manufacturers
to understand the level of interest in this
area. How high might this interest be in
another five years time? And how many
more column inches might we be giving to
LNG by then?
Whether its the small-scale LNG mar-
ket, the distribution chain or the alternative
marine fuel market in particular, the LNG
business represents a window of opportuni-
ty for the cryogenics community. Its a rela-
tionship in vogueand our increased cover-
age at gasworld through the years reflects
that.
Cr yogenics and LN G
by Rob Cockerill, Editor, gasworld magazine, rob.cockerill@gasworld.com
Guest Editorial
research, technology development and
market development stages. HTS-110 and
General Cable Superconductors are mem-
bers.
Arnold continued, following the dis-
covery and patenting of BSCCO there was
an ongoing research program into applica-
tions of the wire that culminated in the
establishment of HTS-110 Ltd, www.hts-
110.com, to exploit HTS in magnets and
magnet-based instruments and equip-
ment. HTS-110 is now majority owned by
NZ listed Scott Technology, with minority
shareholdings by IRL and AMSC.
The obvious need for power systems
applications to develop a cable that could
handle high currents and minimize AC
losses led to the development of HTS
cabling manufacturing processes and
commercialized in late 2007 by General
Cable Superconductors, www.gcsupercon
ductors.com, a joint venture between IRL
and General Cable. The cable is being
evaluated for a number of applications,
and Siemens has made coils from it as part
of their HTS utility generator program.
In NZ we've looked at the key com-
ponents that will be required by the HTS
industry internationally, and apart from
magnets and cabling, robust industrial
strength cryocooling in the 20K-90K range
with capacities from 20W to 1000W cool-
ing at 77K is needed. In under 10 years,
starting from scratch, a novel pressure
wave generator has been developed along
with pulse tube technology with cryocool-
ers now on the market. The smaller cry-
ocoolers are available through HTS-110,
and prototypes of the 1000W are being
tested. Early markets include gas liquefac-
tion for respiratory support and for liquid
gases at remote locations.
IRL continues its ongoing HTS relat-
ed research program now with much more
of an applications emphasis, although
materials research remains a strength.
Significant aspects of the program are the
demonstration of a YBCO-based orthope-
dic MRI (this is in the pipeline of products
for HTS-110 to commercialize) and a grid
connected 1MVA 3 phase Roebel cable
HTS transformer. In the latter project,
major challenges presented by losses and
the cooling systems were surmounted.
HTS-110 is also moving into NMR.
The constant battle to avoid heat
being generated at cryogenic tempera-
tures and to prevent heat penetration into
the cryostats is leading to a number of
innovations around heat pipes, flux
pumps and the like. The challenges of
materials performance at these tempera-
tures is another area of ongoing work, NZ
company Fabrum Solutions, www.
fabrum.co.nz, is working to meet the need
for composites able to perform in this
environment. Local manufacturing engi-
neers have built significant expertise in the
fabrication of metallic cryostats.
Indust r y Associat ion Boost s N ew Z ealand HTS
Revolutionar y N ew Camera Reveals Dar k Side of Univer se
A new camera that will revolutionize the field of submil-
limeter astronomy has been unveiled on the James Clerk
Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) in Hawaii. SCUBA-2
(Superconducting Sub-mm Camera) is far more sensitive and
powerful than previous instruments, mapping areas of the sky
hundreds of times faster and providing unprecedented informa-
tion on the early life of stars normally obscured by the remains
of the very dust and gas cloud that collapsed under its own
gravity to form the star.
Looking up at the stars, you only see the light they are
emitting in the visible part of the spectrum. Many galaxies,
including our own Milky Way, contain huge amounts of cold
dust that absorbs visible light and these dusty regions just look
black when seen through an optical telescope. The absorbed
energy is then re-radiated by the dust at longer, submillimeter
wavelengths, explained Professor Gary Davis, Director of the
JCMT.
SCUBA-2 has been designed to detect extremely low ener-
gy radiation in the submillimeter region of the spectrum. To do
this, the instrument itself needs to be even colder. The SCUBA-2
detectors are cooled to only 0.1 degree above absolute zero
(273.05C), making the interior of SCUBA-2 colder than
anything in the universe that we know of.
Cryoconnect, a division of Tekdata Interconnections
Limited, manufactured the original SCUBA cryogenic
harnesses and subsequently was selected to meet the
challenge of providing the cryogenic harnesses for the
SCUBA-2 instrument. The harnesses were constructed in
a planar form with Niobium Titanium (NbTi) alloys and
introducing very significant cost and mass savings by
designing hermetic connectorless feedthroughs at the
vacuum wall (See image 1).
To be able to terminate the ultra fine tracks, pre-
heaters were used at the cold end ceramic PCBs (See
image 2).
The detectors on SCUBA-2 are Transition Edge
Sensor arrays developed by NIST. SCUBA-2 has four
32x40 detector arrays at each of 850 and 450 micron, in
total 10240 detectors.
Commenting on the performance of the new instru-
ment, Professor Wayne Holland of the UK Astronomy
Technology Center, the SCUBA-2 Project Scientist, said,
Cryoconnects support was critical to be able to have the
full complement of eight arrays on the instrument. With
SCUBA, it typically took 20 nights to image an area about
the size of the full moon. SCUBA-2 will be able to cover
the same area in a couple of hours and go much deeper,
allowing us to detect faint objects that have never been
seen before.
The increased mapping speed and sensitivity of
SCUBA-2 make it ideal for large-scale surveys; no other
instrument will be able to survey the submillimeter sky
in such exquisite detail. Dr Antonio Chrysostomou,
Associate Director of the JCMT, said, SCUBA-2's first
task is carrying out a series of surveys right across the
heavens, mapping sites of star formation within our
galaxy, as well as planet formation around nearby stars.
It will also survey our galactic neighbors and crucially,
will look deep into space and sample the youngest galax-
ies in the universe, which will be critical to understand-
ing how galaxies have evolved since the Big Bang.
by Roy Blake, Tekdata Cryoconnect division, roy.blake@tekdata-interconnect.com
Image 3 is a composite image of the
Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as M51.
The green image is from the Hubble
Space Telescope and shows the optical
wavelength. The submillimeter light
detected by SCUBA-2 is shown in red
(850 microns) and blue (450 microns).
The Whirlpool Galaxy lies at an estimat-
ed distance of 31 million light years
from Earth in the constellation Canes
Venatici.
SCUBA-2 is the most powerful
instrument of its type ever built. It
detects light at sub-mm wavelengths;
the light is at wavelengths that are a
thousand times longer than we can see
with our eyes.
Researchers believe the camera will
help lay bare one of the most exciting
phases in the whole history of the uni-
verse. The Milky Way galaxy today
only produces maybe two suns a year
amid a population of 100 billion suns.
We are looking back 10 billion years in
time to see galaxies when they pro-
duced stars a thousand times faster than
anything in the local cosmos today,
explained Prof James Dunlop from the
University of Edinburgh.
The data obtained by these surveys
will allow a new and precise under-
standing of star formation throughout
the history of the universe, and comple-
ments research being carried out on
other telescopes such as the Atacama
Large Millimeter Array, undergoing
commissioning in Chile.
The project was led by Science and
Technology Facilities Councils UKATC
at the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh
in collaboration with a worldwide con-
sortium of laboratories including four
universities, British Columbia, Cardiff,
Edinburgh and Waterloo, and the US
National Institute of Standards and
Technology, and the Joint Astronomy
Center, which operates the JCMT.
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thruster engines.
The chamber achieves
10
-8
Torr ultimate
vacuum with four 20
cryopumps manufac-
tured by PHPK.
This system features
fully automated pump-
down and PLC digital con-
trol with safety interlocks.
For future capacity expan-
sion and ease of installation,
the chamber is manufactured in
two modular sections.
Revolutionar y N ew Camera Reveals Dar k Side of Univer se
36
On April 5 at
0:38 CEST, accord-
ing to CERN, the
Large Hadron Co-
llider (LHC) shift
crew declared sta-
ble beams as two
4 TeV proton beams were brought into
collision at the LHCs four interaction
points.
This signals the start of physics
data taking by the LHC experiments
for 2012. The collision energy of 8 TeV
is a new world record, and increases
the machines discovery potential con-
siderably.
The experience of two good
years of running at 3.5 TeV per beam
gave us the confidence to increase the
energy for this year without any sig-
nificant risk to the machine,
explained CERNs Director for
Accelerators and Technology Steve
Myers. Now its over to the experi-
ments to make the best of the
increased discovery potential were
delivering them!
Although the increase in collision
energy is relatively modest, it trans-
lates to an increased discovery poten-
tial that can be several times higher for
certain hypothetical particles. Some
such particles, for example those pre-
dicted by supersymmetry, would be
produced much more copiously at the
higher energy. Supersymmetry is a
theory in particle physics that goes
beyond the current Standard Model,
and could account for the dark matter
of the universe.
Standard Model Higgs particles, if
they exist, will also be produced more
copiously at 8 TeV than at 7 TeV, but
background processes that mimic the
Higgs signal will also increase. That
means that the full years running will
still be necessary to convert the tanta-
lizing hints seen in 2011 into a discov-
ery, or to rule out the Standard Model
Higgs particle altogether.
The increase in energy is all
about maximizing the discovery
potential of the LHC, said CERN
Research Director Sergio Bertolucci.
And in that respect, 2012 looks set to
be a vintage year for particle physics.
The LHC is now scheduled to run
until the end of 2012, when it will go
into its first long shutdown in prepa-
ration for running at an energy of 6.5
TeV per beam as of late 2014, with the
ultimate goal of ramping up to the full
design energy of 7 TeV.
LHC Begins Collisions at 8 TeV
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New SCM-10 Temperature Monitor fromScientific Instruments
Scientific Instruments new, sin-
gle-channel Model SCM-10 Temp-
erature Monitor provides the accura-
cy, resolution and interface features
of a benchtop temperature monitor in
an easy to use, easily integrated, com-
pact instrument.
With appropriate sensors, the
Model SCM-10 measures tempera-
ture from 1.4K to 1,200K, including
temperatures in high vacuum and
magnetic fields. Alarms, relays, user-
configurable analog voltage or cur-
rent output and a serial interface are
standard features on the SCM-10. It is
a good choice for liquefied gas stor-
age and monitoring, cryopump con-
trol, cryocooler and materials science
applications and for applications that
require greater accuracy than ther-
mocouples allow.
In other news at the company,
Scientific Instruments President
Leigh Ann Hoey has received an
award for the Top Women-Led
Businesses in Florida 2012 in March.
The Commonwealth Institute
(TCI) honors 50 women in the state
each year with this award. This is the
second time Hoey
has been a recipi-
ent.
TCI is a dy-
namic non-profit
o r g a n i z a t i o n
founded in 1997
to help women
ent repreneurs,
CEOs and senior corporate execu-
tives build successful businesses.
Of the other women leaders and
CEOs in her forum, Hoey said, They
not only listen and can relate to my
problems and challenges, they give
me great ideas, tools, feedback and
support. It has helped me become a
better leader of Scientific Instru-
ments.
Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N Y O U R S I N G L E S O U R C E S O L U T I O N
575 McCorkle Boulevard Westerville OH 43082
Phone: (614) 891-2244 Fax: (614) 818-1600
i nf o@l akeshore. com www.lakeshore.com

Element Ser ies Cont rol Valve Package from Br ker t
Spotlight on Sustaining Members
Ut i l i z i ng
their complete
s y s t e m
a p p r o a c h ,
Brkert Fluid Control Systems provides
their Element Series Control Valve
package for both on-off and continuous
control systems. Combining the charac-
teristics of engineered polymers with
the endurance of stainless steel, the
Element platform is rugged, clean and
provides for minimum space consump-
tion in piping systems or on skids.
There is no paint to peel and rust, no
outside brackets to connect the valve to
the actuator ensuring limited hysteresis,
and no pneumatic air lines exposed to
the elements.
The Element Series surpasses
industry standards in flexibility, sim-
plicity and intuitive thinking.
Commissioning of positioners and
process controllers with automatic Tune
functions for the process control loop
provide a simple installation for setting
a 4-20mA signal. The contactless analog
position sensor (wear free) will detect
full open and closed positions.
Reliability is guaranteed with this sim-
ple start-up operation and is visible
with a clear, back-lit status display. The
control module provides a graphic dis-
play of curve progressions and provides
a self-explanatory four-key system.
Brkerts compact smart position-
ers and controllers are direct coupled to
the actuator with integrated control air
routing. Internal air recycling keeps
actuator chambers and springs clean
under all conditions. Communication
interfaces include Profibus DPV1,
DeviceNet and ASI. Software features
binary input, analog feedback and two
binary outputs.
Brkerts full range of controllers
offers a complete automation concept
for integration into the most up-to-date
control systems. This design is particu-
larly suited to the specific requirements
of the industrial gas market, food and
beverage, and pharmaceutical/medical
industries. Brkerts Element Control
Package is available for all Cryogenic
Angle seat (Y-pattern), Globe (T-pat-
tern) and on-off ball valves.
For additional information contact
Brkert Fluid Controls: marketing-
usa@burkert.com, 800/325-1405, or
Dick McNamara, Field Segment
Manager-Cryogenics, 774/696-9772.
The El ement Ser i es Cont r ol di spl ay.
April 4, 2012,
marked the one-
year anniversary
of Chart Inc.s
acquisition of
Qdrive. The resources provided by Chart
have significantly helped improve our
operations here in Troy NY, said Gordon
Reid, ChartQdrive Sales Manager. It has
helped improve our facilities, reduce our
operating costs and build our engineering
and QC teams, which all leads to more sat-
isfied customers.
Qdrive develops and manufactures
low vibration, maintenance-free
thermoacoustic cryocooler systems for heat
transfer and related applications. The
thermoacoustic technology converts
acoustic sound waves to energy, which is
then used to cool processes or pump gases.
Qdrives products include cryocoolers,
STAR linear reciprocating motors, pres-
sure wave generators and specialized gas
compressors for the medical, semiconduc-
tor, military, R&D and gas processing
industries. In addition, Chart acquired
Qdrive with the purpose of utilizing their
thermoacoustic technology to enhance
Chart BioMedicals global product portfo-
lio.
Charts capital investment in Qdrive
has resulted in improved quality, reduced
lead times, increased stocking levels and
improved time-to-market of new products.
Enhanced manufacturing processes and
assembly equipment have allowed Qdrive
to streamline manufacturing and produc-
tion of their products. Qdrive now stocks
units for immediate delivery, resulting in
faster fulfillment of customer orders.
Significant modification and improve-
ments have also been made to the 7,000-
square-foot research and development test
facility, including new test and evaluation
equipment and automated test stands.
As a result of the burst of growth from
the acquisition, Qdrives overall head count
has increased
by 40%, cov-
ering addi-
tions in sales,
R&D, engi-
neering and
manufactur-
ing.
Reid said
the partner-
ship between
Chart and
Qdrive has also created opportunities with
other divisions within Chart, leading to
new application opportunities, making the
first year together exciting and productive.
Chart BioMedical looks forward to a
successful second year working together to
improve and innovate products.
For more information about Qdrive,
visit www.qdrive.com or contact Gordon
Reid at 518-272-3565.
Chart Celebrates One-Year Anniversary of Qdrive Acquisition
The 2S102K Cr yocool er by
Char t Q dr i ve.
Dr. Philippe Lebrun of CERN
received the Kamerlingh Onnes Medal
of Honor during the Monday morning
session of the 10th Gustav Lorentzen
Conference 2012. The Kamerlingh Onnes
Medal is an initiative of the Dutch Royal
Association of Refrigeration and is
awarded to persons or institutes for
extraordinary merit in the development
or application of refrigeration technology.
Differential Pressure Plus has intro-
duced a new unique level gauge for cryo-
genic cylinders. Its robust, durable design
requires no maintenance or after-sales
service. The gauges viewing window can
be quickly turned to face any desired and
convenient direction. The gauge makes
use of a simple and effective float design
engineered by the company.
Oxford Instruments NanoScience
has successfully installed its 100th Triton
cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. Its new
home is the Quantum Nanoelectronics
Group from the Catalan Institute of
Nanotechnology in Barcelona and it will
be used to study the electrical and
mechanical properties of carbon nan-
otubes and graphene. The company also
announced in March that an Oxford
Instruments cryogen-free dilution refrig-
erator has found a new home at the
London Centre for Nanotechnology,
which it says is now the coldest point in
central London.
Eric M. Rottier
has been appointed
CEO of Tayl or-
Wharton Interna-
ti onal LLC ( CSA
CSM) and was elect-
ed to the Board of
Directors. Mr. Rottier
has held senior posi-
tions at Minnesota
Valley Engineering Inc. and Chart
Industries Inc.
Dr. Jim Vaught was made Editor-in-
Chief of Biopreservation and Biobanking
on April 15. Former Editor-in-Chief Dr.
John G. Baust, who provided strong lead-
ership for the journal for nine years, will
remain as Founding Editor.
We regret to report that Warren
Young, former professor of Mechanical
Engineering at the University of
Wisconsin, died on March 2. Young was
the continuing author of Roarks
Formulas for Stress and Strain, best
known as Roark and Young, a world
respected handbook of engineering, and
coauthor or Cook & Young, Advanced
Strength of Materials.
Low-density, light-weight flexible
aerogel insulating material was inducted
into the Space Foundation's Space
Technology Hall of Fame in April. James
E. Fesmire, senior principal investigator,
NASA Kennedy Space Center and CSA
board member, was listed as an innovat-
ing individual for flexible aerogels.
In March, researchers at Los Alamos
National Laboratorys biggest magnet
facility produced magnetic fields in
excess of 100 tesla while conducting six
40 www.cr yogenicsociet y.or g SPRIN G 2012 | VOLU ME 28 | N U MBER 2
People, Companies in Cryogenics
www.cryogloves.com
800-680-2796
When function is important and safety is critical.
Cryo-Gloves
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different experiments. The hundred-tesla
level is roughly equivalent to 2 million
times Earths magnetic field.The 100.75-
tesla performance produced research
results for scientific teams from a number
of universities around the world.
The USON Pressure Decay Leak Test
Calculator-the first in a family of auto-
mated USON NDT Test Calculators is
now available free of charge. It can be
used to generate modeling of pressure
decay leak testing variables and exact
returns-on-investment from new 8-sensor
concurrent leak testing technology. For an
automated calculator, email calcula
tors@uson.com or contact Joe Pustka,
USON Leak Detection Equipment
Technical Specialist, 281/671-2212.
Air Liquide Industrial US LP
entered into an agreement with the
Center for Transportation and the
Environment (CTE) to supply the hydro-
gen fueling infrastructure for a hydrogen
fuel cell bus demonstration in
Birmingham AL. Starting this summer,
CTE will manage the demonstration over
a two-year period. During this time, a
hydrogen-powered bus will operate in
regular service alongside the fleet of pub-
lic buses currently operated by the
Birmingham-Jefferson County Transit
Agency.
The Center for the Advancement of
Science in Space, the nonprofit organiza-
tion managing research on the
International Space Station (ISS) US
National Laboratory, congratulated
SpaceX on the March 25th successful
berthing of the Dragon capsule to the ISS.
The success marks a significant milestone
in bringing ISS cargo delivery and return
capabilities back to the US. Currently, US
cargo is delivered to the ISS via Russian,
European and Japanese launch vehicles.
ACD received an order from TGE
Marine Gas Engineering to supply LNG
fuel gas supply pumps for a new LNG
carrier from MEYER WERFT GmbH. The
new tanker will transport liquefied natu-
ral gas with a cargo capacity of 15,600
cbm. The vessel will be Bureau Veritas
(BV) classified and meet the highest envi-
ronmental standards.
Air Products has completed the
acquisition of the UK company
CryoService Limited, which will now be
known as Air Products CryoEase
Services. This acquisition follows an ini-
tial 25 percent stake in CryoService that
Air Products purchased in 1998 and sub-
sequent majority shareholding the com-
pany acquired in 2008. For over a decade
both businesses have operated in partner-
ship to supply cryogenic and specialist
gases to customers in science, leisure and
general industry.
Butane Procurement and Engineer-
ing Services Company has changed its
category listings in the CSA Buyers
Guide. They are now listed under Air
Separation Plants, Bulk Storage Tanks/
Transport Tanks and Purifiers.
People, Companies in Cryogenics
Upcoming Meet ings & Event s
JULY 8-12
ASME SUMMER HEAT TRANSFER CONFERENCE
Puerto Rico
www.asmeconferences.org/HT2012
JULY 9-11
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY SUMMER SCHOOL
Wolfson College, Oxford, UK
www.iop.org/conferences
JULY 9
FOUNDATIONS OF CRYOCOOLERS SHORT
COURSE AT ICC17
Sheraton Universal Hotel, Universal City, California
www.cryogenicsociety.org
JULY 9-12
INTERNATIONAL CRYOCOOLER CONFERENCE
(ICC17)
Sheraton Universal Hotel, Universal City, California
www.cryocooler.org
JULY 29-AUGUST 3
MATERIALS AND MECHANISMS OF SUPER-
CONDUCTIVITY (M2S-2012)
Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington DC
www.m2s-2012.org
AUGUST 6-11
SHORT COURSE IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
www.cryocourses.com
SEPTEMBER 9-14
26TH INTERNATIONAL LINEAR ACCELERATOR
CONFERENCE
Tel Aviv, Israel
www.linac12.org.il
SEPTEMBER 11-14
12TH CRYOGENICS IIR INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE
Dresden, Germany
www.icaris.cz/conf/Cryogenics2012
SEPTEMBER 19
INTERNATIONAL BIOBANKING SUMMIT:
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Clarion Hotel Gillet, Uppsala, Sweden
http://2csa.us/4b
OCTOBER 7
CSA Short Courses (See page 11)
Portland, Oregon
OCTOBER 7-12
APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY CONFERENCE
(ASC12)
Portland, Oregon
www.ascinc.org
NOVEMBER 6-8
CRYOGEN-EXPO 2012
Expocentre Fairgrounds, Moscow, Russia
www.cryogen-expo.com
NOVEMBER 21-23
DEUTSCHE KALTE-KLIMA TAGUNG (GERMAN
COLD-CLIMATE MEETING)
Wurzburg, Germany
www.dkv.org
2013
APRIL 6-9
5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CRYO-
GENICS AND REFRIGERATION
Hangzhou, China
JUNE 17-21
CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE/
INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENIC MATERIALS
CONFERENCE
Denaina Civic and Convention Center
Anchorage, Alaska
cec-icmc.org
JUNE 23-25
SPACE CRYOGENICS WORKSHOP 2013
Alyeska Resort, Girdwood, Alaska
www.spacecryogenicsworkshop.org
JULY 14-19
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MAGNET
TECHNOLOGY (MT-23)
Boston, Massachusetts
Take a moment t o join t he
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__Di scover __Vi sa __M ast erCard __Ameri can Express
Index of Adver t iser s
Expi res Securi t y Code Account number
Si gnat ure
ACM E Cr yogeni cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
ASC 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Bar ber- Ni chol s, I nc. . . . . I nsi de Back Cover
Bauer Compr essor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
CCH Equi pment Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Char t Qdr i ve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Cr yoChr oni cl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cr yocour ses. com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cr yof ab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cr yoGas I nt er nat i onal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cr yogeni c Cont r ol Syst ems . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cr yogeni c M achi ner y Cor por at i on . . . . . 12
Cr yomech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Cr yo Technol ogi es . . . . . I nsi de Fr ont Cover
DLH I ndust r i es (Cr yocomp) . . . . . . . . . . 22
Eden Cr yogeni cs, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
gasw or l d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
I CC17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
I nt er nat i onal Cr yogeni cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
J ani s Resear ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Lake Shor e Cr yot r oni cs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Li nde Cryogeni cs/ Li nde Process Pl ant s, Inc. . .29
M ast er Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
M eyer Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
PHPK Technol ogi es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Phi l t ec, I nc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Rego Cr yoFl ow Pr oduct s . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
SGD, I nc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Sci ent i f i c I nst r ument s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Speci al t y Gas Repor t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Sumitomo SHI Cryo America . . . . .Inside Back Cover
Sunpow er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Super Pow er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Techni f ab . . . . . . . . . . . I nsi de Fr ont Cover
Tempshi el d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Ther max, I nc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
On Our Cover
Cold Factsis the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society of America,Inc.
218 Lake Street Oak Park IL 60302-2609 Phone: 708.383.6220 Ext. 222
Fax: 708.383.9337 Email: csa@cryogenicsociety.org Web: www.cryogenicsociety.org
A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase of cryogenics
ISSN 1085-5262 CSA-C- 3811 Spring 2012Printed in USA
New M embershi ps Cryogeni c Soci et y of Ameri ca
218 Lake St reet Oak Park Il 60302-2609
Fax: 708.383.9337
Zip +4 Required
The 300-60K outside Cold
Box at Jlab, the Thomas
Jefferson National Accelerator
Facility, seen on a visit to the
laboratory. CSA visited and
toured with Dr. Rao Ganni and
his Cryogenics Group to learn
about the extensive work they
recently completed in support
of the 12 GeV Accelerator
Upgrade. See our story, page 26.
Visit us anytime worldwide at
www.shicryogenics.com
Te original Displex Cryocooler:
An essential building block for great R&D
Your laboratory applications require high-quality, reliable
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Join our growing family of CSA
Corporate Sustaining Members
Get connected to the cryogenic community worldwide.
Let your voice be heard and your contributions known.

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ACME Cryogenics, Inc.
Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc.
Ability Engineering Technology, Inc.
Advanced Piping Products
Advanced Research Systems, Inc.
Air Liquide DTA
American Magnetics, Inc.
AMSC
Amuneal Manufacturing Corp.
Argonne National Laboratory
Austin Scientific, an Oxford Instruments
Company
Barber-Nichols, Inc.
Brooks Automation, Inc.
Vacuum Products Division
Brkert Fluid Control Systems
Butane Procurement & Engineering Services
Company
CAD Cut, Inc.
CCH Equipment Company
Cameron Valves and Measurement
Chart Inc.
Circor CryogenicsCPC Cryolab
Clark Industries, Inc.
Coax Co., Ltd.
Cool Pair Plus Corporation
Cryo Industries of America
Cryo Technologies
Cryocourses.com
Cryoconnect
Div. of Tekdata Interconnections Ltd.
Cryofab, Inc.
Cryogenic Control Systems, Inc.
Cryogenic Industries, Inc.
Cryogenic Institute of New England
Cryogenic Machinery Corporation
Cryoguard Corporation
Cryomagnetics, Inc.
Cryomech, Inc.
CryoWorks, Inc.
CryoZone BV
DeMaCo Holland BV
DH Industries
DH Industries USA, Inc.
DLH Industries, Inc. (Cryocomp)
DMP CryoSystems, Inc.
Eden Cryogenics, LLC
Empire Magnetics
Everson Tesla, Inc.
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Fin Tube Products, Inc.
Flexure Engineering
Gardner Cryogenics
Genesis Magnet Services, LLC
Global Cryogenics*
Hypres, Inc.
ICEoxford Limited
Independence Cryogenic Engineering, LLC
Indium Wire Extrusion
INOXCVA
Instant Systems, Inc.
International Cryogenics, Inc.
Janis Research Co., Inc.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology*
Kelvin International Corporation
Kelvin Technology, Inc.
L-3 Communications Cincinnati Electronics
L & S Cryogenics, Inc.
Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.
Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde Process
Plants, Inc.
Lockheed Martin Santa Barbara Focalplane
Lydall Performance Materials
MadgeTech Inc.
Master Bond
MMR Technologies, Inc.
MEWASA North America, Inc.
Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc.
Midwest Cryogenics
Molecular Products, Inc.
Montana Instruments
NASA Kennedy Cryogenics Test Laboratory
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
National Superconducting Cyclotron
LaboratoryMichigan State University
Nexans Deutschland GmbH
Niowave, Inc.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oxford Superconducting Technology
PHPK Technologies
Philtec, Inc.
Prentex Alloy Fabricators, Inc.
Pump Pros, Inc.
Quality Cryogenics of Atlanta, LLC
RUAG Space GmbH
Ratermann Manufacturing, Inc.
Redstone Aerospace
RegO CryoFlow Products
Scientific Instruments, Inc.
SGD Inc.
SPS Cryogenics BV*
Shell-N-Tube Pvt. Ltd.
Sierra Lobo, Inc.
Spaulding Composites Inc.
Stepan Company
Stirling Cryogenics BV
Stirling Cryogenics India Pvt. Ltd.
Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.
Sunpower, Inc.
SuperPower Inc.
TRIUMF
TS Italia SRL*
Taylor-Wharton
Technifab Products, Inc.
Technology Applications, Inc.
Temati
Tempshield Cryo-Protection
Thermax, Inc.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator
Facility
Ulvac Technologies, Inc.
Valcor Scientific
WEKA AG
Wessington Cryogenics, Ltd.
* New member since last issue

Cold Facts Spring-2012

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Cold Facts Spring-2012

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The Magazine of the Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.

Spring 2012 Volume 28 Number 2

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