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u
6 Spring 05 AME 463
CST Assumed Displacement Field
q To use the Rayleigh-Ritz method we need to assume
displacement fields in the x and y directions such that
we have exactly six undetermined coefficients
q Complete displacement fields with six undetermined
coefficients are
q Note that both functions vary with x and y
( )
1 2 3
4 5 6
,
( , )
u x y a a x a y
v x y a a x a y
+ +
+ +
7 Spring 05 AME 463
CST Displacement Field (contd)
q These relations can also be written as
q More concisely
( )
( )
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0 1 ,
a
a
x y a u x y
x y a v x y
a
a
1
' ; ' ;
1
]
( ) ( )
u x X x a
8 Spring 05 AME 463
CST Shape Functions
q Since the assumed displacements must equal the
nodal displacements at the three nodes we have:
q More concisely (as with other element types)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
i i i
i i i
j j j
j j j
k k k
k k k
x y a u
x y a v
x y a u
x y a v
x y a u
x y a v
1
1
1
1
' ; ' ;
1
1
1
1
1
]
Xa u
9 Spring 05 AME 463
CST Shape Functions (contd)
q This results in
q Substituting in the displacement field expression we
obtain
where N(x)=N(x,y) is the shape function matrix for the
CST element
1
a X u
( ) ( ) ( )
1
u x X x X u N x u
10 Spring 05 AME 463
CST Shape Functions (contd)
q The shape function matrix that results is given by
where is the area of the triangle and
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
, 0 , 0 , 0
1
0 , 0 , 0 , 2
N x y N x y N x y
N x y N x y N x y A
1
1
]
N x
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 2 2 1
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 1
, , , N x y x y N x y x y N x y x y
x y x y x y x y x y x y
y y y y y y
x x x x x x
+ + + + + +
( )
det A X
11 Spring 05 AME 463
CST Strain Vector
q The relationship obtained thus far can be written in
concise form as
q Recall that strains in a two-dimensional domain are
given by
or
( ) ( )
u x N x u
( )
( )
0
,
0
,
x
y
xy
x
u x y
v x y y
y x
1
1
' ; ' ;
1
1
1
1
]
( )
u x =
12 Spring 05 AME 463
CST Strain-Displacement Matrix
q Applying this definition to displacement field for the
CST element we obtain
where
( ) ( ) ( )
u x N x u B x u =
3 1 2
3 1 2
3 3 1 1 2 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
N N N
x x x
N N N
y y y
N N N N N N
y x y x y x
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
B
13 Spring 05 AME 463
CST Strain-Displacement Matrix (contd)
q Performing the required differentiations B is
obtained more explicitly as
where and have the same definitions as those in N
q Clearly the strain-displacement matrix B is a constant
matrix (no dependence on x or y)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
2A
1
1
1
1
]
B
i
1
1
1
1
]
E
( )( )
1 0
1 0
1 1 2
1 2
0 0
2
E
1
1
1
1
+
1
1
]
E
16 Spring 05 AME 463
Performance of CST Element
q The CST element is found to perform poorly in modeling bending
stress and associated deflections
q It is thus not included in the libraries of any professional FEA
programs
17 Spring 05 AME 463
Linear Strain Triangular Element
q A higher order but still simple two-dimensional
element is the 6-node linear strain triangular (LST) or
the quadratic triangular element
X
i
j
v
i
p
i
u
i
k
Y
l
m
n
18 Spring 05 AME 463
LST Displacement Field
q Complete displacement fields for the LST triangle are
q This field results in a shape function matrix N that is
quadratic in x and y
q The quadratic shape function results in a strain-
displacement matrix B that varies linearly with x and
y
( )
2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2
7 8 9 10 11 12
,
( , )
u x y a a x a y a x a xy a y
v x y a a x a y a x a xy a y
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
19 Spring 05 AME 463
LST Stiffness Matrix
q Applying the same procedure as before for a constant
thickness element we obtain a 12 12 stiffness matrix
given by
q The integration shown is in general laborious to
perform analytically; as a result a numerical method
such as Gaussian quadrature is used to obtain the
matrix
max max
min min
12 3
12 12 3 3 3 12
y x
T
x y
t dxdy
k B E B
20 Spring 05 AME 463
LST Element in ANSYS
q The LST element in ANSYS is called the PLANE2 2-D
6-Node Triangular Structural Solid Element
q The shape functions of the PLANE2 element are
given in terms of natural or area coordinates
21 Spring 05 AME 463
Area Coordinates
q Area or natural coordinates are defined in terms of area
ratios
1
A
2
A
3
A
1
1
2
2
3
3
1 2 3
A
L
A
A
L
A
A
L
A
A A A A
+ +
i
j
k
l
m
n
Quadratic in L
1
, L
2
, L
3
22 Spring 05 AME 463
Area Coordinates (contd)
q The area coordinates defined for a general triangle vary
between 0 and 1 as the point P moves from an edge to an
arbitrary point in the interior of the triangle (see Figs. 7.8 and
7.9 in Moaveni)
q The shape functions can be expressed in terms of only L
1
and L
2
since the three coordinates are not independent
q This transforms the expression for the stiffness matrix to
1 2 3
1 L L L + +
1 1
1 2
0 0
T
t dL dL
k B EB
23 Spring 05 AME 463
Plane Quadrilateral Bilinear Element
q The 4-node quadrilateral element is the simplest
four-sided two-dimensional element
x
j
X
i
j
q
i
v
j
v
i
q
j
x
i
p
i
u
j
u
i
k
u
k
v
k
p
j
q
k
p
k
Y
x
k
y
i
y
j
y
l
u
l
l
v
l
q
l
p
l
y
k
x
l
24 Spring 05 AME 463
Bilinear Displacement Field
q The assumed displacement field for this element is
or
( )
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
,
( , )
u x y a a x a y a xy
v x y a a x a y a xy
+ + +
+ + +
( )
( )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 0 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0 0 1 ,
a
a
a
x y xy a u x y
x y xy a v x y
a
a
a
1
' ; ' ;
1
]
Note that the
assumed
displacement
field is not
complete
(neither linear
nor quadratic)
25 Spring 05 AME 463
Bilinear Displacement Field (contd)
q Writing these expression more concisely and
performing the usual operations we obtain
where N(x)=N(x,y) is the shape function matrix for the
the plane quadrilateral bilinear (PQB) element
Xa u
1
a X u
( ) ( ) ( )
1
u x X x X u N x u
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ,
N x y N x y N x y N x y
N x y N x y N x y N x y
1
1
]
N x
26 Spring 05 AME 463
PQB Strain-Displacement Matrix
q The strain in this element can now be computed from
where
( ) ( ) ( )
u x N x u B x u =
3 1 2 4
3 1 2 4
3 3 1 1 2 2 4 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
N N N N
x x x x
N N N N
y y y y
N N N N N N N N
y x y x y x y x
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
B
27 Spring 05 AME 463
PQB Strains
q Note that because of the assumed displacement field
q This strain distribution may be unsuitable for some
applications
( )
( )
( )
,
x x
y y
xy xy
y
x
x y
k B E B
29 Spring 05 AME 463
PQB Element in ANSYS
q The PQB element in ANSYS is called the PLANE42
2-D Structural Solid
30 Spring 05 AME 463
Natural Coordinates
q ANSYS (and most other FE programs) use natural
coordinates to define shape functions
31 Spring 05 AME 463
Natural Coordinates (contd)
q Natural coordinates for quadrilaterals are defined as
X
Y
s
t
1
1
s
t
+
1
1
s
t
+
+
1
1
s
t
1
1
s
t
+
1
2
t +
1
2
s
32 Spring 05 AME 463
Natural Coordinates (contd)
q This transforms the expression for the stiffness
matrix to
q Additional mathematical operations required to
transform strains and stresses from natural to global
coordinates
1 1
1 1
T
h dsdt
k B EB
33 Spring 05 AME 463
Axisymmetric Stresses
q When circular geometric and loading symmetry exists in a
three-dimensional structure it is reasonable to assume that
stresses are independent of the coordinate
34 Spring 05 AME 463
Axisymmetric Stresses (contd)
q In axisymmetric stress cases the meaning of the x and
y stresses changes to radial (
r
) and axial (
z
) stresses;
shear (
rz
) is still assumed to exist
r
i
j
w
j
w
i
u
j
u
i
k
u
k
w
k
z
u
l
l
w
l
36 Spring 05 AME 463
Example 1: Beam Model Using 2D Elements
q A cantilevered beam 1 m long, 0.1 m wide, and 0.2 m
high is loaded by an end load of 1000 N. The Youngs
modulus for the material is 200 GPa. Model a section
of the beam using PLANE2 and PLANE42 elements
and compare the maximum stresses produced with
the exact solution.
1 m
1000 N
0.1 m
0.2 m
37 Spring 05 AME 463
Example 1 (contd)
q The maximum stress in the beam using exact
methods is
q The maximum deflection (at the free end) using
exact methods is
( )( )( )
( )( )
,max
3
1000 1 0.1
1.500 MPa
1
0.1 0.2
12
x
Mc
I
( )( )
( )
( )( )
3
3
5
max
3
9
1000 1
2.5 10 m
1
3
3 200 10 0.1 0.2
12
FL
v
EI
_
_
,
,
max
min
0 psi (at outer fiber)
5000 psi (at inner fiber)
r
r
47 Spring 05 AME 463
Example 2 (contd)
q Similarly the exact solution for the tangential or
hoop stress is given by
resulting in maximum and minimum values of
2 2
2 2 2 2
16
1 16,333 1 psi
i i o
o i
p r r
r r r r
_
_
+ +
,
,
max
min
37,667 psi (at inner fiber)
32,667 psi (at outer fiber)
) is shown below
52 Spring 05 AME 463
Example 2 (contd)
q The FE results predict the maximum and minimum
hoop stresses as 37,653 psi and 32,659 psi,
respectively, which are very close to the exact results
q The contour plot shows clearly that the maximum
stress occurs at the inner fiber and the minimum at
the outer fiber
q The FE results predict a linear decrease of the hoop
stress from the inner to the outer fiber; the exact
solution predicts a quadratic variation