Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian

Period C 2/7/09

Review Questions pg. 219

1. Reading Focus
a. Why did revolutions occur in France in 1830 and 1848?
i. Revolutions in France occurred in 1830 for many reasons.
Ultraroyalists, the king’s supporters on the far right, despised
constitutional government and wanted to restore the old regime. On
the left, radicals yearned for a republic like that of the 1790s. When
Louis XVIII, the leader of France at the time, died, his younger
brother Charles X replaced him. Charles was a strong believer in
absolutism. He suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote,
and restricted the press. Liberals and radicals responded forcefully to
the king’s challenge. Angry rebels threw up barricades and fired and
pelted soldiers with stones. Within days, rebels had controlled Paris.
In 1848 the revolution also began for a number of reasons. On
“February Days”, angry crowds took it to the streets when
governments took steps to silence critics and prevent public
meetings. Overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees blocked
the streets of Paris. A group of radical, liberal, and social leaders
proclaimed the second republic, though deep differences divided this
new government. Liberals wanted moderate political reforms, while
socialists wanted far reaching social and economic change that
would help hungry workers. National workshops were seen as a
waste of money and were closed down. Workers were furious with
this and took it to the streets of Paris, in rebellion. Peasants, who
feared socialists might take their land, also attack rioting workers.
This was called “June Days” in where 1500 people died before the
government crushed the rebellion.
b. How did revolution spread in 1830?
i. One notable success for Europe’s revolutionaries was in Belgium.
The Congress of Vienna wanted to create a strong barrier to prevent
French expansion in the future. The Belgians resented the new
arrangement. Britain and France knew that Belgians were
threatening to disrupt the boundaries set up by the congress of
Vienna, but they believed they would benefit from the separation of
Belgium. They therefore supported Belgium’s demands for
independence. As a result, Belgium became an independent state
with a liberal constitution. Another example of the spread of
revolution was in Poland. The Congress of Vienna had divided up
Poland. Poles had hoped that this would restore their homeland, but
instead, the land was mostly handed to Russia. As a result, polish
students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt. Although the
rebellion was crushed, some survivors managed to move to Europe
and Russia to keep alive the dream of freedom.
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 2/7/09

c. What were the results of the 1848 revolutions?

i. Metternich, the ruler of France for 30 years, suddenly resigned when
he realized workers backed up revolting students. The monarchy was
abolished. Workers destroyed machines that threatened their
livelihood. In Prussia, King Fredrick William IV dissolved the
assembly. The Frankfurt assembly offered Prussian Fredrick William
IV the crown of a united Germany, yet he didn’t accept it because it
was from the “people”, not princes, and the assembly was dissolved.
2. Identify
a. Charter of French Liberties
i. When the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French
throne, he wisely issued a constitution. This constitution was called
the Charter of French liberties. It created a two house legislature and
allowed freedom of the press.
b. Charles X
i. Louis XVIII’s younger brother. He took the throne once Louis XVIII
died. He was a strong believer in absolutism, and rejected the very
idea of the charter set by his older brother. He suspended the
legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press. Liberals
and radicals responded forcefully to the king’s challenge. Angry
rebels threw up barricades and fired and pelted soldiers with stones.
Within days, rebels had controlled Paris, and forced Charles to flee
to England.
c. Louis Philippe
i. The French called Louis Philippe the “citizen king” because he owed
his throne to the people. Louis got along well with the liberal
bourgeoisie. Liberal politicians and professionals filled his
government. Under his rule, the upper bourgeoisie prospered. Louis
extended suffrage but only the France’s wealthier citizens. The vast
majority of the people still could not vote. The kings other policies
also favored the middle class at the expense of the workers.
d. Louis Napoleon
i. When elections for president were held, the overwhelming winner
was Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was also
known as Napoleon III. He cared about social issues such as poverty.
For the bourgeoisie, the early days of the second empire brought
prosperity and contentment. Yet napoleon would embark on foreign
adventures that would bring his empire down and end French
leadership in Europe.
e. Louis Kossuth
i. He leaded Hungarian nationalists in Budapest. He demanded an
independent government. He also called for an end of serfdom and a
written constitution to protect basic rights.
f. Frakfurt Assembly
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 2/7/09

i. Delegates from German states met in the Frankfurt assembly.

Divisions soon emerged and delegates debated on whether the new
Germany should be a republic or monarchy. The Frankfurt assembly
offered Prussian Fredrick William IV the crown of a united
Germany, yet he didn’t accept it because it was from the “people”,
not princes, and the assembly was dissolved.
g. Fredrick William IV
i. The King of Prussia. Liberals forced him to agree to a constitution
written by an elected assembly. Within a year though, he dissolved
the assembly. Later, he issued his own constitution keeping the
power in his own hands. The Frankfurt assembly offered Prussian
Fredrick William IV the crown of a united Germany, yet he didn’t
accept it because it was from the “people”, not princes, and the
assembly was dissolved.
3. Define
a. Ultraroyalist
i. Émigré noble of member of clergy in France that opposed
constitutional government and favored the restoration of the old
regime.
b. Recession
i. Period of reduced economic activity.