POWER DISTRIBUTION IN USHA MARTIN

USHA MARTIN LIMITED TATISILWAI(RANCHI)

A TRAINING REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Electrical Engineering)

SUBMITTED TO PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR SUBMITTED BY Name of Student Premkant Panjiyara
21-01-13 to 21-07-13 (Duration of Training period)

University Roll No. 90640518286

RIMT- INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MANDI GOBINDGARH PUNJAB

POWER DISTRIBUTION IN USHA MARTIN

USHA MARTIN LIMITED TATISILWAI(RANCHI)
A TRAINING REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Electrical Engineering)

SUBMITTED TO PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

SUBMITTED BY Name of Student Premkant Panjiyara University Roll No. 90640518286

21-01-13 to 21-07-13

RIMT- INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MANDI GOBINDGARH PUNJAB

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Undergoing summer training at USHA MARTIN LTD, RANCHI was a very nice experience. We would like to extend our heartiest thanks to Mr. sanjay srivastav and Mr. B.P. singh for their guidance and cooperation. In spite of their busy daily work they guided us in learning the power distribution at USHA MARTIN LTD, RANCHI in a short span of time. We also thank, Mr. Arvind kumar of HRD dept. of USHA MARTIN LTD, RANCHI for conducting such a training programme for us.

I am extremely thankful to Prof M.S.GILL, HOD, RIMT IET, Mandi Gobindgarh, for valuable suggestions and encouragement .

Signature of Student Premkant Panjiyara 90640518286

CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that I have completed the Six months Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering. I did my training in Usha Martin Limited, Tatisilwai Ranchi(JHARKHAND) from 21-01-13 to 21-07-13. The matter presented in this Report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Signature of Student Premkant Panjiyara 90640518286

Signatures Examined by:

1.

2.

3.

4.

HOD Electrical Engineering Department

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.PREMKANT PANJIYARA has completed the Training in our Industry during the period 21-01-13 to 21-07-13. His overall performance during the period was Excellent.

Signature & Seal of Training Manager

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
About Company/industry/institute

Evolution

Divisions

List of Abbreviations

Company Profile

UML is the 2nd largest wire and rope manufacturer in the world and has the largest variety in South East Asia.

It is multi product, diversified engineering conglomerate with 10 production units in India,1 in Thailand,1 in UK and 1 in Dubai.

It is saving valuable foreign exchange by exporting by exporting its products to 42 countries like USA, Africa and Middle East, conforming to the strictest product quality standards.

It got the ISO 9000 Certification by BVQI in 1994.

ICICI (BCB) did the business process re-engineering in 1996 and line system was set up to enhance performance.

With the modern concepts like TPM, value engineering, QC, suggestions scheme, customer satisfaction and human resource development, UML is trying to reach unparalleled heights.

UML is serving through a leading daily Prabhat Khabar, Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra, Usha Martin Technical Institute.

Evolution of The Company

Mr. Prashant Jhawar, the Chairman, established Usha Martin Limited in 1960 with the Wire Ropes Plant, Ranchi.

The firm was initially called Usha Martin Black as it started with collaboration between M/S Martin Black, Scotland and Usha Automobile & Engineering Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta in 1960.

In 1965, it backed Usha Ismal Ltd to manufacture rope accessories & splicing equipments and merged with it in 1990.

In 1969, it backed Usha Breco Ltd. To design, construct and erect Aerial Ropeways.

In 1971, it backed Usha Alloys & Steel Ltd. To produce steel billets as backward integration and merged with it in 1988.

The collaboration with Martin Black broke up in 1975 and the company was hence called Usha Martin Industries.

The company set up an electrical furnace steel plant at Jamshedpur in 1973, followed by a rod mill in 1976.

In 1980, it promoted Usha Siam Steel Industries Ltd, Thailand to produce wire, wire ropes & auto control cables. It set special products division to produce Hi-Tech Wire Cables.

In 1986, UML promoted Usha Beltron Ltd. Ranchi in alliance with AEG Cable of Germany and Bihar State Electronics Corporation to produce jelly filled telecommunication cables.

In 1994, it set up Software Division to provide IT Solution for communication application and Usha Martin Ltd, a distribution center at Glasgow, UK.

Usha Martin Ltd. Merged with Usha Beltron Group in 1999 and was renamed as Wire and Wire Rope Division within which following six companies are included: JFTCRanchi, Wire And Wire Rope Division - Ranchi, Usha Ismal Division Ranchi, Usha Alloys & Steel Jamshedpur, Usha Machinery Division Bangalore and Rod-Mill Division Agra.

Steel Division A backward integration initiative, the Usha Alloys & Steels Division (UASD) at Jamshedpur is one of the largest amongst secondary steel manufacturers of specialty steel long products in India. With ISO 9002 certified facilities, UASD has pioneered the unique process of steel making through mini blast furnace-arc furnace route, which ensures superior quality of steel at a lower cost. UASD serves a range of industries like automobile, general engineering, fasteners, railways, defense and power.

Machinery Division This ISO 9001 unit was set up in 1974 at Bangalore to manufacture Wire Drawing and allied machines. Over the years, the division has added a wide range of Wire, Wire Rope and Cable machinery to its product range and is now the leader in this field in India. The division started with technical collaboration with M/s Marshall Richards Barcro of UK and subsequently has collaborated with internationally reputed firms like De-Angeli Industries SPA, Italy, Stolberger Maschinenfabrik, Germany, Hi-Draw Machinery Ltd, UK and Redaelli Techna Meccanica, Italy. A facility in ranchi has also been created for manufacturing machines required for Wire Drawing and Stranding Applications.

Usha Ismal Division This unit, having manufacturing unit in Ranchi ( Eastern India), is the leader in the field of pre-stressing equipment & accessories and also executes pre-stressing job on turnkey basis. Besides, it provides services for jointing of reinforcement bars by mechanical splicing. All major civil contractors of National Highway Authority of India , Indian Railways, PWD are regular users of these products and services. It also offers hydraulic presses & accessories for manufacturing mechanically spliced wire rope slings, machines for proof load testing of wire rope slings, and die-less hand operated hydraulic crimping tools. These products find wide application with Steel Plants, Port Trusts, Oil Sector, Heavy Engineering Industry, Electricity Boards, Electrical Contractors, Factories etc..

Cables Division Under UM Cables

The Cable Division of Usha Martin Limited has emerged as a leading manufacturer of jelly-filled underground & fiber optic telecommunication cables in India. The sophisticated manufacturing facilities is located in Silbasa. The company integrates technology from KABEL RHEYDT (formerly AEG KABLE), GERMANY, a member of Alcatel Group - is rated as one of the most efficient plants in the country and a benchmark in the industry. The Plant includes computer - controlled critical equipments, imported from International Leaders in cable technology.

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION The ISO 9001-certified 100,000 MT / annum-manufacturing facilities at Ranchi (Eastern India) is 2nd largest producer of ropes in the world. Since its inception, the division has continuously developed and expanded its range of product offerings and is considered a pioneer in certain classes of products in India. Steel wire ropes manufactured by the division find wide applications in oil exploration, mining, elevators, Crane, fishing, construction, load transportation and general engineering sectors. It find varied use in different parts of the world known for their excellent quality, long life and low maintenance, and are the preferred choice of customers across nations. Ropes, ranging from 2 mm to 100 mm diameter find varied applications. The wide ranges of products are used in underground mining, surface mining, mooring, onshore and offshore drilling, fishing, elevators, cranes, aerial haulage and track installations besides various general engineering applications. Pre-stretched ropes, locked coil wire ropes and spiral strands made in Usha Martin are used in suspension bridges, antenna masts etc. Backed by a strong international distribution network our ropes have found a place in different corners of the world.

Other Particulars Location

Plant Area Nearest Town Nearest Railway Station Nearest Airport Nearest Highway Nearest Port Power

Chotanagpur Plateau
112 Acres Ranchi (13 Km) Tatisilwai (1 Km) Ranchi (17 Km) N H-33 (8 Km) Kolkata (412 km) Contracted demand 8000 KVA Source-JSEB

Water Sources

2400-3200 m3/day Subernekha River

FINISHED PRODUCTS

Fine Cord

Usha Martin, extended vast experience in rope making technology towards manufacturing of Fine Cords. Usha Martin Fine Cords find application as the inner element for the Automotive Control Cables and also in boring applications and as Pull Cord cables for laying of Television cables. Size Range The size range for overall diameter of finished cords is 1.20mm to 6.00mm. Construction We can provide fine cords in the following constructions:

7x7 7/19 1/7 1/19

Low Relaxation Prestressed Concrete (LRPC) Strands In keeping with the demands of the international market, we have introduced Low Relaxation Prestressed Concrete (LRPC) Strands for the construction industry in 2001. A steel member that is prestressed and embedded in concrete, loses the initially applied stress exponentially with the passage of time. The single most important factor attributing to this loss in stress relaxation property of the steel itself. By treating the steel through a thermo mechanical process known as stabilizing, the propensity of the steel to "relax under a stressed condition is controlled to a great extent. Some of the main advantages that our customers derive by using low relaxation strands are listed below

* Upto 10% reduction in steel requirement possible * Saving in number of anchorages, ducts, sheathings, wedges and labour overall reduction of project cost. * Reduction in concrete requirement due to reduced size of structural members

resulting in

Chapter 2: Project Work Pre-stressed concrete girders for road, river & railway bridges and flyovers, pre-stressed concrete domes, slabs, silos, hangars, aquaducts, viaducts & railway sleepers. Patenting and Galvanizing Facility * 50ft electrically fired furnace with inline cleaning, coating, galvanizing facilities. * 30ft propane fired LeFour furnace with inline cleaning, coating, and galvanizing facilities. * 30ft propane fired rod DSW patenting furnace * Galvanizing plants of different capacities * Stress relieving facilities for wires and strands * Annealing furnaces (bell type) * Vacuum annealing furnace * PLC driven automatic pickling plant * Manually operated pickling plant

Quality & Testing Wires and Strands hold a premier position in the domestic market and are also exported to different part of the world. Used for different purposes across a gamut of industries, our wires and strands are continuously put through rigorous and demanding conditions. To ensure that our offerings match the international standards, we have set high internal quality standards. Plant located at Ranchi has been awarded ISO 9001 due to our emphasis on maintaining global quality standards. Wires confirm to various specifications such as * * * * * IS JIS British ASTM DIN Specifications Specifications Specifications Specifications Specifications

Tested using the best modern facilities our wires are produced to ensure that they match the quality for which we are renowned.

Aerial Ropes We are the undisputed leaders in the domestic Aerial Rope sector. Our product offerings include Aerial haulage ropes, material handling ropes, rope for passenger ropeways and other track ropes. Our ropes are renowned for their low maintenance, long life, excellent quality and strength. Size Range The size range generally preferred for such ropes is * 19mm to 38mm Specifications Our Aerial ropes cater to the following specifications * IS 10891/84 Part I * IS 10892 / 84 Part IV

Steel Cord for Conveyor belts

Conveyor belts - one of the most popular means for bulk material handling - finds widespread application in mines, cement and coal industries, ports & terminals, power stations etc. When reinforced with steel cord these belts last longer, allow higher operating speeds and offer better shock and rupture resistance than conventional fiber reinforced belts. In addition, very low elongation and absence of creep, makes steel cord the ideal reinforcement for long haul, high strength belts (from 500 to 2000 N per mm of belt width).

Social Commitment Through Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra

Management commitement and support since 1977 "in every village where hunger persists, human being must be empowered to discover Their own vision express their own leadership, create their own solutions and work together to achieve their own success"

KGVK Activities augmenting water resources through watershed management sustainable income generation through cottage industries & live stock management capacity building through "agivika research & training center" health & family welfare programmes women empowerment thru "swashakti" programme

KGVK projects In partnership with grass root civic society, corporate and government India canada environment facility (icef)project - for water resources conservation & conjunctive utilisation for environmental restoration ( project cost rs 10.0 cr) ICICI - cini project - for primary health services at the grass root level project cost rs. 2.0 cr) project with us aid along with cepda - for training barefoot workers in villages for making them 1st point of contact in village health services Projects with govt of india for water shed, women empowerment,education.

POWER DISTRIBUTION IN USHA MARTIN

USHA MARTIN substation receives 33 kv from JSEB(Jharkhand state electricity board). A current and potential transformer unit (CT /PT) measure incoming voltage and current at substation. These readings are shield in a room for JSEB observation. The company measure tha incoming current by installin its own current transformer(CT).

An isolator or air break switch is provided for isolation of CT and transformer under circumstances like high high power flow maintenance fault repairing from isolator supply connection goes to O.C.B.

An O.C.B(oil circuit breaker) is used to break the circuit in case of undesirable high power flow.O.C.B automatically breaks the circuits as the current increase beyond safe limit. Some time the circuit is open manually during fault repair in substation. After O.C.B the supply power passes through CT where the supply current is measured from companys observation.

Incoming power from CT is given to a 33 kv swing busbar from where it is distributed in many ways. A Potential transformer(PT) at one end of the bus bar is connected to measure the incoming voltage for companys observation. Five transformers are connected to this busbar. Transformer 1(3mva. 33 kv/11kv) connected to the busbar indirectly through air break switch and O.C.B converts 33 kv to 11kv secondary side. Similary transformer no 2&3 of same rating are connected to 33 kv bus bar. Transformer no.4 connected in similar way but of different rating that is 33kv/433kv provides 433v to ROPERY and FURNACE.

POWER DISTRIBUTION DEVICES Transformer Distribution panel Air break switch Oil circuit breaker Air circuit breaker U.P.S Diesel generator Disc insulator Pin insulator Lighting arrestor Bus coupler Bus bar Contactors Power factor unit

Bucholz relay:The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. In the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage. Buchholz relays have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing.

C.T.P.T UNIT

CURRENT & POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER UNITS IN TRANSFORMER

CT:PT Combined unit are also called metering units. These units can be offered as Dry Type or Oil Immersed and are generally pole mounted. The units are available in three phase three wire or three phase four wire system. CT: PT unit used for single or double metering with trivector meter and energy meter.

Technical Specification

General Particulars

11KV 12

33 KV 36 KV (r.m.s.)

Highest System Voltage( H.S.V.)

KV ( r.m.s.)

Power frequency dry/ wet withstand voltage on primary winding for one minute Lightning Impulse withstand Voltage ( 1.2 x 50 ?s )

AIR BREAK SWITCH(A.B.S) An air break switch comprising one or more fixed contacts and one or more movable contacts which are movable between open and closed positions, and a coil which, preferably in conjunction with magnetically susceptible material acting as a flux director, provides a magnetic field in the vicinity of the separable contacts in a direction which is substantially normal to a shock front which tends to be set up by establishment of an arc between the separable contacts and has a value such as to cause the Alfven speed, at least in the vicinity of plasma associated with the arc, to be significantly in excess of the air speed attainable by such shock front, in order to hinder or prevent establishment of such shock front.

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of arc.

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER They are electronically controlled, can be easily maintained/repaired. They control electrical supply for a substation. When unsafe current flows, they trip and break the circuit preventing short circuit and overloading. They can be tripped manually also when some fault in the line has to be repaired.

Both brekers are used in all control panels from where power distribution in the company is done.

DISTRIBUTION PANEL

It is an electrical and electronic panel to control power supply to various sections of company. Power from transformer is first received at one part of panel. We can see the the incoming voltage, current and energy from this part is distributed to other parts of panel dedicated to some specific machines, workshop and section of company. In all parts separate voltmeter ammeter and KWH meter are present to see the energy being supplied.

OCB and ACB are used in each part of panel to prevent current flow during short circuit, overloading and repair of faults in line.

FURNACE Furnace needs continuous supply of power.power interrupt may lead to faults, poor quality of product and economic losses. For this purpose UPS and DG sets have been installed. Power from JSEB passes through UPS to distribution panel. Incoming power is received at one part of panel from where it is distributed to other parts of panel through a common busbar. Each part of panel supplier power to few specific section of furnace. In this way complete panel supply power to all the section of furnace. In case of some repair work in UPS line , power from JSEB or DG sets is supplied directly to distributed panel BYPASS line.

UPS(UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY) An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source,UPS or battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically mains power, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system orstandby generator in that it will provide nearinstantaneous protection from input power interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries or a flywheel. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to start a standby power source or properly shut down the protected equipment.

OFFLINE/STANDBY UPS:

An Offline or Stand-by is the basic idea of an uninterrupted power supply system. Off- Line UPS models protect against power failures only This kind of UPS switch to battery power in case the voltage is 10% lower than the typical input voltage range. If voltage range comes back to a normal level the UPS switch back to AC power mode. The benefit of Off- Line UPS is the simplicity and low costs. Installation is easy and quick. Off- Line UPS are designed for small budgets and less critical loads with a wider input tolerance.

The offline / standby UPS (SPS) offers only the most basic features, providing surge protection and battery backup. The protected equipment is normally connected directly to incoming utility power. When the incoming voltage falls below a predetermined level the SPS turns on its internal DC-AC inverter circuitry, which is powered from an internal storage battery. The SPS then mechanically switches the connected equipment on to its DC-AC inverter output. The switchover time can be as long as 25 milliseconds depending on the amount of time it takes the standby UPS to detect the lost utility voltage. The UPS will be designed to power certain

equipment, such as a personal computer, without any objectionable dip or brownout to that device.

Double conversion/ online UPS:

The online UPS is ideal for environments where electrical isolation is necessary or for equipment that is very sensitive to power fluctuations. Although once previously reserved for very large installations of 10 kW or more, advances in technology have now permitted it to be available as a common consumer device, supplying 500 watts or less. The initial cost of the online UPS may be slightly higher, but its total cost of ownership is generally lower due to longer battery life. The online UPS may be necessary when the power environment is "noisy", when utility power sags, outages and other anomalies are frequent, when protection of sensitive IT equipment loads is required, or when operation from an extended-run backup generator is necessary. The basic technology of the online UPS is the same as in a standby or line-interactive UPS. However it typically costs much more, due to it having a much greater current AC-to-DC battery-charger/rectifier, and with the rectifier and inverter designed to run continuously with improved cooling systems. It is called a double-conversion UPS due to the rectifier directly driving the inverter, even when powered from normal AC current. In an online UPS, the batteries are always connected to the inverter, so that no power transfer switches are necessary. When power loss occurs, the rectifier simply drops out of the circuit and the batteries keep the power steady and unchanged. When power is restored, the rectifier resumes carrying most of the load and begins charging the batteries, though the charging current may be limited to prevent the high-power rectifier from overheating the batteries and boiling off the electrolyte. The main advantage to the on-line UPS is its ability to provide an electrical firewall between the incoming utility power and sensitive electronic equipment.

DIESEL GENERATOR SETS:

The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various ancillary devices (such as base, canopy, sound attenuation, control systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters and starting system) is referred to as a "generating set" or a "genset" for short. Set sizes range from 8 to 30 kW (also 8 to 30 kVA single phase) for homes, small shops & offices with the larger industrial generators from 8 kW (11 kVA) up to 2,000 kW (2,500 kVA three phase) used for large office complexes, factories. A 2,000 kW set can be housed in a 40 ft (12 m) ISO container with fuel tank, controls, power distribution equipment and all other equipment needed to operate as a standalone power station or as a standby backup to grid power. These units, referred to as power modules are gensets on large triple axle trailers weighing 85,000 pounds (38,555 kg) or more. A combination of these modules are used for small power stations and these may use from one to 20 units per power section and these sections can be combined to involve hundreds of power modules. In these larger sizes the power module (engine and generator) are brought to site on trailers separately and are connected together with large cables and a control cable to form a complete synchronized power plant.

Diesel generators, sometimes as small as 200 kW (250 kVA) are widely used not only for emergency power, but also many have a secondary function of feeding power to utility grids either during peak periods, or periods when there is a shortage of large power generators POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT AC power flow has the three components: real power (also known as active power) (P), measured in watts (W); apparent power (S), measured in volt-amperes (VA); and reactive power (Q), measured in reactive volt-amperes(var).[15] The power factor is defined as: . In the case of a perfectly sinusoidal waveform, P, Q and S can be expressed as vectors that form a vector triangle such that:

If is the phase angle between the current and voltage, then the power factor is equal to the cosine of the angle, , and:

Since the units are consistent, the power factor is by definition adimensionless number between -1 and 1. When power factor is equal to 0, the energy flow is entirely reactive, and stored energy in the load returns to the source on each cycle. When the power factor is 1, all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by the load. Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle. Capacitive loads are leading (current leads voltage), and inductive loads are lagging (current lags voltage).

Distortion power factor The distortion power factor describes how the harmonic distortion of a load current decreases the average power transferred to the load.

is the total harmonic distortion of the load current. This definition assumes that the voltage stays undistorted (sinusoidal, without harmonics). This simplification is often a good approximation in practice. is the fundamental component of the current and is the total current - both are root mean square-values. The result when multiplied with the displacement power factor (DPF) is the overall, true power factor or just power factor (PF):

t BUS COUPLER

Bus coupler is a device which is used to switch from one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. It is achieved with the help of circuit breaker and isolators.

DISC INSULATORS

11kv disc insulator are used in substation and in transmission lines. For 33 kv supply three 11kv disc insulator are connected to the pole. They isolate the pole from the conducting wires, hence prevent current flow in the supporting pole and safety to the public and operators.

PIN INSULATORS

A pin insulator consists of a nonconducting material such as porcelain, glass, plastic, polymer, or wood that is formed into a shape that will isolate a wire from a physical support (or "pin") The pin insulator is designed to secure the conductor to itself. The most common way to do this is to use a wire to tie the conductor to the insulator. Pin insulators are almost always deployed in the open air, so isolation when wet is a major consideration.

Sometimes slots and grooves are made into the insulators. They are formed on poles in substation and transmission lines.

LIGHTENING ARRESTER

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical powersystems and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

TRANSFORMER

USHA martin uses oil cooled transformer of rating 3MVA,33kv/11kv 3MVA,11kv/415v 1MVA,11kv/415v 3MVA,33kv/433v

PARTS OF TRANSFORMER: CONSERVATOR: it is used to provide adequate space for the expansion of oil when transformer is loaded or when ambient temprature changes. RADIATORS: these are used for cooling of the transformer oil. SILICA GEL BREATHER: it sucks the moisture from the air which is taken by transformer so that dry air is taken by transformer. TAP CHANGER:- A tap changer is an connection point selection mechanism along a power transformerwinding that allows a variable number of turns to be selected in discrete steps. BUSHING:-Larger transformers are provided with high-voltage insulated bushings made of polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must provide careful control of the electric field gradient without letting the transformer leak oil TEMPERATURE METER:- Temperature meter is used to measure the temperature of transformer which indicated the safe/unsafe working condition of transformer.