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DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
Health is a quality of life involving social, mental, and biological fitness on
the part of the individual which results from the adaptations to the environment
(Shirrefs, 1982)
PRINCIPLES:
- utilize all educational opportunities for health: formal and informal, traditional and
- empower students to act for healthy living and to promote conditions supportive of
health
- foster interaction between schools, the community, parents and local services
In the 1970s, the Role Delineation Project, a national project and was
designed to explore eventual credentialing or accrediting health educators,
developed a specific description of the role of educators.
In the fields of health education and health behavior, the emphasis during the
1970s and 1980s on individuals’ behaviors as determinants of health status
eclipsed attention to the broader social determinants of health. Advocates of
system-level changes to improve health called for renewal of abroad vision of health
education and promotion (Minkler, 1989). These calls for moving health education
toward social action heralded a renewed enthusiasm for holistic approaches rather
than an entirely new worldview. They are well within the tradition of health
education and are consistent with its long-standing concern with the impact of
social, economic, and political forces on health. Over the past fifty years,
outstanding leaders in health education repeatedly stressed the importance of
political, economic, and social factors as determinants of health. Mayhew
Derryberry (1960) noted that “health education . . . requires careful and thorough
consideration of the present knowledge, attitudes, goals, perceptions, social status,
power structure, cultural traditions, and other aspects of whatever public is to be
addressed.” In 1966, Dorothy Nyswander spoke of the importance of attending
to social justice and individuals’ sense of control and self-determination
(Nyswander, 1966). These ideas were reiterated later when William Griffiths (1972)
stressed that “health education is concerned not only with individuals and their
families, but also with the institutions and social conditions that impede or facilitate
individuals toward achieving optimum health” (emphasis added). The view of health
education as an instrument of social change has been renewed and invigorated
during the past decade. Policy, advocacy, and organizational change have been
adopted as central activities of public health and health education. Most recently,
experts have explicitly recommended that interventions on social and behavioral
factors related to health should link multiple levels of influence, including the
individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and policy levels (Smedley and
Syme, 2000).
Health Target
Health targets state, for a given population, the amount of change (using a health
indicator) which could be reasonably expected within a defined time period. Targets
are generally based on specific and measurable changes in health outcomes, or
intermediate health outcomes. Health targets define the concrete steps which may
be taken towards the achievement of health goals. Setting targets also provides one
approach to the assessment of progress in relation to a defined health policy or
programme by defining a benchmark against which progress can be measured.
Setting targets requires the existence of a relevant health indicator and information
on the distribution of that indicator within a population of interest. It also requires
an estimate of current and likely future trends in relation to change in the
distribution of the indicator, and an understanding of the potential to change the
distribution of the indicator in the population of interest.
COMPONENTS OF HEALTH
For health to be a quality of life it becomes the functions of:
1. Social Health. It refers to the ability to interact well with people and the
environment and having satisfying interpersonal relationships.
4. Spiritual Health. It refers to the beliefs in some unifying force. For some
people that will be nature, for others it will be in scientific laws, and for others
it will be a godlike force.
5. Physical Health. It refers to the ability to perform daily tasks without undue
fatigue; biological integrity of the individual.
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
In 1946 the newly established World Health Organization (WHO) included a twenty-
word statement in its constitution which identified three dimensions of health:
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
DISCUSSION:
1. Social Well-being
Social dimension has been identified as the most ambiguous member
of the triad. There is a reasonably firm acceptance of the reality of mental
health; one who lacks the quality of mental health, such as someone with
severe depression, is ill regardless of how healthy he or she may be
physically. But what is social health? It may be argued that social
maladjustment or deprivation, for instance, becomes a problem as it is
reflected in reduced mental health. Good social interaction thus becomes
analogous to good nutrition; the proper types and amounts, free of
pathological contaminants, contribute to good health. However, according to
this view, social interaction becomes a means for achieving health rather
than a part of health itself.
Another possible way of viewing social health is to take the position
that to be healthy one must make a positive contribution to one’s family and
community. The parent who does a responsible job of parenting is viewed as
socially healthy; the abusive parent is deemed socially ill.
1. Planning Programs - allows for the gathering of baseline data which gives
the program direction and sets up the eventual evaluation. Planning
facilitates the selection of target behaviors and the determinants which
influence these behaviors. Furthermore, planning aids in the selection of
educational strategies and methods for use in teh program.
2. Implementing Programs – bringing programs into reality. It includes staff
selection and training; the procurement of facilities, materials, and teaching
aids; and the recruitment of learners into the program.
3. Delivering Direct Health Education Services:
a. Teaching – gathering, interpreting, and disseminating information to
those who have a need to know.
b. Training – teaching health professionals how to carry out their health
education responsibilities.
c. Counseling – helping people to learn how to achieve personal growth,
improve interpersonal relationships, resolve problems, make decisions,
and change behaviour.
d. Consulting – giving expert advice as a professional.
e. Community Organizing – promoting better use, organization, and/or
availability of resources.
f. Using Media – television, radio, newspapers, the mail (e-mail), and
locally employed audiovisual aid.
4. Administering Programs – promoting and coordinating the activities of the
program.
5. Evaluating Programs – examining and judging the outcome of the program.