HVAC- Boiler

Technology Presentation

Agenda
Introduction to Boilers Boiler Efficiency
Definition Causes of bad efficiencies / Leads of Savings

Boiler Regulation
In function of outside temperature In function of ambient temperature Cascade Control

Case Study

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

Introduction to Boilers
Definition proposal : Boiler: is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or
vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications.

Burner:

is a device to generate a flame to heat up products using a fuel.

Source : Wikipedia

Steam boiler i.e Process

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

Hot water boiler i.e Heating

3

Introduction to Boilers
Source of heat for a boiler : Combustion

Chemical equation for stoichiometric combustion of an hydrocarbon in air :

Fuel Air Heat Water Carbon Dioxyde Nitrogen

Common Fuel Types: Natural Gas, Propane, Butane, Fuel Oil
Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC 4

Introduction to Boilers
Boiler main components : Boiler: Heat exchange Burner: Flame generation

Power supply Control devices

1: Motor; 7: Air motorized valve; 12: Pressure control

Ex: Steam boiler

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

Ex: Gas burner

5

Introduction to Boilers
Exhausts gas

How does a boiler work ? (Example of a steam boiler)

Combustion gas are blown through the boiler and transfer their energy to the fluid

Steam Chimney

Fuel Combustion Air

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC 6

Introduction to Boilers
Different Types of Boilers
Low pressure boilers : Max working pressure are 103 kPa for steam boilers, 1100 kPa for hot water below 120C.
High pressure boilers : Operate above working pressure 103 kPa for steam boilers, 1100 kPa for hot water above 120C Steam Boilers : for space heating, hot water heat exchangers, absorption cooling, laundry, sterilizers etc. Standard sizes from 17kW to 30 MW

Water Boilers : for space heating, industrial processes. Standard sizes to 17 kW to over 30 MW

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

Hot Water boiler

Low Pressure Steam boiler

Introduction to Boilers
Different types of burners
Modulating burners
One or Two speed burners

Atmospheric burners

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

Introduction to Boilers
Different types of burners
One speed burners
Burner flow rate

Time

Two speed burners

Burner flow rate 1st speed

Time

Modulating burners
Burner flow rate 1st speed

Time
Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC 9

Agenda
Introduction to Boilers Boiler Efficiency
Definition Causes of bad efficiencies / Leads of Savings

Boiler Regulation
In function of outside temperature In function of ambient temperature Cascade Control

Case Study

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

10

Boiler Efficiency
Definition

Energy Produced Efficiency Energy Consumed

Source: 'Boilers and Heaters: Improving Energy Efficiency' Natural Resources Canada, 2001;
Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC 11

Boiler Efficiency
Different efficiency for different technology

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

12

Boiler Efficiency
Causes of bad efficiencies
The insulation of the boiler is insufficient

Losses through the inner surface

Repairing the insulation of the boiler

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

13

Boiler Efficiency
Causes of bad efficiencies
The boiler is getting sooty

Boiler clogged

Boiler after cleaning

Clean periodically the boiler

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

14

Boiler Efficiency
Causes of bad efficiencies
The boiler and the burner are quite old (more than 25 years)

Replace the boiler and the burner

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

15

Boiler Efficiency
Causes of bad efficiencies Bad draught for the exhaust gas

Pressure of the exhausts gas too low

Check the pressure if this one is too low install a draft regulator

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

16

Boiler Efficiency
Causes of bad efficiencies
Inlet valve of the buner stay open at idle time

Air inlet
Change the electrical connection to shut the valve of the burner at idle time

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

17

Boiler Efficiency
Causes of bad efficiencies
Case of Burner Power > Boiler Power

Regulate the power of the burner

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

18

Agenda
Introduction to Boilers Boiler Efficiency
Definition Causes of bad efficiencies / Leads of Savings

Boiler Regulation
In function of outside temperature In function of ambient temperature Cascade Control

Case Study

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

19

Boiler Regulation
In function of outside temperature

Hot water temperature

External temperature

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

20

Boiler Regulation
In function of ambient temperature
Ambient temperature 20C

16C

Heat relaunch

Night setback

Water TC

time

Average temperature

time

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

21

Boiler Regulation
Cascade Control
Water temperature Temperature setting Time delay relay

Power in use (n of boiler running)

time

time time
Boiler 1 running Boiler 2 running Boiler 3 running n3
Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC 22

Case Study
A plant uses Heating oil to produce hot water used for: - sanitary hot water and - offices heating.
- Boiler power is 580 KW equipped with a two stages burner of 560 Kw - Annual consumption : 51 000 L of fuel - Price : 0.469 / L

Boiler :
- Combustion rate mesured : 79 % - The boiler is 30 years old and the maintenance contract have been stopped since 1990 - Insulation of the boiler quite good - All the installation have been checked and valided by a boiler specialist - Presence of a draft regulator

Air blowed Burner :

- Equipped with an inlet damper which stay open at idle time - Burner cycle time : 3 minutes - Bigger stage not regulated to real heating needed

Building recent

Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC

23

Case Study

SAVINGS Kwh /

Saving details
Schneider Electric S&PBU/PEC/TC 24