J. agric. Engng Res.

(2001) 78 (4), 407}413

doi:10.1006/jaer.2000.0647, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on
SE*Structures and Environment
A Strategy for Greenhouse Climate Control, Part I: Model Development
M. Trigui; S. Barrington; L. Gauthier`
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Studies, Macdonald Campus of McGill
University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte Anne-de-Bellevue, Que& bec Canada H9X 3V9; e-mail of corresonding author:
barrington@macdonald.mcgill.ca
`De& partement des Sols et de Ge& nie Agroalimentaire, Faculte& des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Universite& Laval, Cite& Universitaire,
Que& bec Canada G1K 7P4
(Received 11 September 1998; accepted in revised form 6 September 2000; published online 23 January 2001)
This paper presents an algorithm developed to predict the dynamic ambient greenhouse air conditions which
optimize net pro"ts for the production of a greenhouse tomato crop. Pro"ts are equated to the crop yield value
less the energy costs for heating and dehumidi"cation and the CO
`
injection cost. The climatic conditions
considered are CO
`
level, temperature, relative humidity and incident radiation. These are varied dynamically
for every time interval spanning the harvesting period.
The algorithm has two sub-programs. For sets of selected internal climatic parameters, the "rst calculates
crop yield, and the second calculates energy costs (heating and dehumidi"cation) with reference to predicted
exterior climatic conditions (solar radiation, temperature, wind velocity and relative humidity). These two
algorithms are then used to predict the particular set of climatic parameters, adjusted for each time interval over
the harvesting period, that will maximize the crop yield value less the energy costs.
2001 Silsoe Research Institute
1. Introduction
In North America, greenhouse production has
increased steadily despite high-energy costs (Statistics
Canada, 1995). By increasing the air tightness of modern
greenhouse structures for reduced energy use, problems
of high relative humidity have occurred. However, this
air tightness has also provided an opportunity to develop
and use computer programs to optimize the climate
inside greenhouses. The objective of this project was,
therefore, the development of a program capable of con-
tinuously adjusting the set-point of ambient greenhouse
air conditions (AGAC) for relative humidity, temper-
ature, CO
`
and incident radiation, to maximize the crop
yield value less energy cost, being termed net pro"t in this
text.
Several projects have developed programs to optimize
AGAC, but these programs have been limited to one or
two parameters. Daytime temperature is a major factor
a!ecting crop yield and energy consumption. Seginer
et al. (1991) formulated a model to optimize this para-
meter using Pontryagin's control strategy (Pontryagin
et al., 1962). For a crop of lettuce, the model predicted
that the set-point for daytime temperature should be
slowly decreased throughout the growing period as of the
"rst day. Nevertheless, some day-to-day #uctuations
need superimposition, in response to exterior temper-
atures and incoming radiation. While this strategy was
found to be consistent with the physiological need of the
crop, the daily economic gain was minimal at $0)05 m`.
Further economic gains were anticipated with the hourly
adjustment of the temperature set-point.
Stanghellini and van Meurs (1992) proposed a climate
control algorithm based on the use of a set-point for crop
transpiration rate rather than for temperature and/or
relative humidity. The model was able to predict plant
transpiration rate with a maximum error of 10%. Never-
theless, the desired transpiration rate could only be
achieved as well as the AGAC could be controlled inside
the greenhouse. Relative humidity and incident radiation
were the two main factors in#uencing the transpiration
set-point.
Jolliet (1994) developed the HORTITRANS model, pre-
dicting greenhouse relative humidity, crop transpiration
0021-8634/01/040407#07 $35.00/0 407 2001 Silsoe Research Institute
Notation
A ground surface area of the greenhouse,
m`
b coe$cient, K
C
E
CO
`
injection rate, g [CO
`
] m` s
C
GT
CO
`
#ux by ventilation and in"ltration,
g [CO
`
] m` s
C
'M'
exterior CO
`
concentration, g [CO
`
]
kg [air]
C
'R'
greenhouse interior CO
`
level at time t,
g [CO
`
] m`
C
N?
air-speci"c thermal heat capacity,
J kg [dry air] K
c
R
, c

, c
`
, empirical constants, dimensionless
c
`
, c
"
, c
`
,
c
'
, c
`
, c
`
E
?BB
mass of water vapour added or
removed by humidi"cation or de-
humidi"cation, kg [water] m` s
E
A
water vapour condensation rate on
walls, kg [water] m` s
E
GT
water vapour removed by in"ltration
and ventilation, kg [water] m` s
E
R
transpiration rate of the plants, kg
[water] m` s
e
A
interior air water vapour pressure at the
wall, Pa
e
G
interior air water vapour pressure, Pa
e
M
exterior air water vapour pressure, Pa
e
Q
air saturation water vapour pressure,
Pa
e
R
external parameters (CO
`
, temperature,
relative humidity, incoming radiation,
energy cost, product value) at time t,
g [CO
`
] m`, K, %, Wm`, $ J,
$ kg, respectively
f (x
R
, p
R
, e
R
) the estimated harvest value calculated
from the AGAC inside at time t,
$ m` s
G(C
'R'
,
R
) net rate of photosynthesis, g [CO
`
]
m` s
g(x
R
, p
R
,
u
R
, e
R
)
the cost of maintaining the AGAC at
time t, $ m` s
G
EJ
global rate of photosynthesis, g [CO
`
]
m` s
g
Q
leaf conductance to CO
`
, kg [air]
m` s
h average height of the greenhouse, m
H
?
Hamiltonian function, $ m` s
H
A
heat #ux through the glazing,
Wm`
H
D
heating system heat #ux, Wm`
H
Q
heat transferred between the soil and
the air, Wm`
H
GT
the greenhouse heat lost by ventilation
and air in"ltration, Wm`
H
T
the energy cost per unit #oor area to
ventilate the greenhouse, Wm`
h
A
heat transfer coe$cient between the air
and the walls, Wm` K
h
GT
sensible heat transfer coe$cient due to
the air renewal, Wm` K
h
P
greenhouse relative humidity, %
h
R
heat transfer coe$cient between the
plants and the air, Wm` K
I
*
foliar surface index, m` [leaves] m`
[#oor area]
J objective function, $ m`
K
!
cost of CO
`
injection, $ g [CO
`
]
K
D
heating energy cost, $ J
K
E
estimated harvest value, $ kg [har-
vested]
K
T
ventilation energy cost, $ J
p
!
cost of CO
`
injection, $ g [CO
`
] m`
p
2
heating energy cost, $ m` K
p
R
variations in plant state at time t, kg
[fruit mass] m`
p
U
dehumidi"cation energy cost, $ kg [dry
air] kg [water] m`
Q ventilation and in"ltration rates, m` s
R photosynthetically active radiation,
Wm`
R
B
respiration rate, g [CO
`
] m` s
R
L
net incident radiation, Wm`
R
P
reference respiration rate per unit crop
mass, g [CO
`
] g [crop CO
`
] s
t time interval, s
t
"
beginning of the harvesting period, s
t
D
end of the harvesting period, s

M
exterior air temperature, K

P
reference temperature, K

Q
soil temperature, K

R
greenhouse air temperature, K
;
A
global heat transfer coe$cient between
the inside air and the glazing,
Wm` K
;
Q
global heat transfer coe$cient between
the inside air and the soil, Wm` K
u
BR
latent heat #ux, Wm`
u
R
greenhouse climate control parameters
(heating, dehumidi"cation, lighting and
CO
`
injection) at time t, Wm`, g
[CO
`
] m`
M. TRIGUI E A. 408
<
A
conversion coe$cient, kg [harvested]
g [CO
`
]
= CO
`
content of crop, g [crop CO
`
] m`
w
R
water air ratio, kg [water] kg [dry
air]
x
R
climatic parameters (CO
`
, temperature,
relative humidity, radiation) at time
t per unit #oor area, g m`, K, %,
Wm`
temperature coe$cient, K`
psychometric constant for the slope be-
tween the temperature and the water
vapour pressure for a constant relative
humidity, Pa K
photosynthesis e$ciency coe$cient, g
[CO
`
] J
latent heat of vapourization, J kg
[water]

?
air density, kg [dry air] m`
glazing transmittance, dimensionless
rates and energy costs based on exterior climatic condi-
tions. Under Swiss conditions, dehumidi"cation was not
required for single-glazing greenhouses, but was re-
quired, before sunset, for double-glazing greenhouses.
Carbon dioxide has also been investigated as a climatic
control parameter. Critten (1991) developed an analytical
solution for the optimal control of CO
`
for lettuce. Opti-
mal CO
`
levels were directly and linearly related to inci-
dent radiation, ventilation rate and the ratio of CO
`
cost
to crop value. As opposed to "xed CO
`
levels, the analyti-
cal model predicted a 10% improvement in net pro"ts.
Although these studies demonstrated the economic
advantages of optimizing AGAC, they controlled only
one parameter at a time. A dynamic model was therefore
developed to account for the e!ect of four AGAC vari-
ables (ambient greenhouse air temperature, relative
humidity, incident radiation and CO
`
level) on the yield
of a greenhouse tomato crop, and from this, to select a set
of ideal dynamic AGAC ensuring maximum net pro"ts.
2. The optimizing function
In a greenhouse, the objective is to maximize net
revenues by selecting a set of climatic conditions allowing
for the highest harvest value for the least energy and CO
`
costs. This maximization process is achieved through the
objective function J, presented by Seginer and Sher (1993):
J"

RD
R"
[ f (x
R
, p
R
, e
R
)!g(x
R
, p
R
, u
R
, e
R
)] dt (1)
where: f (x
R
, p
R
, e
R
) is the estimated harvest value calculated
from the AGAC and the plant growth state at time t in
$ m` s; g(x
R
, p
R
, u
R
, e
R
) is the cost of maintaining the
AGAC at time t in $ m` s; x
R
represents the climatic
parameters (CO
`
, temperature, relative humidity, inci-
dent radiation) inside the greenhouse at time t in
g [CO
`
] m`, K, %, and J s, respectively; p
R
represents
the variations in plant growth state at time t in kg
[fruit]m`; e
R
represents the external parameters (CO
`
,
temperature, relative humidity, incident radiation, energy
cost, product value) at time t in g [CO
`
] m`, K, %,
Wm`, $ J and $ kg, respectively; u
R
represents the
climate control activities (heating, dehumidi"cation, CO
`
injection, lighting) inside the greenhouse at time t in
Wm`, or g [CO
`
] m`; and t
"
and t
D
are the beginning
and end of the harvesting period in s. The in#uencing
parameters for f (x
R
, p
R
, e
R
) and g(x
R
, p
R
, u
R
, e
R
) will be further
de"ned by the sub-models presented later.
Over a time interval dt, and for a selected set of AGAC,
f (x
R
; p
R
; e
R
) estimates the yield value generated while
g(x
R
; p
R
; u
R
; e
R
) represents the cost of heating, dehumidify-
ing and injecting CO
`
. The function J is integrated over
a number of intervals, dt, spanning the full harvesting
period (t
D
}t
"
).
The function J is maximized by selecting a set of
AGAC, described by u
R
, and dynamically changed over
the entire harvesting period. The AGAC are dynamic as
they are changed at every set time interval, dt. The only
known input variables are the exterior climatic condi-
tions obtained from normal weather conditions prevail-
ing during the harvesting period, the energy cost and the
crop value.
Equation (1) can be simpli"ed by assuming that the
value of the produce and the energy cost are constant
over the harvesting period, the harvesting period (t
D
}t
"
) is
"xed, and the net rate of photosynthesis in g [CO
`
]
m` s is equated to the crop yield by means of a coef-
"cient <
A
.
Consequently, the function J is simpli"ed to
J"

RD
R"
[K
E
<
A
G(C
'R'
,
R
)!(K
D
H
D
#K
T
H
T
#K
!
C
E
)] dt
(2)
where: the "rst term of Eqn (2) de"nes plant productivity
in $ m` s and the last three terms de"nes plant pro-
duction costs in $ m` s; K
E
is the estimated harvest
value in $ kg harvested; <
A
is the conversion coe$cient
in kg [harvested] g [CO
`
]; G(C
'R'
,
R
) is net rate of
photosynthesis in g [CO
`
] m` s; K
D
is the energy cost
for heating in $ J; K
T
is energy cost for ventilating in
$ J; K
!
is the cost of CO
`
injection in $ g [CO
`
];
409 GREENHOUSE CLIMATE CONTROL. PART I
C
E
is injection rate of CO
`
at time t in g m` s; H
T
is
the energy cost per unit #oor area to provide the
necessary heating systemin Wm`; C
'R'
is the greenhouse
CO
`
level in g [CO
`
] kg air; and
R
is the greenhouse
temperature at time t in K.
The state vector x
R
must respect certain physical and
plant criteria related to temperature, relative humidity
and CO
`
. These lead to constraints on the state variables.
For example, the relative humidity set-point:
(1) prevents condensation on plants during a set period
for disease prevention;
(2) creates optimal conditions for pollination;
(3) prevents minimum turgidity and wilting;
(4) prevents high transpiration rates and plant moisture
stress during a sunny day;
(5) prevents sudden changes in transpiration rates; and
(6) ensures su$cient transpiration for nutrient transport.
The "rst two criteria de"ne a minimum and a maxi!
mum limit for relative humidity, respectively, while the
last four criteria de"ne a minimum based on transpira-
tion and photosynthesis.
A simpli"ed solution for the function J is the Hamil-
tonian function, H
?
, de"ned by the Pontryagin's Maxi-
mum Principle and presented by Pontryagin et al. (1962):
H
?
(t)"
dJ
dt
#p
2
d
R
dt
#p
U
dw
R
dt
#p
!
dC
'R'
dt
(3)
where: H
?
(t) is the Hamiltonian function in $ m` s;
p
2
is the estimated heating cost in $ m` K; p
U
is the
estimated dehumidifying cost in $ kg [dry air] kg
[water] m`; w
R
is the water air ratio in kg [water] kg
[dry air]; and, p
!
is the estimated CO
`
injection cost in
$ g [CO
`
] m`.
The last three right-hand terms of Eqn (3) represent the
cost of changing the climatic conditions inside the green-
house. The "rst right-hand term represents the cost of
maintaining the set climatic conditions less the revenue
from the crop harvested less the cost for every time
interval dt. The co-state variables, p
2
, p
U
and p
'
are
estimated values for the heating, dehumidifying and CO
`
injection costs, as they change with time. Along with Eqn (3),
the co-state equations must also be satis"ed
dp
2
dt
"!
dH
?
d
R
(4)
dp
U
dt
"!
dH
?
dw
R
(5)
dp
!
dt
"!
dH
?
dC
R
(6)
The Hamiltonian function H
?
is solved by determining
the set of dynamic AGAC maximizing net pro"ts. The
AGAC is dynamic because it is changed every time inter-
val dt spanning the harvesting period (t
D
}t
"
). Net pro"ts
are computed for the yield value less the energy (heating,
dehumidi"cation) and CO
`
injection costs. To solve for
H
?
, initial state variables are set and exterior climate
conditions are imputed from historic weather data. Within
a "rst loop, moving from one time interval to another,
a AGAC is set for each, producing a net pro"t. This net
pro"t is summed for each dt spanning the harvesting
period (t
D
}t
"
). Then, the second loop is used. This loop
consists of selecting a new set of AGAC and repeating the
net pro"t calculations using the "rst loop. The second
loop is used until all possible sets of dynamic AGAC
spanning the harvesting period (t
D
}t
"
) have been tested
within the limits established by physical and plant cri-
teria. The completion of the second loop is followed by
the selection of the set of AGAC maximizing pro"t over
the harvesting period (t
D
}t
"
) and thus solving H
?
. This set
of AGAC is used to control the greenhouse environment.
3. The sub-models of the optimizing function
To optimize pro"ts, H
?
requires the computation of
energy and CO
`
costs involved in controlling the AGAC.
The heating, dehumidi"cation, and CO
`
injection costs
are computed assuming heat conservation, water vapour
and CO
`
mass balance. Temperature, relative humidity,
incident radiation and CO
`
levels inside the greenhouse
are assumed to control the photosynthetic rate and are
used to predict yield (see Fig. 1).
3.1. he sensible heat balance
The sensible heat balance inside a greenhouse de"nes
the rate of change of temperature, d
R
/dt and is used to
compute the heating requirements

?
hC
N?
d
R
dt
"H
Q
#H
A
#H
GT
#(R
L
!E
R
)#H
D
(7)
where:
R
is the greenhouse air temperature in K; H
Q
is the
heat transferred between the soil and the air inside the
greenhouse in Wm`; H
A
is the heat #ux through the
glazing in Wm`; H
GT
is the heat #ux from in"ltration
and ventilation in Wm`; E
R
is the transpiration rate of
the plants in kg [water] m` s; H
D
is the heating sys-
tem heat #ux in Wm`; is the latent heat of vaporiza-
tion in J kg [water];
?
is the air density in kg [dry
air] m`; C
N?
is the air-speci"c thermal heat capacity in
J kg K; is the glazing transmittance (dimension-
less); R
L
is the net incident radiation in Wm`; and h is
the average height of the greenhouse in m.
M. TRIGUI E A. 410
Fig. 1. Flow chart of the model: H
?
, Hamiltonian function; t, time interval; t
D
, end of harvesting period
The heat transferred from the soil to the air, H
Q
,
depends mainly on the temperature di!erential, and, for
a hydroponic culture, the heat transfer from the soil due
to water evaporation is neglected:
H
Q
";
Q
(
R
!
Q
) (8)
where: ;
Q
is the global heat transfer coe$cient between
the inside air and the soil in Wm` K; and
Q
is the
soil temperature in K.
The heat exchanged by conduction and convection
between the structure's glazing and the air, depends on
the di!erential between the air temperature inside and
outside the greenhouse:
H
A
";
A
(
R
!
M
) (9)
where: ;
A
is the global heat transfer coe$cient between
the inside air and the glazing in Wm` K; and
M
is the
exterior air temperature in K.
The heat lost by in"ltration and ventilation is propor-
tional to the rate of air exchange and to the di!erential of
inside and outside air temperature:
H
GT
"

?
C
N?
Q(
R
!
M
)
A
(10)
where: A is the ground surface area of the greenhouse in m`;
and Q is the ventilation and in"ltration rates in m` s.
If the terms of Eqn (7) are de"ned and rearranged, the
heating cost is
H
D
"
?
hC
N?
d
R
dt
!;
Q
(
R
!
Q
)!;
A
(
R
!
M
)
!

?
C
N?
Q(
R
!
M
)
A
!(R
L
!E
R
) (11)
3.2. he latent heat balance
The latent heat (water vapour mass) balance inside the
greenhouse is de"ned in terms of the variation in the
absolute amount of water vapour per greenhouse #oor
area:

?
h
dw
R
dt
"E
R
#E
?BB
#E
GT
#E
A
(12)
where: E
?BB
is the mass of water vapour added or
removed by humidi"cation or dehumidi"cation in kg
[water] m` s; E
GT
is the water vapour removed by
in"ltration and ventilation kg [water] m` s; and E
A
is
the water vapour condensation rate on walls in kg
[water] m` s.
411 GREENHOUSE CLIMATE CONTROL. PART I
The transpiration rate of the plant depends on the
incident radiation and on the water vapour pressure
de"cit of the air (Jolliet, 1992):
E
R
"
c
R
R
L

#
h
R
(e
Q
!e
G
)

(13)
and
c
R
"c

ln(c
`
#c
`
I
A"
*
) (14)
and
h
R
"c
`
I
*
(c
'
!c
`
e0LA`) (15)
where: is the psychometric constant for the slope
between the temperature and the water vapour pressure
for a constant relative humidity, in Pa K; h
R
is the heat
transfer coe$cient between the plants and the air in
Wm` K; e
Q
is the air saturation water vapour pres-
sure in Pa; e
G
is the interior air water vapour pressure in
Pa; I
*
is the foliar surface index in m` [leaves] m`
[#oor area]; and c
R
, c

, c
`
, c
`
, c
"
, c
`
, c
'
, c
`
and c
`
are
dimensionless empirical constants.
The mass of water vapour added or removed by
humidi"cation or dehumidi"cation E
?BB
can also be
de"ned as
E
?BB
"
u
BR

(16)
where: u
BR
is the latent heat #ux in Wm`.
The rate of water vapour exchange by ventilation and
in"ltration is proportional to the di!erence between the
interior and exterior air vapour pressures:
E
GT
"
h
GT
(e
G
!e
M
)

(17)
and
h
GT
"

?
C
N?
Q
A
(18)
where: h
GT
is the sensible heat transfer coe$cient resulting
from in"ltration and ventilation in Wm` K; and e
M
is
the exterior air water vapour pressure in Pa.
The rate of water vapour condensation on the walls
and the ceiling E
A
is proportional to the di!erence in
vapour water pressure between that of the air and the
saturation point at the surface interface:
E
A
"
h
A
(e
G
!e
A
)

(19)
where: h
A
is the heat transfer coe$cient between the
ambient greenhouse air and the glazing in Wm` K;
and e
A
is the interior air water vapour pressure at the wall
in Pa.
If the terms of Eqn (12) are de"ned and rearranged, the
dehumidi"cation rate is
u
BR
"
?
h
dw
R
dt
!

c
R
R
L
!
h
R
(e
Q
!e
G
)

!

?
C
N?
Q(e
G
!e
M
)
A
!
h
A
(e
G
!e
A
)

(20)
3.3. Carbon dioxide mass balance
The state of CO
`
in the greenhouse air is de"ned by
Nerderfo! (1995) and is used to compute fruit yield and
CO
`
injection rate:
dC
'R'
dt
"C
E
!C
GT
!
?
hG(C
'R'
,
R
) (21)
where: C
E
is the injection rate of CO
`
in g [CO
`
] m` s;
C
GT
is the CO
`
#ux by ventilation and in"ltration in
g [CO
`
] m` s; and
?
hG(C
'R'
,
R
) is the photosynthetic
rate of CO
`
consumption in g [CO
`
] m` s.
Carbon dioxide injection inside the greenhouse is stop-
ped momentarily during ventilation and it is propor-
tional to the di!erence in concentration between the
inside and outside air
C
GT
"

?
Q(C
'R'
!C
'M'
)
A
(22)
where: C
'M'
is the exterior CO
`
concentration in
g [CO
`
] kg [air].
The net rate of CO
`
uptake by photosynthesis,
G(C
'R'
,
R
), is a function of CO
`
concentration and tem-
perature, and is equal to the global rate of photosynthesis
minus the respiration rate:

?
hG(C
'R'
,
R
)"G
EJ
!R
B
(23)
where: G
EJ
is the global rate of photosynthesis in mg
[CO
`
] m` s; and R
B
is the respiration rate in mg
[CO
`
] m` s.
The global rate of photosynthesis depends essentially
upon the climatic parameters such as incident radiation,
CO
`
concentration and temperature:
G
EJ
"
Rg
Q
C
'R'
R#g
Q
C
'R'
[1!(
P
!
R
)`] (24)
where: is the photosynthesis e$ciency in kg [CO
`
]/J;
g
Q
is the leaf conductance to CO
`
in g [air] m` s; is
a coe$cient in K`; R is the photosynthetically active
radiation in W/m`; and
P
is the reference temperature in K.
The "rst term de"nes the e!ect of CO
`
concentration
and incident radiation on the global rate of photosyn-
thesis, while the second term de"nes the e!ect of temper-
ature.
M. TRIGUI E A. 412
The respiration rate may be de"ned as
R
B
"=R
P
e@'2R2P' (25)
where: =is the crop CO
`
content in g[CO
`
] m`; R
P
is
the reference respiration rate in g[CO
`
] g [crop
CO
`
] s; and b is a dimensionless coe$cient in K.
Thus, the amount of CO
`
required to maintain a speci-
"c level inside the greenhouse is
C
E
"
dC
'R'
/dt#
?
Q(C
'R'
!C
'M'
)
A
#

Rg
Q
C
'R'
R#g
Q
C
'R'
(1!(
P
!
R
)`)!=R
P
e@'2R2P'

(26)
4. Conclusion
An algorithm was developed to optimize net pro"ts for
a greenhouse tomato crop. Net pro"t is computed as the
yield value less the costs of heating, ventilating, dehu-
midifying and CO
`
injection. The algorithm uses an
objective function J, solved by the Hamiltonian function,
to compute net pro"ts over the harvesting period. This
algorithm requires, as input, the exterior weather condi-
tions for the harvesting period, and the range of interior
climatic conditions respecting physical and plant require-
ment criteria. The energy and CO
`
costs are computed
from the energy and mass balance equations. Thus, the
greenhouse characteristics must be thoroughly de"ned to
relate greenhouse temperature, relative humidity, inci-
dent radiation and CO
`
levels to energy and CO
`
costs.
Acknowledgement
The Conseil de Recherche en Pe( che et en Agro-alimen-
taire du QueH beH c (CORPAQ) "nancially supported this
project.
References
Critten D L (1991). Optimization of CO
`
concentration in
greenhouses: a modelling analysis for the lettuce crop. Jour-
nal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 48, 261}271
Jolliet O (1994). HORTITRANS, a model for predicting and
optimizing humidity and transpiration in greenhouses. Jour-
nal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 57, 23}37
Nerderfo4 E M (1995). Carbon dioxide balance. In: Greenhouse
Climate Control: an Integrated Approach (Bakker J C; Bot
G P A; Challa H; Van de Brook N J, ed), pp 151}155.
Wageningen Press, Wageningen, Netherland
Pontryagin L S; Boltyanskii V G; Gamkrelidze R V;
Mishchenko E F (1962). The Mathematical Theory of
Optimal Processes. 360 p. John Wiley Interscience, New
York, NY
Seginer I G; Sher A (1993). Optimal greenhouse temperature
trajectories for a multi-state-variable tomato model. In: The
Computerized Greenhouse: Automatic Control Application
in Plant Production (Hashimoto Y, ed), pp 153}157. Aca-
demic Press Inc., San Diego, CA
Seginer I G; Shina G; Albright L D; Marsh L S (1991). Optimal
temperature set-points for greenhouse lettuce. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering Research, 49, 209}226
Stanghellini C; van Meurs W (1992). The environmental control
of crop transpiration. Journal of Agricultural Engineering
Research, 51, 297}311
Statistics Canada (1995). L'Industrie des cultures de serre. [The
greenhouse production industry.] 1995 Catalogue 22-202.
Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
413 GREENHOUSE CLIMATE CONTROL. PART I