ScRVtCES

DATE.

CESAR
From
a Culussal Bust in the

Museum at Naples

LLEX % UREEXOUGH'S

L.1TI.Y

XEBIEU

.jEsar's

Gallic

War

COMPLETE EDITION, hVCLUDLXG SEVEAT BOOKS

EDITED BY

J.

H. and W. F.

ALLEN

and H.

P.

JUDSON

VITH NOTES AND DISSERTATIONS, FULLY ILLUSTRATED, ON CESAR'S GALLIC CAMPAIGNS AND THE ROMAN MILITARY ART, PREPARED BY H. P. JUDSON ; AND A SPECIAL

VOCABULARY, BY

J. B.

GREENOUGH.

Ovtq) Be 6 deos Kaiaap iv tols

eiprj/cev.

inrof/,vt]/Aacrii>

Strabo,

iv. i.

departmental!
LIBRA1
BOSTON, U.S.A.:
PUBLISHED BY GIXN & COMPANY.
1889.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by

J.

H. and W.

F.

Allen and H.

P. Judson,

in the Office of the

Librarian of Congress, at Washington,

PA

J. S.

Cushing

&

Co., Printers, Boston.

PREFACE.

the notes

In preparing this completed edition of Caesar's Gallic War, on the earlier portion have been diligently revised
largely re-written.

and

In general, the plan and substance,

approved by wide and satisfactory use for eleven years, have been retained. Besides the grammatical references to Allen & Greenough's Grammar, which have been carefully verified, refness.

erences are given to the grammars of Gildersleeve and HarkThe map of Gaul has been corrected according to the

latest investigations,

and a

large

number of

illustrations,

dia-

grams, and battle-plans have been introduced from the most recent and trustworthy sources. A still more important feature is the elaborate study of the

campaigns of Caesar, from the most recent authorities carefully prepared by Mr. H.
P. Judson, Professor of History in the University of Minnesota,

Roman

military art as exemplified in the

whom its plan and execution are solely due. The special value of these military notes is quite apparent. The Commento
taries are little

and

siege,

and

more than a

military history,

story of battle

to read the

must have a
methods.

definite

book understanding^ the student notion of the Roman army and its

This edition aims to enable him, with each senthe same picture it tence, to place before his eye a picture,

suggested to the intelligent Roman reader. The Vocabulary, by Professor Greenough,

is

on the same

It attempts to give, first, the plan as his Vocabulary to Virgil. etymological meaning of each word as far as is possible ; second, the general meanings of the words, representing the

vi

Preface.
as

conceptions
renderings as

they appeared to the

Romans

third,

such

necessary to present the thought in a In the last case care is taken to indisuitable English form. cate by the use of phrases and by notes the difference between
the

may be

Roman and
known,
is

mologies, the actual

it is

In giving the etyof formation in each case, so far as shown, and all the elements which have entered

the English conceptions.

mode

into the formation are noted.

It
is

is,

of course, not intended

that such etymological matter

be studied as task-work by the pupil ; but both teachers and students will do well to form the habit of analyzing words in this manner rather than content
to

themselves with vague notions about roots, and with loose connections of words.

This edition of Caesar follows, with slight change of orthogof Nipperdey, the readings being given in the notes.
raphy, the
text

more important various

It
is

believed to be an

advantage even to the youngest learner to deal with a standard text, and to know something of those variations which make
the reading of an ancient classic differ from that of a modern author. In illustration of the narrative, constant use has been

of the more recent authorities, Mommsen, Kraner, Long, " " by Napoleon III., Merivale, and the History of Julius Caesar Much care has with the excellent school edition of Moberley.

made

been taken, with the earlier portion especially, to furnish in the notes a guide to the thorough study of syntactical construction, for which no author is, by general consent, so well adapted as
Caesar.
Cambridge. Mass., January,
1886.

CONTENTS.

*AGE

The Life of C^sar

Book
I.

X1

Helvetian War; Campaign against Ariovistus

Book
Book
Book

II.

The Belgian Confederacy

Alpine Campaign;

35

III.

Naval Campaign;

Southern
53

Gaul
IV.

Campaign against the Germans; First Invasion

of Britain
69

Book
Book

V.

Second Invasion of Britain;

Fresh Risings of
88

the Gauls
VI.

Second Expedition

into Germany; Account of Gaul and Germany; Defeat of the Eburones

AND SlGAMBRI

1 1

Book

VII.

Uprising of

Gaul under Vercingetorix

141

NOTES.
Military Notes.

The Legionary The Roman Legion

Fortifications

17
.

on the Rhone

20 23 34
35

The Personal Baggage The Cavalry The Order

The
of Battle
Gallic Array

and Arms

37

The

Military Standards

39

Relative

Rank

of the Centurions

49
57

The Camp

viii

Contents.

Military Notes {continued).

Legati
Caesar's

PAGE

64
Legions
in

66, 102, 117, 136, 149, 165, 192

Arrangement of the Cohorts

Camp

70
71

Camp
The

Duties

Tormenta
Siege

75

77 85

The Baggage Train The March

Tactics of the Cavalry

86

92 94
104

The

Martial Music

The Winter Camp

Siege of the Coast

Towns

no
115
1

The Mines
Bridge over the Rhine

25

The

British Chariots

34
35

Strength of the Legion

The

Circle

Orbis)

136

The Agger in Britain The Council of War

Turres
Position at Avaricum

140
145 147
1

70

Agger

at

Avaricum
1

173
77,
1

Position at Gergovia
Position at Alesia

79

185

Roman Works

at Alesia

188-192

FRANCE.
For comparison with the

Map

of Gaul.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Caesar

Frontispiece
xxii, xxiii

Map Map

of Gaul

of France

to face p.

The Legionary 1 Scutum Fig.

.

NOTES, PAGE 2

4 4 4
18

"

2.

Gladuis

"
3.

Pilum
Centurio
Fortifications

"
4.

Plan
Fig. "

I.

on the Rhone

20
23

5.

Roman
Eqties

Soldiers

6.
7.

34
35

"

The Maniple
Battle with the Helvetians

Plan
Fig.

II.
8. 9.

36
39
39 39
....

"

Aquila Vexillum

"
"

10.

Signum
Aquilifer Fossa Punica

II. 12.

40
58

"
"

13.

Fossa directis lateribus

58
59 60
61

"
14.

Wall and Ditch

Castra

"
15.

Romana
Camp

"

16.

Fortifying the

Plan III. Battle with Ariovistus

"

65

IV.

Battle

on the Aisne

74
75

Fig. 17.

Catapulta
Scorpio
Ballista

"
"

18.
19.

75

76 78
79

" "
" "

20. 21.
22. 23.

Pluteus
Pluteus Pluteus
Portion of Agger

80 80

List of Illustrations.
PACE

fig

Vertical Section of

Agger and Wall

81

General View of Siege Operations

82
84
87 88

Oppugnatio Cohort in Line of Battle

Legion Cohort
Cohort

in
in in
in

Line of Battle

Cohort

of Centuries, 5 Files Legion marching by the Right Flank Legion marching to the Front

Column Column Column

of Maniples of Centuries

87 87 87 88

88 89 93
95 95 95 100
109 126 134
171

Legion marching in Square Battle on the Sambre

Lituus

Tuba Buccina
Siege of Aduatuca

VII. Campaign against the Veneti Bridge over the Rhine

The Attack with Chariots Ground Plan of Gallic Wall

Vertical Section of Gallic Wall

172
172 173

Section of

Roman Agger

at

Avaricum

Siege of Avaricum Siege of Gergovia

Sections of the Double Trench at Gergovia March of Labienus against Lutetia

176
78 182
1

Defeat of Vercingetorix on the Vingeanne XII. Siege of Alesia Section of Contravallation at Alesia Fig. 44. " Lilium
"
45.

184
.

187 188
1

89

INTRODUCTION.

I.

THE
I.

LIFE OF (LESAR.

Ccesar s Earlier Career.

July

Caius Julius Cesar was born, by the common account, 12, b.c. ioo; or, by a probable reckoning, two years
1

earlier.

He
"

belonged

descent from

an ancient patrician family, which claimed When lulus, or Ascanius, the son of ^Eneas.
to

a priest of Jupiter by Marius, still a youth of eighteen or he refused to divorce his wife twenty, boldly Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, and barely escaped the proscription of Sulla, who " saw a Marius in that
his

almost a boy," he was uncle by marriage.

made

When

patrician birth, Caesar was thus early allied with the popular party, which began to make head directly after the
dictator's death.

many Though of

young man."

honors to which a
titled.

He went through the usual course of political Roman of the higher ranks felt himself enthirty-five, B.C.

At the age of

67 (assuming the earlier

date for his birth), he was Quaestor in Further Spain.

an office which years later (b.c. 65) he was Curule ^Edile, to court gave great opportunity popular honor, in its charge of
1

Two

The common
that

Appian

he died

date rests on the statement of Plutarch, Suetonius, and at the age of fifty-six. On the other hand
:

(1) Marius, who died B.C. 86, would hardly have given a priesthood to a child of thirteen; (2) he received the usual honors, by the common

reckoning, each two years earlier than the legal age; (3) certain coins struck by him in B.C. 49 have the date ill., apparently the years of his
aee.

xii

Introduction.

as a party leader

By this time he was recognized not scruple at the most daring and questionable measures, and was even suspected of having a hand in the schemes of Catiline.
public
exhibitions.

games and

who would

At the age of
maximus,

thirty-nine (b.c. 63) he

is,

was elected pontifex

state religion,

that

official

head of the

in

opposition to the leader of the aristocracy,

Quintus Catulus.

This was an open declaration of war against the governing Caesar, it is said, refused a large offer made by aristocracy.

and when the day of elecwho would have kept him out of the struggle, " To-day shall see me pontifex maximus or The following year an exile." This office he held for life.
Catulus to buy him off the course
tion
;

came, said to his mother,

(b.c.

62) he was chosen prcetor, and the next year went, as

propmtor, to govern the province of Further Spain. At this period he was chiefly known as a dissolute debtor and demagogue. Before leaving for his province, he was obliged
to find security to the

amount of

eight

hundred

talents

more

than a million dollars.

reckless way, that he
just nothing
at all.
civil

He

is

reported to have said, in his

to

wanted four million sesterces

But
in the

be worth

displayed the

government of his province he and military ability which afterwards made

which enabled him
one campaign.
the following year (B.C. 60), and soon

him famous,
to

as well as the financial ability

pay

off his debts in

He

returned to

Rome

Pompey and Crassus, his constock being his influence in the politiThis coalition is sometimes cal clubs and control of votes. " the first triumvirate." 2 One called part of the bargain was
formed a
political coalition with

tribution to the

common

beasts,

In Gesar's games " all the equipments, even the cages of the wild appeared of massive silver; and by a liberality which was all the
princely, that
it

more

was based

solely

on the contraction of debt"

(in

Latin phrase, " paid by other men's money "). 2 The term " triumvirate " means properly a commission or board of
three men, invested by law with special powers and functions.

This was

The Life of

Ccesar.

xiii

that Caesar should have the consulship for the next year (b.c.

59),

and

after that the

government of Gaul

for five years.

This

embraced the three provinces of Gallia Narbonensis, Gallia Crassus and Pompey Cisalpina (North Italy), and IUyricum.
received no special authority at
coalition.
first,

but remained in the

city,

ostensibly as private persons, to look after the interests of the

This was further strengthened by the marriage of with Caesar's young and beautiful daughter Julia. Pompey After two successful campaigns in Gaul, in the spring of

B.C. 56, Csesar

met

his

two confederates

at

Luca, in Etruria, to

arrange their future

schemes.

great display, almost like

The conference was held with a royal court. More than two hunlictors

dred senators were present, and one hundred and twenty were
in attendance, attached to the several magistrates.
it

At

this

was agreed that Pompey and Crassus should hold the consulship the following year, and, after their term of office,
conference
should receive by popular vote a similar command to that held by Caesar, namely, that Pompey should command in Spain and Crassus in Syria for five years each ; also that when Caesar's

five years

term of

five years.

were up, he should receive in the same way a second His ten years' administration would then

close at the

end of

b.c.

49

after

which time

an

interval

the case with the triumvirate of Octavianus (Augustus), Antony, and Lepidus after the death of Csesar; but this earlier one was only a private knot

of political aspirants. 1 It was a law that both consuls and praetors should have their power (imperiutii) continued for a year after their term of office, and, under the
title proconsul or proprcztor, govern one of the military provinces. If the proconsul was not relieved at the end of the year, his power continued by In one instance, that of Pompey, an extraordithe necessity of the case.

nary power was conferred upon the proconsul by act of the people (the Manilian Law). Regularly, however, the assignment of provinces was

reckoned a part of the administrative powers of the Senate; and a law of Caius Gracchus directed that the consular provinces should be determined
that is, a year and a half in advance, then the consuls should draw lots which to have.

before the election,

and

that

xiv

Introduction.

of ten years having elapsed

consul,

he

would be

eligible again as

Crassus departed duly carried out. 54) to his province, where he was defeated the next year by the Parthians in the battle of Carrhae, and shortly after
(b.c.

The programme was

entrapped and killed. Pompey put his province in the hands of one of his subordinates, and remained in the neighborhood of Rome, unwilling to remove from the seat of his personal
influence.

the ties which

; gradually himself leader of the Senate and the aristocracy against Caesar's

The death of his wife Julia (b.c. 54) soon sundered bound him to Caesar. Jealous from the first, he became openly hostile to him and at last he found

revolutionary schemes.

2.

Condition of Italy.
in
;

The Roman

state

was

form and

in

name

Commonwealth
all

or Republic {res publico.)

but in course of time

political

power had come

into the hands of a rich landed aristocracy, made up of both " patricians " (patricii, men of family) and " The organ of this "plebeians {plebeii, men of the people).

aristocracy was the Senate, a

body ordinarily of six or seven hundred men, who became members of it by holding certain magistracies, from the quasstorship upward, and then kept their seats for life. These magistracies were elective, so that a seat
Senate rested in theory upon the popular will ; but the great houses exercised such controlling influence over the elecin the

tions through their clients

and freedmen, and

also

by means

of

the peculiar machinery of election, that it was very difficult for any person not of a noble family (nobilis) to be chosen to any office. Opposed to the landed aristocracy was a class of wealthy
capitalists

known

as equites, the " Equestrian Order."

Many

of these were as rich as

the

senators

but

their wealth

most of

it

gained by usury, state contracts, slave-dealing, and

The Life of
" "

Ccnsar.

xv
in

farming

of provincial taxes

consisted

money

instead

of land.

passage in Cicero's

the motives which led

young men

Ciuentius (ch. 56) speaks of of that day to renounce the

anxious splendor of a political career for the safer pursuit of money-getting. The moneyed aristocracy, accordingly, held
aloof from public
life,

except where

it

might aid them

to obtain

rich contracts, or to secure (through the lobby) the passage of some measure that should advance their private interests.

There was no industrious middle

while

class in

Rome.

Manufacture

on a large scale, as a means of wealth, was absolutely

all

unknown

mechanical industries were carried on by slaves. The class of citizens, the plebs, were wholly influenced in their poorer

votes by their wealthy patrons or by scheming demagogues. The rural portions of Italy were for the most part held in

undid) , large plantations {latif

senatorial order,

owned by

nobles, or

men

of the

and cultivated by
cattle

slaves, or,

more

frequently,

occupied by great droves of

plantation system
proprietors in almost
all

tended by herdsmen.

This

had crowded out the

class of free peasant

parts of the peninsula.

There

still

remained, however, here and there, especially in Northern Italy (Cisalpine Gaul) a considerable body of small land-owners ;
,

and the municipal towns (municipia), about four hundred in number, whose territories comprised, politically speaking, the whole area of Italy, were still (as we see in Cicero's Roscius)

home of a fairly prosperous middle-class. The municipal nobility, who had in their hands the government of these towns,
the

were classed with the Equestrian Order of this important class Cicero himself (a native of Arpinum) is the best-known exam:

The equites of the municipal class, joined with the peasant population where it still survived, formed a considerable body of substantial character and intelligence, who might have served
ple.

as an opposition party to the corrupt ruler

and the

aristocracy.

But they were too scattered or too distant any perceptible influence on public affairs.

to exert, as a body,

Since there was no

xvi

Introduction.

system of representation, they must go to Rome in person to cast their votes ; and here they were wholly powerless against
the hangers-on of the nobles or the turbulent political clubs of the metropolis.

In this class, however, lay whatever hope there was of escape from the corrupt and inefficient rule of the aristocracy. Partisans of the nobility were known as Optimates ; those opposed to them, as Popidares. To the party of the populares Caesar attached himself from his first entrance into public life, notwithstanding he was himself a member of the highest patrician stock ; and, by his remarkable personal qualities as a leader, he succeeded in defeating all the power of the aristocracy in the

He appears in his policy to have been powerfully elections. and from conviction influenced by the social and economical necessities of the rural communities and the municipal towns, as is shown by some features of his legislation during the short
period of his
rule.

But the constitution of the Republic was

The governing class was wholly incomhopelessly inefficient. petent to its task ; and the only resource against anarchy appears to have been that some one man, by craft or force, should get all the reins of power into his single hand.

For a time, Pompey seemed likely to be this man. Both by military reputation and by personal qualities he might appear to have been well fitted for it ; and a strong personal party Cicero and Cato among the rest stayed by him to the last.

His sympathies were, on the whole, with the Senate ; and he had neither the energy of political conviction nor the controlling
State.

personal ambition to break finally with the traditions of the statesmanlike insight, Caesar had all the qualities,

political ambition,

and

reckless audacity

and he put himself

at the head of the populares, probably with a half-conscious assurance that the end would be to make him master of the

Roman

world.

The Life of

Ccesar.

xvii

3.

Ccesar s Later Career.

of

The remainder of Csesar's life belongs to the general history Rome. At the close of the Gallic war, the senatorial party

required that he should disband his army. This he refused to do, unless Pompey should make an equal surrender of military force. From these demands grew the charge of false play on

each

side, until the Civil

fled to

War broke out (b.c. 49), and Pompey Greece, where he was defeated the following year at
and
shortly after

Pharsalia,

was murdered

later (b.c. 46), in the decisive battle of

in Egypt. Two years Thapsus, in Africa, the

Republic was finally crushed, and its leader, Cato, put himself to death at Utica. Caesar now returned to Rome, 1 where he

was made imperator possessing the entire imperium, or milidominion of Rome, not of a single colony or province tary
merely
offices clothed

By

{dictator perpetuo), which the political authority of the State. the powers thus conferred he laid the foundations of the

and

perpetual

dictator

him with

all

Imperial constitution, which was afterwards (b.c. 30) set in operation by his grand-nephew and adopted son, Octavianus, later known as Augustus. This scheme of government eventually

became

(as

was possibly foreseen from the

start)

an

hereditary monarchy, under the name and form of a republic. During the short period of Csesar's rule he carried a series of

measures of wise and practical statesmanship, such as the

re-

form of the calendar, the regulation of the administrative system, and the policy of checks upon the abuses of the money

power; but his possession of this exalted authority aroused the alarm and hate of a fanatic to party, who vainly
thought
1

It is

a remarkable illustration of

Roman

feeling, that,

on the day
his

of

his triumph, Caesar, the epicurean rationalist,

mounted on

knees the

long
tious

flight

of steps that led up to the Capitol, that by this act of ostenta-

humility he might avert those divine judgments supposed to be provoked by inordinate good fortune (felicitas).

Kviii

Introduction.

restore the rule of an effete aristocracy;

and on the Ides

was murdered

01

March (March
lead of Brutus.

15), b.c. 44, Julius Caesar

in the

Senate-house by a conspiracy under the pedantic and ungrateful

4.

Person and Character of

tall

Ccesar.
face rather

In person, Caesar was

long and

and slenderly

built, his

thin, black, vivacious, and keen (" falcon his nose eyes "), prominent, of the Roman type, his head somewhat bald in later life. It might seem certain that he was a

his eyes

man

of extraordinary physical as well as mental vigor

but he

was reproached for effeminacy in early life, and is said to have had attacks of epilepsy. " I should have liked," says Michelet,
to see that white and pale countenance, withered before its time by the debauches of Rome ; that delicate and epileptic man, walking at the head of his legions under the rains of Gaul, "

swimming
litters in

across

its

rivers,

or riding on horseback

among

the

were borne, and dictating four or six letters at a time ; agitating Rome from the remotest part of Belgium, sweeping away two millions of men on his path, and

which

his secretaries

space of ten years subduing Gaul, the Rhine, and the 2 He was a man of varied powers a student northern ocean."
in the
:

of language, who composed a treatise on grammar while crossing the Alps ; an orator, only second in his generation to
1

Clay.
is

In several of the portraits the character of face reminds one of Henry That prefixed to this edition, from a bust in the Museum at Naples,

article

regarded as one of the most authoritative, but as somewhat idealized. An by Mr. John S. Ropes, in Scribner's Magazine for March, 1887,

It is interesting, howgives engravings of all the best of these portraits. ever, to note, as illustrating the wide difference of opinion of many experts

on

this subject, that

Professor Bernoulli, the highest

Mr. Ropes hardly mentions the Paris bust, which German authority, considers the most

authentic of
2

all.

History of the

Roman

Republic,

Book

iii.,

chap.

5.

Gaul and Germany.

Cicero, and, as

xix

masculine
qualities

more sober and As an historian he has the high of a keen and critical observation, and a style of much

we can
than

easily believe, of a

style

he.

condensed vigor
graphic and

his best ability in this line

is

shown

in the

Seventh Book of

the Gallic

War, which

hardly more than a

value.

energetic narration. collection of

The memoranda and

a masterpiece of earlier books, while

is

military

reports, are full of historical information of great interest

and

II.
i.

GAUL AND GERMANY.

The Gallic Province.
in the

The

district

upon whose government Caesar entered

spring of B.C. 58, consisted primarily of the two Gallic provCisalpine Gaul was the inces, Cisalpine and Transalpine.

northern portion of
earlier

Italy,

which had been several centuries

occupied by invaders from Gaul proper, and was not it was a wealthy, as politically a part of Italy reckoned yet the main depenand proconsul's orderly country, populous,
:

dence for troops and supplies, and his regular winter residence. Transalpine or Narbonnese Gaul received its name from its It contained some thriving capital, the Roman colony Narbo.
cities and peaceful districts ; but it had as a whole been only recently brought under the authority of Rome, and was still It comprised the whole coast of essentially a foreign country.

the Mediterranean, from the Pyrenees to the Alps, its northern boundary being an irregular and uncertain line, separating the

conquered nations of Gaul from those which were still free. To these two provinces was attached Illyricum, which was a source
of strength, but did not receive much of his attention. The authority of the governor over his province was that of a military commander, who was not amenable to the laws

which protected the

citizens of

Rome.

few privileged

cities

xx

Introduction.

or nations, as the old Greek city Massilia, and the allied tribe of the ^dui (after they were brought within the limits of the

empire), were wholly exempted from his authority; but all other parts of the province, even Roman colonies like Narbo, were liable to tribute, and more or less under the jurisdiction
of the governor.
quaestor,

Each province had its financial officer, or who ranked next the governor himself the command:

er
in

was likewise attended by

staff-officers (Jegati, usually three

position

number), appointed by the Senate from persons of rank and and by an indefinite number of aids {co?itubernales ;

or comites) , who composed what was sometimes, but incorrectly, A consular army consisted regucalled the praetorian cohort.
larly

to these

of two legions (at this time of from 3,000 to 3,600 men) ; were added auxiliaries, both foot and horse, while the
find that Caesar

governor had power to levy new legions as he required them.

Thus we

had

six legions in his

campaign against

the Nervii.

Roman province were in no of the the under authority governor; but they were respect field for his ambition, and there was a as legitimate regarded
The
free territories adjoining a

no lack of pretexts

for war.

The Roman
and

into friendly relations with

one of the parties or

:

policy was to enter tribes in the

free territory, load this with favors

use of

it

to

overcome

their rivals

in

privileges, and make Gaul the ^Edui were the

favored nation.
its western extremity, touched Spain, a had which belonged to the empire for more than a country hundred and fifty years. North of it lay three great nation-

Caesar's province, at

with all of which he was brought in contact. These were the Gauls, the Germans, and the Britons. Free Gaul {Libera Gallia) consisted of all the unsubdued
alities,

between the Pyrenees on the one side, and the Rhine and the Alps on the other, thus comprising, in general, modern France and Belgium, with parts of Holland, Germany, and
territory

Gaul and Germany.

Switzerland.
in extent

xxi

The

central portion of this territory, fully a half

or,

and population, was occupied by the Gauls proper,

:

as they called themselves, Celts.

Southwest of these were the

these are

Aquitani, of Iberian race, cognate to the Spanish represented by the Basques of the present day.

Northeast
:

were the Belgians, whose ethnic affinities are much disputed all that can be considered certain is that they were .largely

mixed with Germans. The Belgians occupied more territory than that of the modern Belgium, including a considerable part of Holland, and the northern belt of France.

2.

The Gallic
intellectual

State.

The Gauls were an

more

and prosperous people,

Britons.

far

country, though extensively covered with forests, especially towards the The entire north, was well provided with roads and bridges.

civilized than either

Germans or

The

The population has been reckoned at about seven millions. restof race were tall, fair-complexioned, people of the Gallic
less,

sanguine

skilled in

temperament, and addicted to fighting, but some portions in weaving ; the Aquimany arts

tani, especially, in

in ( Veneti)

mining and engineering; and the Bretons open-sea navigation, which they followed with stout,
sails,

high-built ships, leathern

and iron chain-cables. The dress

of the Gauls included trousers, and shirts with sleeves j they had a barbaric taste for gaudy ornament; their arms were

showy, but clumsy and ineffective beside the tempered weapons of the Romans. They had numerous flourishing cities, which,

however, had no political or corporate character like those of Greece and Italy, but were merely places of residence and
trade.

a nation, but a group of nations or united by only the slightest bond number, tribes, of consanguinity and common religion. These tribes (which

The Gauls were not

about sixty
in

xxii

Introduction.
to those of the

may be compared

North American Indians,

though they were at a much higher degree of civilization) varied greatly in extent and power, the smaller ones often maintaining
only a nominal independence under the protection of some They were for the most part ruled by a turbulent larger one. and oppressive aristocracy, sometimes with an elected chief
magistrate, while sometimes an ambitious leader, like Orgetorix, succeeded in establishing for a time a kingly power. Thus the
several states were torn

by

hostile parties,

and were

at the

same
these
at the

time grouped into national factions, under the lead of the more
powerful
states, like

the ALdui, Arverni, and Remi.

Of

factions, at the time of Caesar's invasion, the

ALdui were

head of one which sought

alliance with the

to gain supremacy by entering into Romans. Their nearest neighbors and antagonists, the Sequani, had naturally looked in the opposite direction for allies, and found them in the Germans. The Britons were, like the Gauls, of Celtic race, and resembled them in every respect, except that, being further from the civilized world, they were ruder, freer, and more warlike.
It

was the destiny of Julius Caesar

to bring the great Gallic

people into the system of civilization

:

and government repre-

it was a definite and large extension of the sented by Rome From him, too, we have the bounds of civilized society.

earliest authentic

accounts

of the other

two

nationalities,

the

Germans and

the Britons.

3.

Germany.
nearly the

not so present day,

The Germans occupied

far

same

territory as at the

west as now, but, on the other hand, farther to the east. Less advanced in civilization extending than the Gauls, they were still far from being savages. They

appear to have been just emerging from what is known as the barbarous state, beginning to acquire fixed habitations, and

Gaul and Germany.

to cultivate the
:

xxiii

ground they had nc cities. They had brought similar in with them from their migrations a political system based upon an original origin to that of the Gallic tribes

community of descent, in which the patriarchal organization had already expanded into a multitude of petty nations, grouped
into

larger

combinations of race.
;

Their

institutions, unlike

those of the Gauls, were democratic

they had noble

families,

Some nations but these possessed no political prerogatives. had kings ; but these were only a higher grade of magistrates,

We find, howpossessing no despotic or controlling authority. later feudal aristhe of the the Germans, germ ever, among
'

chiefs to surround themselves tocracy, in the practice of their with a body of personal followers or retainers, whom they

employed

in war and maintained in peace. Various considerations, says a recent writer, make it probable ''that the Germans had come down from the northeast not

intruded themselves, as very long before the Christian era, and more two those a wedge, between anciently recorded nations see evidence of the conWe shall ... and Celts). (Scythians tinuous advance of a civilized race from the confines of India
to these islands,

the North of wild hordes bent

as
it

and nothing indicative of a great rush from upon robbery and destruction,

has been usually represented to have been. The gradual and drying of the Caspian Sea left the interior of Asia more

more barren; 'the knowledge of the useful metals facilitated and predatory bands the conquest of the savages of the West of Huns and Turks, and allied nomadic nations, are likely to have accelerated the movement by rendering the labors of Thus the migration, being one agriculture less remunerative.
j

that

proceeded from constantly acting causes, extended over

centuries.
.

many

" In these mere names [of plants and fruits], setting aside all other sources of information, we discover that these people came from their home in the East with a knowledge of letters

xxiv

Introduction.

and the

useful metals, and with nearly all the domestic animals ; that they cultivated oats, barley, wheat, rye, and beans ; built

houses of timber, and thatched them

as

and, what

is

important

showing that their pasture and arable land was intermixed, and acknowledged as private property, they hedged their fields

and fenced
tribes, with

their gardens.

Caesar denies this

but the frontier

he was acquainted, were living under certain Mark laws, and were, in fact, little else than an army peculiar on its march. The unquestionably native, and not Latin or
Celtic, origin of such names as Beach and Hawthorn, of Oats and Wheat, prove that although our ancestry may have been

whom

indebted to the provincials of the empire for their fruit-trees and some other luxuries, for a knowledge of the fine arts, and
the Latin literature, and a debased Christianity, the
tial

more

essen-

acquirements, upon which their prosperity and progress as a nation depended, were already in their possession." Prior,

Popular Names

of British Plants.

Introd. (1863).

1 The account here given of the civilization and social condition of the Germans is graphic and correct in its main features, and we have thought

it

best to cite

it

in full.

tion of their agriculture

It ought to be noted, however, that the descripand landed institutions is not in accordance with

the presently received opinions.

There

is

no ground

for disparaging or

doubting the testimony of Caesar and Tacitus, whose statements confirm one another and are confirmed by all that we can gather from other sources
of information.

The Germans were now

passing from their migratory or

semi-nomadic condition into that of settled habitations and regular industry, but they had not yet completed the transition. There was, as Caesar informs
us,

no individual ownership of land among them, and

it is

doubtful whether
fifty

there was such even in the times of Tacitus, one hundred and
later.

years

The

events narrated in the last half of the

first

book form an

The occupation of the Sequanian territory by Ariovistus was the last step forward in their migration; and to Caesar belongs the credit of having put a final and decisive check upon this movement, and confined them within the limits of the
important epoch in the history of civilization.

Rhine.

Fifty years before this, the

Cimbri and Teutones had invaded the

empire and excited great terror and consternation; but their invasion was

Caul and Germany.

4.

xxv

The Campaigns in Gaul.

The campaigns of Caesar in Gaul lasted through eight seasons (b.c. 58-51), and are told in eight books, the last written by Hirtius, an officer of Caesar, each book contain-

ing the operations of a single year.

outline
I.
:

The

following

is

a brief

in

Caesar checks the attempt of the Helvetians to colonize Western Gaul, and forces them, after a bloody defeat, to

return to their
ful

own

territory.

He

tribe

of Germans,

who had made

then engages with a powera military settlement in

chief,

Eastern Gaul, and drives

them, with their

Ariovistus,

beyond the Rhine.

formidable confederacy of the northern populations of suppressed, with the almost complete extermination of the bravest Belgian tribe, the Nervii, in a battle which seems to
II.

Gaul

is

have been one of the most desperate of all Caesar ever fought. In this campaign the coast towns of the west and northwest
(Brittany) are reduced to submission. III. After a brief conflict with the mountaineers of the Alps, who attacked the Roman armies on their march, the chief

operations
(

are

the conquest of the

coast tribes of Brittany

Veneti, etc.), in a warfare of curious naval engineering in the

shallow tide-water inlets and

among

the rocky shores.

,

During

the season, the tribes of the southwest (Aquitani) a mining population, allied to the Iberians or Basques, are reduced by

one of Caesar's
IV.

officers.

repulsed

from the Germans on Northern Gaul is and Caesar follows them, by a bridge of timber hastily built, across the Rhine. Returning, he crosses to Britain in the early autumn for a visit of exploration.
attack
;

An

a predatory raid, permanently ended when they were defeated by Marius. Ariovistus, on the other hand, was the leader of a colonizing movement,
like that of

Hengist and Horsa on the shores of Britain.

xxvi
V.

Introduction.

The

partial

lowed by various movements

conquest of Britain (second invasion) is folin Northern Gaul, in which the

desperate condition of the Roman garrisons is relieved by the prudent and brave conduct of Labienus and Quintus Cicero.

VI.

Caesar

makes

the Germans.

Some

a brief expedition across the Rhine, against general disturbances are quelled, and

is reduced to peace. VII. Vercingetorix, a brave and high-spirited chief of Southern Gaul, effects a confederacy of the whole country, which is

Northern Gaul

Vercingetorix, in brilliant equipment, surrenders himself to secure the quiet of the country, and is taken in chains to Rome, where he is afterwards put to death in
at length

subdued.

Csesar's triumph.

VIII.

Slight insurrections, breaking out here

;

and

there, are

and by the capture of the easily hold, Uxellodunum, the subjugation of Gaul

subdued

last native
is

strong-

made complete.

Introduction.

xxvii

Note. The following, taken from notes of a summer excursion made by one of the editors of this volume, may help the young student to conceive a little more distinctly one of the earlier scenes of these celebrated campaigns.

DID CESAR FORTIFY THE RHONE

Some years ago, having occasion to look at the matter, I was struck to find that in the Life of Caesar by Napoleon III., reports of engineers were given, to the effect that only a few points here and there in those nineteen miles needed fortification, or probably
and those same engineers reported that they had found traces, at such points, of what they supposed to be Caesar's This may have been because they looked for them there; forts. and perhaps if they had looked for something else, they would have
ever were fortified
;

found that too.

At
if I

least

my

curiosity

ever had the chance

was moved, and I thought to myself that I would look with my own eyes and see

Now it happened, in the summer of 1881, that I I could see. to put spent a few days at Geneva, and on the third day proceeded my scheme in practice. In the morning I went by omnibus over the five dusty miles to Ferney, to see Voltaire's estate and chapel and from this elevation had a splendid view not only of the there
what
;

Mont-Blanc range to the southeast, but of the slope of the Jura, as At plain as it is on the map, toward the Rhone and the southwest. noon I was back in Geneva, and spent the afternoon in following the parched, rough, and dusty margin of the river as far down as I could conveniently go. A good deal of the way was through a
rather scrubby growth of trees, and some of it over rough field cracked with the heat and drought of early August. I kept, as Caesar's nearly as I could, the line which must have been followed by

" coigne of engineers, and may fairly say that I stood on every " that commanded a fair view of the river for at least five vantage
miles below Geneva.

As to the remaining dozen or fifteen miles, I of course do not pretend to say. But the general impression I took from the survey I did make might be summed up by saying that General Scott might
as well have claimed, for political effect, to have fortified the gorge

xxviil

Introduction.

below Niagara against the Canadians in the War of 1812. At Geneva, as everybody knows, the river rushes out of the lake in " the great body and force. Byron calls it arrowy Rhone," which the guide-book improves that it flows " swift as an

upon by saying

arrow."

Some

allowance must be
it is

made

for this poetic

but violent

no exaggeration at all to say that the Rhone, as it passes under and issues from the bridges at Geneva, is a gigantic mill-race. At its narrowest it is about four hundred feet wide (by my reckoning), and though it widens out a good deal The Arve comes in, below, it seems to abate nothing of its speed. a mile or so below the city, and its white-brown, clayey water spins along on the surface of the torrent, showing hardly any sign of
hyperbole.

But

mingling as

far as

could follow
it

it

with

my

eye.

would be perfectly idle to float a boat in the current. Not a sign of a boat was anywhere to be seen, except where here and there some craft was moored to the shore, so as to
all

To

appearance

take advantage of the stream to turn a mill-wheel,

to catch fish, or

possibly,
seemed
river
it

too,

wash

clothes.

As

for navigation,

it

ridicu-

lous to hint at

any such

perhaps half a mile wide, yet and about as swift,

Helvetians

just thing. or a few miles below, where wider we are to believe that the unfortunate
is

Yet

here,

the

being

made
!

and

it is

something of a victory
If

a serious attempt to cross in their pitiful canoes, for Caesar's troops to have prevented

their landing

they did

try, it

would be hard

to persuade

me

that they ever got half way over, or that the victory was anything more than the fun of seeing them swept helpless down the stream. I am, further, very sceptical as to their ever reaching the water's

All the way along, on both sides, there are coming close down into the river, which I roughly guessed to be (on the opposite side) about a hundred feet high. The cabaretier on the hither bank, where I got my humble repast,
side.

edge on the other

precipitous banks,

to

thought they were full three hundred. make any such attempt impossible.

Either height is quite enough In order to give the propor-

tions of his victory, Caesar tells us, afterwards, that the migration of the Helvetians consisted of more than 368,000,

men,

armed

women, and

And

children, to say nothing of wagons and live-stock. after they only a sharp fight prevents these poor creatures,

have climbed down that precipice and got somehow to the water's

Introduction.

xxtx

forcing a landing on the other bank, equally high, and barricaded with trees! Where did the fleet of boats come from ? And how was that multitude, cattle, carts, and all, to

edge,

from

steep,

I get across that half-mile mill-race ? ought to say that there is not even a respectable wall of rock to climb down by, but (so far as one

can judge) a sort of indurated clay, not slaty shale, like that at Niagara, which you can crumble off in your fingers, but lumpy, amorphous, and (one would think) the most treacherous climbing
in the world.
I

do not believe that Caesar would have made his real or wall extend all the way from Geneva, as he did, if he imaginary had not been at a safe distance from Rome. With all his great qualities as a military leader, he was at the same time a shrewd politician, watching his chances at home when the war of conquest should be over. His notes of battle and march were hastily made

up, in

little

powder

for the
;

packages, and sent to his friends at the capital, as campaign going on there. They were written for

political effect

and

do not see why we should take them

at their

word, any more than other things written for political effect. At least in this part of the ground, I think the story is very suspicious. I dare say there may have been fortified spots here and there along
the bank, as the French engineers assert, probably for purposes of observation, not defence. But as to this "wall nineteen miles

long and sixteen feet high, with a ditch," I conclude that take as much or as little of it as we choose.

we may

CENTURY OF CIVIL WARS

B.C.

IN ROME.

133. 123.
1 1

Tribunate and death of Tiberius Gracchus.

Tribunate of Caius Gracchus; 121. His death. 1-106. War with Jugurtha Marius and Sulla.
:

107, 104-100. 102, 101.

Six consulships of Marius.

Defeat of Teutones and Cimbri by Marius.

with Italian Allies {Social Wars with Mithridates.
I

90-88.
58, 81
:

War

Far).

74-63.

88-82.

Civil

War: 88.
82.

sacres of Marius

Marius.

Sulla in Rome; flight of Marius. 87. Mas and Cinna. 86. Seventh consulship and death of his Proscriptions and legislation of Sulla (Dictator, 81
;

death, 78). 83-72. War with Sertorius in Spain. 73-71. Servile War (with Spartacus),
70.

ended by Crassus.

Pompey and Crassus, Consuls;

Sulla's legislation repealed.

67.

War

with Pirates ended by Pompey;

in the East

Oesar, Quaestor
(Manilian Laiv).

in

Spain

(Curule ^Edile, 65; Praetor, 62).

66.

Pompey made Commander

Cicero, Consul:
Catiline's

63.

Conspiracy suppressed;

Caesar, Pontifex

60.

Pro-praetor in Spain, 61. First Triumvirate: coalition of Caesar,

till

Maximus ;
54).

Pompey, and Crassus

(lasts

59.

Caesar,

58-50.

Agrarian and Corn Laws. Gaul: 58. Defeat of Helvetians and Germans. 57. Destruction of Nervii. 56. Defeat of Veneti and Aquitani.

Consul

Campaigns in

55.

Passage into Germany and

risings in
52.

Britain.
53.

Britain;

Northern Gaul.
of
Vercingetorix.

many.
50.
54.

War

54. Second invasion of Second passage into Ger51. Southern Gaul reduced.

Civil order restored.

Parthian War: death of Crassus (53). Cicero, Proconsul in Cilicia (returns to Italy in October). 49. Caesar in Italy and Spain. 49-45. Civil War: 48.
50.

Battle of

Pharsalus
Dictator.

death of Pompey. 47. Defeat of Pkamaces ; Csesar 46. African War Thapsus ; death of Cato. 45. Defeat
:

of Sex.

Pompey

Dictator.
scriptions

Reforms of Caesar as Perpetuai murdered in the Senate-House. 43. Pro of Triumvirate (Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus) ; deatii
in

Spain

Munda ;

44.

Caesar

of Cicero.
31.

42.

Battle of Philippi
:

death of Brutus and Cassius.

Battle of

Actium

Octavianus (Augustus) sole Lord of the

Roman

World.

THE GALLIC WAR.

BOOK
The Helvetian War.
the
I.

Introduction: Description of Gaul (Chap

invasion of Gaul
; :

i).

he

Orgetorix, an Helvetian chief, plans conspires with the chiefs of several

trial, escapes, and is put under the soon afterwards dies (2-4). The Helvetians complete their preparations, and gather near the Rhone, requesting leave to pass peaceably through the Province. Caesar delays them by pretexts, while he hastily throws up an earthwork to prevent their crossing the river. They attempt the passage, but are repulsed (5-8). Forming a league with the Sequani, they penetrate and ravage the

Gallic tribes

is

brought to

ban

territory of the /Edui, friends of Rome, who solicit protection. Caesar, levying a force of upwards of 30,000, overtakes and cuts to pieces their rear-guard (Tigurini), at the crossing of the Arar

An embassy of the Helvetians, headed by the aged Divico, (9-12). leads to no result. cavalry skirmish, in which the Romans are worsted, together with the delay of supplies, shows the bad faith of

a party among the JEAm, headed by Dumnorix; who

is

arrested,

but spared on the intercession of his brother Divitiacus, and put under close guard by Caesar (13-20). Caesar makes preparations
for attack, but is

Bibracte.
battle.

The

They
;

prevented by a false alarm, and moves towards Helvetians, now well in advance, turn about for are forced to retreat to a hill, and attempt to flank the

Romans
(21-26).

but are completely routed, and fly towards the north They are at length forced to surrender. Six thousand

The remainder are escape, but are retaken, and put to death. compelled to return to Helvetia, and rebuild the villages which they

The chief populations of Gaul seek terms of amity, representing the condition of the country, especially under the invasions of the German Ariovistus, by whom
the Sequani are chiefly oppressed (30-33).

had destroyed (27-29). The War with Ariovistus.

Cassar sends envoys

The Helvetian War.

[Cesar

to him, but receiving a haughty reply sets out on a forced march towards the German frontier (34-38). His men are greatly terrified,

the tenth legion (39-41).

but are cheered by his assurances, especially of reliance on At the request of Ariovistus, a conferis

ence

Germans

broken up by signs of bad faith among the conference, proposed by Ariovistus, is refused, and he throws into chains the messengers sent by Caesar. After a cavalry skirmish, an indecisive battle follows, and the
held, but
is

(42-46).

A second

Germans

fall

back to their camp (47-50).

Caesar attacks

the

Germans, marshalled by tribes, defend their families and equipage. A close and furious engagement fellows, in which the Germans are routed and driven to the Rhine. Ariovistus escapes, a part of his household is taken, and Caesar returns to his

camp

the

winter quarters (51-54).

ALLIA
C"* JT
qui
5

est omnis divisa in partes tres quarum incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.
;

imam

Hi omnes
Gallos ab

lingua, institutes, legibus inter se differunt.

Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Ma2 Horum omnium fortissimi trona et Sequana dividit. sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate
provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant, atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important proximique sunt Germa;

10

\$

quibuscum continenHelvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere quotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum 4 Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere gerunt. dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum ab etiam Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rheattingit
nis,

qui trans

Rhenum
3

incolunt,

ter

bellum gerunt.

Oua de causa

2onum;

Belgae ab extremis vergit ad septentriones. Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem

fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos

B. G.

I.

3.]

Ambitious Designs of Orgetorix.

montes
2.

et earn

pertinet, spectat inter

partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam occasum solis et septentriones.

mus

Helvetios longe nobilissimus fuit et ditissiIs, M. Messala et M. Pisone consuliOrgetorix.

Apud

bus, regrii cupiditate inductus, conjurationem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omniperfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus 2 Id hoc fatotius Galliae imperio potiri. praestarent,

bus copiis exirent

cilius eis persuasit,

continentur

atque
dividit
;

quod undique loci natura Helvetii una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis altera ex parte monte Jura altissimo, qui est
:

10

Sequanos et Helvetios tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Hel3 His rebus fiebat, ut et minus late vetiis dividit. vagarentur, et minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent qua ex parte homines bellandi cupidi magno 4 Pro multitudine autem homidolore adficiebantur.
inter
;
;

15

atque fortitudinis, angustos se habere arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem milia passuum ccxl, in latitudinem clxxx patebant. rebus adducti, et auctoritate Orgetorigis 3. His ea quae ad proficiscendum perconstituerunt permoti, tinerent comparare, jumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et amicitiam confir-

num,
fines

et pro gloria belli

20

25

conficiendas biennium sibi satis tertium annum profectionem lege duxerunt, confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deli- 30 3 Is sibi legationem ad civitates suscepit. In gitur. eo itinere persuadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio,

mare.

Ad

eas

res

esse

in

Sequano, cujus pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos

obtinuerat, et a senatu populi Romani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod
35

pater

ante

habuerat

itemque

Dumnorigi

Haeduo,

The Helvetian War.

fratri Divitiaci, qui

[Cesar

eo tempore principatum in civitate plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium 4 dat. Perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus
obtinebat ac

maxime

esset

non esse dubium, quin

;

totius Galliae

plurimum

se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis possent conciliaturum connrmat. 5 Hac oratione adducregna se fidem inter et ti, jusjurandum dant, et, regno occu10

Helvetii

pato, per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. 4. Ea

Moribus
15

suis

Orgetorigem ex

vinclis

causam dicere

Damnatum coegerunt. 2 Die igni cremaretur.

Orgetorix

poenam

sequi oportebat, ut constituta causae dictionis,

ad

judicium
decern,

oranem
undique
;

suam

familiam,
et

ad

hominum
habebat,
20 se

railia

coegit,

omnes

clientes obaeratosque suos,

quorum magnum numerum

eodem conduxit
3

eripuit.

Cum

per eos, ne causam diceret, civitas ob earn rem incitata armis

jus

suum exsequi
;

num
est

conaretur, multitudinemque homiex agris magistratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus

neque
ipse sibi

abest

quin
:$

mortem

ut Helvetii suspitio, consciverit.

arbitrantur,

nihilo minus Helvetii id quod 5. Post ejus mortem, constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant. Ubi jam se ad earn rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt,

oppida sua omnia numero ad duodecim, vicos quadringentos, reliqua privata aedificia incendunt
;

ad
fru-

30

mentum omne, praeterquam quod secum

erant,

comburunt, ut

portaturi domum reditionis spe sublata

;

paratiores ad

mensium
bent.
2

molita cibaria sibi

omnia pericula subeunda essent trium quemque domo efferre juet

Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis

uti,

Latobrigis
suis vicis-

35 finitimis,

eodem
una cum

usi
iis

consilio,

oppidis
;

que

exustis,

proficiscantur

Boiosque, qui

B. G.

I.

7.]

Embassy

to

Ctssar at Geneva.

trans

Rhenum

transierant

incoluerant, ct in agrum Noricum Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se

socios sibi aclsciscunt.

Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo unum per Sequanos, angustum et diffiexire possent montem inter cile, Juram et flumen Rhodanum, vix mons autem altissimus carri ducerentur qua singuli
6.
:

impendebat, ut facile perpauci prohibere possent 2 alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius at que expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et
:

10

Allobrogum, qui nuper pacati isque nonnullis locis vado transitur.

erant,

Rhodanus

fluit,

Extremum

oppi-

proximumque Helvetiorum finieo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros (quod nondum bono animo in populum Romanum viderentur) existimaest,

dum Allobrogum 3 Ex bus, Genua.

15

bant, vel vi coacturos, ut per suos fines eos ire pate4 Omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis, rentur. diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant.
Is

dies

erat

a.

d.

v.

Kal. Apr., L. Pisone

A.

20

Gabinio consulibus.
7.

Caesari

cum

id

nuntiatum

esset, eos per provin-

ciam nostram
ficisci, et

2 Proulteriorem contendit, et ad Genuam pervenit. vinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum

maturat ab urbe proin Galliam itineribus maximis potest quam

iter facere conari,

25

erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una; 3 Ubi de erat ad Genuam, jubet rescindi. qui pontem, ad ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, legatos

imperat

eum mittunt, Nammeius et

iter

nobilissimos

civitatis,

cujus

Verudoctius
'

principem

locum

legationis 3 obtinc-

bant, qui dicerent

sibi

esse in animo sine ullo maleficio

aliud iter per provinciam facere, propterea quod id sibi voluntate ut haberent nullum ejus rogare, 4 L. tenebat memoria facere liceat.' Caesar, quod Cassium consulem pccisum, exercitumque ejus ab Hel:

35

6
vetiis

The Helvetian War.

[Cesar

pulsum
;

et

sub jugum missum, concedendum non

putabat neque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab in5 Tamen, ut spatium juria et maleficio existimabat. intercedere posset, dum milites quos imperaverat convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum
si quid vellent, ad Id. Apr. reverterentur. Interea ea legione, quam secum habebat, militibusque qui ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno,

sumpturum
8.

io

qui

in

flumen
decern

Rhodanum

influit,

ad montem Juram,
dividit,

qui fines

Sequanorum ab Helvetiis

milia pas-

15

novem, murum in altitudinem pedum 2 Eo opere perfecto, sedecim, fossamque perducit. praesidia disponit, castella communit, quo facilius, si 3 se invito transire conarentur, prohibere possit. Ubi

suum

ea dies

quam

constituerat

cum

ad

eum Romani

reverterunt, negat se

more

legatis venit, et legati et exemplo populi

;

posse iter

ulli

per provinciam dare

4

et, si

vim

facere conentur, prohibiturum ostendit.

20

Helvetii, ea

spe dejecti, navibus junctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo fluminis
interdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumconati, pere possent operis munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi, hoc conatu destiterunt.
erat,

nonnunquam

25

Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua, SequaHis propter angustias ire non poterant. cum sua sponte persuadere non possent, legatos ad Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt, ut eo deprecatore a
9.

nis

invitis,

Dumnorix gratia et largitione Sequanis impetrarent. joapud Sequanos plurimum poterat, et Helvetiis erat
amicus, quod ex ea civitate Orgetorigis filiam in raatrimonium duxerat et cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus studebat, et quam plurimas civitates suo benefi;

cio
35

habere obstrictas volebat.

ut
uti

a Sequanis impetrat
patiantur, obsidesque

Itaque rem suscipit, et per fines suos Helvetios ire inter sese dent perficit Se:

B, G.

I.

ii.]

The Aidui appeal

to

Casar.
ut

quani, ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant sine maleficio et injuria transeant.

10.

Helvetii,

Caesari renuntiatur Helvetiis esse in animo per

et

agrum Sequanorum

Haeduorum

iter

in

Santonum
5

fines facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus ab2 Id si fieret, sunt, quae civitas est in Provincia.

intellegebat ut homines
3

magno cum

bellicosos, populi

patentibus maximeque Ob eas causas, ei munitioni

;

provinciae futurum, inimicos, locis frumentariis finitimos haberet.

periculo

Romani

quam

fecerat T.

Labieitineri-

10

nura legatum praefecit magnis bus contendit, duasque ibi legiones conscribit, et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit, et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes 4 Ibi erat, cum his quinque legionibus ire contendit. Centrones et Graioceli et Caturiges, locis superioribus Comoccupatis, itinere exercitum prohibere conantur. pluribus his proeliis pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris

ipse in Italiam

15

provinciae
fines,

extremum,
die

in

fines

Vocontiorum
;

ulterioris

provinciae
ducit.

Allobrogum
exercitum

inde in septimo pervenit ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos Hi sunt extra provinciam trans

20

Rhodanum
11.

primi.

Helvetii jam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant, et in Haeduorum fines per-

25

venerant, eorumque agros populabantur. Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad

Caesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium 2 Ita se omni tempore de populo Romano meritos esse, ut paene in conspectu exercitus nostri agri vastari, liberi eorum in servitutem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint.' 3 Eodem tempore Haedui Ambarri, necessarii et consanguinei Haeduorum, Caesarem certiorem faciunt, sese, depopulatis agris, non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere. 4 Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhoda' :

30

35

num

vicos

possessionesque

habebant,

fuga

sc

ad

The Helvetian War.

[C/es.ar

Caesarem recipiunt, et demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. 5 Quibus rebus adductus, Caesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum, omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent.
5

12.

et

Flumen Sequanorum

est
in

Arar,
in

quod per

fines

Haeduorum
non

Rhodanum

influit,

incredibili leni-

tate, ita ut oculis,

utram partem

fluat, judicari

possit.

bant.

Id Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus junctis transiUbi per exploratores Caesar certior factus est,

iotres
isse,

jam partes copiarum Helvetios id flumen traduxquartam fere partem citra flumen Ararim reliquam
;

esse

de tertia

vigilia
3

cum

legionibus tribus e castris

pervenit, quae

profectus, ad earn partem

nondum

flu-

men
15 sus,

transierat.

magnam

Eos impeditos et inopinantes adgrespartem eorum concidit reliqui sesc

:

fugae

20

mandarunt, atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus : nam omnis 4 civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hic cum domo nostrorum exisset, patrum pagus unus, memoria L. Cassium consulem interfecerat, et ejus exercitum sub jugum miserat. Ita sive casu, sive
consilio

deorum immortalium, quae pars

civitatis Hel-

vetiae insignem calamitatem populo

25

Romano

intulerat,

5 ea princeps poenas persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas injurias ultus est

quod ejus soceri L. Pisonis avum, L. Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio quo Cassium interfecerant.
13.

Hoc

proelio facto, reliquas copias

Helvetiorum

30 ut

35

consequi posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat, 2 Helvetii, repentino atque ita exercitum traducit. adventu cum id commoti, ejus quod ipsi diebus xx aegerrume confecerant, ut flumen transirent, ilium uno die fecisse intellegerent, legatos ad eum mittunt cujus legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano
;

dux Helvetiorum

fuerat.

Is

ita

cum Caesare

egit

B. G.

I.

14.]

Embassy of

Divico.

earn

Si pacera populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in partem ituros atque ibi futuros Helvetios, ubi eos sin bello Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset
;

persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur et veteris incommodi populi Romani, et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. 4 Quod improviso unum pagum adortus esset, cum ii,
qui flumen transissent, suis auxilium ferre non possent, ne ob earn rem aut suae magnopere virtuti tribueret,
se ita a patribus majoribusque aut ipsos despiceret suis didicisse, ut magis virtute quam dolo contende;

10

rent, aut

insidiis

niterentur.

Quare ne committeret,
ex
calamitate
populi

ut

is

locus,

ubi

constitissent,

Romani et internecione memoriam proderet.'

14.

exercitus
'

nomen

caperet, aut

Eo sibi minus dubirespondit tationis dari, quod eas res, quas legati Helvetii commemorassent, memoria teneret, atque eo gravius ferre,
His Caesar
ita
:

15

2 qui si quo minus merito populi Romani accidissent non diffifuisse sibi conscius fuisset, alicujus injuriae
:

cile
a

cavere

sed eo deceptum, quod neque

commissum

20

se intellegeret quare timeret, neque sine causa timendum putaret. 3 Quod si veteris contumeliae obli-

nura etiam recentium injuriarum, quod eo vim temptassent, quod Haeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse ? 4 Ouod sua victoria tarn
visci vellet,

invito iter per provinciam per

25

insolenter gloriarentur,

quodque

tarn

diu

se

impune
5

iniurias tulisse admirarentur,

eodem

pertinere.

Con30

suesse enim deos immortales, quo gravius homines ex

commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem impunitatem concedere. 6 Cum ea ita sint, tamen
si

obsides ab

iis

sibi

dentur, uti ea quae polliceantur

injuriis quas ipsis Allobrogibus satis7 Diviro pacem esse facturum.'
si
si

facturos intellegat, et
sociisque eorum
faciant,

Haeduis de

intulerint, item
iis

35

sese

cum

10
'

The Helvetian War.

:

[C^sar

respondit
esse, uti
rei

Ita Helvetios a majoribus suis institutos obsides accipere, non dare consuerint ejus Hoc responso populum Romanum esse testern.'
;

dato, discessit.
5

15.

Postero die castra

Caesar,

ex

facit

equitatumque

eo loco movent. Idem omnem, ad numerum

quattuor milium, quern ex omni provincia et Haeduis atque eorum sociis coactum habebat, praemittit, qui videant quas in partes hostes iter faciant. 2 Qui, cupi10

dius

novissimum

agmen
3

insecuti,

alieno
sublati

loco
;

cum

equitatu Helvetiorum de nostris cadunt.

proelium committunt

et pauci

Quo

proelio

Helvetii,

15

quod quingentis equitibus tantam multitudinem equitum propulerant, audacius subsistere nonnunquam, et novissimo agmine proelio nostras lacessere coeperunt. 4 Caesar suos a proelio continebat, ac satis habebat in praesentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus, populationibusque prohibere.
fecerunt, uti inter
Ita dies circiter quindecim iter novissimum hostium agmen et nos5

20

trum primum non amplius quinis aut senis milibus passuum interesset. Interim cotidie Caesar Haeduos frumentum, 16.

Nam propter quod essent publice polliciti, flagitare. frigora, quod Gallia sub septentrionibus (ut ante dic25 turn est) posita est, non modo frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia eo autem frumento, quod flumine Arare suppetebat navibus subvexerat, propterea minus uti poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere 2 Diem ex die ducere Haedui conferri, com 30 nolebat. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit, portari, adesse, dicere. et diem instare, quo die frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis eorum principibus, quorum mag:

35

nam copiam in castris habebat, Lisco, qui summo magistratui

bretum appellant

in

his Divitiaco et

praeerat quem vergoHaedui, qui creatur annuus, et vitae

B. G.

I.

8.]

Treachery of Dumnorix.
in

II
3

necisque

suos

habet

potestatem,

graviter

eos

accusat, quod,

ex agris sumi posset, tam necessario tempore, tarn propinquis hostibus, ab iis non sublevetur praesertim cum magna ex adductus bellum susceperit, parte eorum precibus
;

cum neque emi neque

multo etiam gravius quod sit destitutus queritur. Liscus, oratione Caesaris adduc17. Turn demum antea tacuerat 'Esse nonnullos, tus, quod proponit
:

quorum
privatim

auctoritas

apud plebem plurimum

valeat, qui
2

plus

possint

quam

ipsi

magistratus.

Hos
:

10

improba oratione multitudinem deterrere, ne frumentum conferant, quod praestare debeant si jam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Galloseditiosa atque

rum quam Romanorum imperia praeferre neque dubitare [debeant] quin, si Helvetios superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua Gallia Haeduis libertatem sint 3 Ab eisdem nostra consilia, quaeque in erepturi.
;

15

castris gerantur, hostibus enuntiari

hos a se coerceri

non posse.
Caesari

Quin etiam, quod necessario rem coactus

enuntiarit, intellegere sese quanto id cum 20 periculo fecerit, et ob earn causam, quam diu potuerit,
tacuisse.'
18.

Caesar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem,

;

Divi-

fratrem, designari sentiebat sed, quod pluribus eas res celeriter concilium nolebat, praesentibus jactari 2 dimittit, Liscum retinet. Quaerit ex solo ea quae
tiaci

25

in

Eadem
'

conventu dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius. secreto ab aliis quaerit reperit esse vera
;

Ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum 3 re rum novarum. Complures annos portoria reliquaomnia Haeduorum que vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod
audeat
auxisse,

30

nemo.

parasse

illo licente contra liceri rebus et suam rem familiarem et facultates ad largiendum magnas comnumerum magnum equitatus suo sumptu
4

His

35

12

The Helvetian War.

[C^esar

semper alere et circum se habere, neque solum domi, sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse atque hujus potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini
;

nobilissimo ac potentissimo collocasse, ipsum ex uxorem habere, sororem ex matre et propin5 suas Faquas nuptum in alias civitates collocasse. vere et cupere Helvetiis propter earn adfinitatem, odisse
illic

Helvetiis

10

etiam suo nomine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum adventu potentia ejus deminuta, et Divitiacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus.
6

in spem per Helimperio populi Romani non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea quam habeat 7 gratia, desperare.' Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo

Si quid accidat

Romanis,

summam
;

vetios- regni obtinendi venire

15

Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae factum a Dum-

norige atque ejus

auxilio Caesari

equitibus,

nam

equitatui,

quern
:

Haedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat

eorum fuga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum. 20 19. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspitiones certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios traduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo injussu suo

et civitatis, sed
25

magistratu

Haeduorum
in

etiam inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod a satis esse causae accusaretur,

eum aut ipse animadverteret, arbitrabatur, quare 2 His omnibus aut civitatem animadvertere juberet.
rebus

unum
in

repugnabat,

quod Divitiaci
studium,

fratris

sumin

mum
30

populum Romanum
:

summam

se

voluntatem,

cognoverat

egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiam nam ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci ani3

mum
quam
35

offenderet verebatur.
conaretur,

Divitiacum

Itaque prius quam quicad se vocari jubet, et

quotidianis interpretibus remotis, per C. Valerium Galliae Procillum, principem provinciae, familiarem rerum omnium fidem habebat, summam cui suum,

B. G.

1.

21.]

The Plea of Divitiacus.

;

13

4 simul commonefacit quae colloquitur praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige

cum

eo

ipso
sint

ostendit quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit ; petit atque hortatur, ut sine ejus offensione animi vel ipse de eo causa cognita statuat, vel civitadicta
;

et

tern statuere jubeat. 20. Divitiacus, multis

cum

lacrimis

Caesarem com-

plexus, obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem 2i statueret Scire se ilia esse vera, nee quemquam ex
:

eo plus
ille

quam

se doloris capere, propterea quod,

in

cum
se

10

ipse gratia plurimum domi atque

reliqua
posset,

Gallia,

minimum
;

propter

adulescentiam

per

crevisset

quibus opibus ac nervis non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paene ad perniciem suam
;

uteretur

sese

tamen

et
3

amore fraterno

et

existima-

15

Quod si quid ei a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum non sua voluntate
tione vulgi

commoveri.

factum

qua ex re futurum,
4

uti totius Galliae

animi a
20

se averterentur.'

pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret, Caesar ejus dextram prendit consolatus rogat, finem orandi faciat tanti ejus apud se
;
;

Haec cum

gratiam esse ostendit, uti et reipublicae injuriam et suum dolorem ejus voluntati ac precibus condonet. 5 Dumnorigem ad se vocat, fratrem adhibet quae in eo reprehendat, ostendit, quae ipse intellegat, quae
;

25

civitas queratur, proponit monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspitiones vitet praeterita se Divitiaco
; ;

fratri

condonare

dicit.

Dumnorigi custodes

ponit,

ut
30

quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire possit. 21. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset natura montis et qualis in
2 Renunascensus, qui cognoscerent misit. tiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labienum,

circuitu

35

legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus

et

iis

14

The Helvetian War.

[Cesar

ducibus qui iter cognoverant, summum jugum montis ascendere jubet quid sui consilii sit ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit, equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. 3 P.
;

in exercitu L. Sullae et

Considius, qui rei militaris peritissimus habebatur, et postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum
22.

exploratoribus praemittitur.
luce, cum summus mons a Labieno teneab hostium castris non longius mille et retur, ipse quingentis passibus abesset, neque, ut postea ex captivis comperit, aut ipsius adventus aut Labieni cognitus 2 dicit esset, Considius equo admisso ad eum accurrit montem, quem a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus teneri id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus Caesar suas copias in proximum collem cognovisse. 3 Labienus, ut erat ei praesubducit, aciem instruit. ceptum a Caesare, ne proelium committeret, nisi ipsius copiae prope hostium castra visae essent, ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret, monte occupato

Prima

io

15

20

nostros

exspectabat,

proelioque

abstinebat.

Multo

denique die per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a suis teneri, et Helvetios castra movisse, et Considium, timore perterritum, quod non vidisset pro viso sibi renuntiasse. Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo,
25

hostes sequitur, et milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit. 23. Postridie ejus diei, quod onmino biduum supererat, cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret, et

30

quod a Bibracte, oppido Haeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius milibus passuum xvm abrei frumentariae prospiciendum existimavit ab Helvetiis avertit, ac Bibracte ire contendit.

erat,

iter
2

Ea

res per fugitivos L. Aemilii, decurionis equitum Gallo3 rum, hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetii, seu quod timore
35

perterritos

Romanos
pridie,

discedere a se existimarent, eo

magis quod

superioribus locis occupatis, proe-

B. G.

I.

25.]

The Decisive Battle.

commisissent, sive eo quod
re

\%

Hum non

frumentaria

intercludi posse confiderent, commutato consilio atque itinere converso, nostros a novissimo agmine insequi

ac lacessere coeperunt.

Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caeproximum collem subducit, equitatumque, qui 2 sustineret hostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim in colle medio triplicem aciem instruxit legionum quatsed in sum mo jugo tuor veteranarum [ita uti supra] citeriore in Gallia duas legiones, quas proxime contotum montem ac auxilia omnia conlocari, scripserat, et in unum locum sarcinas interea et hominibus compleri,
sar
24. in
;

10

conferri, et

muniri

his qui in superiore acie constiterant cum omnibus suis earns secuti, Helvetii jussit. contulerunt unum locum in ipsi conferimpedimenta tissima acie, rejecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta, sub primam nostram aciem successerunt.
3
;

eum ab

15

Caesar primum suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, ut aequato omnium periculo spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos proelium com25.
misit.

20

Milites

loco

superiore,

pilis
2

missis,

facile

Ea disjecta, glaperfregerunt. Gallis magno fecerunt. diis destrictis in eos impetum

hostium phalangem
impedimento, quod pluribus eorum scutis pilorum transfixis et conligatis, cum ferrum se inflexisset, neque evellere neque sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant, multi ut, diu jactato brachio, praeoptarent scutum manu emitad pugnam erat

uno

ictu

25

tere,

3 Tandem vulneribus nudo corpore pugnare. defessi, et pedem referre et, quod mons suberat circi4 ter mille passuum, eo se recipere coeperunt. Capto monte et succedentibus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui hominum milibus circiter xv agmen hostium claude-

et

30

bant, et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros 5 et id conspicati 35 latere aperto adgressi circumvenire
;

Helvetii, qui in

montem

sese receperant, rursus instare

6
et

The Helvetian War.

[C/esar

Romani conversa proelium redintegrare coeperunt. intulerunt et secunda acies, ut signa bipartito prima victis ac summotis resisteret ut venientes sustertia,
:

tineret.
S

26.
est.

Ita

ancipiti

Diutius

cum

proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum sustinere nostrorum impetus non

a]teri
2

possent, alteri se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt.

Nam

hoc toto proelio, cum ab hora septima ad ves-

10

perum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta potuit. pugnatum est, propterea quod pro vallo carros objecerant,
et

loco

superiore

in

nostras venientes
3

tela

15

coniciebant, ac tragulas subiciebant, nostrosque vulnerabant.

et nonnulli

inter carros rotasque mataras

Diu
filiis

cum
potiti

esset
sunt.
est.

pugnatum, impedimentis castrisque Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus

4

nostri
e

20

eo proelio circiter hominum milia captus cxxx superfuerunt, eaque tota nocte continenter nullam partem noctis itinera intermisso, in ierunt
:

Ex

fines

Lingonum

die quarto pervenerunt,

cum

et prop-

25

sepulturam occisorum, 6 Caenostri triduum morati eos sequi non potuissent. sar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re juvarent qui si juvissent, se eodem loco quo Helvetios habiturum. Ipse, triduo intermisso,
:

ter vulnera militum, et propter

cum omnibus
27.

copiis eos sequi coepit.

Helvetii,

de

deditione ad

omnium rerum inopia adducti, legatos eum miserunt. Oui cum eum in

30 itinera

convenissent, seque ad pedes projecissent, suppliciterque locuti flentes pacem petissent, atque eos in

jussisset,

35

eo loco, quo turn essent, suum adventum exspectare 2 Eo postquam Caesar pervenit, paruerunt. obsides, arma, servos, qui ad eos perfugissent, poDum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte poscit.

intermissa, circiter

hominum milia vi ejus pagi qui Verbigenus appellatur, sive timore perterriti, ne armis

B. G.

I.

29.]

Surrender of the Helvetians.

17

traditis supplicio adficerentur, sive spe salutis inducti, quod in tanta multitudine dediticiorum suam fugam

aut occultari aut

omnino

ignorari posse existimarent,

egressi, ad

prima nocte

e castris

Helvetiorum

Rhenum
5

finesque Germanorum contenderunt. Caesar resciit, quorum 28. Quod ubi

:

per

fines

ierant, his, uti conquirerent et reducerent, si sibi purreductos in hostium gat i esse vellent, imperavit

reliquos omnes, obsidibus, armis, perin deditionem accepit. 2 Helvetios, Tutraditis, fugis lingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, et quod, omnibus fructibus amissis, domi reverti jussit
;
;

numero habuit

10

tolerarent, Allobrogibus impefrumenti copiam facerent ipsos oppida 3 Id ea vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere jussit. noluit eum ratione maxime fecit, quod locum, unde Helvetii discesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem
ravit, ut
iis
;

nihil

erat

quo famem

15

agrorum Germani, qui trans finibus in Helvetiorum fines

liae

incolunt, e suis transirent, et finitimi Gal-

Rhenum

4 Boios, pe- 20 provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. tentibus Haeduis, quod egregia virtute erant cogniti,

finibus suis collocarent, concessit quibus illi in dederunt, agros quosque postea parem juris libertacondicionem erant atque ipsi tisque receperunt. castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt 29. In litteris Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae,

ut

in

25

quibus in
et

tabulis

numerus domo

exisset

nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui eorum qui arma ferre possent,
30

2 item separatim pueri, senes mulieresque. Quarum erat capitum Helvetiorum milia cclxiii, Tulingorum milia xxxvi, Latobrigorum xilll, Rauracorum xxm, Boiorum xxxn ex his qui arma 3 ferre possent, ad milia xcn. Summa omnium fueEorum qui domum redierunt ad milia ccclxviii. runt, censu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, repertus

omnium rerum summa

35

est

numerus milium c

et x.

The Campaign against Ariovistus.

30.
legati,

[C^sar
Galliae

Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere

gratulatum convenerunt Intellegere sese, tametsi pro veteribus Helvetiorum injuriis populi Romani ab his poenas bello repetisset, tamen earn rem non minus ex usu terrae
'
:

principes

civitatum,

ad

Caesarem

Galliae

quam

populi

Romani

accidisse

2
;

propterea

quod eo

consilio, florentissimis rebus,

domos suas Hel-

10

vetii reliquissent, uti toti Galliae bellum inferrent, imperioque potirentur, locumque domicilio ex magna copia deligerent, quern ex omni Gallia opportunissimum ac

15

fructuosissimum judicassent, reliquasque civitates sti3 Petierunt, uti sibi concilium pendiarias haberent.' totius Galliae in diem certam indicere idque Caesaris voluntate facere liceret sese habere quasdam res, 4 Ea quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent.
:

re permissa, diem concilio constituerunt, et jurejurando, ne quis enuntiaret, nisi quibus communi consilio man-

datum
31.
20

esset, inter se sanxerunt.

Eo

concilio

dimisso, idem

principes

civitatum,

qui ante fuerant, ad Caesarem reverterunt, petieruntque, uti sibi secreto in occulto de sua omniumque

eo agere liceret. 2 Ea re impetrata, sese 'Non omnes flentes Caesari ad pedes projecerunt minus se id contendere et laborare, ne ea quae dixsalute

cum

25

issent

enuntiarentur,
;

quam

uti ea

quae vellent impe-

trarent

propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, summum 3 Locutus est pro in cruciatum se venturos viderent.'
his Divitiacus

Haeduus
alterius

'
:

Galliae totius factiones esse

principatum tenere Haeduos, Hi cum tantopere de potentatu ,5oalterius Arvernos. mitltos annos inter se contenderent, factum esse, uti ab Arvernis Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesseduas
;

harum

rentur.
isse
35
;

Horum primo

circiter milia

xv Rhenum

trans-

posteaquam homines feri ac barbari adamassent, traductos plures nunc esse in Gallia ad centum et xx milium numerum.

agros et

cultum

et copias

Gallorum

B.

G.

I.

31.]

Representations of Divitiacus.

19

Cum

his

Haeduos eorumque
;

iterum armis contendisse

accepisse,

omnem

semel atque calamitatem pulsos magnam nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem

clientes
6
5

Quibus proeliis calamitatibusequitatum amisisse. et sua virtute et populi Romani hospifractos, qui que tio atque amicitia plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare nobilissimos civita
jurejurando civitatem obstringere, sese neque obsides repetituros, neque auxilium a populo Romano minus perpetuo imploraturos, neque recusaturos quo
tis,

et

10

sub illorum dicione atque imperio se esse ex omni civitate Haeduorum, qui adduci non
daret. Ob potuerit ut juraret, aut liberos suos obsides earn rem se ex civitate profugisse, et Romam ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum, quod solus neque

essent.

Unum

15

jurejurando
victoribus

neque obsidibus
Sequanis

teneretur.

Sed

pejus

quam Haeduis

victis

accidisse,

propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum finibus consedisset, tertiamque partem agri Sequani, qui esset optimus totius Galliae, occupavisset, et nunc 20

de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere juberet, propterea quod paucis mensibus ante Harudum milia hominum xxini ad eum venissent, quibus locus ac sedes

Futurum esse paucis annis, uti omnes pararentur. ex Galliae finibus pellerentur, atque omnes Germani
conferendum esse Gallicum cum Germanorum agro, neque hanc consuetudinem victus cum ilia comparandam. 10 Ariovistum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, quod proelium factum sit Admagetobrigae superbe et crutransirent
;

25

Rhenum

neque

enim

30

deliter imperare, obsides poscere, et in eos omnia

cuj usque exempla cruciatusque edere, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem ejus facta n Hominem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerasit. rium non posse ejus imperia diutius sustinere. Nisi si quid in Caesare populoque Romano sit auxilii,
:

nobilissimi

liberos

35

20

The Campaign against Ariovistus.

[Cesar

omnibus
fecerint,

Gallis

idem

ut

domo

faciendum quod Helvetii emigrent, aliud domicilium alias

esse

sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant, fortunamque, quaen Haec si enuntiata cumque accidat, experiantur.
5

Ariovisto
bus,

sint,

non dubitare, quin de omnibus obsidi

apud eum sint, gravissimum supplicium Caesarem vel auctoritate sua atque exercitus, sumat. vel recenti victoria, vel nomine populi Romani, deter rere posse, ne major multitudo Germanorum Rhenum
qui
10

traducatur, Galliamque posse defendere.'

32.

omnem

ab

Ariovisti

injuria

aderant
perunt.
15

Hac oratione ab Divitiaco habita, omnes magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere

qui coe-

Animadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum facere quas ceteri facerent, sed 2 tristes, capite demisso, terram intueri. Ejus rei quae causa esset miratus, ex ipsis quaesiit. Nihil Sequani
respondere,
sed
in

eadem

tristitia

taciti

permanere.

Cum
20

ab his
3
:

vocem

saepius quaereret, neque ullam omnino exprimere posset, idem Divitiacus Haeduus
'

Hoc esse miseriorem et graviorem fortunam Sequanorum quam reliquorum, quod soli ne in
respondit
occulto quidem queri neque auxilium implorare auderent absentisque Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si coram
;

25

adesset, horrerent, propterea quod reliquis tamen fugae facultas daretur, Sequanis vero, qui intra fines suos Ariovistum recepissent, quorum oppida omnia in potestate ejus essent, omnes cruciatus essent perferendi.'
33.

His rebus

cognitis,

Caesar

Gallorum
sibi

30 verbis

confirmavit,
;

curae futuram

magnam

pollicitusque se habere spem, et

est

earn

animos rem

beneficio

suo et auctoritate adductum Ariovistum finem injuriis Hac oratione habita, concilium dimisit. facturum. 2 Et secundum ea multae res eum hortabantur, quare
35 sibi

earn

rem cogitandam
quod
Haeduos,

et

imprimis,

fratres

suscipiendam putaret consanguineosque

B. G.

I.

35-]

His Haughty Reply

to

Ccssar.

21

saepenumero a senatu appellatos,

dicione videbat

in servitute

Germanorum

teneri,

atque in eorumque obsidcs

;

esse apud Ariovistum ac Sequanos intellegebat quod in tanto imperio populi Romani turpissimum sibi et
reipublicae esse arbitrabatur.
3

venire, populo Romano neque sibi homines feros ac periculosum videbat barbaros temperaturos existimabat, quin, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, ut ante Cimbri Teutonique
;

manos consuescere Rhenum magnam eorum multitudinem

transire,

Paulatim autem Geret in Galliam

10

fecissent, in

provinciam exirent, atque inde in Italiam

4
;

contenderent
nostra

praesertim
divideret
:

cum Sequanos
rebus

a provincia

quibus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiam sumpserat, ut
ferendus non videretur.

Rhodanus

15

Ariovistum legatos aliquem locum medium utriusque conloquio deligeret velle sese de
34.

Quamobrem
qui

placuit

ei,

ut ad

mitteret,
re
2

ab

eo

postularent,

uti

publica et

summis utriusque rebus cum eo

'
:

Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit quid si Caesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse 3 ilium ad se venire Praese ille velit, oportere. quid
Si
;

agere. 20 ipsi a

venire audere, quas

neque sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae Caesar possideret, neque exerciturn sine magno commeatu atque molimento in unum 4 Sibi autem mirum videri, locum contrahere posse.
terea
se

25

quid in sua Gallia,

quam

bello vicisset, aut Caesari aut

omnino populo Romano negotii esset.' 35. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis, iterum ad

30

eum Caesar

legatos

cum

his

mandatis mittit

' :

Quo-

niam tanto suo populique Romani beneficio adfectus, cum in consulatu suo rex atque amicus a senatu appellatus esset, hanc sibi populoque Romano gratiam
referret, ut in

conloquium venire invitatus gravaretur, de eommuni re dicendum sibi et cognoscendum neque

35

22

The Campaign against Ariovistus.

putaret, haec esse quae ab eo postularet
2
:

[Cesar

10

primum, ne hominum multitudinem trans Rhenum amplius quam deinde obsides, quos haberet in Galliam traduceret ab Haeduis, redderet, Sequanisque permitteret, ut quos illi haberent, voluntate ejus reddere illis liceret neve Haeduos injuria lacesseret, neve his sociisque 3 Si id ita fecisset, sibi poeorum bellum inferret. puloque Romano perpetuam gratiam atque amicitiam cum eo futuram si non impetraret, sese, quoniam, M. Messala M. Pisone consulibus, senatus censuisset uti quicumque Galliam provinciam obtineret, quod
;
; :

commodo
rum
15

reipublicae facere posset,

Haeduos

que amicos populi Romani defenderet,

injurias

se

ceteros-

Haeduo-

non neglecturum.'
iis

36.

Ad

haec Ariovistus respondit

vicissent,
:

vellent,

20

quos item populum Romanum victis imperarent non ad alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitrium, 2 Si ipse populo Romano non imperare consuesse. praescriberet quem ad modum suo jure uteretur, non
oportere sese a populo

ut qui vicissent,

'Jus esse belli, quern ad modum

:

Romano
belli

Haeduos

sibi,

quoniam

in suo jure impediri. fortunam temptassent, et

25

armis congressi ac superati essent, stipendiarios esse factos. Magnam Caesarem injuriam facere, qui suo adventu vectigalia sibi deteriora faceret. 4 Haeduis se obsides redditurum non esse, neque iis neque eorum sociis injuria bellum inlaturum, si in eo manerent quod
convenisset, stipendiumque quotannis penderent
;

si

id

30

non fecissent, longe iis fraternum nomen populi Ro5 mani afuturum. Quod sibi Caesar denuntiaret se Haeduorum injurias non neglecturum, neminem secum

Cum vellet, congresua pernicie contendisse. intellecturum quid invicti Germani, exercitatissimi in armis, qui inter annos xiv tectum non
sine

deretur

35

subissent, virtute possent.'

5J.

Haec eodem tempore Caesari mandata

refere-

B. G.

1.

39.]

Arrival at Vcsontio.

23
:

bantur, et legati ab Haeduis et a Treveris veniebant

:

Haedui questum, quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam 2 sese transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur
ne obsidibus quidem datis pacem Ariovisti redimerc Treveri autem, pagos centum Suevorum ad potuisse Rheni consedisse, qui Rhenum transire conripam
;

his praeesse Nasuam et Cimberium fratres. Ouibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus, maturandum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Suevorum cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese conjunxisset, minus

arentur

10

facile

resisti

posset.

Itaque,

re

frumentaria

quam

celerrime

potuit comparata, magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum contendit. 38. Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum

15

Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere, triduique viam a suis finibus profe2 cisse. Id ne accideret, magnopere sibi praecavendum Caesar existimabat. Namque omnium rerum, quae ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo oppido faculidque natura loci sic muniebatur, ut magnam ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, propterea quod
tas
;

20

fluraen [alduas] Dubis ut circino circumductum paene totum oppidum cingit 3 reliquum spatium, quod est non amplius pedum sexcentorum, qua flumen intermittit, mons continet magna altitudine, ita ut radices montis
;

25

4 Hunc ex utraque parte ripae fluminis contingant. et cum murus circumdatus arcem efficit, oppido conHue Caesar magnis nocturnis diurnisque jungit.

itineribus

dium
39.

contendit, conlocat.

occupatoque

oppido,

ibi

praesi- 30

paucos dies ad. Vesontionem rei frumencommeatusque causa moratur, ex percontatione nostrorum vocibusque Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui
tariae

Dum

ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili 35 virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse praedicabant,

24

The Campaign against Ariovistus.

his

[0:sar

saepenumero sese cum congressos ne vultum ferre potuisse, dicebant aciem oculorum quidem atque tantus subito timor omnem exercitum occupavit, ut
non
5

mediocriter
2

omnium mentes animosque

ortus
qui,

pertur-

baret.

Hie primum
secuti,
:

est

tribunis

praefectis, reliquisque,

ex

urbe
in

militum, amicitiae causa

militari

Caesarem

non

magnum

re

usum

habebant quorum alius alia causa inlata, quam sibi ad proficiscendum necessariam esse diceret, petebat ut
nonnulli pudore adioejus voluntate discedere liceret ducti, ut timoris suspitionem vitarent, remanebant. 3 Hi neque vultum fingere neque interdum lacrimas
;

tenere poterant abditi in tabernaculis aut suum fatum suis commune querebantur, aut cum familiaribus
:

15

20

periculum miserabantur. Volgo totis castris testa4 menta obsignabantur. Horum vocibus ac timore paulatim etiam ii qui magnum in castris usum habebant, milites centurionesque quique equitatui praeerant, Qui se ex his minus timidos existiperturbabantur. mari volebant, non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itineris, magnitudinem silvarum quae intercederent
inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, aut rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere dicebant. 5 Nonnulli etiam Caesari nuntiabant, cum castra

25

30

moveri ac signa ferri jussisset, non fore dicto audientes milites, neque propter timorem signa laturos. 40. Haec cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio, omniumque ordinum ad id consilium adhibitis centurionibus, vehementer eos incusavit primum quod aut quam in partem aut quo consilio ducerentur sibi 2 Ariovistum quaerendum aut cogitandum putarent.
:

'

cupidissime populi Romani amicitiam hunc tarn temere quisquam ab officio cur appetisse Sibi quidem persuaderi, cogdiscessurum judicaret?
se

consule
:

35 nitis

suis

postulatis atque aequitate condicionum per>

specta,

eum neque suam neque

populi

Romani gratiam

B. G.

I.

40.]

Address of C<zsar
3

to his

Troops.

25

Quod si furore atque amentia impulsus repudiaturum. bellum intulisset, quid tandem vererentur ? aut cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent ? 4 Factum ejus hostis periculum patrum nostrorum memoria, cum, Cimbris et Teutonis a Gaio Mario pulsis, non
minorem laudem
tus

exercitus

quam

videbatur

factum etiam
aliquid

ipse imperator merinuper in Italia servili

tumultu, quos tamen

usus ac disciplina, quae

10

5 Ex quo judicari a nobis accepissent, sublevarent. in haberet se boni constantia, propposse, quantum terea quod, quos aliquamdiu inermos sine causa timuissent, hos postea armatos ac victores superassent.
6

Denique hos esse eosdem, quibuscum saepenumero

15

Helvetii congressi, non solum in suis, sed etiam in illorum finibus, plerumque superarint ; qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitui non potuerint.

sum proelium

et

quos adverfuga Gallorum commoveret, hos, si

Si

quaererent, reperire posse, diuturnitate belli defetigatis Gallis, Ariovistum, cum multos menses castris se ac

neque sui potestatem fecisset, de pugna et dispersos subito adortum, desperantes jam 8 consilio Cui et ratione quam virtute vicisse. magis rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare nostros exercitus 9 Qui suum timorem in rei frumentariae capi posse. simulationem angustiasque itineris conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de officio imperatoris desperare
paludibus
tenuisset,

20

25

Haec sibi esse curae frumentum Sequanos, Leucos, Lingones subministrare, jamque esse in agris frumenta matura de itinere ipsos n brevi tempore judicaturos. Quod non fore dicto
aut praescribere viderentur.
:

10

30

audientes

neque signa laturi dicantur, nihil se ea re commoveri scire enim, quibuscumque exercitus dicto audiens non fuerit, aut male re gesta fortunam defuisse,
:

aut aliquo facinore comperto avaritiam esse convictam suam innocentiam perpetua vita, felicitatem Helvetio:

35

26

The Campaign against

Ariovisttts.
12

[Cesar

perspectam. Itaque se quod ii longiorem diem conlaturus fuisset repraesentaturum et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra moturum, ui

rum

bello

esse

quam primum
5

intellegere posset,

utrum apud eos pudor

13

atque officium an timor valeret.

Quod

si

praetere?

sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitaret, sibique earn praetoriam cohortem futuram.' Huic legioni Caesar et indulserat

nemo

io

praecipue, et propter virtutem confidebat maxime. 41. Hac oratione habita, mirum in modum conversae

sunt

omnium mentes, summaque

;

alacritas et cu-

piditas gerendi innata est princepsque decima tribunos militum ei legio per gratias egit, quod de se fecisset, judicium optimum seque esse ad bellum
belli
15

gerendum paratissimam
legiones cum centurionibus
tribunis

confirmavit.

militum
uti

et

Deinde reliquae primorum ordinum

satisfacerent
:

egerunt,

Caesari

se

neque umquam dubitasse, neque timuisse, neque de

summa
20

belli
3

mavisse.
sito

per habebat, ut milium amplius quinquaginta circuitu locis apertis exercitum duceret, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat,
profectus
25

suum judicium, sed imperatoris esse existiEorum satisfactione accepta, et itinere exquiDivitiacum, quod ex aliis ei maximam fidem

Septimo die, cum iter non interab mitteret, exploratoribus certior factus est, Ariovisti nostris milibus passuum quattuor et viginti a copias
est.
4

abesse.

eum
30

Cognito Caesaris adventu, Ariovistus legatos ad quod antea de conloquio postulasset, id per se fieri licere, quoniam propius accessisset, seque
42.

mittit

2 Non respuit periculo facere posse existimare. condicionem Caesar, jamque eum ad sanitatem reverti

id sine

arbitrabatur, cum ultro polliceretur

35 suis tantis

id,

quod antea petenti denegasset,

in in

magnamque populique Romani

;

spem veniebat, pro

eum

beneficiis,

co-

gnitis

suis

postulatis,

fore

uti

pertinacia

desisteret.

B. G.

I.

43.]

Conference of Ariovistus

and

Ccesar.

27

Dies conloquio dictus est ex eo die quintus. Interim saepe ultro citroque cum legati inter eos mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit, ne quern peditem ad conloquium vereri se, ne per insidias ab eo Caesar adduceret
:

circumveniretur

uterque

cum

ratione sese non esse venturum.

alia equitatu veniret 4 Caesar, quod neque

;

conloquium interposita causa tolli volebat, neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, commodissimum esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallis
equitibus detractis, eo legionarios milites legionis decimae, cui quam maxime confidebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid opus facto esset,
haberet.
militibus
esset
toriae
5

10

Quod cum

fieret,

non

inridicule

quidam ex
15

decimae legionis dixit, plus quam pollicitus Caesarem facere pollicitum se in cohortis praeloco decimam legionem habiturum ad equum
:

rescribere.
43.

Planities erat

magna,

et

in ea

tumulus terrenus

Hie locus aequo fere spatio ab castris satis grandis. Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. Eo, ut erat dictum, ad 20

Legionem Caesar, quam equis devexerat, passibus ducentis ab eo tumulo constituit. Item equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt.
Ariovistus

conloquium venerunt.

ex equis ut

conloquerentur, et praeter se

denos ut ad conloquium adducerent, postulavit. 8 Ubi25 eo ventum est, Caesar initio orationis sua senatusque
in

eum
;

esset a senatu,

missa

commemoravit, quod rex appellatus quod amicus, quod munera amplissime quam rem et paucis contigisse, et pro magnis
;

beneficia

officiis consuesse tribui docebat ilium, cum aditum causam neque neque postulandi justam haberet, beneficio ac liberalitate sua ac senatus ea praemia consecutum. 4 Docebat etiam, quam veteres quamque justae causae necessitudinis ipsis cum Haeduis in-

hominum

30

tercederent, quae senatus consulta, quotiens quamque honorifica, in eos facta essent, ut omni tempore totius

35

28
Galliae

The Campaign against Ariovistus.

[Cesar

principatum Haedui tenuissent, prius etiam nostram amicitiam appetissent. 5 Populi Romani quam hanc esse consuetudinem, ut socios atque amicos non modo sui nihil deperdere, sed gratia, dignitate, honore
5

velit esse quod vero ad amicitiam populi adtulissent, id iis eripi quis pati posset ? 6 Postulavit deinde eadem quae legatis in mandatis ne aut Haeduis aut eorum sociis bellum dederat

auctiores

Romani

'

inferret
10

obsides

redderet

si

norum domum remittere

posset,

nullam partem Germaat ne quos amplius

Rhenum
44.
;

transire pateretur.
'

15

Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca responde suis virtutibus multa praedicavit dit Transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum et arcessiturn a Gallis non sine magna spe magnisque praemiis
:

in secies habere propinquosque reliquisse Gallia ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum voluntate datos stipendium capere jure belli, quod victores 2 Non sese Gallis, sed victis imponere consuerint. 20 Gallos sibi bellum intulisse omnes Galliae civitates ad se oppugnandum venisse, ac contra se castra habuisse eas omnes copias a se uno proelio pulsas 8 ac superatas esse. Si iterum experiri velint, se ite;
;
;

domum

rum paratum
25

esse

decertare

si

pace

uti

velint,

ini-

quum
sibi

esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua

et praesidio,

voluntate

ad id tempus pependerint.

ornamento

tere,

manum
30 tur,

idque se stipendium

Amicitiam populi Romani non detrimento esse opor4 ea spe petisse. Si per populum Roremittatur, et dediticii subtrahanlibenter sese recusaturum populi
5

non

minus

Romani amicitiam quam

dinem Germanorum in muniendi, non Galliae
ejus rei
35

adpetierit.

Quod
id

multituse
sui
:

Galliam

traducat,

impugnandae

causa

facere

testimonium esse, quod nisi rogatus non vene6 Se rit, et quod bellum non intulerit, sed defenderit. in Galliam venisse Romanum. prius quam populum

B. G.

I.

45.]

Ccesar asserts the Claims of

Rome.

29

Nunquam
Galliae

ante hoc tempus exercitum populi

Romani

Quid sibi velprovinciae finibus egressum. 7 Provinciam let? cur in suas possessiones veniret ? Ut suam hanc esse Galliam, sicut illam nostram. ipsi concedi non oporteret, si in nostros fines impetum
faceret, sic item

nos esse iniquos, quod

in

suo jure se

8 Quod fratres Haeduos appellatos non se tam barbarum neque tarn imperitum diceret, esse rerum, ut non sciret neque bello Allobrogum proximo Haeduos Romanis auxilium tulisse, neque ipsos, in his contentionibus quas Haedui secum et cum

interpellaremus.

10

Sequanis habuissent, auxilio populi Romani usos esse.

9

Debere

se

quod

exercitum

suspicari simulata Caesarem amicitia, in Gallia habeat, sui opprimendi

15

causa habere. Qui nisi decedat, atque exercitum deducat ex his regionibus, sese ilium non pro amico, 10 sed hoste habiturum. Quod si eum interfecerit,
principibusque populi Romani id se ab ipsis per eorum nuntios compertum habere, quorum omnium gratiam atque n Ouod si amicitiam ejus morte redimere posset.
multis
sese

nobilibus

gratum esse facturum

20

discessisset, et liberam
disset,

magno

se

ilium

possessionem Galliae sibi tradipraemio remuneraturum, et

25

quaecumque
45.

bella geri vellet, sine ullo ejus labore et

in earn

periculo confecturum.'

Multa ab Caesare

sententiam dicta sunt,

;

quare negotio desistere non posset

et

'

Neque suam

uti optime neque populi merentes socios desereret, neque se judicare Galliam 2 Bello potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. superatos esse Arvernos et Rutenos ab Q. Fabio
pati,

Romani consuetudinem

in

Maximo, quibus populus Romanus ignovisset, neque provinciam redegisset, neque stipendium impo3 suisset. Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus
spectari oporteret, populi Romani justissimum esse in 35 si Gallia imperium judicium senatus observari opor;

30
teret,

The Campaign against Ariovistus.

liberam debere esse Galliam,

[Cesar

quam

bello victam

suis legibus uti voluisset.' haec in conloquio geruntur, Caesari nun46. tiatum est equites Ariovisti propius tumulum acceclere,

Dum

ad nostros adequitare, lapides telaque in nostros 2 Caesar loquendi finem facit, seque ad suos recipit, suisque imperavit, ne quod omnino telum
et

conicere.

in

hostes

reicerent.

Nam

etsi

sine

ullo

periculo
videbat,

legionis delectae
dici posset eos
tos.
4

cum

equitatu proelium

fore

iotamen committendum non putabat,

ut pulsis hostibus

ab se per fidem in conloquio circumvenPosteaquam in vulgus militum elatum est, qua adrogantia in conloquio Ariovistus usus omni Gallia
15

interdixisset, impetumque in nostros ejus fecissent, eaque res conloquium ut diremisset, equites multo major alacritas studiumque pugnandi majus

Romanis

exercitui injectum est.

20

Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos de his rebus, quae inter eos agi coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere cum eo uti aut iterum conloquio diem constitueret, aut, si id minus 2 Conlovellet, e suis legatis aliquem ad se mitteret.' causa visa non Caesari est et eo magis, quod quendi
47. mittit

Biduo
'

post Velle se

pridie ejus diei Germani retineri non poterant, quin in 25 nostros tela conicerent. Legatum e suis sese magno

periculo ad eum missurum, et hominibus feris 3 Commodissimum visum est objecturum existimabat.

cum

30

Valeri Caburi filium, humanitate adulescentem, cujus pater a Gaio Valerio Flacco civitate donatus erat, et
Procillum, C.

Gaium Valerium

summa

virtute

et

propter fidem

et

propter linguae Gallicae scientiam,

35

jam Ariovistus longinqua consuetudine utebatur, et quod in eo peccandi Germanis causa non ad eum mittere, et M. Metium, qui hospitio esset, 4 His mandavit, ut quae diceret Ariovisti utebatur.
qua

multa

Ariovistus cognoscerent, et ad se referrent.

Quos cum

B. G.

i.

49-]

^he Hostile Camps.

3t

suo conclamavit Quid ad se venirent ? an Conantes dicere prohibuit, et in speculandi causa ? catenas conjecit. 48. Eodem die castra promovit, et milibus passuum Postridie sex a Caesaris castris sub monte consedit. suas Caesaris castra diei copias traduxit, praeter ejus et milibus passuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit, eo consilio, uti frumento commeatuque, qui ex Sequanis

apud se

in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, exercitu

'
: '

praesente

et
2

Caesarem intercluderet. supportaretur, eo die dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit, et aciem instructam habuit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio contendere, ei potestas non 3 Ariovistus his omnibus diebus exercitum deesset.
Haeduis

10

Ex

castris

Genus
4

continuit, equestri proelio cotidie contendit. hoc erat pugnae, quo se Germani exercuerant.

15

velocissimi ac

totidem numero pedites fortissimi, quos ex omni copia singuli causa delegerant cum his in salutis suae singulos

Equitum

milia

erant

sex,

proeliis versabantur.
hi, si

Ad

eos se equites recipiebant

;

20

si equo deciderat, circumsistebant aut erat celerius recipienquo longius prodeundum, dum, tanta erat horum exercitatione celeritas, ut jubis equorum sublevati cursum adaequarent. 49. Ubi eum castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne
;

quid vulnere accepto,

erat durius, concurrebant

si

qui,

graviore

25

diutius

commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum, quo Germani consederant, circiter passus sexcentos ab iis, castris idoneum locum delegit, acieque triplici 2 instructa ad eum locum venit. Primam et secundam
in loco

30

aciem

armis esse, tertiam castra munire jussit. Hie locus ab hoste circiter passus sexcentos, uti dictum Eo circiter hominum numero sedecim est, aberat.
in

expedita cum omni equitatu Ariovistus misit, quae copiae nostros perterrerent et munitione prohibe3 rent. Nihilo secius Caesar, ut ante constituerat,
milia

35

32

The Campaign against Ariovistus.

[Cesar

duas acies hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere Munitis castris, duas ibi legiones reliquit et jussit.

partem auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas

reduxit.
5

in castra

majora

10

50. Proximo die, instituto suo, Caesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit, paulumque a majoribus castris progressus, aciem instruxit, hostibus pugnandi potestatem fecit. 2 Ubi ne turn quidem eos prodire intelin castra reduxit. lexit, circiter meridiem exercitum Turn demum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, 3 Acriter utrimquae castra minora oppugnaret, misit.

que usque ad vesperum pugnatum

suas
Ariovistus, multis
et

est.

Solis

occasu,

15

et acceptis copias 4 in castra reduxit. Cum ex vulneribus, captivis quaereret Caesar, quamobrem Ariovistus proelio non de*
inlatis

certaret,
et

hanc reperiebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo esset, ut matresfamiliae eorum sortibus
vaticinationibus
esset

mitti ex usu
20 fas

declararent, utrum proelium comNon esse necne eas ita dicere

'

Germanos
Postridie

superare,
ejus

si

ante novam

lunam

proelio

contendissent.'
51.

diei

Caesar praesidium utrisque

est reliquit,

castris
in

quod

satis esse

visum

omnes

alarios

25

conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus constituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat, ut ad speciem alariis uteretur ipse, triplici instructa acie, usque ad castra hos2 Tum demum necessario Germani tium accessit.
;

30

suas copias castris eduxerunt, generatimque constituerunt paribus intervallis, Harudes, Marcomannos, Triboces, Vangiones, Nemetes, Sedusios, Suevos, omnemque aciem suam rhedis et carris circumdederunt, 8 Eo mulieres ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur.

imposuerunt,
35

quae

in

proelium

manibus

flentes

implorabant,

ne

proficiscentes passis * in servitutem

Romanis

traderent.

B. G.

I.

53] Desperate Battle with the Germans.

33

Caesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et quaestorem praefecit, uti eos testes suae quisque virtutis haberet ipse a dextro cornu, quod earn partem minime firmam hostium esse animadverterat, proelium
52.
;

commisit.

in hostes, signo dato, hostes repente celeriterque impetum fecerunt, ita-que procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes coniciendi non

Ita

nostri

acriter

daretur.
est.
3

Rejectis

pilis,

cominus
ex

gladiis

pugnatum
sua
10

At Germani

celeriter,

consuetudine

Rephalange facta, impetus gladiorum exceperunt. perti sunt complures nostri milites, qui in phalangas scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper insilirent, et 4 Cum hostium acies a sinistra cornu vulnerarent. in fugam conversa esset, a dextro cornu pulsa atque suorum nostram aciem prememultitudine vehementer 5 Id cum animadvertisset R Crassus adulescens, bant.
qui qui
equitatui praeerat, quod expeditior erat quam ii inter aciem versabantur, tertiam aciem laborantiIta proelium restitutum est, atque

15

bus nostris subsidio misit.

53.

omnes hostes

20

terga verterunt, neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum, milia passuum ex eo loco circiter
Ibi perpauci aut viribus quinquaginta pervenerunt. confisi tranare contenderunt, aut lintribus inventis sibi salutem pepererunt. In his fuit Ariovistus, qui navi- 25 culam deligatam ad ripam nactus ea profugit reliquos omnes equitatu consecuti nostri interfecerunt. 3 Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una Sueva natione, quam domo secum duxerat, altera Norica, regis Voctionis utrae- 30 soror, quam in Gallia duxerat a fratre missam ea in altera Duae filiae harum fuga perierunt. que
: :

4 Gaius Valerius Procillus, capta est. cum a custodibus in fuga trinis catenis vinctus traheretur, in ipsum Caesarem, hostes equitatu persequentem, 5 incidit. Quae quidem res Caesari non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem adtulit, quod hominem hones-

occisa,

altera

35

34

The Campaign against Ariovistus.

[C^sar

tissimum provinciae Galliae, suum familiarem et hosmanibus hostium, sibi restitutum pitem, ereptum e videbat neque ejus calamitate de tanta voluptate et
;

gratulatione
5

quicquam

fortuna

deminuerat.

Is

se

consultum dicebat, utrum praesente de se ter sortibus in an aliud tempus reservaretur igni statim necaretur, Item M. Metius incolumem. se esse beneficio sortium

10

repertus et ad eum reductus est. 54. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suevi, qui ad ripas Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt

quos Ubii, qui proximi

[senserunt ;] insecuti, 2 Caesar una derunt.

Rhenum magnum ex
aestate

incolunt, perterritos his numerum occibellis

duobus maximis

15

confectis, maturius paulo quam tempus anni postulahiberbat, in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit nis Labienum praeposuit ipse in citeriorem Galliam
; ;

ad conventus agendos profectus

est.

>*

B. G.

II.

i.]

The Belgian Confederacy.

35

BOOK
The Belgian
accepts the

II.

tribes is reported to

Confederacy. A league of the Belgian Caesar, who moves rapidly to the north, and submission of the Remi (1-3). Account of the Belgians

and

their tribes. Caesar advances to the Axona, relieves the siege of Bibrax, the chief place of the Remi, and establishes a camp, strongly fortified (4-8). The Belgians attempt to cross the Axona, but are

driven back, and pursued with great slaughter (9-1 1). Surrender of the Suessiones and Bellovaci report of the Nervii, who wait to
:

Position of the two forces: give battle across the Sabis (12-16). the Nervii attack with great fury, and throw the Romans into confusion,

which

is

partly

overcome by

their

admirable discipline

(17-20). After various fortune, the Nervii assault the camp, which is saved, after a desperate struggle, by the personal address and

courage of Caesar (21-22). Labienus comes up with the tenth the Nervii are crushed and almost legion, and the tide is turned exterminated (26-28). The Aduatuci after sundry skirmishes
;
.

but renewing the fight after their surrender, are subdued, and upwards of 50,000 are sold as slaves (29-33). Meanwhile Crassus secures the submission of the coast population of the Veneti, etc. Gaul appears wholly reduced to peace, and em;
;

they sue for peace

bassies are sent to Caesar even from

beyond the Rhine

(34, 35).

/^UM

ad eum rumores afferebantur, litterisque item Labieni certior fiebat, omnes Belgas (quam tertiam esse Galliae parita

esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia [in uti supra demonstravimus, crebri

hibernis],

Romanum conjurare, 2 inter se dare. obsidesque Conjurandi has esse causas vererentur no, omni pacata Gallia, primum quod
tem dixeramus), contra populum
:

ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur

nonnullis
Gallis
solicitarentur,

partim
;

deinde quod ab qui, ut Ger10

manos diutius in Gallia versari noluerant, ita populi Romani exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in
Gallia

moleste

ferebant

3
;

partim

qui,

mobilitate
;

et

levitate animi,

novis imperiis studebant

ab nonnullis

36

The Belgian Confederacy.

etiam, quod in Gallia a potentioribus atque
iis

[Caesar

qui ad

conducendos homines facilitates habebant, vulgo regna occupabantur, qui minus facile earn rem imperio nos5

tro consequi poterant. 2. His nuntiis litterisque

legiones in citeriore aestate, in interiorem

commotus, Caesar duas Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita

Galliam qui deduceret, Q. Pe2

dium legatum

misit.

Ipse,

cum primum

pabuli copia

Dat negotium Seesse inciperet, ad exercitum venit. iononibus reliquisque Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea quae apud eos gerantur cognoscant, seque de
his

15

Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum 4 Turn vero dubitandum non existimavit quin conduci. Re frumentaria comparata, ad eos proficisceretur. castra movet, diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines
rebus
certiorem
faciant.

Belgarum pervenit.
venisset,
20

improviso celeriusque omni opinione Remi, qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum legatos Iccium et Andocumborium, primos 2 Se suaque omnia civitatis, miserunt, qui dicerent
3.
' :

Eo cum de

in fidem

atque

in

potestatem

populi
reliquis

Romani

per-

mittere,

neque

se

cum

Belgis

consensisse,

25

neque contra populum Romanum conjurasse, paratosque esse et obsides dare et imperata facere et oppidis 3 relirecipere et frumento ceterisque rebus juvare
;

quos omnes Belgas

cis

in

armis esse, Germanosque, qui

Rhenum
esse

incolant, sese

cum

his

conjunxisse, tan-

30

eorum omnium furorem, ut ne Suessiones tumque fratres consanguineosque suos, qui eodem quidem, unumjure et isdem legibus utantur, unum imperium
que magistratum cum
rint quin
4.

ipsis

habeant, deterrere potue-

cum

his consentirent.'

35

ab his quaereret, quae civitates quantaeque armis in essent, et quid in bello possent, sic reperie2 bat plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab Germanis,
:

Cum

B. G.

II. 5.]

Convention with the Rcmi.

37

antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitaconsedisse, Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque esse qui, patrum nostrorum raerao-

Rhenumque
ibi

tem
ria,

Teutonos Cimbrosque intra qua ex re fieri uti, earum rerum memoria, magnam sibi auctoritatem mag3 De numero nosque spiritus in re militari sumerent. eorum omnia se habere explorata Remi dicebant,

omni

Gallia

vexata,

fines

suos

ingredi

prohibuerint

propterea quod propinquitatibus adfinitatibusque conjuncti, quantam quisque multitudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pollicitus sit cognoverint.
4

10

Plurimum
et

inter

eos

Bellovacos et
valere
:

virtute

et

auctoritate

hominum numero

hos

posse

conficere armata milia centum, pollicitos ex eo

numero
15

electa sexaginta, totiusque belli imperium sibi postulare. latissimos feracissiSuessiones suos esse finitimos
:

Apud eos fuisse regem mosque agros possidere. nostra etiam memoria Divitiacum, totius Galliae potentissimum, qui cum magnae partis harum regionum, turn etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit nunc esse Galbam ad hunc propter justitiam prudentiregem amque suam totius belli summam omnium voluntate 6 deferri oppida habere numero xn, polliceri milia armata quinquaginta totidem Nervios, qui maxime
:

20

feri

inter ipsos habeantur, longissimeque absint quindecim milia Atrebates, Ambianos decern milia, Mori;

25

nos xxv milia, Menapios vn milia Velocasses et Veromanduos totidem

et

Caletos

x milia Aduatucos decern

novem

milia

Condrusos,

Eburones,

Caeroesos,
appellantur, 30

Paemanos,
arbitrari

qui

uno

nomine

Germani

ad xl milia. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione 5. omnem senatum ad se convenire, principrosecutus, liberos obsides ad se adduci jussit. pumque Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt. 2 Ipse Divitiacum Haeduum magnopere cohortatus, docet

35

38

War

of the Belgian Confederacy.

[C^sar

quanto opere rei publicae communisque salutis intersit manus hostium distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine
Id fieri posse, si suas uno tempore confligendum sit. Bellovacorum fines in introduxerint, et copias Haedui His mandatis, eum eorum agros populari coeperint. 4 omnes ab se dimittit. Belgarum copias Postquam in unura locum coactas ad se venire vidit, neque jam
3

longe abesse ab
10

iis

Remis cognovit, flumen Axonam, quod

quos miserat exploratoribus et ab est in extremis

exercitum
5

Remorum
ibi

finibus,

traducere
res
et

maturavit,
latus

atque castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat, et post eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat et, commeatus ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus, ut sine periculo ad eum
posuit.
;

castra

Quae

unum

15

portari posset efficiebat. Ibi praesidium ponit, et

In eo flumine pons
altera

erat.

in

parte

fluminis Q.
reli-

Titurium
quit
20
6.
;

Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus

in

castra

altitudinem

pedum xn

vallo fossaque

duodeviginti

pedum munire

jubet.

oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax milia aberat passuum octo. Id ex itinere magno eo die impetu Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre 2 Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum sustentatum est. Ubi circumjecta multitudine oppugnatio est haec. moenibus totis hominum undique in murum lapides 25

Ab

his castris

defensoribus nudatus est, coepti sunt, murusque testudine facta, portas succedunt murumque subruunt. 3 multitudo Quod turn facile fiebat. Nam cum tanta consistendi muro in potestas lapides ac tela conicerent, 4 Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, nulli. 30 erat
jaci

Iccius

Remus, summa

nobilitate

et gratia

inter suos,

35

unus ex iis qui legati de qui turn oppido praefuerat, nuntium ad eum mittit pace ad Caesarem venerant, sese diutius sustinere sibi submittatur, subsidium nisi non posse. de media nocte Caesar, isdem ducibus usus 7. Eo
:

B. G.

II. 9.]

Defence of Bibrax.

39

qui nuntii ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et funditores Baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit
;

Remis cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi accessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes

quorum adventu
potiundi

et

oppidum

oppidi discessit. morati, agrosque

Itaque,

Remorum

paulisper apud depopulati, om-

nibus vicis aedificiisque quos adire poterant incensis, ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis contenderunt, et ab
milibus passuum minus duobus castra posuerunt quae castra, ut fumo atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus pasuum octo in latitudinem patebant.
;

10

et propter

Caesar primo, et propter multitudinem hostium eximiam opinionem virtutis, proelio supersedere statuit cotidie tamen, equestribus proeliis, quid hostis virtute posset et quid nostri auderent periclita8.
;

15

batur.

Ubi nostros non esse

is

inferiores intellexit, loco

at-

pro castris ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno

collis, que paululum ex planicie editus, tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat quantum loci acies instructa occupare poterat, atque ex utraque parte lateris dejectus habebat, et in frontem leniter fastigatus paulatim ad plani3 ab utroque latere ejus collis transverciem redibat, sam fossam obduxit circiter passuum quadringentorum et ad extremas fossas castella constituit, ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum aciem instruxisset, hostes (quod tantum multitudine poterant) ab lateribus pugnantes suos circum venire possent. 4 Hoc facto, duabus

quod idoneo,

ubi

castra posita erant,

20

25

legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis, ut, si quo opus esset, subsidio duci possent, reliquas 30

sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas instruxerant.
9.

Pal us erat

non magna

inter

nostrum atque hostransirent,

illis

tium exercitum.
;

Hanc

si

nostri
si

hostes
in

exspectabant undi fieret, ut impeditos adgrederentur, parati

nostri autem,

ab

initium transe- 35

armis

40
erant.
2

War

of the Belgian Confederacy.

[Cesar

Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies conUbi neutri transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum proelio nostris, Caesar suos in Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen castra reduxit. Axonam contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra
tendebatur.

demonstratum est. 3 Ibi vadis rum copiarum traducere conati

possent,
10

repertis, partem suasunt, eo consilio, ut, si

castellum, cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus, si minus expugnarent, pontemque interscinderent potuissent, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque
;

15

ab Titurio, omnem equiarmaturae Numidas, funditores sagitt^riosque pontem traducit, atque ad eos contendit. 2 Hostes impeditos Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est.

nostros prohiberent. 10. Caesar, certior factus

tatum

et

levis

nostri in

flumine adgressi,
:

magnum corum numerum

reliquos,
;

20

audacissime telorum repulerunt primos, qui transierant, equitatu circumventos inter3 Hostes ubi et de expugnando oppido et de fecerunt. flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse intellexerunt,
occiderunt
transire

per eorum corpora

multitudine

conantes,

neque nostros
25

causa viderunt,

locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato, constituerunt optimum esse
in
reverti,
et,

domum suam quemque

primum

quorum

in

fines

Romani
alienis

exercitum

defendendos undique

ad introduxissent, ut convenirent, potius in

eos
suis

quam
30

finibus decertarent, et domesticis 4 uterentur. Ad earn sentenfrumentariae copiis tiam cum reliquis causis haec quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod Divitiacum atque Haeduos finibus Belloin
rei

ut
35

vacorum adpropinquare cognoverant. His persuaded diutius morarentur, neque suis auxilium ferrent, non poterat. re constituta, secunda vigilia magno cum 11. Ea

B. G.

II.

12.]

Approach

to

Noviodunum.

41

strepitu ac tumultu castris egressi, nullo certo ordine

neque imperio, cum

peteret consimilis fugae
et

domum

quisque primum itineris locum pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut

sibi
2

profectio videretur.

Hac

re

statim
5

Caesar per speculatores cognita, insidias veritus, quod qua de causa discederent nondum perspexerat, exer3 Prima luce, citum ,equitatumque castris continuit. omnem confirmata re ab exploratoribus, equitatum qui His Q. Penovissimum agmen moraretur praemisit.

dium et L. Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praefecit T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi
4

10

jussit.

Hi, novissimos adorti, et multa milia passuum

prosecuti,

conciderunt

magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium cum ab extremo agmine, ad quos ven;

tum

erat,

consisterent, fortiterque
priores, quod ulla necessitate

impetum nostrorum
abesse a periculo neque imperio conordinibus,
5

15

militum sustinerent,
viderentur, neque
tinerentur,

exaudito

clamore,

perturbatis

omnes

Ita sine praesidium ponerent. ullo periculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostri intersub occasumque fecerunt, quantum fuit diei spatium
in

fuga

sibi

20

solis destiterunt,

seque

in

castra, ut

erat

imperatum,

receperunt. 12. Postridie ejus diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Suessionum,
qui

25

proximi Remis
[confecto]

erant, exercitum duxit, et

magno

ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. 2 Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae
itinere

murique altitudinem, paucis defendentibus, expugnare non potuit. 3 Castris munitis, vineas agere quaeque ad

30

oppugnandum
omnis

usui erant comparare coepit. Interim ex fuga Suessionum multitudo in oppidum 4 Celeriter vineis ad oppidum proxima nocte convenit.
35

actis, aggere jacto turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante Gaili neque audie-

42
rant,
et

War

of the Belgian Confederacy.

[Oesar
legatos

celeritate

Romanorum

permoti,
et

ad

Caesarem de deditione mittunt,

ut conservarentur impetrant.
13.

petentibus Remis,

Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis, atque Galbae regis duobus filiis, armisque omnibus ex oppido traditis, in deditionem Suessiones accepit, exipsius
2 Qui cum se suaque ercitumque in Bellovacos ducit. in omnia oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes majores natu, ex oppido egressi, manus ad Caesarem tendere, et voce significare coeperunt sese in ejus fidem ac potestatem venire, neque contra populum Romanum armis contendere. 3 Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset, castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more pacem ab Romanis petierunt. nam post discessum Bel14. Pro his Divitiacus garum, dimissis Haeduorum copiis, ad eum reverterat facit verba: 'Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque

10

15

2oamicitia

impulsos a suis ab Caesare in serprincipibus, qui dicerent Haeduos, omnes vitutem redactos, indignitates contumeliasque perferre, et ab Haeduis defecisse, et populo Romano
civitatis

Haeduae

fuisse

bellum
25

Qui ejus consilii principes fuissent quod intellegerent quantam calamitatem civitati intu4 Petere non solum lissent, in Britanniam profugisse. his ut sua demenetiam sed Haeduos, Bellovacos, pro 5 tia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si fecerit, Haeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplifiintulisse.

30

caturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus,

inciderint, sustentare consuerint.' 15. Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque

si

qua

bella

Haeduorum causa
;

sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate, atque
35

hominum
poposcit.

multitudine
2

praestabat,

His

traditis,

sexcentos obsides omnibusque armis ex oppido

B. G.

II. 17.]

The Nervii.
in

43
pervenit,

conlatis,

ab eo loco

fines

Ambianorum

qui
fines

se

que aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum inferri, quod iis rebus relanguescere 4 esse animos [eorum] et remitti virtutem existimarent virtutis feros homines increpitare atque magnaeque
:

suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. Eorum Nervii attingebant quorum de natura moribus8 Nullum Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat
;
;

incusare reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Romano dediconfirmare dissent patriamque virtutem projecissent sese neque legatos missuros, neque ullam condicionem
;

10

pacis accepturos.
16. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis Sabim flumen ab castris suis non 2 trans id flumen amplius milia passuum x abesse
:

15

omnes Nervios consedisse, adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare, una cum Atrebatis et Veromanduis, finitimis suis (nam his utrisque persuaserant, uti ean-

dem

belli

fortunam experirentur)

3
;

exspectari
;

etiam
20

ab his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum conjecisse, quo propter paludes exerci-

non esset. His rebus cognitis, exploratores centurionesque Cum praemittit, qui locum idoneum castris deligant.
tui aditus
17.

25

ex dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Caesarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex captivis cognitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervios 2 pervenerunt atque his demonstrarunt inter singulas
;

30

legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum intercedes, neque esse quicquam negotii, cum prima legio
in

castra venisset, reliquaeque

legiones

magnum
;

spa-

tium abessent, hanc sub sarcinis adoriri qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis, futurum ut reliquae contra 3 consistere non auderent. Adjuvabat etiam eorum

35

44

War

of the Belgian Confederacy.

[Cesar

consilium qui rem deferebant, quod Nervii antiquitus, equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc temei rei student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestribus pus valent copiis), 4 quo facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi causa ad eos venissent, impedirent, teneris

cum

arboribus incisis atque inflexis, crcbrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis, et rubis sentibusque interjectis, effecerant ut instar muri hae sepes munimenta praeberent, quo non modo non intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posioset.

His rebus cum iter agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii existimaverunt. 1 8. Loci natura erat haec, quern locum nostri castris
delegerant.

i5

Collis ab surarao aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. 2 Ab eo flumine pari adclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non
facile introrsus perspici posset.
3

Intra eas silvas hos-

tes in occulto sese continebant

in aperto loco secun-

2odum

25

flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium. omni19. Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur bus copiis sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habe2 Nam quod ad bat ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. hostis adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar sex post eas totius exercitus legiones expeditas ducebat inde duae legiones, quae impedimenta conlocarat proxume conscriptae erant, totum agmen claudebant,
; ; ;

Equites nostri, praesidioque impedimentis erant. flumen transgressi, 30 funditoribus sagittariisque

cum cum

hostium equitatu proelium commiserunt. 4 Cum se illi identidem in silvas ad suos reciperent, ac rursus ex silva in nostros impetum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quern ad finem porrecta loca aperta
35

pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim legiones sex, quae primae venerant, opere dimenso, castra

B. G.

II.

2i.j

Rapid Attack of
5

the Nervii.

4$

munire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter eos committendi proelii convenerat,
aciem ordinesque constituerant atque subito omnibus copiis proconfirmaverant, ipsi volaverunt, impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt.
ut
intra silvas

sese

His

facile pulsis ac

proturbatis, incredibili

celeritate

ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine et jam in manibus nostris hostes viderentur. Eadem autem celeritate adverso colle ad nostra castra, atque eos qui in opere occupati erant, contenderunt. 20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda vexillum proponendum (quod erat insigne, cum ad arma concurri oporteret), signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant arcessendi, acies instruenda, mili:

10

15

tes

cohortandi,

signum

dandum.

Quarum

rerum
20

magnam partem temporis brevitas et successus hostium 2 His difficultatibus duae res erant subimpediebat.
usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati, quid fieri oporteret, non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere quam ab aliis doceri et quod ab opere poterant singulisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi munitis castris
sidio,
;

scientia atque

25

vetuerat.

Hi, propter propinquitatem et celeritatem hostium, nihil jam Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant. 21. Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohor30

tandos milites quam in partem fors obtulit decucurrit, 2 et ad legionem decumam devenit. Milites non longiore oratione cohortatus, quam uti suae pristinae

memoriam retinerent, neu perturbarentur animo, hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent, quod non longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adici
virtutis

35

posset, proelii

committendi signum

dedit.

Atque

in

/\6

War

of the Belgian Confederacy.

[Caesar

alteram partem item cohortandi causa profectus, pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas, hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut

non modo ad insignia adcommodanda, sed etiam ad

5

tempus

detrudenda tegimenta quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit, quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus constitit,
galeas

induendas
defuerit.

scutisque

Quam

dimitteret.
10

22. Instructo exercitu, magis ut loci natura dejectusque collis et necessitas temporis, quam ut rei militaris

atque ordo postulabat, cum diversis legionibus alia in parte hostibus resisterent, sepibusque densissimis (ut ante demonstravimus) interjectis proratio

aliae

isspectus

impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari, neque quid in quaque parte opus esset provideri, neque ab uno omnia imperia administrari poterant. Itaque, in tanta rerum iniquitate, fortunae quoque

20

eventus varii sequebantur. 23. Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra parte acie constiterant, pilis emissis, cursu ac lassitudine exanimatos vulneribusque confectos Atrebates celeriter ex loco supenam his ea pars obvenerat riore in flumen compulerunt, et transire conantes

25 insecuti,

gladiis magnam partem 2 interfecerunt. Ipsi transire flumen

et in

eorum impeditam non dubitaverunt,

locum iniquum progressi, rursus resistentes hostes 3 Item redintegrato proelio in fugam conjecerunt. undecima et alia in parte diversae duae legiones,
30 octava,

profligatis

Veromanduis,
superiore
totis

quibuscum
ipsis

erant
ripis

congressi,

ex loco
4

in

fluminis

proeliabantur.

At

fere

a fronte et ab sinistra

parte nudatis castris,

quom

decima
35 stitisset,

et

non magno ab ea
Nervii

in dextro cornu legio duointervallo septima con-

omnes

confertissimo
imperii

Boduognato, qui

summam

tenebat,

agmine, duce ad eum

B. G.

II.

25.]

Alarming- Condition of tlic Romans.

;

47

locum contenderunt
nes
petere coepit.
24.

quorum pars aperto

latere legio-

circumvenire, pars

summum
equites
iis

castrorum
levisque

locum
arma-

turae

Eodem tempore pedites, qui cum

nostri

una fuerant, quos

primo

impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra occurrebant, ac rursus reciperent, adversis hostibus 2 et calones, qui ab aliam in partem fugam petebant decumana porta ac summo jugo collis nostros victores
hostium
;

flumen transisse conspexerant, praedandi causa egressi,

1*

cum

respexissent

et

hostes

in

nostris

castris versari

vidissent,

3 Simul fugae sese mandabant. freclamor eorum, qui cum impediments veniebant, in aliam partem perterriti mitusque oriebatur, aliique 4 ferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites

praecipites

15

Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxilii causa ab civitate ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hostium castra compleri,

legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calones, 20 equites, funditores, Numidas diversos dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris rebus,

domum
castris

Romanos pulsos superatosque, contenderunt impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos, civitati

;

renuntiaverunt.

Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri, signisque in unum locum conlatis, duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit,
25.

25

quartae cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis, signiferoque interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his primipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo
viro,

multis

gravibusque vulneribus

se

sustinere

non posset

3
;

reliquos

confecto, ut jam esse tardiores, et

35

nonnullos
tela

vitare,

ab novissimis deserto proelio excedere ac hostis neque a fronte ex inferiore loco

48

War

of the Belgian Confederacy.

et

[C^sar

subeuntes intermittere,

rem

esse in angusto

viclit,

4 quod summitti posset, detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit centurionibusque nominatim appel;

ab utroque latere instare, et neque ullum esse subsidium scuto ab novissimis uni militi

reliquos cohortatus, milites signa inferre et raanipulos laxare jussit, quo facilius gladiis uti possent.
latis,
5

Cujus adventu spe inlata militibus, ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris
in

10

etiam

extremis suis rebus operam navare cuperet,

paulum hostium impetus tardatus est. 26. Caesar, cum septimam legionem, quae juxta constiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunos mili15

20

ut paulatim sese legiones conjungerent, 2 conversa signa in hostes inferrent. Quo facto, cum alius alii subsidium ferret, neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur, audacius resistere 3 ac fortius pugnare coeperunt. Interim milites legionum duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant, proelio nuntiato, cursu incitato, in summo colle ab hostibus conspiciebantur; 4 et T. Labienus, castris hostium potitus, et ex loco superiore
et

tum monuit,

quae
25

res

in

nostris

castris

decimam legionem subsidio

nostris misit.

gererentur conspicatus, G Qui, cum

ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem sibi
reliqui fecerunt.
27.

Horum adventu

tanta

rerum

commutatio

est

30 facta,

ut nostri, etiam buissent, scutis innixi

calones,

qui vulneribus

proelium

confecti procuturn redintegrarent

;

perterritos

hostes
;

35

armatis occurrerent fugae virtute delerent, omnibus in locis [pugnant, quo] 2 At hostes etiam se legionariis militibus praeferrent. in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt,

conspicati, etiam inermes equites vero, ut turpitudinem

B. G.

II.

29.]

Destruction of the Nervii.

49

primi eorum cecidissent, proximi jacentibus insisterent, atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent 3 his dejectis, et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui superessent ut ex tumulo tela in nostros conicerent, et pila tantae virintercepta remitterent: ut non nequiquam
lit,

cum

tutis

homines

judicari

deberet

ausos esse

transire

latissimum

flumen,
;

iniquissimum locum quae magnitudo redegerat.

28.

ascendere altissimas ripas, subire facilia ex difficillimis animi

et

Hoc

proelio

facto,

prope ad internecionem

10

gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto, majores natu, quos una cum pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes conjectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata, cum victoribus nihil impeditum, victis nihil tutum
arbitrarentur,
tos ad

omnium

qui

Caesarem miserunt, seque

civitatis

supererant consensu, lega2 et in ei dediderunt

;

15

commemoranda
tres

calamitate,

ex

sexcentis ad

vix ad quinsese redactos esse possent, gentos, qui 3 dixerunt. Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices 20 usus misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit,

senatores, ex

hominum
ferre

milibus

lx

arma

suisque finibus atque oppidis uti jussit, et finitimis imperavit, ut ab injuria et maleficio se suosque pro Inherent.

Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuncunctis oppidis tiata, ex itinere domum reverterunt sua in unum omnia oppidum castellisque desertis, 2 Quod cum ex egregie natura munitum contulerunt.
29.
;

25

omnibus

in circuitu partibus altissimas rupes despec- 30 una ex parte leniter adclivis aditus in haberet, tusque latitudinem non amplius ducentorum pedum relinque-

batur
turn

quern locum duplici altissimo muro munierant magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabes in muro
;
:

conlocabant.
prognati, qui,

Ipsi

erant
iter

cum

in

ex Cimbris Teutonisque provinciam nostram atque

35

50
Italiam

War

of the Belgian Confederacy.

iis

[Cesar

facerent,

impedimentis, quae secum agere

ac portare non poterant, citra flumen Rhenum deposits, custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex milia hominum

una reliquerunt.
5

Hi post eorum obitum multos annos

a finitimis

exagitati,

cum

alias

bellum inferrent,

alias

defenderent, consensu eorum omnium pace facta, hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. 30. Ac, primo adventu exercitus nostri, crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant, parvulisque proeliis cum

inlatum

10

nostris

cuitu

contendebant postea vallo pedum xn in cirxv milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti,

;

15

2 Ubi vineis actis, aggere oppido sese continebant. constitui viderunt, primum exstructo, turrim procul inridere ex muro, atque increpitare vocibus, quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio instrueretur 3 qui:

busnam manibus
tantulae

aut quibus viribus praesertim homines nam plerumque hominibus Gallis staturae

prae

magnitudine corporum suorum brevitas nostra tanti oneris turrim in muro sese concontemptui est

20 locare

confiderent

31.

Ubi vero

moveri

et

adpropinquare

moenibus

viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti, legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum 2< Non existimare Romanos sine locuti ope divina
:

25

gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere' dixerunt. 3 Unum petere ac deprecari si forte pro sua dementia ac mansue-

bellum

'

tudine,
30

quam
esse

tucos
4

Sibi

omnes
;

audirent, statuisset Aduase armis despoliaret. fere finitimos esse inimicos ac suae virtuti
ipsi

ab

aliis

conservandos,
se

ne

invidere
possent.
tur,
35

a quibus
6

defendere
si in

traditis

armis non

Sibi praestare,

quamvis fortunam a
cruciatum

eum casum deducerenpopulo Romano pati, quam

inter

ab his per
consuessent.'

interfici,

quos dominari

B.

G.

II.

33]

Attack of the Adiiatuci.

'
:

51

Se magis consuehaec Caesar respondit tudine sua quam merito eorum civitatem conservatu32.

Ad

prius quam murum aries attigisset se dedidissed deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi sent 2 Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset factutraditis. armis

rum,

si

rum,
populi
suos,

finitimisque

imperaturum,
facere

ne

quam

dediticiis
3

Romani injuriam

inferrent.'

Re

nuntiata ad

quae imperarentur magna multitudine de muro

jacta, sic ut

dixerunt.

Armorum
10

in fossam,

oppidum,
circiter

prope

summam

quae erat ante muri aggerisque

et

altitudinem

acervi

armorum

adaequarent,

tamen

parte tertia, ut postea perspectum est, celata atque in oppido retenta, portis patefactis, eo die pace sunt usi. 33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex oppido exire jussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab inito (ut inmilitibus injuriam acciperent. Illi, ante nostros facta deditione tellectum est) consilio, quod
praesidia deducturos turos crediderant,

15

serva20 retinuerant partim quae et celaverant armis, partim scutis ex cortice factis aut

aut denique

indiligentius

cum

iis

viminibus intextis, quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas

tertia vigilia, qua induxerant, minime arduus ad nostras munitiones ascensus vide-

postulabat,

pellibus

batur, omnibus copiis repentino ex oppido eruptionem 3 fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperarat, ignibus significatione facta, ex proximis castellis eo con-

25

cursum
a

est,

pugnatumque ab hostibus
in

ita acrite* est, ut

viris salutis, iniquo loco, contra eos qui ex vallo turribusque tela jacerent, pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes salutis 4 (Decisis ad hominum milibus quattuor, consisteret.

fortibus

extrema spe

Postridie ejus diei reliqui in oppidum rejecti sunt. refractis portis, cum jam defenderet nemo, atque in-

tromissis

militibus

nostris,

versam Caesar vendidit.

Ab

sectionem ejus oppidi uniiis qui emerant, capitum

35

52

End
numerus
trium.

of the Second Campaign.

relatus
est

[C^sar

ad

eum

milium

quinquaginta

a P. Crasso, quem cum legione 34. Eodem tempore una miserat ad Venetos, Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolisunt maritimae tas, Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae factus est omcertior civitates Oceanumque attingunt, in dicionem civitates nes eas potestatemque populi

Romani
35.

esse redactas.
gestis,

His rebus
belli

omni

Gallia

pacata,
est,

tanta

iohujus

ad barbaros opinio perlata

uti

ab

iis

nationibus, quae trans

Rhenum

incolerent, mitterentur

se obsides daturas, imperata legati ad Caesarem, qui 2 facturas pollicerentur. Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aes3 Ipse in Carnutes, Andes istate ad se reverti jussit.

Turonesque, quae civitates propinquae his locis erant, ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hibernacula deduc4 Ob easque res ex litteris est. tis, in Italiam profectus Caesaris dies quindecim supplicatio decreta est, quod
20

ante id tempus accidit

nulli.

B. G.

III. i.]

Garrison in the Alps.

53

BOOK
Alpine Campaign.
vius Galba,

III.

A
set to

garrison,

under the

command

of Ser-

guard the passes of the Upper Rhone, but is threatened by a formidable force, and brought into extreme danger (1-3). After sustaining an attack of some six hours, the
garrison

had been

make a sudden

sally,

drive back the enemy, destroy the

neighboring villages, and retire to the lower country, south of Lake Geneva, for the winter (4-6). Naval Campaign. The sea-faring tribes of Brittany form

a strong league, under lead of the Veneti, and demand back their Caesar prepares a fleet upon the hostages from Crassus (7,8). Labienus is Loire the enemy fortify themselves on the coast.
;

and Brutus sent to guard the north, and Crassus to the south Situation of the is put in command of the Roman fleet (9 11).
;

Venetian strongholds;

ment of the

fleets
;

ships dispersed Meanwhile Sabinus, who is sent rest sold as slaves (14-16). among the Unelli, on the Channel, a little further north, is attacked

description of the fleets (12, 13). Engagethe enemies' sailyards are cut away, and their they surrender, their leaders are slain, and the

by them, but drives them back with great slaughter, and compels
their surrender (17-19).

Crassus, in Aquitania, after some skirthreatened by a strong league, relying chiefly on the mishing, soldurii; but attacks them in their camp, and secures the conquest of the whole region (20-27). Caesar, meanwhile, proceeds against the Morini, &c, along the coast of Flanders and, as they retire to

Southern Gaul.
is

their marshes, falls

back to winter quarters near the mouth of the

Seine (28, 29).

Italiam CUM Galbam, cum legione

in
tus, in

proficisceretur

Caesar,
et

Servium
equita-

duodecima

parte

Nantuatis, Veragros Sedunosque misit, qui ab finibus Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et flumine Rhodano ad summas Alpes pertinent. 2 Causa mittendi

quod magnisque
fuit,

iter

cum

per Alpes, quo magno cum periculo portorijs mercatores ire consuerant,

54
patefieri

The Alpine Campaign.

volebat.
uti
3

[Cesar

Huic
his

traretur,

in

conlocaret.
castellisque
5

Galba,

opus esse arbilegionem hiemandi causa secundis aliquot proeliis factis,

permisit,
si

locis

compluribus eorum expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatis, obsidibusque datis et pace facta, constituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus conlocare, et

ipse

cum

reliquis

ejus

legionis

cohortibus

in
;

vico

10

4 Veragrorum, qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare qui in non vicus, positus valle, magna adjecta planicie, 5 altissimis montibus undique continetur. Cum hie in

duas partes flumine divideretur, alteram partem ejus Gallis ad hiemandum concessit, alteram vacuam ab his relictam cohortibus adtribuit. Eum locum
vici
15

vallo fossaque munivit. dies hibernorum 2.

Cum

complures transissent,

fru-

mentumque

eo comportari jussisset, subito per exploratores certior factus est ex ea parte vici, quam Gallis
concesserat,

impenderent,
20

omnes noctu discessisse, montesque, a maxima multitudine Sedunorum

teneri.
2

qui
et

Veragrorum

Id

aliquot

de causis acciderat,

opprimendae primum, quod legionem nequc earn plenissimam, detractis cohortibus duabus et comconsilium caperent
:

ut subito Galli belli renovandi legionisque

25

singulatim, qui commeatus petendi pluribus missi erant propter paucitatem despiciebant

causa
3

tum

etiam quod propter iniquitatem loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in vallem decurrerent et tela conicerent, ne primum
4

30

quidem posse impetum suum sustineri existimabant. Accedebat, quod suos ab se liberos abstractos obsidum nomine dolebant, et Romanos non solum itinerum
causa, sed etiam perpetuae possessionis culmina Alpium occupare conari, et ea loca finitimae provinciae adjun-

gere
3.

35

persuasum habebant. His nuntiis acceptis, Galba, cum neque opus hibernorum munitionesque plene essent perfectae, neque de frumento reliquoque commeatu satis esset
sibi

B. G. III. S-]

Defence of the

Roman

Garrison.

55

provisum, quod deditione facta obsidibusque acceptis nihil de bello timendum existimaverat, consilio celeriter
2 Quo in conconvocato, sententias exquirere coepit. silio, cum tantum repentini periculi praeter opinionem accidisset, ac jam omnia fere superiora loca multitu-

completa conspicerentur, neque subsidio veniri neque commeatus supportari interclusis 3 itineribus possent, prope jam desperata salute, nonsententiae nullae hujusmodi dicebantur, ut impedimentis relictis, eruptione facta, isdem itineribus quibus 4 eo pervenissent, ad salutem contenderent. Majori tamen parti placuit, hoc reservato ad extremum condine armatorum

10

interim rei eventum experiri, et castra defendere. Brevi spatio interjecto, vix ut iis rebus quas con4. stituissent conlocandis atque administrandis tempus daretur, hostes ex omnibus partibus signo dato decur2 Nostri rere, lapides gaesaque in vallum conicere.
silio,

15

primo integris viribus fortiter repugnare, neque ullum frustra telum ex loco superiore mittere, ut quaeque pars castrorum nudata defensoribus premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium ferre sed hoc superari, quod
;

20

diuturnitate pugnae hostes defessi proelio excedebant, 3 succedebant alii integris viribus quarum rerum a
:

nostris propter paucitatem

fieri

nihil

poterat, ac

non
25

modo dem

defesso ex pugna excedendi, sed ne saucio quiejus loci, ubi constiterat, relinquendi ac sui

recipiendi facultas dabatur. 5. Cum jam amplius horis

retur, ac
rent,

sex continenter pugnatela nostros defice.

3

non solum vires sed etiam

atque hostes acrius instarent, languidioribusque nostris vallum scindere et fossas complere coepissent, 2 P. resque esset jam ad extremum perducta casum, Sextius Baculus, primi pili centurio, quern Nervico proelio compluribus confectum vulneribus diximus, et item Gaius Volusenus, tribunus militum, vir et consilii magni et virtutis, ad Galbam adcurrunt, atque unam

35

56
esse

A New War
spem
auxilium
rionibus,
3

in

Gaul.

[Cesar

salutis docent, si eruptione facta

extremum
centupaulisper

celeriter

Itaque, experirentur. milites certiores

convocatis
facit,

intermitterent proelium, ac tantummodo tela missa exciex perent seque ex labore reficerent post, dato signo,
;

castris

erumperent,

atque

omnem spem

salutis

in

virtute ponerent.
6.

Quod

jussi sunt faciunt, ac subito

omnibus

portis

eruptione facta, neque cognoscendi quid fieret, neque 2 Ita iosui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt. in eos commutata fortuna, spem potiundorum qui castrorum venerant undique circumventos interficiunt
et ex

rum
15

milibus amplius triginta, quern numebarbarorum ad castra venisse constabat, plus

hominum

tertia

in fugam parte interfecta, reliquos perterritos coniciunt, ac ne in locis quidem superioribus consistere 3 Sic omnibus hostium copiis fusis, armispatiuntur.

que
4

exutis, se in castra

Quo

proelio

facto,

munitionesque suas recipiunt. quod saepius fortunam temptare

20

Galba nolebat, atque alio se in hiberna consilio venisse meminerat, aliis occurrisse rebus viderat, maxime frumenti commeatusque inopia permotus, postero die, omnibus ejus vici aedificiis incensis, in provinciam
reverti contendit,

ac nullo hoste

prohibente aut

iter

25

demorante, incolumem legionem

in Nantuatis, inde in

Allobroges perduxit, ibique hiemavit. cum omnibus de causis Caesar 7. His rebus gestis, Galliam existimaret, superatis Belgis, expulsis pacatam in victis Alpibus Sedunis, atque ita inita Germanis,

3ohieme

in Illyricum profectus esset, quod eas quoque nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat, subitum in Gallia

bellum
causa.

coortum

est.

Ejus

belli

haec

fuit

35

P. Crassus adulescens cum legione septima hiemarat. 3 Is, proximus mare Oceanum in Andibus quod in his locis inopia frumenti erat, praefectos in finitimas civitates tribunosque militum complures

B. G. III. 9.]

Maritime State of the

;

Veneti.

57

frumenti causa dimisit quo in numero erat T. Terrasidius missus in Esuvios, M. Trebius Gallus in Curiosolitas, Q. Velanius cum T. Silio in Venetos.
8. Hujus est civitatis longe amplissima auctoritas omnis orae maritimae regionum earum, quod et naves habent Veneti plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et scientia atque usu nauticarum rerum reliquos antecedunt, et in magno impetu maris
5

atque aperto paucis portibus interjectis, quos tenent ipsi, omnes fere, qui eo mari uti consuerunt, habent
2

10

vectigales.

Ab

his

fit

initium retinendi

Silii

atque

Velanii,

quod per eos suos se obsides, quos Crasso

3 Horum aucreciperaturos existimabant. toritate fmitimi adducti (ut sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia), eadem de causa Trebium Terra-

dedissent,

15

sidiumque
consilio

retinent

et

celeriter

missis

suos principes inter se conjurant, nihil acturos, eundemque omnis fortunae exitum
esse laturos
4
;

legatis, per nisi communi

reliquasque civitates sollicitant, ut in ea

20

libertate

quam a majoribus acceperant permanere, 5 Omquam Romanorum servitutem perferre mallent. ni ora maritima celeriter ad suam sententiam perducta,

communem
velit
9.

legationem ad P. Crassum mittunt, si suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat. Quibus de rebus Caesar ab Crasso certior factus,

25

quod ipse aberat longius, naves interim longas aedificari in flumine Ligere, quod influit in Oceanum, remiges ex provincia institui, nautas gubernatoresque His rebus celeriter administratis, comparari jubet.
per anni tempus potuit, ad exerciVeneti reliquaeque item civitates, cognito Caesaris adventu [certiores facti], simul quod
ipse,

cum primum
contendit.

30

turn

quantum intellegebant, legatos quod nomen ad omnes nationes sanctum inviolatum retentos ab vincla conjeeque semper
fuisset

in se facinus

admisissent

se et in

35

tos,

pro magnitudine periculi bellum parare,

et

maxime

58

Naval Campaign against

the

[Caesar

ea quae ad usum navium pertinent providere instituunt, hoc majore spe, quod multum natura loci confidebant. 3 Pedestria esse itinera concisa aestuariis, navigationem impeditam propter inscientiam locorum paucita5

portuum sciebant, neque nostros exercitus propter frumenti inopiam diutius apud se morari posse confidebant 4 ac jam ut omnia contra opinionem acciderent, tamen se plurimum navibus posse, Romanos neque ullam facultatem habere navium, neque eorum

temque

10

locorum ubi bellum gesturi essent vada, portus, insulas novisse ac longe aliam esse navigationem in concluso
;

15

atque apertissimo Oceano consiliis, oppida muniunt, frumenta ex agris in oppida comportant, naves in Venetiam, ubi Caesarem primum esse bellum gestu-

mari

atque

in

vastissimo

perspiciebant.

His

initis

rum
cios

constabat,
sibi

quam plurimas

possunt,

cogunt.

So-

ad

20

Ambiliatos, scunt ; auxilia ex Britannia, quae contra eas posita est, arcessunt.

bellum Osismos, Lexovios, Namnetes, Morinos, Diablintres, Menapios adsciid

regiones

10. Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi, quas supra ostendimus, sed multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum incitabant injuriae retentorum equitum Romanorum,
:

rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, 25 tot civitatum conjuratio imprimis ne, hac parte neglecta, reliquae nationes sibi idem licere arbitrarentur.
;

30

intellegeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura libertati studere et condicionem servitutis odisse, priusquam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum sibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum putavit.

Itaque

cum

studere, et

35

Itaque T. Labienum legatum in Treveros, qui proximi flumini Rheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit. Huic mandat Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat, atque in officio contineat Germanosque, qui auxilio a Belgis
11.
;

B. G.

III. 13.]

Coast
si

Towns of

Brittany.

59

arcessiti dicebantur,

conentur,
legionariis

prohibeat.

per vim navibus flumen transire 2 P. Crassum, cum cohortibus

et

duodecim
proficisci

magno numero
jubet,

equitatus,

in

Aquitaniam
auxilia
in

ne

ex

his

nationibus
5

Galliam mittantur, ac tantae nationes con3 Titurium Sabinum legatum cum jungantur. Q. legionibus tribus in Unellos, Curiosolites Lexoviosque 4 Decimum mittit, qui earn manum distinendam curet. Brutum adulescentem classi Gallicisque navibus, quas ex Pictonibus et Santonis reliquisque pacatis regionibus con venire jusserat, praeficit, et, cum primum posset,
in

10

Venetos
12.

proficisci jubet.

Ipse eo pedestribus copiis

contendit.

Erant ejusmodi fere situs oppidorum, ut, posita lingulis promunturiisque, neque pedibus aditum haberent, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset (quod [bis] accidit semper horarum xii spatio), neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis
in

extremis

15

Ita utraque re oppidorum oppugnatio impediebatur ac si quando magnitudine operis forte superati, extruso mari aggere ac molibus, atque his suis fortunis desperare oppidi moenibus adaequatis
adflictarentur.
;

20

coeperant, magno numero navium adpulso, cujus rei summam facultatem habebant, sua deportabant omnia, ibi se rursus seque in proxima oppida recipiebant
:

25

vasto

3 Haec eo isdem opportunitatibus loci defendebant. facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves tempestatibus detinebantur, summaque erat

atque aperto mari, magnis aestibus, raris ac difficultas navigandi. prope 13. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum factae
nullis portibus

30

carinae aliquanto planiores quam armataeque erant nostrarum navium, quo facilius vada ac decessum
:

aestus

prorae admodum erectae, excipere possent atque item puppes ad magnitudinem fluctuum tempestatumque adcommodatae naves totae factae ex robore
2
; ;

35

60

Naval Campaign.
;

[C^sar

ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferendam transtra pedalibus in altitudinem trabibus confixa clavis ferreis 3 ancorae pro funibus ferdigiti pollicis crassitudine
;

reis catenis revinctae

5

pelles pro velis alutaeque tenui-

ter confectae, hae sive propter lini inopiam atque ejus usus inscientiam, sive eo (quod est magis verisimile)

quod tantas tempestates Oceani tantosque impetus ventorum sustineri ac tanta onera navium regi velis 4 non satis commode posse arbitrabantur. Cum his
ionavibus nostrae classi ejusmodi congressus erat, ut una celeritate et pulsu remorum praestaret reliqua pro loci natura, pro vi tempestatum, illis essent aptiora 6 et accommodatiora. Neque enim his nostrae rostro tanta in iis erat firmitudo nocere poterant neque 15 propter altitudinem facile telum adiciebatur, et eadem de causa minus commode copulis continebantur. 6 Accedebat ut, cum saevire ventus coepisset et se vento
;

dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent facilius, et in vadis consisterent tutius, et ab aestu relictae nihil saxa et
20

cautes timerent quarum rerum omnium nostris navibus casus erat extimescendus.
;

25

Compluribus expugnatis oppidis, Caesar, ubi frustra tantum laborem sumi, neque hostium fugam captis oppidis reprimi neque iis noceri posse, 2 statuit exspectandam classem. Ouae ubi convenit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter ccxx naves
14.

intellixit

paratissimae atque omni genere armorum ornatissimae, profectae ex portu, nostris adversae constiterunt neque satis Bruto, qui classi praeerat, vel militum centurionibusque, quibus singulae 30 tribunis naves erant adtributae, constabat quid agerent, aut

eorum,

quam
tis,

noceri

3 Rostro enim pugnae insisterent. non posse cognoverant turribus autem excitatamen has altitudo puppium ex barbaris navibus

rationem

35

superabat
tela

adici

neque ex inferiore loco satis commode possent, et missa ab Gallis gravius accideut

B. G. III.

6.]

CiFsars Naval Tactics

erat

and

Victory.

61

falces

rent.

Una

magno

usui res praeparata a nostris,

praeacutae

insertae

adfixaeque

longuriis,

non absimili forma muralium falcium. 5 His cum f lines, qui antemnas ad malos destinabant, comprehensi adductique erant, navigio rem is incitato praerumpeban6 tur. Quibus abscisis antemnae necessario concidebant ut, cum omnis Gallicis navibus spes in velis omnis usus armamentisque consisteret, his ereptis, " navium uno tempore eriperetur. Reliquum erat certamen positum in virtute, qua nostri milites facile
;

10

conspectu Caesuperabant, saris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum latere posset omnes enim colles
atque eo magis, quod
in
;

ac loca

superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tenebantur.

Disjectis (ut diximus) antemnis, cum singulas binae ac ternae naves circumsteterant, milites summa
15.

15

vi

transcendere in hostium naves contendebant.

barbari
fieri

Quod
20

postquam

animadverterunt,

expugnatis

compluribus navibus, cum ei rei nullum reperiretur 3 Ac auxilium, fuga salutem petere contenderunt. ventus navibus in conversis earn quo partem jam, ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tranquillitas exstitit, 4 ut se ex loco commovere non possent. Quae quidem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime fuit opportuna
:

25

nam

singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex omni numero noctis interventu ad terram
pervenerint,

cum ab

hora fere quarta usque ad

solis

occasum pugnaretur.
16. Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totiusque orae maritimae confectum est. Nam cum omnis juventus, omnes etiam gravioris aetatis, in quibus aliquid consilii

aut

dignitatis fuit, eo convenerant, turn navium quod 2 quibus ubique fuerat unum in locum coegerant
;

amissis, reliqui

neque quo se reciperent, neque quem

Itaque
se

35

ad

modum

oppida defenderent habebant.

62

Sabimis among the

Unelli.

[C/esar

10

3 In quos eo grasuaque omnia Caesari dediderunt. Caesar vindicandum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tempus a barbaris jus legatorum conservaretur. Itaque, omni senatu necato, reliquos sub corona vendidit. 17. Dum haec in Venetis geruntur, O. Titurius Sabinus, cum iis copiis quas a Caesare acceperat, in His praeerat Viridovix, ac fines Unellorum pervenit. summam imperii tenebat earum omnium civitatum quae defecerant, ex quibus exercitum magnasque

vius

2 coegerat atque his paucis diebus Aulerci, Eburovices, Lexoviique, senatu suo interfecto, quod auctores belli esse nolebant, portas clauserunt, seque cum Viridovice conjunxerunt magnaque praeterea

copias

i$multitudo

undique ex Gallia perditorum hominum latronumque convenerat, quos spes praedandi studiumque bellandi ab agricultura et cotidiano labore revo3 cabat. Sabinus idoneo omnibus rebus loco castris sese tenebat, cum Viridovix contra eum duum milium
consedisset, cotidieque productis copiis pugut jam non solum hostibus nandi potestatem faceret in contemptionem Sabinus veniret, sed etiam nostrorum militum vocibus nonnihil carperetur tantamque opinionem timoris praebuit, ut jam ad vallum castrorum hostes accedere auderent. 4 Id ea de causa facie; ;

20 spatio

25

quod cum tanta multitudine hostium, praesertim eo absente qui summam imperii teneret, nisi aequo loco aut opportunitate aliqua data, legato dimicandum
bat,

non existimabat.
30
18. Hac confirmata opinione timoris, idoneum quendam hominem et callidum delegit, Galium, ex iis quos

auxilii

causa secum

habebat.

Huic magnis praemiis

pollicitationibusque persuadet, uti ad hostes transeat, 2 et quid fieri velit edocet. Qui ubi pro perfuga ad eos
35 venit,

ipse Caesar a Venetis

timorem Romanorum proponit quibus angustiis neque longius prematur docet

; ;

B. G.

III. 20.]

Victory of Sabinus.

63

abesse quin proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex castris exercitum educat, et ad Caesarem auxilii ferendi causa

Quod ubi auditum est, conclamant omnes occasionem negotii bene gerendi amittendam
proficiscatur.

ad castra iri oportere. 4 Multae res ad hoc consilium Gallos hortabantur superiorum dierum Sa-

non

esse,

bini cunctatio, perfugae confirmatio, inopia cibariorum, cui rei parum diligenter ab iis erat provisum, spes

Venetici belli, et quod fere libenter homines id quod 5 His rebus adducti, non prius Virivolunt credunt. dovicem reliquosque duces ex concilio dimittunt, quam

10

ab his

sit concessum, arma uti capiant et ad castra contendant. 6 Qua re concessa, laeti ut explorata viccollectis, quibus fossas toria, sarmentis virgultisque Romanorum compleant, ad castra pergunt.

15

19.

Locus

erat castrorum editus, et paulatim ab

imo

adclivis

circiter passus mille.

Hue magno
spatii

tenderunt, ut

quam minimum
Romanis

armandosque
nerunt.
dat.
2

daretur,

cursu conad se colligendos exanimatique perve-

Sabinus, suos hortatus, cupientibus signum 20 Impeditis hostibus propter ea quae ferebant
subito

duabus portis eruptionem fieri jubet. est opportunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defetigatione, virtute militum et superiorum pugnarum
onera,

Factum

exercitatione, ut ne unum quidem nostrorum impetum 4 ferrent, ac statim terga verterent. Quos impeditos integris viribus milites nostri consecuti, magnum nu-

25

merum eorum

occiderunt reliquos equites consectati 5 Sic uno paucos, qui ex fuga evaserant, reliquerunt. tempore et de navali pugna Sabinus et de Sabini vie;

30

toria

Caesar certior factus est;

dediderunt.
6

se statim Titurio

civitatesque omnes Nam ut ad bella sus-

cipienda Gallorum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic mollis ac minime resistens ad calamitates perferendas

mens eorum
20.

est.

35

Eodem

fere

tempore

P.

Crassus

cum

in

Aquita-

64

Crassus

i?i

Aqaitania.

[Cesar

quae pars, ut ante dictum est, et et multitudine hominum ex tertia urn latitudine region
parte Galliae est aestimanda,
locis sibi

niam pervenisset,

cum

intellegeret in

iis

bellum gerendum, ubi paucis ante annis L. Valerius Praeconinus legatus exercitu pulso interfectus esset, atque unde L. Mallius proconsul impedimentis amissis profugisset, non mediocrem sibi diligentiam

adhibendam
visa,
10 viris

Itaque re frumentaria proequitatuque comparato, multis praeterea fortibus Tolosa et Narbone (quae sunt civitates
intellegebat.
auxiliis

Galliae provinciae finitimae his regionibus) nominatim evocatis, in Sontiatum fines exercitum introduxit. 3 Cujus adventu cognito, Sontiates magnis copiis coactis

equitatuque, quo plurimum valebant, in itinere

15

nostrum
runt
;

adorti,

agmen primum equestre proelium commise-

nostris,

deinde equitatu suo pulso, atque insequentibus subito pedestres copias, quas in convalle in

insidiis conlocaverant, ostenderunt.

Hi nostros

disjec-

tos adorti, proelium renovarunt. 20 21. Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum Sontiates, superioribus victoriis freti, in sua virtute totius Aquitanostri autem quid sine niae salutem positam putarent imperatore et sine reliquis legionibus adulescentulo
;

25

tandem conpossent, perspici cuperent 2 vertere. fecti vulneribus hostes terga Quorum magno numero interfecto, Crassus ex itinere oppidum Sontiaduce
efficere
:

tum oppugnare
alias
30

coepit.
3

Quibus

fortiter resistentibus,

vineas turresque egit.

cuniculis

Illi, eruptione temptata, ad aggerem vineasque actis (cujus rei sunt longe peritissimi Aquitani, propterea quod multis locis apud eos aerariae f secturaeque sunt), ubi diligentia nostrorum nihil his rebus profici posse intellexerunt, legatos ad Crassum mittunt, seque in deditionem

alias

ut

recipiat
22.

petunt.

Qua

re

impetrata,

arma tradere
ani-

35 jussi, faciunt.

Atque

in ea re

omnium nostrorum intends

B. G. III. 23.]

The Aquitani and their Leaders.

parte
oppidi Acliatiinnus, qui sexcentis devotis, quos

65

mis,

alia

ex

summam
illi

imperii tenebat,

rios appellant, quorum bus in vita commodis una

cum
2

soldu-

haec est condicio, uti omnicum iis fruantur quorum se

5

amicitiae dediderint

eundem casum una cant neque adhuc

;

quid his per vim accidat, aut ferant, aut sibi mortem conscissi

hominum memoria repertus est eo interfecto, cujus se amicitiae devoquisquam, qui 3 cum his Adiatunnus, erupmori recusaret, visset, tionem facere conatus, clamore ab ea parte munitionis sublato, cum ad arma milites concurrissent vehemen-

10

terque
uti

ibi

pugnatum
deditionis

esset, repulsus in

eadem

condicione

uteretur ab

oppidum, tamen Crasso

15

impetravitv
23. Armis obsidibusque acceptis, Crassus in fines Turn vero Vocatium et Tarusatium profectus est. barbari commoti, quod oppidum et natura loci et manu munitum paucis diebus, quibus eo ventum erat, expugnatum cognoverant, legatos quoqueversum dimittere,

conjurare, obsides inter se dare, copias parare coepe- 20 2 Mittuntur etiam ad eas civitates legati, quae runt.

sunt

inde Hispaniae finitimae Aquitaniae arcessuntur ducesque quorum adventu, magna cum auctoritate et magna cum hominum multitudine 3 bellum gerere conantur. Duces vero ii deligun- 25 Sertorio omnes annos fuerant, tur, qui una cum Q. summamque scientiam rei militaris habere existimabantur. Hi consuetudine populi Romani loca capeciterioris
:

auxilia

re,

castra

munire,
4

commeatibus nostros intercludere

ubi

instituunt.

Quod
vias

Crassus animadvertit,
facile

suas

30

copias propter exiguitatem non

et

vagari

et

obsidere
sibi

et

diduci, hostem castris satis praesidii

in

relinquere, ob earn

causam minus commode frumensupportari,

re

tum commeatumque

numerum
pugna

non augeri,
5

dies

hostium
35

cunctandum existimavit quin

ad
consilium
delata, ubi

decertaret.

Hac

66

Crass ?is in Aquitatiia.

[Cesar

omnes idem
constituit.
24.

sentire intellexit, posterum

luce,

diem pugnae
copiis,

Prima

productis

omnibus
2

duplici

acie instituta, auxiliis in

5

mediam aciem

conjectis, quid

hostes consilii caperent exspectabat. Illi, etsi propter multitudinem et veterem belli gloriam paucitatemque nostrorum se tuto dimicaturos existimabant, tamen tutius esse arbitrabantur, obsessis viis, commeatu intercluso, sine ullo vulnere victoria potiri
;

et, si

propter

recipere coeptoinopiam rei issent, impeditos in agmine et sub sarcinis infirmiore Hoc consilio probato, ab animo adoriri cogitabant. sese castris productis Romanorum copiis, 3 Hac re perspecta, Crassus, cum sua cunctenebant. tatione atque opinione timoris hostes nostros milites

frumentariae Romani

sese

ducibus
15

alacriores

ad

pugnandum

effecissent,

atque

omnium

voces audirentur, exspectari diutius non oportere quin ad castra iretur, cohortatus suos, omnibus cupientibus, ad hostium castra contendit.
20

cum alii fossas complerent, alii multis telis vallo munitionibusque depellerent, defensores conjectis multum Crassus auxiliaresque (quibus ad pugnam non et ad subministrandis confidebat) lapidibus telisque
25.

Ibi

aggerem cespitibus comportandis speciem atque opini2 cum item ab hostibus 25onem pugnantium praeberent constanter ac non timide pugnaretur, telaque ex loco frustra acciderent, equites circumsuperiore missa non non eadem itis hostium castris Crasso renuntiaverunt,
;

esse
30

ab decumana porta castra munita, facilemque aditum habere. ut mag26. Crassus, equitum praefectos cohortatus suos excitarent, quid nis praemiis pollicitationibusque
diligentia
fieri velit

ostendit.

2
Illi,

ut erat imperatum, eductis

castris

iis

cohortibus quae praesidio ne ex 35labore erant, et longiore itinere circumductis, mentioculis omnium castris hostium conspici possent,

relictae

intritae

ab

B. G.

III.

28.]

CcBsar in the North.

67

busque ad pugnam intentis, celeriter ad eas quas diximus munitiones pervenerunt, atque his prorutis, prius in hostium castris constiterunt quam plane ab his videri, aut quid rei gereretur cognosci posset. 3 Turn vero, clamore ab ea parte audito, nostri redinte-

quod plerumque in spe victoriae accigratis dere consuevit, acrius impugnare coeperunt. 4 Hostes undique circumventi, desperatis omnibus rebus, se per
viribus,

munitiones deicere et fuga salutem petere intenderunt. Quos equitatus apertissimis campis consectatus, ex milium quinquaginta numero, quae ex Aquitania Cantabrisque convenisse constabat, vix quarta parte relicta, multa nocte se in castra recipit.
5

10

27. Hac audita pugna, maxima pars Aquitaniae sese Crasso dedidit, obsidesque ultro misit quo in numero fuerunt Tarbelli, Bigerriones, Ptianii, Vocates, Tarusates, Elusates, Gates, Ausci, Garumni, Sibuzates, Cocosates
;
:

15

paucae ultimae nationes, anni tempore confisae, quod

hiems suberat, hoc facere neglexerunt. 28. Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta jam aestas erat, tamen quod, omni Gallia pacata, Morini Menapiique supererant qui in armis essent, neque ad eum unquam legatos de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse, eo exercitum adduxit qui longe alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum gerere
;

20

25

coeperunt.
nes,

Nam

quod intellegebant maximas

natio-

quae proelio contendissent, pulsas superatasque

sil-

esse, continentesque silvas ac paludes habebant, eo se

3 Ad quarum initium suaque omnia contulerunt. varum cum Caesar pervenisset, castraque munire

in- 3

neque hostis interim visus esset, dispersis in subito ex omnibus partibus silvae evolanostris, opere 4 Nostri celeverunt, et in nostros impetum fecerunt.
stituisset,

arma ceperunt, eosque in silvas repulerunt, et compluribus interfectis, longius impeditioribus locis secuti, paucos ex suis deperdiderunt.
riter

35

68
29.

End

of the Third Campaign.

[Caesar

diebus Caesar silvas caedere ne quis inermibus imprudentibusque militibus ab latere impetus fieri posset, omnem eam materiam, quae erat caesa, conversam ad hostem conlocabat, et pro vallo ad utrumque latus exstruebat.
Reliquis deinceps
et
instituit,
2

Incredibili celeritate

fecto,

magno spatio paucis diebus concum jam pecus atque extrema impedimenta ab

nostris tenerentur, ipsi densiores silvas peterent, ejus10

modi sunt tempestates consecutae, uti opus necessario intermitteretur, et continuatione imbrium diutius sub 3 Itaque vaspellibus milites contineri non possent. tatis omnibus eorum agris, vicis aedificiisque incensis,
et in Aulercis Le^oviisque, item civitatibus quae proxime bellura fecerant, reliquis

Caesar exercitum reduxit,

hibernis conlocavit.

15 in

\3

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East

Map No. 4.
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10

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20

90

40

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90
30

40

60
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Latin Names are in Roman Type

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15.

G. IV.

i.J

The Suevi.

69

BOOK
the

IV.

Campaign against the Germans. most powerful tribe of Germans

:

The
their

Suevi

(Siuabians),

customs and warlike

They expel the Usipetes and Tencteri, who in their turn invade Northern Gaul (1-4)- Advancing to strengthen the Gauls, who are about to yield, Caesar demands that the Germans withhabit.

draw

after

(5-12).

parley, they furiously attack the Roman cavalry Detaining their envoys, Caesar attacks their camp, defeats

some

and drives them to the Rhine (13-15). He then resolves to cross After a short camthe Rhine: description of the Bridge (16, 17). Gaul to he returns in (18, 19). Germany, paign Motives for the expedition First Invasion of Britain. Arrival in Britain: the reconnoissance and preparations (20-22).

resistance
lands,

of the

Britons

valor

o<~

Roman

centurion.

Caesar

back the natives, who sue for peace (23-27). Meanv hile the Roman cavalry are forced back by on which the Britons a storm, and the fleet s seriously injured

and

after a sharp battle drives

renew

(28-32). They attack a foraging party: their mode of fighting from war-chariots. Gathering a large force, they attack the Roman camp defeating them, Caesar makes peace and
hostilities
:

returns to Gaul to avoid the stormy season (33-36) Suppressing some disturbances, he quarters his forces among the Belgians for the winter (27, 38).
.

TI7A quae secuta est hieme, qui fuit annus Gnaeo consulibus, Pompeio, Marco Crasso Usipetes Germani et item Tencteri magna cum multitudine hominum flumen Rhenum transierunt, non longe a mari quo Rhenus influit. 2 Causa transeundi fuit quod,

-^

ab Suevis complures annos exagitati, bello premebantur et agricultura prohibebantur. Suevorum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germanorum omnium. 3 Hi centum pagos habere dicuntur, ex quibus quotannis singula milia armatorum bellandi causa ex finibus educunt. Reliqui, qui domi manserunt, se
atque
illos

10

alunt.

Hi rursus

in

vicem anno post

in

jo

Customs of

the

Germans.

[Cesar

armis sunt, illi domi remanent. Sic neque agriculB Sed pritura nee ratio atque usus belli intermittitur.
vati ac separati agri

anno
6

remanere

apud eos uno in loco

nihil

est,

neque longius
causa
licet.

incolendi

Neque multum frumento, sed maximam partem lacte sunt in venationibus atque pecore vivunt, multumque
;

quae res et cibi genere libertate vitae, quom a

ciplina

et

cotidiana
nullo

exercitatione
officio

et
dis-

pueris

aut

adsuefacti
vires
7

10 faciant, et

alit,

homines

efficit.

omnino immani corporum magnitudine Atque in earn se consuetudinem

nihil

contra

voluntatem

et

adduxerunt, ut locis frigidissimis neque vestitus praeter pellis haberent quicquam, quarum propter exiguitatem est corporis pars aperta, et lavarentur in flumi-

magna
nibus.
2.

15

20

quae bello quam quo ullam 2 rem ad se importari desiderent. Quin etiam jumentis, quibus maxime Galli delectantur, quaeque impenso sed non utuntur parant pretio, Germani importatis haec eos deformia, sunt nata, atque parva apud quae
Mercatoribus est aditus magis ceperint quibus vendant habeant,
eo, ut
;

cotidiana exercitatione
3

summi

ut sint laboris efficiunt.

ac pediEquestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt

proeliantur,

equosque eodem remanere vestigio 25 adsuefecerunt, ad quos se celeriter, cum usus est, neque eorum moribus turpius quicquam aut recipiunt 4 habetur quam ephippiis uti. inertius Itaque ad numerum ephippiatorum equitum quamvis quemvis Vinum ad se omnino importari pauci adire audent. ad laborem ferendum remollesea re non sinunt, quod 30
bus
;

cere homines atque effeminari arbitrantur. maximam putant esse laudem 3. Publice
:

quam

latissime a suis finibus vacare agros hac re significari magnum numerum civitatium suam vim sustinere non milia 35 posse. Itaque una ex parte a Suevis circiter 2 Ad alteram sexcenta agri vacare dicuntur.

passuum

B. G- IV.

5.]

The Germans
Ubii,
est

cross the Rhine.

71

partem

succedunt
ut

atque florens, [quam] sunt ejusdem generis [et] ceteris humaniores, propterea quod Rhenum attingunt, multumque ad eos mercatores ventitant, et ipsi propter propinquitatem 3 Hos cum [quod] Gallicis sunt moribus adsuefacti.
Suevi,

quorum fuit civitas ampla captus Germanorum, et paulo

multis

dinem

saepe gravitatemque

bellis

civitatis

experti, propter amplitufinibus expellere non

sibi

potuissent,

tamen

vectigales

fecerunt,
et

ac

multo
10

humiliores infirmioresque redegerunt. In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes 4.

Tencteri,

quos supra diximus, qui complures annos Suevorum vim sustinuerunt ad extremum tamen, agris expulsi et multis locis Germaniae triennium vagati, ad Rhe;

pervenerunt quas regiones Menapii incolebant, et ad utramque ripam fluminis agros aedificia vicosque habebant sed tantae multitudinis aditu perterriti, ex iis aedificiis quae trans flumen habuerant demigrave:

num

15

runt,
vi

et

cis

Rhenum
3

dispositis
1111

praesidiis
experti,

Germanos

transire prohibebant.

omnia

cum neque

20

propter inopiam navium neque clam transire propter custodias Menapiorum possent, reverti se in suas sedes regionesque simulaverunt, et tridui

contendere

rursus reverterunt, atque omni hoc una nocte equitatu confecto, inscios inopinanqui de Germanorum tesque Menapios oppresserunt

viam

progressi

itinere

25

discessu
trans

Rhenum

per exploratores certiores facti, sine in suos vicos remigraverant.

metu
4

His
30

interfectis

pars
fieret,
ficiis

navibusque eorum occupatis, priusquam ea Menapiorum, quae citra Rhenum erat, certior flumen transierunt atque omnibus eorum aedioccupatis, reliquam partem hiemis se eorum
;

copiis aluerunt.

His de rebus Caesar certior factus, et infirmita5. tem Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles et novis plerumque rebus student, nihil his

35

72

Campaign against

the
2

Germans.

[C/sar

committendum

existimavit.

Est enim hoc Gallicae

consuetudinis, uti et viatores etiam invitos consistere

cogant, et quid quisque eOrum de quaque re audierit et mercatores in oppidis aut cognoverit quaerant vulgus circumsistat, quibusque ex regionibus veniant
;

quasque

10

15

His cognoverint pronuntiare cogant. summis rebus atque auditionibus permoti de saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vestigio paenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus serviant, et plerique ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant. consuetudine cognita, Caesar, ne graviori 6. Qua bello occurreret, maturius quam consuerat ad exercitum proficiscitur. 2 Eo cum venisset, ea quae fore suspicatus erat, facta cognovit missas legationes ab nonnullis civitatibus ad Germanos, invitatosque eos
ibi res
:

uti

20

ab Rheno discederent, omniaque quae postulassent ab se fore parata. 3 Qua spe adducti, Germani latius vagabantur, et in fines Eburonum et Condrusorum, 4 Prinqui sunt Treverorum clientes, pervenerant. cipibus Galliae evocatis, Caesar ea quae cognoverat dissimulanda sibi existimavit, eorumque animis permulsis et confirmatis, equitatuque imperato, bellum

cum Germanis gerere constituit. Re frumentaria comparata 7.

25 iter

equitibusque delectis, in ea loca facere coepit, quibus in locis esse Geraudiebat.

'

manos
oratio
:

iter abesset,

legati ab

quibus cum paucorum dierum iis venerunt, quorum haec fuit

;,o

Germanos neque priores populo Romano belneque tamen recusare, si lacessantur, quin armis contendant, quod Germanorum consuetudo haec sit a majoribus tradita, quicumque bellum inferant, 3 Haec tamen dicere, resistere neque deprecari. Rosi suam gratiam venisse invitos, ejectos domo mani velint, posse iis utiles esse amicos vel sibi agros
lum
inferre,
; ;

35

adtribuant, vel patiantur eos tenere quos armis posse> sese unis Suevis concedere, quibus ne dii derint
:

B. G. IV. ii.]

The Meuse and

the Rhine.

73

dem
8.

quidem immortales pares esse possint in terris esse neminem, quern

non

reliquum quisuperare
;

possint.'

exitus fuit

haec quae visum est Caesar respondit sed orationis Sibi nullam cum his amicitiam esse posse, si in Gallia remanerent neque verum
' :

Ad

esse, qui suos fines tueri non potuerint, alienos occu2 pare ; neque ullos in Gallia vacare agros, qui dari

tantae praesertim multitudini sine injuria possint sed licere, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere, quorum
;

10

sint legati apud se et et a se auxilium petant

de Suevorum injuriis querantur hoc se Ubiis imperaturum.'

: :

9. Legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt, et re deliberata post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros interea ne propius se castra moveret petierunt. Ne id 2 quidem Caesar ab se impetrari posse dixit. Cognoverat enim magnam partem equitatus ab iis aliquot diebus ante praedandi frumentandique causa ad Amhos exspectari equites, bivaritos trans Mosam missam atque ejus rei causa moram interponi arbitrabatur. 10. Mosa profluit ex monte Vosego, qui est in finibus Lingonum, et parte quadam ex Rheno recepta, quae appellatur Vacalus f insulamque efficit Batavorum, in Oceanum influit, neque longius ab Oceano milibus
:

15

20

passuum lxxx

in

Rhenum

influit.

Rhenus autem

25

oritur ex Lepontiis, qui Alpes incolunt, et longo spatio fines Nantuatium, Helvetiorum, Sequanorum, per

Mediomatricum, Tribocorum, Treverorum citatus

tur;
et,

fer-

ubi

Oceano adpropinquavit,
ingentibusque insulis

in plures defluit
effectis,

partes,

multis

quarum

pars magna a feris barbarisque nationibus incolitur, ex quibus sunt qui piscibus atque ovis avium vivere existimantur, multisque capitibus in Oceanum. influit. 11. Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius passum xn
milibus abesset,
ut
in

erat

constitutum,
congressi

ad euro

legati 35

revertuntur

qui

itinere

magnopere ne

74
longius

Campaign against

the Germans.

[Cesar

2 Cum id non impeprogrederetur orabant. uti ad eos trassent, petebant equites qui agmen ante-

praemitteset, eosque pugna prohiberet, potestatem faceret in Ubios legatos mitStendi; quorum si principes ac senatus sibi jurejurando fidem fecisset, ea condicione quae a Caesare ferretur se usuros ostendebant ad has res conficiendas sibi
sibique ut
:

cessissent

10

omnia Caesar eodem mora interposita equites eorum, qui abessent, reverterentur tamen sese non longius milibus passuum quattuor aquationis causa processurum eo die dixit hue postero die quam
spatium daret.
illo

tridui

Haec

pertinere

arbitrabatur, ut

tridui

convenirent, ut de eorurn postulatis 4 Interim ad praefectos, qui cum omni cognosceret. isequitatu antecesserant, mittit qui nuntiarent ne hostes proelio lacesserent et, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinefrequentissimi
;

rent,
12.

quoad ipse cum exercitu propius accessisset.

runt,
20

At hostes, ubi primum nostros equites conspexequorum erat quinque milium numerus, cum ipsi

non amplius octingentos equites haberent, quod ii qui frumentandi causa ierant trans Mosam nondum redierant, nihil timentibus nostris, quod legati eorum paulo ante a Caesare discesserant atque is dies indutiis erat ab his petitus, impetu facto celeriter nostros pertur2

rursus resistentibus, consuetudine sua ad 25baverunt; pedes desiluerunt, subfossis equis compluribusque nostris dejectis, reliquos in fugam conjecerunt, atque ita perterritos egerunt, ut non prius fuga desisterent quam 3 in conspectum agminis nostri venissent. In eo proeex equitibus nostris interficiuntur quattuor et 30 lio Piso Aquitanus, avus in civitate sua amplissimo genere natus, cujus amicus ab senatu nostro appelobtinuerat, regnum 4 latus. Hie cum fratri incluso ab hostibus auxilium ferret, ilium ex periculo eripuit, ipse equo vulnerato

septuaginta

in

his

vir

fortissimus,

35

dejectus, quoad potuit, fortissime restitit

cum

circum-

R. G. IV. 14.]

Attack on the German

Encampment

7$

id ventus, multis vulneribus acceptis, cecidisset, atque animadverf rater, excesserat, procul proelio qui jam interfectisset, incitato equo se hostibus obtulit atque

tus est.
13.

Hoc

facto proelio, Caesar

neque jam

audiendos neque condiciones accipiendas ab iis, qui per dolum atque insidias, petita pace, ultro 2 bellum intulissent exspectare vero, dum hostium
:

sibi legatos arbitrabatur

copiae

augerentur equitatusque reverteretur, summae et cognita Gallorum infirdementiae esse judicabat hostes uno proelio auctoeos mitate, quantum jam apud ritatis essent consecuti sentiebat quibus ad consilia 3 His conexistimabat. dandum nihil spatii capienda stitutis rebus et consilio cum legatis et quaestore com;
;

10

ne quern diem pugnae praetermitteret, diei opportunissima res accidit, quod postridie ejus Germani usi mane, eadem et perfidia et simulatione omnibus principibus majoribusque natu
municato,
frequentes,
adhibitis, ad eum in castra batur, sui purgandi causa,

15

venerunt

quod

simul, ut dice20 (contra atque esset

:
;

dictum, et ipsi petissent) proelium pridie commisissent simul ut, si quid possent, de indutiis fallendo impetra5 rent. Ouos sibi Caesar oblatos gavisus, illos retineri
jussit;

ipse omnes copias castris eduxit, equitatumesse existimabat, 25 que, quod recenti proelio perterritum

agmen subsequi
14.

jussit.

Acie

triplici

instituta,

et

celeriter

vm

milium

itinere confecto, prius ad

hostium castra pervenit quam 2 Qui omniquid ageretur Germani sentire possent. nostri adventus celeritate bus rebus subito perterriti, et habendi consilii et discessu suorum, neque neque arma capiendi spatio dato, perturbantur copiasne adversus hostem ducere, an castra defendere, an fuga salutem 3 Quorum timor cum fremitu et petere praestaret.
;

30

concursu
perfidia

significaretur,
incitati,

milites

nostri,
4

pristini

diei 35

in

castra inruperunt.

Quo

loco qui

y6
celeriter

Campaign against

the

Germans.

[Caesar

anna capere potuerunt, paulisper

:

nostris re-

nam rumque
5

stiterunt, atque inter carros impedimentaque proelium at reliqua multitudo puerorum muliecommiserunt

cum omnibus

ad fugere coepit Caesar consectandos misit. quos equitatum 15. Germani, post tergum clamore audito, cum suos interfici viderent, armis abjectis signisque militaribus relictis, se ex castris ejecerunt, et cum ad confluentem

Rhenumque

transierant

passim

suis

domo

excesserant
;

10

Mosae et Rheni pervenissent, reliqua fuga desperata, magno numero interfecto, reliqui se in flumen praecipitaverunt
;

atque

ibi
2

timore, lassitudine, vi fluminis

belli

oppressi perierunt.
15

Nostri ad

perpaucis vulneratis, ex tanti

unum omnes incollimes, timore, cum hostium

fuisset, se in castra
in
Illi

numerus capitum ccccxxx milium

Caesar receperunt. discedendi potestatem
3
iis,

quos

castris

fecit.

supplicia

retinuerat, crucia-

tusque Gallorum veriti, remanere se apud eum

20

quorum
velle

agros

vexaverant,

dixerunt.

His

Caesar

libertatem concessit.
16.

Germanico
sibi

sar
ilia

statuit
fuit

Rhenum

bello confecto, multis de causis Caeesse transeundum quarum

:

justissima, quod,

cum

videret

Germanos

tarn

facile impelli ut in
25

Galliam venirent, suis quoque rebus eos timere voluit, cum intellegerent et posse et audere 2 transire. Acpopuli Romani exercitum Rhenum
cessit etiam,

quod

ilia

pars

Tencterorum,
30 interfuisse,

quam

supra

equitatus Usipetum et commemoravi praedandi

transisse,

frumentandique causa
post fugam
fines
erat.

Mosam

neque proelio

suorum

se

trans

Rhenum

in

Sugambrorum receperat, seque cum iis conjunx3 Ad quos cum Caesar nuntios misisset, qui
'
:

35

postularent, eos qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent sibi Romani imdederent, responderunt Populi Rhenum finire in si se invito Germanos perium
:

Galliam

transire

non

aequum

existimaret,

cur

sui

B. G. IV. 17.]

Bridge across

t/ie

Rhine.

yy

quicquam esse imperii aut potestatis trans Rhenum 4 ? Ubii autem, qui uni ex Transrhenanis ad Caesarem legatos miserant, amicitiam fecerant,
'

postularet

obsides dederant, magnopere orabant ut sibi auxilium ferret, quod graviter ab Suevis premerentur vel, si id
;

facere

occupationibus

reipublicae
:

prohiberetur,
id sibi

exer-

citum modo

Rhenum

transportaret
satis

spemque
esse

reliqui

temporis

futurum.

ad auxilium 5 Tantum
10

nomen atque opinionem

ejus exercitus, Ariovisto

hoc novissimo proelio facto, etiam ad ultimas Germanorum nationes, uti opinione et amicitia populi Romani tuti esse possint. Navium magnam copiam ad transportandum exercitum pollicebantur. 17. Caesar, his de causis quas commemoravi, Rhenum transire decreverat sed navibus transire neque satis tutum esse arbitrabatur, neque suae neque populi
pulso et
;

15

Romani

difficultas

2 dignitatis esse statuebat. Itaque, etsi summa faciendi pontis proponebatur propter latitu-

dinem, rapiditatem, altitudinemque fluminis, tamen

sibi

id
20

contendendum, aut aliter non traducendum exercitum existimabat. 3 Rationem pontis hanc instituit. Tigna bina sesquipedalia, paulum ab imo praeacuta, dimensa ad altitudinem fluminis, intervallo pedum duo-

Haec cum machinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat, fistucisque adegerat, non sublicae modo directe ad perpendiculum, sed prone ac fastigate, ut secundum naturam fluminis prohis item contraria duo ad eundem modum cumberent, juncta, intervallo pedum quadragenum, ab inferiore parte contra vim atque impetum fluminis con versa
inter se

rum

jungebat.

25

30

statuebat.

bibus

Haec utraque insuper bipedalibus traimmissis, quantum eorum tignorum juncture

;

utrimque fibulis ab extrema parte disquibus disclusis, atque in contrariam partem revinctis, tanta erat operis firmitudo atque ea rerum natura, ut, quo major vis aquae se incitavisset,
distabat, binis

tinebantur

35

78

Campaign against

the

Germans.

[Caesar

hoc artius inligata tenerentur. G Haec clirecta materia injecta contexebantur, ac longuriis cratibusque consternebantur ac nihilo secius sublicae et ad inferiorem
;

partem
5

fluminis
7

oblique

agebantur,

quae pro ariete

fluminis

subjectae et
exciperent;

cum omni opere conjunctae vim

et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio, si arborum trunci sive naves deiciendi operis essent ut, a barbaris missae, his defensoribus earum rerum vis

minueretur, neu ponti nocerent.

10
1

8.

Diebus

decern,

quibus

materia

coepta

erat

comportari, omni opere effecto, exercitus traducitur. Caesar, ad utramque partem pontis firmo praesidio
relicto,

in

fines

Sugambrorum

contendit.

Interim a
;

compluribus civitatibus ad
15

pacem

quibus legati veniunt atque amicitiam petentibus liberaliter respondit,

eum

20

Sugambri, ex eo tempore quo pons institui coeptus est, fuga comparata, hortantibus iis quos ex Tencteris atque Usipetibus apud se habebant, finibus suis excesserant, suaque omnia exportaverant, seque in solitudinem ac silvas
obsidesque

ad

se

adduci

jubet.

abdiderant.
19.

Caesar, paucos

dies

in

eorum

finibus moratu&,

omnibus
25

vicis aedificiisque incensis, frumentisque sucin fines Ubiorum recipit ; atque iis auxilium se cisis,

premerentur, haec ab posteaquam per exploratores cognovit more suo concilio habito, fieri comperissent, pontem nuntios in omnes partes dimisisse, uti de oppidis

suum
iis

pollicitus,
2
'
:

si

ab

Suevis

Suevos,

30

demigrarent, liberos, uxores, suaque omnia in silvis deponerent, atque omnes, qui arma ferre possent, unum in locum convenirent hunc esse delectum medium fere regionum earum, quas Suevi obtinerent
;

Romanorum adventum exspectare, atque ibi de3 certare constituisse.' Quod ubi Caesar comperit,
hie
35

omnibus rebus
ducere

iis

confectis,

quarum rerum causa

ut

tra-

exercitum

constituerat,

Germanis

metum

B. G. IV. 21.]

Proposed Invasion of Britain.

79

Sugambros ulcisceretur, ut Ubios obsidione omnino decern et octo trans Rhenum consumptis, satis et ad laudem et ad utilitatem proiniceret, ut

liberaret, diebus

fectum arbitratus, se
rescidit.

in

Galliam

recepit,

pontemque
5

Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, Caesar, etsi in his locis (quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones vergit) maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit 2 quod omnibus fere Gallicis bellis hostibus
20.
:

nostris

inde

sumministrata auxilia intellegebat

et,

si 10

tempus anni ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adisset
genus hominum perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus quae omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. 3 Neque enim temere praeter mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimam
et

cognovisset

15

atque
est.

regiones, quae sunt contra Gallias, notum Itaque vocatis ad se undique mercatoribus, neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo, neque quae aut quan-

eas

tae

nationes incolerent, neque quern usum belli habe- 20 rent aut quibus institutis uterentur, neque qui essent ad majorum navium multitudinem idonei portus,
reperire poterat.
21.

Ad

haec cognoscenda,
arbitratus,

priusquam periclum

fa25

ceret,

idoneum esse

Gaium Volusenum cum

Huic mandat, ut exploratis longa praemittit. omnibus rebus ad se quam primum revertatur. 2 Ipse
navi

cum omnibus

copiis in Morinos proficiscitur, erat brevissimus in Britanniam trajectus. undique ex finitimis regionibus, et quam

quod inde

Hue

naves
30

aestate ad

Veneticum bellum
8

superiore effecerat classem, jubet

convenire.
catores

Interim, consilio ejus cognito, et per merperlato ad Britannos, a compluribus insulae

civitatibus
4

ad

eum

legati

veniunt, qui

polliceantur
35

obsides dare, atque imperio

rare.

populi

Romani obtempepollicitus,

Quibus

auditis,

liberaliter

hortatus-

80

First Invasion of Britain.

[Cesar
eos

que

ut
;

in
et

ea

sententia
iis

permanerent,

domum

una Commium, quem ipse Atrebatibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus et virtutem et consilium probabat, et quem sibi fidelem esse
remittit
5

cum

auctoritas in his regionibus cuj usque 5 Huic imperat, quas possit mittit. magni habebatur, adeat civitates ; horteturque ut populi Romani fidem
arbitrabatur,
6 Volusequantur, seque celeriter eo venturum nuntiet. senus, perspectis omnibus, quantum ei regionibus facultatis dari potuit, qui navi egredi ac se barbaris

io

committere
revertitur,
22.

non

auderet,
ibi

quaeque

quinto die ad Caesarem perspexisset renuntiat.

15

in his locis Caesar navium parandarum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati venerunt, qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod homines barbari et nostrae consuetu-

Dum

dinis imperiti bellum populo

ea,

20

Romano fecissent, seque 2 Hoc quae imperasset, facturos pollicerentur. accidisse sibi Caesar satis opportune arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere volebat, neque
gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem habebat, neque has tantularum rerum occupationes Britanniae

belli

25

anteponendas judicabat, magnum iis numerum obsidum imperat. Quibus adductis, eos in fidem recepit. 3 Navibus circiter lxxx onerariis coactis contractisque, quot satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat,

quod

praeterea

quaestori,

legatis

cedebant
30

xvm

navium longarum habebat, 4 Hue acpraefectisque distribuit. onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab

vento tenebantur, quo minus in has equitibus distrieundem portum venire possent Titurio Sabino et L. exercitum buit. Q. Reliquum Aurunculeio Cottae legatis in Menapios, atque in eos pagos Morinorum ab quibus ad eum legati non venemilibus passuum
:

vm

35

rant,

cum

ducendum dedit P. Sulpicium Rufum legatum, eo praesidio quod satis esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere jussit.
;

R. G. IV. 24.]

Difficulties

of the Lauding.

81

23.

His constitutis rebus, nactus idoneam ad navi-

gandum tempestatem,
que
in ulteriorem et se sequi jussit.
2

portum progredi

tertia fere vigilia solvit, equiteset naves conscendere

quibus cum paulo tardius esset administratum, ipse hora circiter diei quarta cum primis navibus Britanniam attigit, atque ibi in omnibus
3

hostium copias armatas conspexit. haec erat natura, atque ita montibus anCujus mare continebatur, uti ex locis superioribus in gustis 4 Hunc ad egrediendum nelitus telum adigi posset. idoneum locum dum reliquae arbitratus, quaquam naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris 5 Interim, legatis tribunisque militum exspectavit. convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno cognosset et quae
collibus

expositas

loci

10

fieri

vellet

ostendit,

monuitque

ut

rei militaris

ratio, 15

maxime ut maritimae res postularent (ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberent), ad nutum et 6 His ad tempus omnes res ab iis administrarentur. aestum et uno dimissis, et ventum tempore nactus
secundum, dato signo et sublatis ancoris, circiter milia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus, aperto ac
piano litore naves constituit.
24.
20

At

barbari, consilio

Romanorum

cognito,

prae25

misso equitatu et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proeliis uti consuerunt, reliquis copiis subsecuti, nos2 Erat ob has causas tros navibus egredi prohibebant. summa difficultas, quod naves propter magnitudinem
autem, onere armorum oppressis, simul et de navibus desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnandum cum ill aut ex arido, aut paulum in aquam
;

nisi in alto

constitui

non poterant

militibus

ignotis locis, impeditis manibus,

magno

et gravi

30

progressi,

omnibus membris

expeditis, notissimis locis,

audacter tela conicerent, et equos insuefactos incita3 rent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti, atque hujus omnino generis pugnae imperiti, non eadem alacritate

35

82 ac studio
nitebantur.
25.

First Invasion of Britain.

[Cesar

quo
ubi

in

pedestribus

uti

proeliis consuerant

Quod

Caesar

animadvertit,

naves

longas,

quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior, et motus ad usum expeditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus,
et remis incitari, et ad latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac

10

summoveri jussit; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam, et navium figura et remorum motu et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti, barbari constiterunt, ac
2

paulum modo pedem

tibus

retulerunt. Atque nostris milicunctantibus, maxime propter altitudinem maris,

qui decimae legionis aquilam ferebat, contestatus deos ut ea res legioni feliciter eveniret 4 Desilite,
:

inquit,
:

i$militess
certe

nisi

vultis
rei

aquilam

hostibus

prodere

meum

ego

publicae
in

praestitero.

Hoc cum
atque
cohortati

atque impcratori officium voce magna dixisset, se ex

hostes aquilam
inter se, ne
ferre
coepit.

navi projecit,
6

Turn

nostri,

tantum dedecus

20

admitteretur, universi ex navi desiluerunt.

Hos item ex proximis [primis] navibus cum conspexissent, subsecuti hostibus adpropinquarunt.
26. Pugnatum est ab Nostri tautrisque acriter. men, quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter insistere neque signa subsequi poterant, atque alius alia ex navi, quibuscumque signis occurrerat, se adgregabat, magnopere perturbabantur 2 hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navi
;

25

30

incitatis equis impeditos egredientes conspexerant, adoriebantur, plures paucos circumsistebant, alii ab 3 latere aperto in universos tela coniciebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus compleri
jussit,

et

quos laborantes
4

35

submittebat.

conspexerat, his subsidia Nostri simul in arido constiterunt, suis

in

omnibus consecutis,

hostes

impetum

fecerunt, atque

B. G. IV. 29.]

Cavalry Transports driven back.

;

8$

neque longius prosequi potuequod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam non potuerant.
runt,

eos in fugam dederunt

Caesari defuit.

Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace mise27.

runt
esse

obsides
polliciti

daturos
sunt.

quaeque

imperasset
his

facturos

Una cum

legatis

Commius
10

Atrebas venit, quern supra demonstraveram a Caesare 2 in Britanniam praemissum. Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris mandata
in vincula conjeceremiserunt et in petenda turn, proelio facto, rei in multitudinem contulerunt, pace ejus culpam et propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur petiverunt. 3 Caesar questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa

deferret,
:

comprehenderant atque

rant

15

intulissent,

ignoscere

imperavit
daturos

quorum

illi

imprudentiae dixit, obsidesque partem statim dederunt, partem

diebus sese
20

ex longinquioribus
dixerunt.

locis arcessitam paucis

4

remigrare in agros jusserunt, principesque undique convenire, et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt. 28. His rebus pace confirmata, post diem quartum quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves xvm, de quibus
supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant, ex 2 Quae cum superiore portu leni vento solverunt. ex castris Britanniae et viderentur, adpropinquarent tanta tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum cursum tenere posset sed aliae eodem, unde erant profectae, referrentur, aliae ad inferiorem partem insulae,
;

Interea suos

25

30

quae est propius solis occasum, magno sui cum periculo deicerentur quae tamen, ancoris jactis, cum fluctibus complerentur, necessario adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem petierunt. 29. Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena, qui
;

35

84

First Invasion of Britain.

dies maritimos aestus

[Caesar
efficere con-

maximos

in

Oceano

Ita suevit, nostrisque id erat incognitum. et longas naves, quibus Caesar exercitum

uno tempore

dum
5

curaverat, quasque in aridum

;

compleverat

et

onerarias,

quae

transportansubduxerat, aestus ad ancoras erant

ulla

deligatae, tempestas adflictabat, facultas aut administrandi aut

2

neque

nostris

auxiliandi

dabptur.

Compluribus

navibus

fractis,

reliquae

cum

essent

ad reliquisque armamentis amissis ionavigandum inutiles, magna (id quod necesse erat 3 Neaccidere) totius exercitus perturbatio facta est. que enim naves erant aliae, quibus reportari possent et omnia deerant quae ad reficiendas naves erant usui et, quod omnibus constabat hiemari in Gallia oportere, 15 frumentum his in locis in hiemem provisum non erat. rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, 30. Quibus qui post proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se
funibus,
; ;

ancoris

20

conlocuti, cum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deese intellegerent, et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscerent, quae hoc erant etiam sine angustiora, quod impedimentis Caesar legiones

transportaverat, optimum factu esse bellione facta, frumento commeatuque

bere, et
25

duxerunt, renostros prohisuperatis, inferendi

rem

in

aut

reditu

interclusis,

hiemem producere quod his neminem postea belli

;

causa in Britanniam tra^siturum confidebant. Itaque rursus conjuratione facta, paulatim ex castris discedere ac suos clam ex agris deducere coeperunt.
30 verat,

Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoet ex eventu navium suarum, et ex eo obsides dare intermiserant, fore id quod accidit quod suspicabatur. Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia cora31.

At

tamen

2 Nam et parabat. castra conferebat, et

frumentum
quae

agris cotidie in gravissime adflictae erant

ex

35

earum materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur et quae ad eas res erant usui ex connaves,
;

r>.

G. IV. 33.]

War

Chariots of the Britons.

8

85

tinenti comportari jubcbat. a militibus administraretur,

reliquis ut navigari
32.

Itaque cum suramo studio duodecim navibus amissis,

commode posset effecit. ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudinc una frumentatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque cum ulla ad id tempus belli suspicione interposita, in etiam castra in agris remaneret, pars pars hominum

Dum

erant

ii qui pro portis castrorum in statione Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem majorem quam consuetudo ferret in ea parte videri, quam in partem

vcntitaret,

10

legio

iter fecisset.

aliquid in stationibus erant

Caesar, id quod erat suspicatus, novi a barbaris initum consilii, cohortes quae

secum

in

earn

partem

proficisci,

ex reliquis duas in stationem cohortes succedere, reli3 Cum quas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussit. suos ab hostibus castris processisset, paulo longius a
premi, atque

15

aegre

sustinere, et

conferta legione

ex

4 Nam omnibus partibus tela conici animadvertit. demesso omni ex frumento, reliquis partibus quod, pars una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes hue nostros esse

20

ventures, noctu in
depositis

silvas

delituerant

turn

dispersos,
adorti,

armis, in

metendo occupatos, subito

paucis interfectis, reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant.
33.

Genus hoc

est

ex essedis pugnae.

Primo per

25

omnes

partes perequitant, eK tela coniciunt, atque ipso terrore equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque

perturbant et cum se inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis desiliunt, et pedibus proeliantur. 2 Aurigae interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt, atque ita currus conlocant, uti si illi a multitudine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. 3 mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum in Ita
;

30

ac tantum usu cotidiano et exerciproeliis praestant tatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco incitatos equos sustinere, et brevi moderari ac flectere, et
;

35

86
per inde
nae,
5

First Invasion of Britain.

[Cesar

temonem
in

34.

percurrere, et in jugo insistere, et se currus citissime recipere consuerint. Quibus rebus, perturbatis nostris novitate pug-

tempore

opportunissimo
2

Caesar auxilium

tulit

namque

ejus adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex

timore receperunt.
tus,

Quo

facto,

ad lacessendum et ad
arbitra-

committendum proelium alienum esse tempus

in

suo se loco continuit, et brevi tempore intermisso 3 castra legiones reduxit. Dum haec geruntur,

10 nostris

omnibus occupatis, qui erant

in

agris

reliqui

Secutae sunt continuos complures dies tempestates, quae et nostros in castris continerent, et hostem a pugna prohiberent. 4 Interim barbari nundiscesserunt.
15

omnes rum militum

tios in

partes dimiserunt, paucitatemque nostrosuis

faciendae
daretur, si His runt.

atque in perpetuum

praedicaverunt, et quanta praedae sui liberandi facultas

castris

Romanos
rebus,

expulissent, demonstrave-

peditatus equitatusque coacta, ad castra venerunt. 20 35. Caesar, etsi idem quod superioribus diebus acciderat fore videbat, ut, si essent hostes pulsi, celeri-

celeriter

magna multitudine

tate

periculum
est)

effugerent,

tamen

nactus
(de

equites

circiter triginta,

quos Commius Atrebas

transportaverat,
2

quo ante
in

dictum
25

secum

legiones

acie

Commisso proelio, diutius pro nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potue3 runt, ac terga verterunt. Quos tanto spatio secuti, quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, complures
castris
constituit.

ex

iis

occiderunt

deinde,

omnibus

longe

lateque

3oaedificiis incensis, se in castra receperunt.

36.

Eodem

die legati ab hostibus missi ad

Caesarem

de

quern
35

pace antea imperaverat, duplicavit, eosque in continentem adduci jussit quod, propinqua die aequinoctii, infirmis navibus hiemi navigationem subiciendam non
;

venerunt.

His

Caesar

numerum obsidum,

existimabat.

Ipse,

idoneam

tempestatem

nanctus,

B. G. IV. 38.]

Return

to

the

Mainland.
solvit

87
;

paulo post

mediam noctem naves

ad

quae omnes
:

incolumes
onerariae

continentem

duae

eosdem quos

sed ex iis pervenerunt reliqui portus capere

milites
5

non potuerunt, et paulo infra delatae sunt. essent expositi 37. Quibus ex navibus cum

circiter trecenti, atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reli-

querat,

spe praedae adducti, primo non ita magno suorum numero circumsteterunt, ac, si sese interfici 2 Cum ill i, orbe facto, nollent, arma ponere jusserunt. hominum sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem
circiter

10

sex convenerunt. milia Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. 3 Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt,

atque amplius horis quattuor fortissime pugnaverunt, et paucis vulneribus acceptis complures ex his occide4 Postea vero quam equitatus noster in conspecrunt. tum venit, hostes abjectis armis terga verterunt,

15

magn usque eorum numerus

est occisus.
20

38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum, cum iis legion;bus quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, Qui cum, propter qui rebellionem fecerant, misit. siccitates pallidum, quo se reciperent non haberent

(quo superiore anno perfugio fuerant in potestatem Labieni pervenerunt.

et

usi),
2

omnes fere At 0. Titurius

fines

25

L. Cotta legati, qui in

Menapiorum
agris

legiones

duxerant,
succisis,

omnibus
aedificiis

eorum

vastatis,

frumentis

incensis,

quod

Menapii se

omnes

in

densissmas silvas abdiderant, se ad Caesarem recepe3 runt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia constituit. obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis, ex litteris Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a senatu decreta est.

30

g3

Naval

Preparations.

[Cesar

BOOK

V.

After providing for his fleet, Second Invasion of Britain. and quieting disturbances in Illyria, Caesar returns to Gaul (i, 2). Troubles on the northern frontier treachery, flight, and death of Dumnorix (2-7). Caesar's expedition lands in Britain, where the
;

natives are driven back by the Roman cavalry (8, 9). damaged by a storm, and hastily repaired (10, 11).
of the island

The

fleet is

Description Attacks of the Britons inhabitants (12-14). under Cassivellaunus, who is driven beyond the Thames (15-19).

and

its

Several tribes submit, and Caesar returns to Gaul (20-23).

the Roman garrisons are in widely scattered, the opportunity is seized for a sudden rising The camp of Sabinus is the north, under Ambiorix (24-26). attacked, and imprudently forsaken the force is attacked on the
;

Fresh Risings of the Gauls. As

retreat,

and both its commanders, Sabinus and Cotta, are slain Ambiorix next, aided by the Nervii, attacks the camp of (27-38).
he,

Quintus Cicero;
relieved

by Caesar, Treveri, under Indutiomarus, attack the quarters of Labienus, but are at length repulsed, with the loss of their leader (53-58).

who

however, holds his ground steadily, until crushes the force of the Belgians (39-52).

The

DOMITIO
-'

Ap. Claudio consulibus, discedens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis facere

consuerat, legatis imperat quos legionibus praefecerat, uti quam plurimas possent hieme naves aedificandas
5

veteresque reficiendas mamque demonstrat.

curarent.
2

Earum modum

for-

Ad

celeritatem onerandi sub-

ductionesque, paulo facit humiliores quam quibus in nostro mari uti consuevimus atque id eo magis, quod
;

propter crebras commutationes aestuum minus

i0 ibi

magnos

fluctus fieri cognoverat

ad onera, ad multitudinem

jumentorum transportandam, paulo

in

latiores quam quibus 3 utimur omnes actuarias immaribus. Has reliquis Ea perat fieri, quam ad rem multum humilitas adjuvat. sunt usui ad armandas ex naves Hispania quae appor-

lie

B. G. V. 3. J

Troubles
4

among

the Treveri.

89

tari jubet.

in Illyricum proficiscitur,

Ipse, conventibus Galliae citerioris peractis, quod a Pirustis finitimam par-

tem provinciae incursionibus

vastari audiebat.

Eo cum
5

venisset, civitatibus milites imperat certumque in locum convenire jubet. 6 Qua re nuntiata, Pirustae legatos ad

mittunt, qui doceant nihil earum rerum publico factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrant omni-

eum

bus rationibus de injuriis satisfacere. 6 Percepta oratione eorum, Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certam diem adduci jubet nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem persecuturum demonstrat. 7 lis ad diem adductis, ut im:

10

peraverat, arbitros inter civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant.
2.

His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis,

2

in
15

citeriorem Galliam revertitur, atque inde ad exercitum

proficiscitur.

Eo cum

venisset, circuitis
studio,
in

omnibus

hi-

bernis,

singulari

militum

summa omnium

rerum inopia, circiter sexcentas ejus generis cujus supra demonstravimus naves et longas xxviii invenit instructas,

neque multum abesse ab

3

deduci possent.

eo, quin paucis diebus Collaudatis militibus atque iis qui ne-

20

fieri velit ostendit, atque omnes ad portum Itium convenire jubet, quo ex portu commodissimum in Britanniam trajectum esse cognoverat circiter milium passuum triginta a continenti. 4 Huic rei

gotio praefuerant, quid

25

quod

satis

esse visum est militum reliquit

expeditis
iv,
;

ipse

cum

legionibus

et

equitibus

Treverorum

proficiscitur

quod

dccc, in fines hi neque ad concilia

veniebant, neque imperio parebant, rhenanos sollicitare dicebantur.

3.

Germanosque Trans30

Haec

civitas

longe plurimum

totius Galliae equi-

tatu valet, magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, 2 ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. In ea civitate duo de

principatu. inter se contendebant, Indutiomarus et Cin-

getorix

ex quibus

alter,

numque adventu cognitum

simul atque de Caesaris legiose suosque est, ad eum venit

;

35

90

Submission of Indutiomarus.

[Caesar

omnes

in officio futuros, neque ab amicitia populi Romani defecturos, confirmavit quaeque in Treveris gererentur
;

ostendit.

At Indutiomarus equitatum peditatumque

in

co-

gere, iisque qui per aetatem

5

armis esse non poterant

in silvam

Arduennam
fines

per medios

abditis, quae ingenti magnitudine Treverorum a flumine Rheno ad initium

4

Sed, posnonnulli ex ea et familiacivitate, teaquam principes ritate Cingetorigis adducti et adventu nostri exercitus
10 perterriti,

Remorum

pertinet, bellum parare instituit.

ad Caesarem venerunt, et de suis privatim rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, quoniam civitati consulere non possent 5 veritus ne ab omnibus desereretur, Indu;

tiomarus legatos ad Caesarem mittit Sese idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo facilius
' :

'5

civitatem in officio contineret, ne omnis nobilitatis discessu plebs propter imprudentiam laberetur itaque esse
;

civitatem in sua potestate, seque, si Caesar permitteret, ad eum in castra venturum, suas civitatisque fortunas
ejus fidei permissurum.'
20

Caesar, etsi intellegebat qua de causa ea dicerentur, quaeque eum res ab instituto consilio deterreret, tamen, ne aestatem in Treveris consumere cogeretur, omnibus
4.

es

ad Britannicum bellum rebus comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se cum ducentis obsidibus venire jussit. 2 His adductis, in iis filio propinquisque ejus omnibus, quos nominatim evocaverat, consolatus Indutiomarum, hortatusque
nihilo tamen secius, prinest uti in officio permaneret hos singillatim Treverorum ad se convocatis, cipibus
;

Cingetorigi conciliavit
30 intellegebat, turn

3
;

magni

quod cum merito ejus a se fieri interesse arbitrabatur ejus auc-

toritatem inter suos quarn

in se

plurimum

valere, cujus tarn

voluntatem perspexisset. 4 Id tulit factum egregiam graviter Indutiomarus, suam gratiam inter suos minui et, qui jam ante inimico in nos animo fuisset, multo
;

35

gravius hoc dolore exarsit. Caesar ad portum Itium 5. His rebus constitutes,

cum

B. G. V. 7-]

Flight

and Death of Dumnorix.

2

91

Ibi cognoscit sexaginta naves, quae legionibus pervenit. factae in Meldis erant, tempestate rejectas cursum tenere

non potuisse, atque eodem uncle erant profectae revertisse reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus
;

rebus instructas invenit.

liae

Eodem

equitatus totius Gal-

convenit,

numero milium
;

quattuor,

principesque

omnibus ex

civitatibus

ex quibus perpaucos, quorum in

se fidem perspexerat, relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsi-

dum loco secum ducere decreverat, quod, cum ipse abesset, motum Galliae verebatur. 6. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Haeduus, de quo Hunc secum habere in priante ab nobis dictum est.
mis constituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum,

10

magni animi, magnae inter Gallos 2 Accedebat hue, quod in auctoritatis, cognoverat. concilio Haeduorum Dumnorix dixerat, sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri quod dictum Haedui graviter
cupidum
imperii,
:

15

neque recusandi aut deprecandi causa legatos ad Caesarem mittere audebant. 3 Id factum ex suis hosIlle omnibus pitibus Caesar cognoverat. primo precibus
ferebant,

20

petere contendit, ut in Gallia relinqueretur partim quod insuetus navigandi mare timeret, partim quod
:

religioni-

bus impediri sese diceret.

Posteaquam

id

obstinate sibi

negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi adempta, principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos, hortarique coepit, uti in continenti remanerent metu territare, non sine
;

25

6 fieri, ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliaretur id esse consilium Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu Galliae interficere vereretur, hos omnes in Britanniam traductos

causa

necaret

cere, ut,

fidem reliquis interponere, jusjurandum posquod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, com-

30

muni consilio administrarent. Caesarem deferebantur.

Haec

a compluribus ad

7. Qua re cognita, Caesar, quod tantum civitati Haeduae dignitatis tribuebat, coercendum atque deterrendum quibuscumque rebus posset Dumnorigem statuebat
;

35

92

Second Invasion of Britain.

[Cesar

quod longius ejus amentiam progredi videbat, prospiciendum ne quid sibi ac reipublicae nocere posset 2 Itaque, dies circiter xxv in eo loco commoratus, quod Corus ventus navigationem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam, ut in officio Dumnorigem contineret; nihilo tamen secius omnia ejus consilia cognosceret. 3 Tandem, idoneam nactus tempestatem, milites equitesque con-

scendere in naves jubet.

10

Dumnorix cum
Caesare,

Caesar,

equitibus 4 discedere coepit. Qua re nuntiata, intermissa profectione, atque omnibus rebus

At, omnium impeditis animis, Haeduorum a castris, insciente

domum

postpositis,

magnam partem

equitatus
;

ad

eum
faciat

inse-

quendum
>5

mittit, retrahique

imperat

si

vim

neque

pareat, interfici jubet; nihil hunc se absente pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisIlle enim, revocatus, resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem implorare coepit, saepe clamitans, liberum se liberaeque esse civitatis. 6 Uli, ut erat impe-

set.

ratum,

circumsistunt

hominem atque

interficiunt

at

equites Haedui ad Caesarem omnes revertuntur. 8. His rebus gestis, Labieno in continente cum tribus legionibus et equitum milibus duobus relicto, ut portus tueretur et rem frumentariam provideret, quaeque in
5

Gallia gererentur cognosceret, consiliumque pro tempore

et pro re caperet,
2

ipse

cum quinque
;

legionibus, et pari

numero equitum, quern in continenti relinquerat, ad et leni Africo provectus, solis occasum naves solvit media circiter nocte vento intermisso, cursum non te,T

nuit

et,

Britanniam

longius delatus aestu, orta luce, sub sinistra 3 Tum rursus aestus relictam conspexit.

commutationem secutus, remis contendit ut earn partem insulae caperet, qua optimum esse egressum superiore
35
4 aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis, non intermisso remigandi labore, longarum navium cursum

B. G. V. io.]

The Britons are driven

5

back.

93

Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus adaequarunt. navibus meridiano fere tempore neque in eo loco hostis
:

est visus, sed, ut postea

Caesar ex captivis cognovit,

cum
5

magnae manus eo

convenissent, multitudine navium cum annotinis privatisque, quas sui perterritae, quae commodi fecerat, amplius octingentae uno erant quisque
visae tempore, a litore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant.

Caesar, exposito exercitu et loco castris idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit quo in loco hostium copiae consedissent, cohortibus decern ad mare relictis,
9.

10

navibus essent, de tertia eo minus veritus navibus, hostes ad contendit, vigilia molli in litore atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram quod et praesidio navibus Q. Atrium praefecit. relinquebat,
et equitibus ccc, qui praesidio

15

Ipse, noctu progressus milia passuum circiter xn, hostium copias conspicatus est. Illi, equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi, ex loco superiore nostros prohibere 3 et proelium committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu,

se in silvas abdiderunt,
et opere

locum nancti egregie et natura muni turn, quern domestici belli (ut videbantur) causa jam ante praeparaverant nam crebris arboribus 4 succisis omnes introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis
;

20

rari

propugnabant, nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi

prohibebant.

At

milites

legionis

septimae,

testudine

25

facta et aggere ad munitiones adjecto, locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vulneribus acceptis. 5 Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi vetuit, et

quod

naturam ignorabat, et quod, magna parte diei consumpta, munitioni castrorum tempus relinqui volebat. 10. Postridie ejus diei, mane, tripartito milites equiloci

50

tesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos qui fugerant perse-

His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum jam querentur. extremi essent in prospectu, equites a Q. Atrio ad
2

Caesarem

maxima

venerunt, qui nuntiarent superiore nocte, 35 coorta tempestate, prope omnes naves afflictas

94

Second Invasion of Britain.

;

[Cesar

quod neque ancorae fuatque in litore ejectas esse nesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim 3 Itaque ex eo concursu natempestatis pati possent.
5

vium magnum esse incommoclum acceptum. ii. His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equitatumque
revertitur
revocari atque in itinere desistere jubet ipse ad naves eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis litterisque cog; :

noverat,

coram
2

perspicit,

sic
refici

ut,

amissis

circiter

XL

navibus, reliquae tamen

10

viderentur.

negotio Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit, et ex

;

posse

magno

continenti alios arcessi jubet

Labieno

scribit ut

quam

plurimas posset, naves instituat.

laboris,
15

lis
3

legionibus quae sunt

esse

apud eum,
oranes

Ipse, etsi res erat

multae operae ac
statuit,

tamen

commodissimum

naves subduci et
4

cum

castris

una munitione conjungi.

In his rebus circiter dies decern consumit, ne nocturnis

temporibus ad laborem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus castrisque egregie munitis, easdem ipse eodem copias quas ante praesidio navibus reliquit

quidem

20

uncle redierat proficiscitur.

Eo cum

venisset, majores

jam undique
venerant
;

in

eum locum

summa

copiae Britannorum conimperii bellique administrandi, com-

muni
25

consilio,

maritimis

civitatibus

permissa Cassivellauno, cujus fines a flumen dividit, quod appellatur

6

Tamesis, a mari circiter milia passuum lxxx.

Huic

superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella intercesserant sed nostro adventu permoti Bri;

tanni hunc
12.

toti bello

imperioque praefecerant.
iis

jo

quos natos maritima pars ab iis qui, praedae ac belli inferendi causa, ex Belgis transierunt (qui oranes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) et
incolitur,
;

Britanniae pars interior ab

in

insula ipsi

memoria proditum dicunt

bello illato
35

ibi

remanserunt, atque agros colere coepeest infinita multitudo,

;

runt.

Hominum

creberrimaque

aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia

pecorum magnus nu-

B. G. V. 14.]

Description of Britain.

95
aereo] aut taleis

merus.
ferreis

Utuntur aut aere [aut

nummo

Nasad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. citur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed ejus exigua est copia aere utun;

Materia cuj usque generis ut in Gallia est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam haec tamen alunt et anserem gustare fas non putant
tur importato.
;

Loca sunt temperatiora voluptatisque causa. remissioribus in Gallia, frigoribus. quam latus est 13. Insula natura triquetra, cuj us unura contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad
animi

10

meridiem spectat. Hoc per2 Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem qua ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor (ut aestimatur) quam Briorientem solem
;

inferior ad

tinet circiter milia

passuum quingenta.

15

tannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque ex Gallia est 3 In hoc medio cursu est insula quae in Britanniam.

complures praeterea minores subappellatur Mona de quibus insulis nonnulli jectae insulae existimantur
;

20

scripserunt, dies continuos xxx sub bruma esse noctem. 4 Nos nihil de eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continenti

Hujus est longitudo lateris, ut fert 5 Tertium est contra sep- 25 illorum opinio, dcc milium. sed ejus tentriones, cui parti nulla est objecta terra
noctes videbamus.
;

Hoc spectat. angulus milia passuum dccc in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centum milium
lateris

maxime ad Germaniam

passuum.
14.

Ex

his

omnibus

longe

sunt

Cantium incolunt (quae regio est 2 Inneque multum a Gallica differunt consuetudine. carne teriores plerique frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et
3 Omnes vero se Bri- 3$ vivunt, pellibusque sunt vestiti. tanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem,

humanissimi qui maritima omnis),

g6

Customs of the Britons.

;

[Cesar

atque hoc horridiores sunt in pugna aspectu capilloque sunt promisso, atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter 4 Uxores habent deni duodecaput et labrum superius.
5

fratres cum fratrinique inter se communes, et maxime sed qui sunt ex his nati, bus, parentesque cum liberis
;

eorum habentur
ducta
15.

liberi,

quo primum virgo quaeque de-

est.

Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio

cum

to

ut equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt, [ita] in eos nostri omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque
sed, compluribus intercompulerint amiserunt. fectis, cupidius insecuti, nonnullos ex suis 2 nostris At illi, intermisso spatio, imprudentibus atque subito se ex silvis occupatis in munitione castrorum,
silvas

tamen

collesque

15

in eos facto qui erant in statione ejecerunt, impetuque 3 duabusque pro castris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his primis
;

20

legionum duarum, cum hae, perexiguo intermisso [loci] spatio inter se, constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios audacissime perruperunt, 4 Eo die Q. Laberius seque inde incolumes receperunt.

Durus tribunus militum

16.
25

interficitur.

Illi,

pluribus suboculis
est

missis cohortibus, repelluntur.

Toto
ac

hoc
pro

in

genere

pugnae,

cum sub

omnium

castris

dimicaretur,

intellectum

nostros, propter gravitatem

armorum, quod neque

;

inse-

30

ab signis discedere auderent, qui cedentes possent neque 2 equites minus aptos esse ad hujus generis hostem autem magno cum periculo dimicare, propterea quod cum paulum illi etiam consulto plerumque cederent, et ab leeionibus nostros removissent, ex essedis desilirent 3 et pedibus dispari proelio contenderent. Equestris autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et insequentibus par
atque idem
4 Accedebat hue, ut periculum inferebat. nunquam conferti sed rari magnisque intervallis proealios liarentur, stationesque dispositas haberent, atque

35

B. G. V. 19.]

Ccesar crosses the Thames.

Oft

deinceps exciperent, integrique et recentes defatigatis succederent. hostes in collibus 17. Postero die procul a castris
alii

constiterunt, rarique se ostendere, et lenius nostros equites proelio lacessere coeperunt.

die,

quam
2

pridie
5

Sed meri-

cum Caesar

pabulandi causa tres legiones atque

equitatum cum C. Trebonio legato misisset, ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverepente ab signis legionibusque non absisterent. uti sic runt,

omnem

Nostri, acriter in eos impetu facto, repulerunt, neque

?o

finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt;

magnoque eorum numero

interfecto,

neque

sui

colligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi facultatem dederunt. 4 Ex hac fuga protinus quae unneque post id dique convenerant auxilia discesserunt
;

15

tempus
18.

umquam summis nobiscum

copiis hostes con-

tenderunt.

in

fines

Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad flumen Tamesim Cassivellauni exercitum duxit quod flumen
;

20

uno omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre,

transiri

2 Eo cum venisset, animum advertit ad alteram potest. fluminis ripam magnas esse copias hostium instructas ripa autem erat acutis sudibus praefixis munita, ejus;

demque
bantur.

generis sub aqua defixae sudes flumine tege3 His rebus cognitis a captivis perfugisque,

25

Caesar,

praemisso
4

equitatu,

confestim

legiones

sub-

sequi jussit.
tes ierunt,

Sed ea

cum

celeritate atque eo impetu milicapite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes

30

impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent, ripasque dimitterent ac se fugae

mandarent.

19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni deposita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, milibus circiter quattuor essedariorum relictis, itinera nostra servabat paulumque ex via excedebat, locisque 35
;

impeditis ac silvestribus sese occultabat, atque

iis

re-

98
gionibus

Second Invasion of Britain.

quibus
nos
iter

[Caesar

facturos

cognoverat
2
;

pecora
et

atque homines ex agris

equitatus noster
se in agros ejecerat,
5

in silvas

compellebat

cum

liberius

praedancli vastandique causa

viis

omnibus
et

semitisque essedarios

periculo nostrorum metu latius vahoc confligebat, atque 3 ut neque longius ab Relinquebatur gari prohibebat. discedi Caesar pateretur, et tantum in agmine legionum

ex

silvis

emittebat
iis

magno cum

equitum cum

agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis

10 tur,

hostibus nocereeffi-

quantum

labore atque itinere legionarii milites

cere poterant.

Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regionum civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens, Cae20.
saris
15

fidem secutus, ad

pater [Imanuentius] obtinuerat, interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno ipse legatos ad Caesarem mittunt, fuga mortem vitaverat, pollicenturque sese ei dedituros atque imperata facturos

venerat.

cujus

eum

in

continentem

Galliam

in ea civitate reg;

num

petunt ut Mandubracium

ab injuria Cassivellauni defen-

20 dat,

atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit imperiumque 3 His Caesar imperat obsides xl frumentumque exercitui, Mandubraciumque ad eos mittit. Ill imperata celeriter fecerunt, obsides ad numerum fruobtineat.
i

mentumque
25

miserunt.
Segontiaci, Ancalites,

21.

Trinobantibus defensis atque ab omni militum

Icani,

injuria prohibitis,

Cangi,

Ab
30

Bibroci, Cassi, legationibus missis, sese Caesari dedunt. his cognoscit, non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassi-

munitum, quo satis 2 magnus hominum pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitanvellauni abesse, silvis paludibusque

dae causa

convenire
;

consuerunt.

Eo

proficiscitur

cum
35

locum reperit egregie natura atque tamen hunc duabus ex partibus opopere munitum Hostes paulisper morati militum pugnare contendit.
legionibus
;

B. G. V. 23.]

Safe Return

to

Gaul.
alia

99
seseque
ibi

nostrorum
parte
coris

impetum
;

non
4

tulerunt,

ex
pe-

oppidi

ejecerunt.

Magnus

numerus

repertus

multique in fuga

sunt

comprehensi
5

atque

interfecti.

22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra demonstravimus,

quibus regionibus quattuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus, Segovax, nuntios mittit, atque his imperat uti, coactis omnibus copiis, castra navalia de 2 Ii cum ad casimproviso adoriantur atque oppugnent.
tra venissent, nostri, eruptione facta, multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolu-

10

mes reduxerunt.

Cassivellaunus, hoc proelio nuntiato,

tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus,

maxime etiam
15

permotus defectione civitatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. 4 Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret, obsides imperat
et
in

quid Britannia penderet constituit. 5 Interdicit atque imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus

annos singulos vectigalis populo

Romano

20

bellum
23.

faciat.

Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit ad mare,

naves invenit refectas.

His deductis, quod

et

et captivo- 25

rum magnum numerum habebat,

nonnullae tempestate deperierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum 2 Ac sic accidit, uti ex tanto navium reportare instituit.

numero, tot navigationibus, neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla omnino navis quae milites portaret desideraretur
3
;

30

at

ex

iis

quae inanes ex continenti ad eura

remitterentur, et prioris
et

commeatus

expositis militibus,

Labienus faciendas curaverat numero lx, perpaucae locum caperent reliquae fere omnes 4 reicereritur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra exspectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione excluderetur,
quas postea
;

35

loo

Rising

in

Northern Gaul.

[Caesar

quod aequinoctium
collocavit, ac,
inita

suberat, necessario angustius milites

tranquillitate consecuta,

summa

secunda
attigit,

cum

solvisset

vigilia,

prima luce terram

omnesque incolumes naves

5

perduxit.

24. Subductis navibus concilioque Gallorum Samarobrivae peracto, quod eo anno frumentum in Gallia propter siccitates angustius provenerat, coactus est aliter ac

superioribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare, le2 ex quibus gionesque in plures civitates distribuere
:

10

Fabio legato dedit tertiam in Esuvios alteram in Nervios Q. Ciceroni L. Roscio quartam in Remis cum T. Labieno in contres in Belgis collofinio Treverorum hiemare jussit

unam

in

Morinos ducendam C.

cavit
15

his
et

Plancum

M. Crassum quaestorem et L. Munatium 3 Unam leC. Trebonium legatos praeficit.

gionem, quam proxime trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortes quinque in Eburones, quorum pars maxima est inter Mosam ac Rbenum, qui sub imperio Ambiorigis et i His militibus Q. Titurium Catuvolci erant, misit.
20

Sabinum
jussit.

et L.

Ad

Aurunculeium Cottam legatos praeesse hunc modum distributis legionibus, facillime

sese

inopiae
5

frumentariae

mederi

posse

existimavit.

25

Atque harum tamen omnium legionum hiberna, praeter earn quam L. Roscio in pacatissimam et quietissimam partem ducendam dederat, milibus passuum centum
continebantur.
Ipse interea, quoad legiones collocatas hiberna cognovisset, in Gallia morari conmunitaque
stituit.
6

30

25. Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, Huic cujus majores in sua civitate regnum obtinuerant. Caesar, pro ejus virtute atque in se benevolentia, quod

in

rum locum
35

opera fuerat usus, majoTertium jam hunc annum regnantem, inimicis multis palam ex civitate et iis auctoriDefertur ea res ad Caesarem. bus, eum interfecerunt.
bellis singulari ejus
2

omnibus

restituerat.

Ille veritus,

quod ad plures pertinebat, ne

civitas

eorum

h. G. V. 27.]

Colloquy with Ambiorix.

101

impulsu deficeret, L Plancum cum legione ex Belgio celeriter in Carnutes proficisci jubet ibique hiemare
;

quorumque opera cognoverit

Tasgetium
4

interfectum,

hos comprehensos ad se mittere.

Interim ab omnibus
5

legatis quaestoreque, quibus legiones tradiderat, certior factus est in hiberna perventum, locumque hibernis esse

munitum. 26. Diebus

circiter

quindecim, quibus in hiberna ven10

tum
est
sui

est, initium repentini tumultus ac defectionis ortum

ab Ambiorige et Catuvolco qui, cum ad fines regni Sabino Cottaeque praesto fuissent, frumentumque in
;

hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Treveri nuntiis impulsi, suos concitaverunt, subitoque oppressis lignatoribus,

celeriter nostri

magna manu castra oppugnatum venerunt. 2 Cum arma cepissent vallumque adscendissent,
una ex parte Hispanis equitibus
emissis, equestri

15

atque,

proelio superiores fuissent, desperata re hostes suos ab 3 Turn suo more conclamaveoppugnatione reduxerunt. uti ex nostris ad conloquium prodiret runt, aliqui habere sese quae de re communi dicere vellent, quibus
;

20

rebus controversias minui posse sperarent. 27. Mittitur ad eos colloquendi causa C. Arpineius, eques Romanus, familiaris O. Titurii, et Q. Junius ex Hispania quidam, qui jam ante missu Caesaris ad Am2 biorigem ventitare consueverat apud quos Ambiorix ad hunc modum locutus est Sese pro Caesaris in se
; ' :

25

beneficiis

quod ejus opera quod Aduatucis, finitimis suis, pendere consuesset, quodque ei et filius et fratris filius ab Caesare remissi essent quos Aduatuci, obsidum numero missos, apud se in servitute et catenis tenuissent
stipendio liberatus esset
;

plurimum

ei

confiteri debere,

30

id quod fecerit de oppugnatione castrorum, aut aut voluntate sua fecisse, sed coactu civitatis judicio suaque esse ejusmodi imperia, ut non minus haberet

neque

juris in se multitudo
tati

quam

ipse in multitudinem.

Civi- 35

porro hanc fuisse

belli

causam, quod

repentinae

102

Rising
conjurationi

in

Northern Gaul.

[Caesar
id

Gallorum
facile
sit

resistere

non

potuerit

se

ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non adeo imperitus rerum ut suis copiis populum Romanum se

5 Sed esse Galliae commune superare posse confidat. consilium omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppugnandis hunc
;

esse dictum diem, ne qua legio alterae legioni subsidio non facile Gallos Gallis negare potuisse, venire posset praesertim cum de recuperanda communi libertate con;

io satisfecerit,
;

Ouibus quoniam pro pietate habere nunc se rationem officii pro beneficiis Caesaris monere, orare Titurium pro hospitio, ut suae ac militum saluti consulat. Magnam manum Germasilium initum videretur.

norum conductam Rhenum

7

15

transisse hanc adfore biduo. Ipsorum esse consilium, velintne prius quam finitimi sentiant, eductos ex hibernis milites aut ad Ciceronem
;

aut ad

Labienum deducere, quorum

alter milia

passuum

circiter quinquaginta, alter paulo amplius ab iis absit. 8 Illud se polliceri et jurejurando confirmare, tutum iter
20

per fines suos daturum quod cum faciat, et civitati sese consulere quod hibernis levetur, et Caesari pro ejus
;

mentis gratiam Ambiorix.

28.

referre.'

Hac

oratione habita, discedit

deferunt.
25

Arpineius et Junius quae audierunt ad legatos 1 11 i repentina re perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea maxidicebantur, tamen non neglegenda existimabant meque hac re permovebantur, quod civitatem ignobilem atque humilem Eburonum sua sponte populo Romano bellum facere ausam vix erat credendum. 2 Itaque ad
;

consilium rem deferunt

30 controversia.

magnaque

inter eos

exsistit

L.

Aurunculeius compluresque

tribuni

primorum ordinum centuriones nihil temere agendum, neque ex hibernis injussu Caesaris discedendum existimabant 3 quantasvis magnas etiam copias Germanorum sustineri posse munitis hibernis docebant rem
militum
et
:

35

esse testimonio,
ultro vulneribus

quod primum hostium impetum, multis

illatis,

fortissime sustinuerint

4
:

refru-

B. G. V. 30.]

Counsel of Sabinus

to retreat.

103

mentaria non premi interea et ex proximis hibernis et a Caesare conventura subsidia postremo, quid esse levius aut turpius, quam auctore hoste de summis rebus
; ;
'

capere consilium ? facturos' clamitabat, 'cum 29. Contra ea Titurius 'sero majores manus hostium, adjunctis Germanis, convenisaliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernis Brevem consulendi esse occasionem esset acceptum.

sent

aut

cum

Caesarem arbitrari profectum neque Carnutes interficiendi Tasgetii consilium fuisse capturos, neque Eburones, si ille adesset, tanta contemptione 3 Non hostem auctorem nostri ad castra venturos esse. Rhenum sed rem spectare subesse magno esse Ger;

in Italiam

aliter

10

superiores nostras contumeliis acceptis, sub victorias; ardere Galliam, tot populi Romani imperium redactam, superiore gloria rei

manis dolori Ariovisti

mortem

et

15

Postremo, quis hoc sibi persuaderet, sine certa re Ambiorigem ad ejusmodi consilium Suam sententiam in utramque partem descendisse ? si nihil esset durius, nullo cum periculo ad esse tutam
militaris exstincta.
:

20

proximam legionem perventuros Germanis consentiret, unam esse

;

si

Gallia omnis

cum

positam Cottae quidem, atque eorum qui dissentirent, consilium quern habere exitum ? in quo si non praesens periculum, at certe longinqua obsidione fames
salutem.
5

in celeritate

25

esset timenda.'
30. Hac in utramque partem disputatione habita, cum a Cotta primisque ordinibus acriter resisteretur " Vin" si ita vultis," Sabinus, et id clariore voce, cite," inquit, ut magna pars militum exaudiret 2 " neque is sum," in;
:

30

"
quit,

qui gravissime ex vobis mortis periculo terrear

;

hi

sapient
;

si
3

gravius quid acciderit, abs te rationem

reposcent

si per te liceat, perendino die cum hibernis conjuncti, communem cum reliquis belli casum sustineant, non rejecti et relegati longe ab 35 ceteris aut ferro aut fame intereant."

qui,

proximis

104
31.

Attack, on his Line of March.

[Cesar

que, et orant,

comprehendunt utrumConsurgitur ex consilio Ne sua dissensione et pertinacia rem in

;

'

summum periculum deducant facilem esse rem, seu maneant, seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnes sentiant ac probent contra in dissensione nullam se salutem per2 Res disputatione ad mediam noctem perducitur. spicere.'
; ;

Tandem
Sabini.
vigiliis
10

manus superat sententia Pronuntiatur prima luce ituros. 3 Consumitur reliqua pars noctis, cum sua quisque miles cirdat Cotta permotus
;

cumspiceret, quid secum

portare

posset, quid

ex

in-

strumento

relinquere excogitantur, quare nee sine periculo maneatur, et lan-

hibernorum

cogeretur.

Omnia

15

4 Prima guore militum et vigiliis periculum augeatur. luce sic ex castris proficiscuntur ut quibus esset persuasum, non ab hoste sed ab homine amicissimo Ambi-

orige consilium datum, longissimo

agmine maximisque
vigi-

impedimentis.
32.

At

hostes,

posteaquam ex nocturno fremitu

20

liisque de profectione eorum senserunt, collocatis insidiis bipartito in silvis opportuno atque occulto loco, a milibus passuum circiter duobus, Romanorum adventum
et cum se major pars agminis in magexspectabant nam convallem demisisset, ex utraque parte ejus vallis subito se ostenderunt, novissimosque premere et primos
2
;

25

prohibere ascensu, atque iniquissimo nostris loco proelium committere coeperunt. 33. Turn demum Titurius, qui nihil ante providisset, haec trepidare et concursare cohortesque disponere
;

tamen
30 tur
;

ipsa timide atque ut eum omnia deficere viderenquod plerumque iis accidere consuevit, qui in ipso

2 At Cotta, qui conegotio consilium capere coguntur. itinere in haec accidere, atque ob earn posse gitasset causam profectionis auctor non fuisset, nulla in re

communi
stabat.
3

35 militibus imperatoris, et in

saluti deerat, et in appellandis cohortandisque pugna militis officia prae-

Cum

propter longitudinem agminis minus fa-

B. G. V. 35.]

Generalsliip of Ambiorix.
et

105

cile

omnia per se obire

quid quoque loco faciendum

esset providere possent, jusserunt pronuntiare ut impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbem consisterent.
4

Quod
est,

consilium, etsi in ejusmodi casu

reprehendendum
5

non

tamen incommode

accidit

tibus
fecit,

et desperatione id Praeterea accidit, quod fieri necesse erat, ut vulgo milites ab signis discederent, quae quisque eorum carissima baberet ab impedimentis petere

spem minuit, et hostes quod non sine summo timore

5

nam et nostris millad pugnam alacriores ef:

factum videbatur.

10

atque abripere properaret

plerentur.
34.

clamore et

fletu

omnia com-

At

barbaris consilium non defuit.

eorum

tota acie pronuntiare jusserunt,

;

discederet

Nam duces ne quis ab loco illorum esse praedam, atque illis reservari
;

15

proinde omnia in vicreliquissent 2 toria posita existimarent. Erant et virtute et numero pugnando pares nostri tametsi ab duce et a fortuna
;

quaecumque Romani

deserebantur,
;

tamen omnem spem salutis in virtute et ponebant quotiens quaeque cohors procurrerat, ab ea parte magnus numerus hostium cadebat. 3 Qua re animadversa, Ambiorix pronuntiari jubet, ut procul tela
coniciant

20

neu

propius

accedant,
iis

et

quam

in

partem
et
25

Romani impetum

fecerint cedant; levitate

armorum

cotidiana exercitatione nihil

noceri posse: rursus se

ad signa recipientes insequantur. 35. Quo praecepto ab iis diligentissime observato, cum quaepiam cohors ex orbe excesserat atque impetum
fecerat,

Interim earn ab latere aperto tela 2 Rursus, cum in eum locum unde erant egressi recipi. reverti coeperant, et ab iis qui cesserant et ab iis qui proximi steterant circumveniebantur sin autem locum tenere vellent, nee virtuti locus relinquebatur neque ab
hostes

velocissime

refugiebant.
et

partem nudari necesse

erat,

30

tanta multitudine conjecta tela conferti vitare poterant. Tamen tot incommodis conflictati, multis vulneribus

35

106

Surrender of Sabinus.
;

[Cesar

acceptis, resistebant

et, magna parte diei consumpta, a prima luce ad horam octavam pugnaretur, nihil 4 Turn T. quod ipsis esset indignum committebant.

cum

Balventio, qui superiore

5

viro forti et
traicitur
;

anno primum pilum duxerat, utrumque femur tragula Q. Lucanius, ejusdem ordinis, fortissime pug-

magnae

auctoritatis,

circumvento filio subvenit, interficitur; L. Cotta legatus, omnes cohortes ordinesque adhortans, in adversum os funda vulneratur.
nans,
10

dum

His rebus permotus Q. Titurius, cum procul Ambiorigem suos cohortantem conspexisset, interpretem
36.

suum Cn. Pompeium ad eum

2

mittit,

rogatum ut
:

sibi
'

15

Ule appellatus respondit Si velit secum colloqui, licere sperare a multitudine impetrari posse, quod ad militum salutem pertineat ipsi
militibusque parcat.
;

vero nihil nocitum

3

iri,

inque earn

rem

se

suam fidem

saucio communicat, si excedant et cum Ambiorige una pugna ab eo de sua ac militum salute colloquantur sperare,
interponere.'
Ille

cum Cotta

videatur,

ut

20

Cotta se ad armatum hostem iturum impetrare posse. in eo perseverat. negat, atque

37.

Sabinus, quos in praesentia tribunos militum

se habebat, et
;

cir-

cum
25

primorum ordinum centuriones, se

propius

sequi jubet

et,

cum

Ambiorigem
facit,

accessisset,

jussus arma

abicere,

imperatum

2 faciant imperat. Interim, dum se agunt, longiorque consulto ab

suisque ut idem de condicionibus inter

Ambiorige

instituitur

sermo, paulatim circumventus interficitur. 3 Turn vero suo more victoriam conclamant, atque ululatum tollunt
;

30

impetuque in nostros facto ordines perturbant. Ibi L. Cotta pugnans interficitur cum maxima parte militum. 4 Reliqui se in castra recipiunt unde erant egressi ex
:

quibus L. Petrosidius aquilifer,

35

cum magna

multitudine

hostium premeretur, aquilam intra vallum projecit, ipse 5 111 pro castris fortissime pugnans occiditur. aegre noctu ad unura ad noctem oppugnationem sustinent
i
:

B. G. V. 40.]

Attack upon Quintns

Cicero.

107

omnes, desperata salute, se ipsi interficiunt. Pauci, ex proelio lapsi, incertis itineribus per silvas ad T. Labie-

num

legatum

in

hiberna perveniunt, atque

eum de

rebus

gestis certiorem faciunt. 38. Hac victoria sublatus

Ambiorix statim cum equierant

ejus

regno finitirai, neque noctem neque diem intermittit, proficiscitur 2 Re demonstrata, Adupeditatumque subsequi jubet. atucisque concitatis, postero die in Nervios pervenit, hortaturque ne sui in perpetuum liberandi, atque
qui
;

tatu

in

Aduatucos,

10

ulciscendi

Romanos pro
3
;

iis

quas acceperint
esse
interisse

injuriis,

occasionem dimittant

interfectos

legatos

duo,
;

magnamque partem
Cicerone hiemet
adjutorem.

exercitus

demonstrat

nihil esse negotii subito

oppressam legionem quae cum

;

interfici

se ad

earn

rem

profitetur

15

Facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet. 39. Itaque confestim dimissis nuntiis ad Ceutrones, Grudios, Levacos, Pleumoxios, Geidunnos, qui omnes
20

sub eorum imperio sunt, quam maximas manus possunt cogunt, et de improviso ad Ciceronis hiberna advolant, nondum ad eum fama de Titurii morte perlata. 2 Huic
accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut nonnulli milites, qui lignationis munitionisque causa in silvas discessis-

quoque

3 His equitum adventu interciperentur. circumventis, magna raanu Eburones, Nervii, Aduatuci,

sent, repentino

25

atque horum omnium socii et clientes legionem oppugnare incipiunt. Nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum conscendunt. 4 Aegre is dies sustentatur, quod

omnem spem
adepti

victoriam, in fidebant.
40. Mittuntur ad
litterae,

hostes in celeritate ponebant, atque, hanc perpetuum se fore victores con- 30

Caesarem confestim ab Cicerone

:

sessis

magnis propositis praemiis si pertulissent obomnibus viis, missi intercipiuntur. 2 Noctu ex ea

turres 35
;

materia

quam munitionis causa comportaverant, admodum cxx excitantur incredibili celeritate

quae

108

Cicero's

Brave and Prudent Conduct.

[Cesar

3 Hobtes postero multo coactis castra die, majoribus copiis, oppugnant, fossam complent. Eadem ratione qua pridie ab nostris hoc idem deinceps reliquis fit diebus. 4 Nulla resistitur

deesse operi videbantur perficiuntur.

pars nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur

aegris,

non

non

vulneratis,

facultas

quietis

datur.

Quae-

diei oppugnationem opus sunt, noctu multae praeustae sudes, magnus muralium comparantur turres contabulantur pilorum numerus instituitur
:

cumque ad proximi

io

4 pinnae loricaeque ex cratibus attexuntur. Ipse Cicero, valetudine tenuissima cum esset, ne nocturnum quidem sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat, ut ultro militum

15

concursu ac vocibus sibi parcere cogeretur. 41. Tunc duces principesque Nerviorum, qui aliquem sermonis aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerone 2 Facta potestate, habebant, colloqui sese velle dicunt.

eadem quae Ambiorix cum Titurio egerat commemorant omnem esse in armis Galliam, Germanos Rhenum
:

transisse,
20
3

Caesaris

reliquorumque
;

hiberna oppugnari.

Addunt etiam de Sabini morte

Ambiorigem
si

osten-

tant fidei faciendae causa.

quam ab
sese

Errare eos dicunt, quichis praesidii sperent qui suis rebus diffidant
;

tamen hoc esse

animo, ut nihil

in

manum
25

Ciceronem populumque Ronisi hiberna recusent, atque hanc

nolint
;

inveterascere

consuetudinem
sine

licere
et
4

illis

incoin

lumibus per se ex hibernis discedere,

partes
velint

quascumque
Cicero ad

metu
'
:

proficisci.

haec

unum modo
30

esse consuetudinem populi respondit Romani, accipere ab hoste armato condicionem si ab

;

Non

armis discedere velint, se adjutore utantur legatosque ad Caesarem mittant sperare, pro ejus justitia, quae
;

petierint impetraturos.'

35

hac spe.repulsi Nervii vallo pedum novem et 2 Haec et fossa pedum quindecim hiberna cingunt. nobis cognovesuperiorum annorum consuetudine ab ab his habebant de exercitu et captivos, rant, quosdam
42.

Ab

B. G. V. 44-]

Furious Attack of the Gauls.

109

docebantur: sed nulla ferramentorum copia quae esset ad hunc usum idonea, gladiis cespitem circumcidere, 3 Qua manibus sagulisque terram exhaurire nitebantur. ex re hominum multitudo cognosci potuit nam

quidem minus horis tribus milium passuum xv

;

in circuitu

mu-

nitionem perfecerunt reliquisque diebus turres ad altitudinem valli, falces testudinesque, quas iidem captivi
docuerant, parare ac facere coeperunt.
43.

Septimo oppugnationis
fusili

die,

maximo

ferventes
jacula
tectae,
in

ex argilla glandes
2

coorto vento, fundis et fervefacta

10

casas,

quae more Gallico

stramentis

erant

Hae celeriter ignem jacere coeperunt. omnem locum prehenderunt, et venti magnitudine in
Hostes maximo clamore,
victoria,
sic

com-

castrorum distulerunt.
uti

parta

jam atque explorata

turres

testu- 15

dinesque agere et scalis vallum ascendere coeperunt. At tanta militum virtus atque ea praesentia animi
fuit
ut,

cum undique flamma

torrerentur,

telorum multitudine

premerentur,

suaque

maximaque omnia im20

pedimenta atque omnes fortunas conflagrare intellenon modo demigrandi causa de vallo decederet nemo, sed paene ne respiceret quidem quisquam ac 4 Hie turn omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnarent. sed tamen hunc dies nostris longe gravissimus fuit habuit eventum, ut eo die maximus numerus hostium
gerent,
; ;

25

vulneraretur atque interficeretur, ut se sub ipso vallo constipaverant recessumque primis ultimi non dabant.
5

Paulum quidem intermissa flamma,

et

quodam

loco

adacta et contingente vallum, tertiae cohortis centuriones ex eo quo stabant loco recesserunt, suosque 30
turri

omnes removerunt
vellent

nemo.
44.

nutu vocibusque hostes si introire vocare coeperunt, quorum progredi ausus est Turn ex omni parte lapidibus conjectis detur;

bati, turrisque

succisa

est.

ea legione fortissimi viri centuriones, 35 L. qui primis ordinibus appropinquarent, T. Pulio et

Erant

in

10

Brave Rivalry of Pulio and Vorenus,

[Cesar

Vorenus.

quinam
ad
"
5

anteferretur,

Hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant omnibusque annis de locis summis

2

simultatibus contendebant.

Ex
"

his Pulio,

cum

acerrime

munitiones
?

Vorene
?

pugnaretur, Quid inquit, aut quern locum tuae probandae virtutis exdubitas,"

spectas
3

hie

dies

de nostris controversiis judicabit."

Haec cum

dixisset, procedit extra munitiones,

quaque

pars
ro

hostium

confertissima
turn

est

visa,

irrumpit.
4

Vorenus quidem
veritus

sese vallo continet, sed

Ne omnium

Mediocri spasubsequitur. tio relicto, Pulio pilum in hostes immittit, atque unum
ex
et

existimationem

multitudine

procurrentem
scutis

traicit

exanimato, hunc

protegunt, in

quo percusso hostem tela

15

universi coniciunt, neque dant regrediendi facultatem. Transfigitur scutum Pulioni, et verutum in balteo de-

figitur.

conanti dextram moratur

circumsistunt.
6

Avertit hie casus vaginam, et gladium educere manum, impeditumque hostes

Succurrit inimicus
illi

Vorenus
a

et la-

boranti
20

subvenit.
7

Ad

hunc
;

se

confestim

Pulione

omnis multitudo convertit

cisum.

ilium veruto arbitrantur ocgerit

Gladio comminus rem

Vorenus, atque
;

uno

interfecto reliquos
in

paulum

locum dejectus rursus circumvento fert subsidium

instat,
2S

dum cupidius propellit 8 Huic inferiorem concidit.

Pulio,

atque

ambo

laude incolumes, compluribus interfectis, 9 sese intra munitiones recipiunt. Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque versavit, ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, neque dijudicari posset
uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur.

summa cum

45-

Quanto

erat in dies gravior atque asperior

oppug-

natio, et

maxime quod, magna

parte militum confecta

vulneribus, res ad

paucitatem defensorum pervenerat, tanto crebriores litterae nuntiique ad Caesarem mittebantur quorum pars deprehensa in conspectu nostro;

35

rum militum cum

2 cruciatu necabatur. Erat unus intus nomine loco natus honesto, qui a Vertico, Nervius,

B. G. V. 48.]

Cccsar sends Relief.

1 1 1

prima obsidione ad Ciceronem perfugerat, suamque ei fidem praestiterat. 3 Hie servo spe libertatis magnisque persuader, praemiis, ut litteras ad Caesarem deferat.

Has
sine

ille

in jaculo illigatas effert

et Gallus inter Gallos

5

Ab

suspicione versatus ad Caesarem pervenit. eo de periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur.

ulla

46. Caesar, acceptis litteris hora circiter xi diei, statim nuntium in Bellovacos ad M. Crassum quaestorem
mittit, cujus
4 2

jubet media nocte legionem

hiberna aberant ab eo milia passuum xxv proficisci, celeriterque ad

10

se venire.

Exit

cum

nuntio Crassus.

Alterum ad C.
fines

Fabium legatum

mittit, ut in

Atrebatium

legionem

3 Scribit Labiadducat, qua sibi iter faciendum sciebat. eno si reipublicae commodo facere posset, cum legione

ad fines Nerviorum veniat

quod

paulo aberat
circiter

equites
colligit.

reliquam partem exercitus, longius, non putat exspectandam quadringentos ex proximis hibernis
: :

15

47.

Hora

circiter

tertia

ab antecursoribus de Crassi
20

adventu certior factus, eo die milia passuum viginti pro2 cedit. Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit legionemque
attribuit,

quod

ibi

impedimenta

exercitus, obsides civi-

tatum, litteras publicas, frumentumque omne quod eo 3 Fatolerandae hiemis causa devexerat, relinquebat.

multum moratus, in Labienus, interitu Sabini et caede cohortium cognita, cum omnes ad eum Treverorum copiae venissent, veritus, si ex hibernis
bius, ut

imperatum

erat,

non

ita
4

25

itinere

cum

legione occurrit.

fugae similem profectionem fecisset, ut hostium impe-

quos recenti victoria quanto cum rem periculo legionem ex hibernis educturus esset gestam in Eburonibus perscribit docet omnes equitaposset, praesertim
litteras
efferri

tum sustinere
sciret,

30

Caesari

remittit,

tus peditatusque copias Treverorum longe ab suis castris consedisse.

tria milia

passuum
35

48. Caesar, consilio ejus probato, etsi opinione trium

1 1

The Gauls turn upon

Ccesar.

[Cesar

legionum dejectus ad duas redierat, tamen unum communis salutis auxilium in celeritate ponebat. 2 Venit magnis itineribus in Nerviorum fines. Ibi ex captivis cognoscit quae apud Ciceronem gerantur, quantoque in 3 Tum cuidam ex equitibus Gallis periculo res sit. magnis praemiis persuadet uti ad Ciceronem epistolam 4 deferat. Hanc Graecis conscriptam litteris mittit, ne intercepta epistola nostra ab hostibus consilia cognoscantur.
5

Si adire

non

possit,

monet

ut tragulam

cum

10 epistola

ad

amentum

rura abiciat.
6

deligata intra munitionem castroIn litteris scribit se cum legionibus pro;

fectum celeriter ad fore

retineat.

hortatur ut pristinam virtutem

Gall us periculum veritus, ut erat praeceptum,

15

tragulam mittit. Haec casu ad turrim adhaesit, neque ab nostris biduo animadversa, tertio die a quodam milite 7 Ule perconspicitur; dempta ad Ciceronem defertur.
lectam in conventu militum
laetitia afficit.

recitat,

maximaque omnes

tur,

Turn fumi incendiorum procul videbanres omnem dubitationem adventus legionum quae

20 expulit.

25

obsidionem read Caesarem omnibus linquunt copiis contendunt haec erant armata circiter milia sexaginta. 2 Cicero, data facilitate, Galium ab eodem Verticone quern supra demonstravimus repetit, qui litteras ad Caesarem refe49. Galli, re cognita per exploratores,
; :

rat

hunc admonet

iter

caute diligenterque faciat

per-

scribit in litteris hostes

ab se discessisse,
3

omnemque ad

eum multitudinem
ter
30

convertisse. Quibus litteris circimedia nocte Caesar allatis, suos facit certiores, eos4 Postero die luce que ad dimicandum animo confirmat. milia movet et circiter castra, passuum quattuor prima progressus, trans vallem et rivum multitudinem hostium

Erat rhagni periculi res tantulis copiis conspicatur. dimicare loco turn, quoniam obsidione liberainiquo
:

35 turn

Ciceronem

sciebat,
6

celeritate existimabat.

aequo animo remittendum de Consedit, et quam aequissimo

B. G. V. 51.]

Ccesar invites

and

repels their Attack.

13

loco potest castra communit. exigua per se, vix hominum

Atque

haec,

etsi

erant

tim nullis

milium septem, praesercum impedimentis, tamen angustiis viarum

"'

quam maxime

mam

potest contrahit, eo consilio ut in sumInterim, specucontemptionem hostibus veniat.

partes dimissis, explorat dissime itinere valles transiri possit.

50.
factis,

latoribus in

omnes

quo commo-

Eo

parvulis equestribus proeliis ad aquam Galli, quod utrique sese suo loco continent
die,
:

exspectaampliores copias bant Caesar, si forte timoris simulatione hostes in suum locum elicere posset, ut citra vallem pro castris proelio
;

quae nondum convenerant

10

id efficere non posset, ut, exploratis si cum periculo vallem rivumque transminore itineribus, 2 Prima luce hostium equitatus ad castra accedit, iret.

contenderet

15

proeliumque cum nostris equitibus committit.

Caesar

consulto equites cedere seque in castra recipere jubet; simul ex omnibus partibus castra altiore vallo muniri, portasque obstrui, atque in his administrandis rebus

quam maxime
moris jubet.

concursari et

cum

simulatione

agi

ti-

51. Quibus omnibus rebus hostes invitati, copias traducunt, aciemque iniquo loco constituunt nostris vero etiam de vallo deductis propius accedunt, et tela intra munitionem ex omnibus partibus coniciunt, praeconibusque circummissis pronuntiari jubent, seu quis Gallus
;

25

seu

Romanus

velit
;

ante horam tertiam ad se transire,

sine periculo licere post id tempus non fore potesta2 tem. Ac sic nostros contempserunt, ut, obstructis in

speciem portis singulis ordinibus cespitum, quod ea non posse introrumpere videbantur, alii vallum manu scin3 Turn Caesar, dere, alii fossas complere inciperent.

omnibus
leriter

portis eruptione facta equitatuque emisso, cehostes in fugam dat, sic uti omnino pugnandi

causa resisteret
occidit,

nemo

magnumque ex
8

iis

numerum

35

atque omnes armis exuit.

U4

Effects of

tJie

Victory

and Disaster.

[Cesar

52. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque intercedebant, neque etiam parvulo detrimento illorum

locum relinqui videbat, omnibus suis incolumibus copiis, eodem die ad Ciceronem pervenit. 2 Institutas turres, testudines, munitionesque hostium admiratur: legione producta, cognoscit non decimum quemque esse reliquum militem sine vulnere. 3 Ex his omnibus judicat rebus,
quanto cum
administratae
periculo et
:

quanta cum virtute res sint Ciceronem pro ejus merito legionemque

10

centuriones singillatim tribunosque militum appellat, quorum egregiam fuisse virtutem testimonio Ciceronis cognoverat. 4 De casu Sabini et Cottae certius ex captivis cognoscit. Postero die contione habita,
collaudat
;

rem gestam proponit, milites consolatur et confirmat quod detrimentum culpa et temeritate legati sit acceptum, hoc aequiore animo ferendum docet, quod, beneficio deorum immortalium et virtute eorum expiato incommodo, neque hostibus diutina laetatio neque ipsis
:

longior dolor relinquatur.

20

leritate

Interim ad Labienum per Remos incredibili cede victoria Caesaris fama perfertur ut cum ab hibernis Ciceronis milia passuum abesset circiter sexa53.
;

ginta,

ante
25

eoque post horam nonam diei Caesar pervenisset, mediam noctem ad portas castrorum clamor oreresignificatio victoriae gratulatioque
2

tur,

quo clamore

ab

Remis Labieno

fieret.

Hac fama ad Treveros

perlata,

Indutiomarus, qui postero die castra Labieni oppugnare decreverat, noctu profugit copiasque omnes in Treveros 3 Caesar Fabium cum sua legione remittit in reducit.
3

hiberna, ipse cum tribus legionibus circum Samarobrivam trinis hibernis hiemare constituit et, quod tanti
;

motus Galliae exstiterant, totam hiemem ipse ad exercitum manere decrevit. 4 Nam, illo incommodo de Sabini morte perlato, omnes fere Galliae civitates de bello con35

sultabant

nuntios legationesque
;

in

omnes

partes di-

mittebant

et

quid

reliqui consilii

caperent atque unde

B. G. V. 55.]

Restless

Temper of the Gauls.

in

115
locis

initium

belli

fieret

explorabant, nocturnaque
5

desertis concilia habebant.

Neque ullum
Caesaris

fere

totius

hiemis

tempus sine

sollicitudine

intercessit,

ac motu Gallorum nuntium quin aliquem de consiliis 6 his ab L. Roscio [quaestore], quern leIn acciperet.
certior factus est, maggioni tertiaedecimae praefecerat, nas Gallorum copias earum civitatum quae Armoricae

appellantur oppugnandi octo longius milia passuum

sed, nuntio allato

causa convenisse, neque ab hibernis suis abfuisse, de victoria Caesaris, discessisse adeo
sui cuj usque civitatis ad
se

10

ut fugae similis discessus videretur.

54.

At

Caesar, principibus

evocatis, alias territando

nuntiaret, alias
officio

tenuit.

cum se scire quae fierent decohortando, magnam partem Galliae in 2 Tamen Senones, quae est civitas im-

15

primis firma et magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis, Cavarinum, quern Caesar apud eos regem constituerat (cuj us

Moritasgus adventu in Galliam Caesaris, cuj usque majores regnum obtinuerant), interficere publico confrater

cum ille praesensisset ac profugisset, usque ad fines insecuti regno domoque expulerunt 3 et, missis ad Caesarem satisfaciendi causa legatis, cum is omsilio conati,
;

20

nem ad
fuerunt.

se
4

senatum venire

jussisset, dicto audientes

non
25

Tantum apud homines barbaros

belli,

valuit esse

aliquos repertos principes inferendi

tantamque omut

nibus voluntatum commutationem

attulit,

praeter

Haeduos

et

habuit, alteros

Remos, quos praecipuo semper honore Caesar pro vetere ac perpetua erga populum
pro recentibus Gallici belli officiis 5 merit non suspecta nobis. Idque
30

nulla fere civitas

Romanum

fide, alteros

adeo haud scio mirandumne sit, cum compluribus aliis de causis, turn maxime quod ei qui virtute belli omnibus
gentibus praeferebantur, tantum se ejus opinionis deperdidisse ut a populo Romano imperia perferrent, gravissime dolebant.
5$. Treveri

35

vero

atque Indutiomarus totius hiemis

n6

Gallic

Levy

Labienus

is threatened.

[Cesar

Rhenum legatos mitterent, civitates sollicitarent, pecunias pollicerentur, magna parte exercitus nostri interfecta, multo
nullum tempus intermiserunt, quin trans

minorem superesse dicerent partem.

5

ulli civitati

transiret,

Neque tamen Germanorum persuacleri potuit ut Rhenum cum se bis expertos dicerent, Ariovisti bello, et
3

Tencterorum transitu
taturos.

Hac

non esse amplius fortunam tempspe lapsus Indutiomarus, nihilo minus

:

io

copias cogere, exercere, a finitimis equos parare, exsules damnatosque tota Gallia magnis praemiis ad se allicere

Ac tantam sibi jam his rebus in Gallia auctoricoepit. tatem comparaverat, ut undique ad eum legationes concurrerent, gratiam atque amicitiam publice privatimque
peterent
15

Ubi intellexit ultro ad se veniri, altera ex parte Senones Carnutesque conscientia facinoris instigari, altera Nervios Aduatucosque bellum Romanis parare,
56.

neque
20

sibi

progredi

more initium belli, quo lege communi omnes puberes armati convenire consuerunt qui ex iis novissimus venit, in conspectu multitudinis omnibus
;

coepisset, Gallorum est

voluntariorum copias defore si ex finibus suis armatum concilium indicit. 2 Hoc

25

In eo concilio Cingetoprincipem factionis, generum suum, quern supra demonstravimus Caesaris secutum fidem ab eo non discessisse, hostem judicat bonaque ejus publicat. 4 His rebus confectis, in concilio pronuntiat, arcessitum se a Senonibus et Carnutibus aliisque compluribus Galliae civitatibus hue iturum per fines Remorum, eorumcruciatibus affectus necatur.

rigem,

alterius

30

ac prius quam id faciat, agros populaturum castra Labieni oppugnaturum quae fieri velit praecipit. 57. Labienus, cum et loci natura et manu munitissi-

que

mis castris sese teneret, de suo ac legionis periculo nihil timebat ne quam occasionem rei bene gerendae dimit;

35 teret

2 Itaque, a Cingetorige atque ejus procogitabat. pinquis oratione Indutiomari cognita, quam in concilio

B. G. V. 58.]

Rashness and Death of Indutiomarus.

17

habuerat, nuntios mittit ad finitimas civitates, equitcsque his certum diem conveniendi dicit. undique evocat
:

;;

Interim prope cotidie

alias

cum omni

equitatu Indutiomarus
ut

sub castris ejus vagabatur,

cognosceret,

alias

situm castrorum
:

colloquendi aut territandi causa equites plerumque oranes tela intra vallum coniciebant. 4 Labienus suos intra munitionem continebat, timorisque

opinionem quibuscumque poterat rebus augebat. 58. Cum majore in dies contemptione Indutiomarus
accederet, nocte una, intromissis equitibus finitimarum civitatum, quos arcessendos curaverat, tanta diligentia omnes suos custodiis intra castra continuit, ut nulla ratione ea res enuntiari aut ad Treve-

ad

castra

10

omnium

ros

perferri

posset.

Interim ex consuetudine cotidi15

ana Indutiomarus ad castra accedit, atque ibi magnam partem diei consumit equites tela coniciunt, et magna cum contumelia verborum nostros ad pugnam evocant. Nullo ab nostris dato responso, ubi visum est sub ves;

3 Subito Labienus dispersi ac dissipati discedunt. duabus portis omnem equitatum emittit praecipit atque interdicit, proterritis hostibus atque in fugam conjectis

perum

2c

(quod fore sicut accidit videbat),

unum omnes

peterent

neu quis quern prius vulneret, quam ilium interfectum viderit, quod mora reliquorum spatium nactum ilium efFugere nolebat magna proponit iis qui

Indutiomarum

occiderint
sidio.
4

praemia

Comprobat unum omnes peterent,

tra
:

submittit cohortes equitibus subhominis consilium fortuna et cum

;

in ipso fluminis

vado deprehensus
30

Indutiomarus interficitur, caputque ejus refertur in casredeuntes equites quos possunt consectantur atque

occidunt.

Hac

re cognita,

omnes Eburonum
;

et

Nervi-

orum quae convenerant copiae discedunt

pauloque

habuit post id factum Caesar quietiorem Galliam.

Ii8

Precautions against an Expected Rising.

C ^ SAR

BOOK
tinue,

VI.

Second Expedition into Germany.

Disturbances

con-

and are evidently kept up by understanding with the Germans. Caesar accordingly, having disarmed the Nervii, the Treveri also being defeated by Labienus, decides again to cross the Rhine (i-io). Here follows a long and interesting description of the people and customs of Gaul (11-20); and a very curious
account of the Germans, with descriptions, half fabulous, of the Hercynian Wood and the wild beasts there inhabiting, the rein-

and buffalo (21-28). Finding the country mostly a wilderness, Caesar returns to Gaul, where the force of Ambiorix is crushed, and the territory of the Eburones ravaged (29-34). A dangerous attack by the Sigambri, a German tribe from over the
deer, elk,

Rhine,

is

military severities

After inflicting repelled by Caesar's advance (35-42). upon the resisting tribes, he returns to Italy,

leaving the Province, as he thinks, fully subdued (43, 44).

de causis Caesar majorem Galliae motum exspectans, per M. Silanum C. Antistium Reginum T. Sextium legatos delectum habere instituit 2 simul ab Cn. Pompeio proconsule petit, quoniam ipse ad urbem cum imperio reipublicae causa remaneret, quos ex Cisalpina Gallia consulis sacramento rogavisset, ad signa convenire et ad se proficisci juberet 3 magni interesse etiam in reliquum tempus ad opinionem Galliae existi-*-*-!: ;

TV/TULTIS

mans, tantas videri

to

Italiae facultates, ut,

si

quid esset

in

bello detrimenti
resarciri,
4

acceptum, non modo

id brevi

tempore

sed etiam majoribus

adaugeri copiis posset.

dilectu,

Quod cum Pompeius

celeriter

et reipublicae et amicitiae tribu-

isset,

confecto

per suos

tribus

ante

15

exactam hiemem et constitutis et adductis legionibus, duplicatoque earum cohortium numero quas cum Q.
Titurio amiserat, et celeritate et copiis docuit quid populi

Romani

disciplina atque opes possent.

B. G. VI. 4-]

The Gauls submit.

119

Interfecto Indutiomaro, ut docuimus, ad ejus propinquos a Treveris imperium defertur. Illi finitimos
2.

Germanos
2

Cum

sollicitare et pecuniam polliceri non desistunt. ab proximis impetrare non possent, ulteriores

jurejurando obsidibusque de pecunia cavent Ambiorigem sibi societate et foedere adjungunt. 3 Quibus rebus cognitis, Caesar, cum undique bellum
temptant.
inter se confirmant,
:

Inventis

nonnullis

civitatibus,

Aduatucos ac Menapios, adjunctis Cisrhenanis omnibus Germanis, esse in armis, Senones ad imperatum non venire et cum Carnutibus finitimisque
parari videret, Nervios,
civitatibus consilia

10

crebris

communicare, a Treveris Germanos legationibus sollicitari, maturius sibi de bello

putavit.
15

cogitandum
3.

Itaque, nondum hieme confecta, proximis quattuor coactis legionibus, de improviso in fines Nerviorum contendit, et

prius

quam

illi

aut convenire aut profugere

possent, magno pecoris atque hominum numero capto atque ea praeda militibus concessa, vastatisque agris,
2

sibi dare coegit. 20 celeriter confecto negotio, rursus in hiberna legiones reduxit. Concilio Galliae primo vere, uti instituerat,

in

deditionem venire atque obsides

Eo

Senones, Carnutes, Treveac defectionis hoc esse initium belli rosque, venissent, ut omnia arbitratus, postponere videretur, concilium
indicto,
reliqui praeter

cum

25

Lutetiam Parisiorum

transfert.

Confines erant hi Se;

nonibus, civitatemque patrum memoria conjunxerant Hac re sed ab hoc consilio abfuisse existimabantur.

pro suggestu pronuntiata,

eodem

die

cum

legionibus in
30

Senones
4.
silii

proficiscitur.

magnisque

itineribus eo pervenit.

Cognito ejus adventu, Acco, qui princeps ejus confuerat, jubet in oppida multitudinem convenire:

conantibus, prius quam id effici posset, adesse Romanos 2 nuntiatur. Necessario sententia desistunt, legatosque

deprecandi

causa ad

Caesarem mittunt

Haeduos, quorum

antiquitus erat in fide civitas.

adeunt per 3 Liben-

35

120

Terms required of

the Menapii.

[Cesar

ter Caesar, petentibus

nemque

accipit,

Haeduis, dat veniam excusatioaestivum quod tempus instantis belli,

;

non quaestionis, esse arbitrabatur obsidibus imperatis centum, hos Haeduis custodiendos tradit. 3 Eodem Cars

obsidesque mittunt, usi deprecatoribus Remis, quorum erant in clientela eadem ferunt responsa. Peragit concilium Caesar, equitesque imperat
legatos
:

nutes

civitatibus.
5.

Hac

parte Galliae pacata, totus et

mente
insistit.

et

animo
Cavari-

IO in bellum

Treverorum

et

Ambiorigis

cum equitatu Senonum secum proficisci jubet, ne aut ex hujus iracundia, aut ex eo quod meruerat quis motus existat. 2 His rebus constitutis, civitatis odio,
nura
i

quod pro explorato habebat Ambiorigem proelio non esse concertaturum, reliqua ejus consilia animo circumspiciebat.
3

Erant Menapii propinqui Eburonum

finibus,

perpetuis paludibus silvisque muniti, qui uni ex Gallia de pace ad Caesarem legatos numquam miserant. Cum
his esse hospitium Ambiorigi sciebat item per Treve4 in Germanis amicitiam ros venisse Haec cognoverat. 20 illi detrahenda auxilia existimabat prius quam ipsum
:

bello lacesseret

ne, desperata salute, aut se in

Mena-

pios abderet aut

5

cum Transrhenanis
totius
mittit,

Hoc

inito

consilio,

exercitus

congredi cogeretur. impedimenta ad

25

Labienum

in

Treveros

proficisci jubet ; ipse in Menapios proficiscitur.

cum

duasque legiones ad eum legionibus expeditis quinque 6 Illi, nulla coacta manu, loci

praesidio freti, in silvas paludesque confugiunt suaque eodem conferunt.

-,

6.

Caesar, partitis copiis

cum

C. Fabio legato et

M.

35

Crasso quaestore, celeriterque effectis pontibus, adit tripartite, aedificia vicosque incendit, magno pecoris atque hominum numero potitur. 2 Quibus rebus coacti MenaIlle, pii legatos ad eum pacis petendae causa mittunt. obsidibus acceptis, hostium se habiturum numero confirmat, si aut

Ambiorigem aut

ejus legatos finibus suis

B. G. VI.

8. J

Labienus invites an Attack.

3

121

His confirmatis rebus, Commium Atrebatem cum equitatu custodis loco in Menapiis relinquit
recepissent. ipse in
7.
;

Treveros proficiscitur. Dum haec a Caesare geruntur, Treveri, magnis

peditatus

coactis

equitatusque copiis, Labienum

cum

una legione quae in eorum finibus hiemaverat adoriri bidui via aberant, parabant jamque ab eo non longius
:

cum duas
2

Positis castris

venisse legiones missu Caesaris cognoscunt. a milibus passuum quindecim, auxilia

10

Labienus, hosexspectare constituunt. tium cognito consilio, sperans temeritate eorum fore aliquam dimicandi facultatem, praesidio quinque cohor-

Germanorum

tium impedimentis

relicto,

cum xxv
castra

cohortibus magno;

que

equitatu passuum intermisso

inter

contra

hostem
spatio,

proficiscitur

et,
3

mille

communit.

Erat

15

Labienum atque hostem

difficili

transitu flumen

Hoc neque ipse transire habebat ripisque praeruptis. in animo, neque hostes transituros existimabat. Augebatur auxiliorum cotidie spes.
4

Loquitur

in concilio pa20

lam

Quoniam Germani appropinquare dicantur, sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,
' :

et postero die

5 Celeriter prima luce castra moturum.' haec ad hostes deferuntur, ut ex magno Gallorum equi-

tum numero nonnullos

6

Gallicis rebus favere natura noctu tribunis militum primisque Labienus, cogebat. ordinibus convocatis, quid sui sit consilii proponit, et, quo facilius hostibus timoris det suspicionem, majore

25

strepitu et tumultu quam populi Romani fert consue' His rebus fugae similem tudo castra moveri jubet.

profectionem

efficit.

Haec quoque per

lucem
runtur.
8.

in tanta propinquitate

exploratores ante castrorum ad hostes defe-

30

Vix agmen novissimum extra munitiones processecohortati inter se ne speratam praedam Galli ex manibus demitterent longum esse, perterritis Rorat,

cum

35

manis,

Germanorum auxilium exspectare

neque suam

122

Victory of Labicnus.

[Cesar

pati dignitatem, ut tantis copiis tam exiguam manum praesertim fugientem atque impeditam adoriri non audeflumen transire et iniquo loco committere proelium ant

2 non dubitant. Quae fore suspicatus Labienus, ut omnes citra flumen eliceret, eadem usus simulatione
3

itineris,

placide progrediebatur.
in
"

Tum,

praemissis paucollocatis,

lum impedimentis atque

"

tumulo quodam

Habetis," inquit,

milites,

quam

petistis

facultatem
:

io

hostem impedito atque iniquo loco tenetis praestate eandem nobis ducibus virtutem quam saepenumero
atque adesse ilium et haec imperatori praestitistis coram cernere existimate." 4 Simul signa ad hostem converti aciemque dirigi jubet; et, paucis turmis prae;

sidio ad
15

impedimenta
5

20

spem quos fugere viderunt, impetum modo ferre non potuerunt, ac primo concursu in fugam 6 Ouos Labienus conjecti proximas silvas petierunt. numero consectatus, interfecto, commagno equitatu
Illi,

disponit. tes immittunt.

dimissis, reliquos equites ad latera Celeriter nostri, clamore sublato, pila in hos-

ubi

praeter

credebant infestis signis ad se

ire

pluribus

captis,

paucis

post

diebus civitatem

recepit.

Nam
rorum
25

Germani, qui auxilio veniebant, percepta Treve7 his profuga, sese domum receperunt.

Cum

pinqui Indutiomari, qui comitati eos ex civitate excesserunt.

defectionis

auctores

fuerant,

Cingetorigi, quern

ab

initio

permansisse in

officio

demonstravimus, princi-

pals atque imperium

9.

est traditum.

Caesar, postquam ex Menapiis in Treveros venit, duabus de causis Rhenum transire constituit quarum
:

30

una erat quod

tera,

auxilia contra se Treveris miserant

al-

ne

ad

constitutis

exercitum

Ambiorix receptum haberet. 2 His rebus, paulum supra eum locum quo ante Nota traduxerat facere pontem instituit.
eos

35

atque instituta ratione, magno militum studio, paucis diebus opus efficitur. 3 Firmo in Treveris ad pontem praesidio relicto, ne quis ab his subito motus oreretur,

B. G. VI.

i.J

CcBsar crosses the Rhine.

4

123

Ubii, qui ante obsides dederant atque in deditionem venerant, purgandi sui causa ad eum legatos mittunt, qui doceant, neque auxilia ex sua civitate in Treveros missa, neque ab se

reliquas copias equitatumque traducit.

fidem laesam

5
:

communi

odio

petunt atque orant ut sibi parcat ne, Germanorum, innocentes pro nocentibus
;
;

si amplius obsidum vellet, dare poenas pendant polli6 centur. Cognita Caesar causa, reperit ab Suevis auxilia missa esse Ubiorum satisfactionem accipit aditus
; ;

viasque in Suevos perquirit.

10.

10
fit

Interim, paucis post diebus,

in

ab Ubiis certior

unum locum copias cogere, atque iis sub eorum sint imperio, denuntiare, ut nationibus, quae 2 auxilia peditatus equitatusque mittant. His cognitis rem frumentariam castris idoneum locum rebus, providet,
Suevos omnes
Ubiis imperat ut pecora deducant, suaque omnia ex agris in oppida conferant, sperans barbaros atque
deligit,

15

imperitos homines, inopia cibariorum adductos, ad iniquam pugnandi condicionem posse deduci mandat ut crebros exploratores in Suevos mittant, quaeque apud
;

20

3 eos gerantur cognoscant. Illi imperata faciunt et, diebus referunt Suevos omnes, posintermissis, paucis teaquam certiores nuntii de exercitu Romanorum vene;
'
:

rint,

suis sociorumque copiis quas coegis4 ad extremos fines se recepisse silvam sent, penitus esse ibi infinita magnitudine, quae appellatur Bacenis hanc longe introrsus pertinere, et pro nativo muro objectam, Cheruscos ab Suevis, Suevosque ab Cheruscis, inju;
;

cum omnibus

25

res incursionibusque prohibere

ad ejus initium silvae

30

Suevos adventum Romanorum exspectare constituisse.' n. Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, non alienum esse videtur, de Galliae Germaniaeque moribus, et quo differant hae nationes inter sese, proponere. 2 In Gallia non solum in omnibus civitatibus atque in omnibus pagis [partibusque], sed paene etiam in singulis
domibus, factiones sunt
;

35

earumque factionum principes

124
sunt, qui

Political Condition of Gaul.

[Caesar

auctoritatem eorum judicio habere existimantur, quorum ad arbitrium judiciumque summa 3 omnium rerum consiliorumque redeat Itaque ejus

summam

causa antiquitus institutum videtur, ne quis ex plebe suos enim quisque contra potentiorem auxilii egeret non circumveniri et patitur, neque, aliter si opprimi 4 auctoritatem. habet Haec suos inter faciat, ullam
rei
;

eadem
io

ratio est in

summa
in

totius Galliae

namque omnes

civitates in partes divisae sunt duas.

12.

Cum

Caesar

Galliam venit, alterius factionis

Hi, cum per principes erant Haedui, alterius Sequani. auctoritas summa antiquitus se minus valerent (quod erat in Haeduis, magnaeque eorum erant clientelae),

Germanos atque Ariovistum

15

sibi

adjunxerant, eosque ad

se
2

magnis jacturis pollicitationibusque perduxerant. Proeliis vero compluribus factis secundis, atque omni

nobilitate

Haeduorum

cesserant, ut
20 rent, et

magnam

tantum potentia anteab Haeduis ad se clientium partem

interfecta,
iis

traducerent, obsidesque ab
consilii inituros, et

accipepublice jurare cogerent nihil se contra Sequanos

principum

filios

tam

partem finitimi agri per vim occupapossiderent, Galliaeque totius principatum obtine3 rent. Qua necessitate adductus, Divitiacus, auxilii
redierat.
4

petendi causa
25

Romam ad Senatum profectus, infecta re Adventu Caesaris facta commutatione rerum,

obsidibus Haeduis redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per Caesarem comparatis, quod hi, qui se ad

30

eorum amicitiam aggregaverant, meliore condicione atque aequiore imperio se uti videbant, reliquis rebus eorum gratia dignitateque amplificata, Sequani princi5 In eorum locum Remi successepatum dimiserant. rant: quos quod adaequare apud Caesarem gratia
intellegebatur,
ii

qui propter veteres inimicitias

nullo

35

modo cum Haeduis conjungi poterant se Remis in clientelam dicabant. 6 Hos ill diligenter tuebantur ita et novam et repente collectam auctoritatem tenebant.
i
:

B. G. VI. 13.]

Customs of the Gauls.

125

Eo

turn statu res erat, ut longe

principes haberentur

Haedui, secundum locum dignitatis Remi obtinerent. sunt 13. In omni Gallia corum hominum qui aliquo numero atque honore genera sunt duo. Nam plebes

paene servorum habetur

et

loco,
2

quae

nihil

nullo adhibetur consilio.

Plertque,

cum

audet per se, aut aere

alieno aut magnitudine tributorum aut injuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus.
3

jura quae dominis in servos. duobus generibus alterum est Druidum, alterum Equitum. Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacriIn hos

eadem omnia sunt

his

Sed de

10

ficia

publica
4

ac

pretantur.

Ad

privata procurant, religiones intereos magnus adulescentium numerus

hi sunt apud eos disciplinae causa concurrit, magnoque fere de omnibus controversiis publicis honore.

Nam

15

privatisque constituunt et, si quod est admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, de finibus controversia est, iidem decernunt praemia poenasque
; ;

constituunt

si

qui,

decreto non

stetit,

privatus aut populus, eorum 5 sacrificiis interdicunt. Haec poena 20

aut

apud eos est gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum, his hi numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur omnes decedunt, aditum sermonemque defugiunt, ne neque his quid ex contagione incommodi accipiant honos ullus communicapetentibus jus redditur, neque 6 tur. His autem omnibus Druidibus praeest unus, qui
;
:

25

summam
si

inter eos

habet auctoritatem.
dignitate,

Hoc
;

mortuo,
aut,
si

qui

ex reliquis excellit
plures
pares,

succedit
7

sunt

suffragio

Druidum,

nonnunquam
Hi
certo anni 30

etiam armis de principatu contendunt.

tempore media habetur,

in finibus

Carnutum, quae
in

regio totius Galliae

considunt

loco

consecrato

hue

omnes undique qui controversias habent conveniunt, 8 Disciplina in eorumque decretis judiciisque parent.
Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur et nunc, qui diligentius earn rem cognos;

35

126
cere
volunt,

The Druids ;
plerumque
illo

the Knights.

[Cesar
proficis-

discendi

causa

cuntur.
14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt, neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt militiae vacationem omnium2 Tantis excitati praeque rerum habent immunitatem.
;

miis, et sua sponte rhulti in disciplinam conveniunt, et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur. Itaque annos nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent. 3 Neque fas
10

esse existimant ea litteris mandare,

rebus,

cum

in reliquis fere

litteris publicis privatisque rationibus, 4 instituisse videnId mihi duabus de causis utantur.

Graecis

ts

quod neque in vulgum disciplinam efferri velint, neque eos qui discunt, litteris confisos, minus memoriae studere, quod fere plerisque accidit, ut praesidio littur
:

terarum diligentiam
tant.
5

in

perdiscendo ac

memoriam

remit-

In primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitari putant, metu
;

20

Multa praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum immortalium vi ac potestate
mortis neglecto.
6

disputant et juventuti tradunt.

est Equitum. Hi, cum est usus ante Caesaris fere incidit bellum (quod atque aliquod adventum quotannis accidere solebat, uti aut ipsi injurias
15.

Alterum genus

25

inferrent aut illatas propulsarent),

omnes

in

bello ver-

30

quisque est genere copiisque se ambactos clientescircum ita plurimos amplissimus, Hanc unam gratiam potentiamque novehabet.
santur
;

atque eorum

ut

que

runt.

Natio est omnis Gallorum admodum dedita relisunt affecti graviogionibus atque ob earn causam, qui
16.
;

ribus morbis, quique in proeliis periculisque versantur, aut se immolaturos aut 35 pro victimis homines immolant,

vovent, administrisque ad ea sacrificia Druidibus utun-

B. G. VI. 18.]

Religion of the Gauls.

vita

27

t ur>

quod, pro

hominis

nisi

hominis vita reddatur,

non posse deorum immortalium numen placari arbitrantur; publiceque ejusdem generis habent instituta 2 Alii immani magnitudine simulacra habent, sacrificia. viminibus membra vivis hominibus contexta quorum circumventi flamma exanisuccensis, complent quibus mantur homines. 3 Supplicia eorum qui in furto aut in latrocinio aut aliqua noxa sint comprehensi, gratiora
;

diis
ris

immortalibus esse arbitrantur sed, cum ejus genedecopia defecit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia
;

10

scendunt.
17.

Deum maxime Mercurium

;

colunt

hujus sunt

hunc omnium inventorem artium ferunt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem, hunc ad vim maximam quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque habere
plurima simulacra
arbitrantur.
2

15

Post hunc, Apollinem et

Martem

et Jo-

Minervam. De his eandem fere quam reliquae habent opinionem Apollinem morbos depellere gentes Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tradere Jo-

vem

et

vem imperium caelestium tenere Martem bella regere. Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint plerumque devovent quom superaverunt, animalia capta immolant, reliquasque res in unum locum
;
:

20

conferunt.
tos

Multis in civitatibus harum rerum exstruclocis consecratis conspicari licet.

5

tumulos

Neque

25

saepe

accidit, ut neglecta

quispiam

religione, aut capta

;

apud se occultare aut posita

tollere auderet

gravissi-

mumque
18.

ei rei

supplicium cum

cruciatu constitutum est.

Galli se

omnes ab Dite patre prognatos

Druidibus proditum dicunt.

cant, idque ab

Ob

praediearn 30

causam spatia omnis temporis non numero dierum sed noctium finiunt dies natales et mensium et annorum 2 initia sic observant, ut noctem dies In subsequatur.
;

reliquis

vitae institutis

hoc fere ab reliquis differunt,

quod suos liberos, nisi

tiae sustinere possint,

adoleverunt, ut munus milipalam ad se adire non patiuntur

;

cum

35

128

The Gallic Family ; the Germans.

[Cesar

filiumque puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris

adsistere turpe ducunt.

quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis nomine acceperunt, tantas ex suis bonis, aestimatione facta, cum 2 dotibus communicant. Hujus omnis pecuniae conratio habetur, fructusque servantur uter eorum junctim vita superarit, ad eum pars utriusque cum fructibus su19. Viri,
:

Viri in uxores, sicut in periorum temporum pervenit. vitae habent et cum paliberos, necisque potestatem
;

10

terfamiliae illustriore loco natus decessit, ejus propinqui conveniunt, et de morte, si res in suspicionem venit, de

uxoribus in servilem

compertum
15 nifica et

est, igni
4

tas interficiunt.

quaestionem habent, et si atque omnibus tormentis excruciaFunera sunt pro cultu Gallorum mag;
:

modum

sumptuosa omniaque, quae vivis cordi fuisse ignem inferunt, etiam animalia ac paulo supra hanc memoriam servi et clientes, quos ab iis dilectos esse constabat, justis funeribus confectis, una
arbitrantur, in

cremabantur.
20

20.

Quae

civitates

commodius suam rem publicam

administrare existimantur, habent legibus sanctum, si quis quid de republica a finitimis rumore aut fama ac-

25

ad magistratum deferat, neve cum quo alio 2 quod saepe homines temerarios atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri, et ad facinus impelli, et de summis rebus consilium capere, cognitum est. 3 Magistratus quae visa sunt occultant quaeque esse ex
ceperit, uti

communicet

30

De republica usu judicaverunt multitudini produnt. nisi per concilium loqui non conceditur. 21. Germani multum ab hac consuetudine differunt. Nam neque Druides habent qui rebus divinis praesint,
neque
sacrificiis

student.

Deorum numero
;

eos solos

ducunt, quos cernunt et quorum aperte opibus juvantur,

Solem
35

et

Vulcanum
3

et

Lunam
:

reliquos ne

fama

qui-

dem

Vita omnis in venationibus atque in acceperunt. ab parvulis labori ac dustudiis rei militaris consistit

B. G. VI. 23.]

Wild Life of the Germans.

4

29

ritiae

student.

runt,

maximam
ali

inter suos ferunt

Qui diutissime impuberes permanselaudem hoc ali statu:

Intra putant. nervosque annum vero vicesimum feminae notitiam habuisse, in turpissimis habent rebus cujus rei nulla est occultatio,

ram,

vires

confirmari,

quod
ris

et

promiscue

in fluminibus perluuntur, et pellibus

aut parvis

rhenonum tegimentis
;

utuntur,

magna

corpo-

parte nuda.
22. Agriculturae non student majorque pars eorum 2 in lacte, caseo, carne consistit. Neque quis- 10

victus

quam

agri

modum

certum aut
in

fines habet proprios

sed

annos singulos gentibus principes cognationibusque hominum, qui una coierunt, quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt, atque anno post 3 alio transire cogunt. Ejus rei multas afferunt causas assidua consuetudine ne, capti, studium belli gerendi latos fines parare studeant, ne commutent agricultura humiliores possessionibus expellant ne potentioresque
magistratus ac
:

15

accuratius ad frigora atque aestus vitandos aedificent ne qua oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, qua ex re factiones 20
;

ut animi aequitate plebem dissensionesque nascuntur cum suas contineant, quisque opes cum potentissimis
;

aequari videat. 23. Civitatibus

maxima

laus est,

quam

latissime cir-

cum

se vastatis
virtutis

finibus solitudines

habere.

Hoc

prium
cedere,

existimant,

neque

quemquam

prope

expulsos agris audere consistere

pro- 25 finitimos
:

simul hoc se fore tutiores arbitrantur, repentinae in2 Cum bellum civitas aut cursionis timore sublato.
illatum
praesint,

defendit
ut
3

aut

infert,

magistratus

qui

ei

bello 3^
deli-

vitae

necisque habeant potestatem,

nullus
est

guntur. pace sed principes regionum atque

In

communis
pagorum

magistratus,

inter suos jus

4 Latrocinia nullam dicunt, controversiasque minuunt. habent infamiam quae extra fines cujusque civitatis

35

fiunt,

minuatque ea juventutis exercendae ac desidiae

30
fieri

The Hercynian

Forest.

[Cesar

6 Atque ubi quis ex prinpraedicant. ducem dixit se in concilio fore, qui sequi velint cipibus

endae causa

'

profiteantur,'

consurgunt
;

ii

qui et

causam

et

hominem

probant, suumque auxilium pollicentur, atque ab multitudine collaudantur qui ex his secuti non sunt, in de-

sertorum ac proditorum numero ducuntur, omniumque

his
fas

rerum postea fides derogatur. 6 Hospitem violare non putant qui quaque de causa ad eos venerunt,
:

10

ab injuria prohibent sanctosque habent hisque omnium domus patent, victusque communicatur. 24. Ac fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli vir;

tute superarent, ultro bella inferrent, propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam trans Rhenum colonias
mitterent.
15

sunt loca,
et

Itaque ea quae fertilissima Germaniae circum Hercyniam silvam (quam Eratostheni

quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse video, quam illi Orcyniam appellant), Volcae Tectosages occupaverunt 3 Quae gens ad hoc tempus his atque ibi consederunt.
sedibus sese continet,

20 licae laudis

summamque habet justitiae et bel4 Nunc quidem in eadem inopia, opinionem.

;

egestate, patientiaque Germani permanent, eodem victu Gallis autem provinciarum et cultu corporis utuntur propinquitas et transmarinarum rerum notitia multa ad

copiam atque usum

25 perari,
illis

largitur.
proeliis,

Paulatim adsuefacti su-

multisque

victi

ne se quidem

ipsi

cum

virtute comparant.
latitudo
2

est,

Hujus Hercyniae silvae, quae supra demonstrata novem dierum iter expedito patet non enim aliter finiri potest, neque mensuras itinerum nove25.
:

30 runt.

Oritur ab Helvetiorum et
fines

Nemetum
;

et

Raura-

corum
tinet

finibus, rectaque

ad

Dacorum

fluminis Danubii regione peret Anartium hinc se flectit

sinistrorsus diversis ab flumine regionibus,

35

multarumque 3 Neque gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit. quisquam est hujus Germaniae, qui se [aut audisse] aut adisse ad initium ejus silvae dicat, cum dierum iter

B. G. VI. 28.]

Strange Beasts of the Gentian Forest.

131

sexaginta processerit, aut quo ex loco oriatur acceperit. Multaque in ea genera ferarum nasci constat, quae
:

ex quibus quae maxime reliquis in locis visa non sint memoriae et differant ab ceteris prodenda videantur,

haec sunt. 26. Est bos, cervi figura, cujus a media fronte inter aures unum cornu exsistit, excelsius magisque directum ^ Ab ejus summo his quae nobis nota sunt cornibus.

palmae ramique late diffunduntur. Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem fonwa magnitudoque cornuum. Harum est 27. Sunt item, quae appellantur Akes.
sicut

sed magniconsimilis capris figura et varietas peJlium tudine paulo antecedunt, mutilaeque sunt cornibus, et crura sine nod is articulisque babent neque quietis
;

15

causa procumbunt, neque,

erigere sese aut arbores pro cubilibus
runt,
:

si

quo

afP.ictae

casu concide2

His sunt ad eas se applicant, atque ita 3 paulum modo reclinatae quietem capiunt. Quarum ex
sublevare
possunt.

vestigiis

cum

est

animadversum a venatoribus quo se

20

recipere consuerint, omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subruunt, aut accidunt arbores, tantum ut summa species
4 Hue cum se consuetudine relinquatur. reclinaverunt, infirmas arbores pondere affligunt atque

earum stantium

una ipsae concidunt. 28. Tertium est genus eorum qui Uri appellantur. Hi sunt magnitudine paulo infra elephantos specie et 2 colore et figura tauri. Magna vis eorum est et magna
;

25

velocitas

neque homini neque ferae quam conspexe-

runt parcunt. Hos studiose foveis captos interficiunt. 30 3 Hoc se labore durant adulescentes, atque hoc genere
venationis exercent
runt, relatis in
et qui plurimos ex his interfecepublicum cornibus, quae sint testimonio, magnam ferunt laudem. 4 Sed adsuescere ad homines et mansuefieri ne parvuli quidem excepti possunt.
;

35

Amplitudo cornuum

et

figura

et

species

multum a

132

Casar returns

to

Gaul.

[Cesar
studiose con-

nostrorum bourn cornibus

differt.

Haec

quisita ab labris argento circumcludunt, atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur.

29.
5

rit

Caesar, postquam per Ubios exploratores compeSuevos sese in silvas recepisse, inopiam frumenti

veritus (quod, ut supra demonstravimus,

minime omnes Germani agriculturae student), constituit non progredi 2 sed, ne omnino metum reditus sui barbaris longius; tolleret, atque ut eorum auxilia tardaret, reducto exer10 citu,

partem ultimam pontis, quae ripas Ubiorum contingebat, in longitudinem pedum ducentorum rescindit, atque in extremo ponte turrim tabulatorum
constituit,

quattuor

15

praesidiumque cohortium duodecim pontis tuendi causa ponit, magnisque eum locum munitionibus 3 firm at. Ei loco praesidioque C. Volcatium Tullum adulescentem praefecit; ipse, cum maturescere frumenta inciperent, ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus, per Ardu-

ennam
ripis
20
4

silvam quae est totius Galliae maxima, atque ab Rheni finibusque Treverorum ad Nervios pertinet,
equitatu praemittit,
fieri

milibusque amplius quingentis in longitudinem patet

L.

Minucium Basilum cum omni

itineris
;

si

quid celeritate

atque opportunitate temporis

fiat:

proficere possit

monet

ut ignes in castris

25

beat, ne qua ejus adventus procul significatio confestim subsequi dicit.

prohisese

30. Basilus ut

imperatum
;

est facit

celeriter contra-

que omnium opinionem

inopinantes deprehendit

confecto itinere, multos in agris

eorum
in

indicio ad

ipsum

Amturn

biorigem contendit, quo

30 esse

loco

cum
in

paucis equitibus

dicebatur.

Multum cum

omnibus rebus
sicut

in re militari potest fortuna.

Nam

magno

accidit

casu, ut in ipsum incautum etiam atque imparatum incideret, priusque ejus adventus ab omnibus videretur

quam fama
35 tunae,

ac nuntius adferretur, sic

militari

magnae

fuit for-

omni

instrumento quod circum se habe-

B. G. VI. 32.]

The Gauls submit.

133

bat erepto, rhedis equisque comprehensis, ipsum effugere mortem. 3 Sed hoc quoque factum est, quod, aedificio circumdato silva, ut sunt fere domicilia Gallorum, qui vitandi aestus causa plerumque silvarum ac fluminum

petunt propinquitates, comites familiaresque ejus angusto in loco paulisper equitum nostrorum vim sustinuerunt. 4 His pugnantibus, ilium in equum quidam ex
suis intulit
;

eundum periculum
valuit.

Sic et ad subfugientem silvae texerunt. et ad vitandum, multum fortuna

10

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit, quod proelio dimicandum non existimarit, an tempore exclusus et repentino equitum adventu prohibitus, cum reliquum exercitum subsequi crederet, dubium est. 2 Sed certe, dimissis per agros nuntiis, sibi quemque
31.

15

consulere jussit. Quorum pars in Arduennam silvam, pars in continentes paludes profugit qui proximi Oceano fuerunt, his insulis sese occultaverunt quas aestus efficere consuerunt multi ex suis finibus egressi se
;

3 suaque omnia alienissimis crediderunt. Catuvolcus, rex dimidiae partis Eburonum, qui una cum Ambiorige

20

inierat, aetate jam confectus, cum laborem aut belli aut fugae ferre non posset, omnibus precibus detestatus Ambiorigem, qui ejus consilii auctor fuisset,

consilium

taxo (cujus

magna

in

Gallia

Germaniaque copia

est) se 25

exanimavit.
32. Segni Condrusique, ex gente et numero Germanorum, qui sunt inter Eburones Treverosque, legatos ad Caesarem miserunt, oratum, ne se in hostium numero duceret, neve omnium Germanorum qui essent citra
'

30

causam judicaret nihil se de bello 2 cogitavisse, nulla Ambiorigi auxilia misisse.' Caesar, explorata re quaestione captivorum, si qui ad eos Ebuesse
;

Rhenum, unam

rones ex fuga convenissent ad se ut reducerentur imperavit si ita fecissent, fines eorum se violaturum negavit.
:

35

Turn

copiis in tres partes distributis,

impedimenta

ora-

34

Distribution of Ccesars Forces.

contulit.

[Cesar

nium legionum Aduatucam

est.

Id castelli

nomen
ubi

Hoc

fere

est

in

mediis

Eburonum

finibus,

Titurius atque Aurunculeius hiemandi causa consede4 rant. Hunc cum reliquis rebus locum probarat, turn
5

quod superioris anni munitiones integrae manebant, ut militum laborem sublevaret. & Praesidio impedimentis legionem quartam decimam reliquit, unam ex his tribus
6 Ei lequas proxime conscriptas ex Italia traduxerat. gioni castrisque Q. Tullium Ciceronem praeficit, ducen-

tosque equites attribuit.

Labienum cum legionibus triversus in eas partes quae Menapios C. Trebonium cum pari leattingunt proficisci jubet ad earn numero gionum regionem quae ad Aduatucos ad33.

Partito exercitu, T.

bus ad

Oceanum

15

jacet

depopulandam

mittit

ipse
in

cum

reliquis tribus ad

flumen Scaldem, quod

influit

Mosam, extremasque

20

Arduennae partes ire constituit, quo cum paucis equitibus profectum Ambiorigem audiebat. 2 Discedens post diem septimum sese reversurum confirmat quam ad diem ei legioni quae in praesidio relinquebatur deberi frumentum sciebat. 3 Labienum Treboniumque horta;

tur, si reipublicae

commodo

facere possint, ad

eum diem

revertantur
tisque
25 possint.

ut,

hostium

rursus communicato consilio, explorarationibus, aliud initium belli capere

34. Erat, ut supra demonstravimus, manus certa nulla, non oppidum, non praesidium, quod se armis defenderet sed omnes in partes dispersa multitudo. 2 Ubi
;

cuique aut
30

vallis

impedita spem
consederat.
3

abdita aut locus silvestris aut palus praesidii aut salutis aliquam offerebat,
loca vicinitatibus erant nota,

Haec

mag-

namque res diligentiam requirebat, non in summa exercitus tuenda (nullum enim poterat universis ab perterritis ac dispersis periculum accidere), sed in singulis militibus
35

conservandis
citus

quae tamen ex parte res ad salutem exer4

pertinebat.

Nam

et

praedae cupiditas

multos

B. G. VI. 35-J

An

Invasion from Germany.

135

itineribus longius evocabat, et silvae incertis occultisque 5 Si negotium confici stirconfertos adire prohibebant. pemque hominum sceleratorum interfici vellet, dimittensi manus diducendique erant milites plures continere ad signa manipulos vellet, ut instituta ratio et consuetudo exercitus Romani postulabat, locus ipse erat

dae

occulto insidiandi et dispraesidio barbaris, neque ex 6 Ut in circumveniendi singulis deerat audacia. perses

ejusmodi
poterat,

difficultatibus,

quantum
ut potius

providebatur

diligentia provideri in nocendo aliquid 10

praetermitteretur, etsi omnium animi ardebant, quam cum aliquo militum detrimento noceretur. 7 Dimittit ad finitimas civitates nuntios Caesar: om-

ad ulciscendum

ut potius in silvis Gallorum vita

periclitetur
;

nes ad se vocat spe praedae ad diripiendos Eburones, quam legionarius miles

simul
ut,

15

pro

tali

facinore

stirps

magna ac nomen

multitudine circumfusa,
civitatis tollatur.

Magnus undique numerus celeriter convenit. 35. Haec in omnibus Eburonum partibus gerebantur, diesque appetebat septimus, quem ad diem Caesar ad 2 Hie impedimenta legionemque reverti constituerat.
quantum
in bello fortuna possit, et

20

quantos adferat casus,

Dissipatis ac perterritis hostibus, ut cognosci potuit. demonstravimus, manus erat nulla quae parvam modo causam timoris afferret. 3 Trans Rhenum ad Germanos

25

pervenit fama, diripi

Eburones atque ultro omnes ad 4 evocari. Cogunt equitum duo milia Sugampraedam bri, qui sunt proximi Rheno, a quibus receptos ex fuga Tencteros atque Usipetes supra docuimus. 5 Transeunt
infra

Rhenum navibus ratibusque, triginta milibus passuum eum locum ubi pons erat perfectus praesidiumque
;

30

ab Caesare relictum. Primos Eburonum fines adeunt multos ex fuga dispersos excipiunt, magno pecoris nu6 Inmero, cujus sunt cupidissimi barbari, potiuntur. non hos palus, in bello vitati praeda longius procedunt Quibus in latrociniisque natos, non silvae morantur.
:

35

36

Situation of Quint us Cicero.

[CiESAR

Caesar ex captivis quaerunt profectum longius omnemque exercitum discessisse cognoscunt. 7 Atque unus ex captivis: "Quid vos," inquit, "hanc miseram ac tenuem sectamini praedam, quibus licet jam Tribus horis Aduatucam venire esse fortunatissimis ?
locis sit
;

reperiunt

potestis

norum
quidem

contulit.

hue omnes suas fortunas exercitus RomaPraesidii tantum est, ut ne murus

10

cingi possit, neque quisquam egredi extra mu8 nitiones audeat." Oblata spe, Germani quam nacti erant praedam in occulto relinquunt ipsi Aduatucam
;

contendunt, usi eodem duce cujus haec indicio cognoverant.

36.

Cicero (qui omnes superiores dies praeceptis Cae-

saris
15

summa

diligentia

milites

in

castris continuisset,

quidem quemquam extra munitionem egredi passus esset) septimo die, diffidens de numero dierum Caesarem fidem servaturum, quod longius progressum audiebat, neque ulla de reditu ejus fama af2 ferebatur simul eorum permotus vocibus, qui illius
ac ne calonem
;

20

patientiam paene obsessionem appellabant, siquidem ex

castris egredi

non

liceret

nullum ejusmodi casum ex-

spectans, quo, oppositis legionibus maximoque equitatu, dispersis ac paene deletis hostibus, in milibus passuum tribus offendi posset, quinque cohortes fru-

novem

25

mentatum in proximas segetes mittit, quas inter et castra 3 unus omnino collis intererat. Complures erant ex
legionibus aegri
relicti
;

rum
30 vis

convaluerant, circiter trecenti,

;

ex quibus qui hoc spatio diesub vexillo una mitmultitudo

tuntur

magna

praeterea

calonum,

magna

jumentorum, quae

in castris subsederant, facta po-

testate sequitur.

Germani equites intereodem illo veniunt, protinusque quo venerant cursu ab decumana porta in castra irrumpere conantur; nee
37.

Hoc

ipso tempore et casu

35

objectis ab ea parte silvis, quam castris appropinquarent, usque eo ut qui sub vallo tenderent

prius sunt

visi,

B. G. VI. 39.]

The Roman Defence.

137

mercatores
2

recipiendi sui facultatem non haberent. Inopinantes nostri re nova perturbantur, ac vix primum impetum cohors in statione sustinet. Circumfunduntur
si

ex reliquis hostes partibus,

sent.
3

quern aditum reperire pos5

tuentur, reliquos aditus Aegre portas Totis trepidatur locus ipse per se munitioque defendit.
nostri

alio causam tumultus quaerit ferantur neque quam in partem quisque neque quo signa conveniat provident. 4 Alius jam castra capta pronuncastris,

atque alius ex

tiat

alius,

deleto

exercitu
;

barbaros venisse contendit

atque imperatore, victores plerique novas sibi ex loco

10

religiones fingunt, Cottaeque et Titurii calamitatem, qui 5 Tali in eodem occiderint castello, ante oculos ponunt.

timore omnibus perterritis, confirmatur opinio barbaris, ut ex captivo audierant, nullum esse intus praesidium.

15

Perrumpere nituntur, seque ipsi adhortantur, ne tantam fortunam ex manibus dimittant. 38. Erat aeger cum praesidio relictus P. Sextius Baculus, qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat, cujus mentionem superioribus proeliis fecimus, ac diem jam
quintum cibo caruerat.

20

nium

saluti,

Hie, diffisus suae atque ominermis ex tabernaculo prodit videt immi;

nere hostes atque in

summo rem

esse discrimine
:

capit

arma a proximis atque in porta consistit consequuntur hunc centuriones ejus cohortis quae in statione erat; 3 Relinquit animus paulisper una proelium sustinent. Sextium, gravibus acceptis vulneribus aegre per ma:

25

nus tractus servatur. Hoc spatio interposito, reliqui sese confirmant tantum, ut in munitionibus consistere audeant speciemque defensorum praebeant.
39.

Interim,

confecta
:

frumentatione,

milites
;

nostri

clamorem exaudiunt
sit in

periculo cognoscunt.
:

praecurrunt equites quanto res 2 Hie vero nulla munitio est

35

quae perterritos recipiat modo conscripti atque usus militaris imperiti, ad tribunum militum centurionesque ora convertunt quid ab his praecipiatur exspectant:
;

138

The Ger mails recross the Rhine.

est

[Caesar

perturbetur. Barbari, signa procul conspicati, oppugnatione desistunt redisse primo legiones credunt, quas longius discessisse
:

nemo

tam

fortis

quin

rei

novitate

ex captivis cognoverant
5

postea, despecta paucitate, ex

faciunt.

omnibus partibus impetum

Hinc 40. Calones in proximum tumulum procurrunt. celeriter dejecti se in signa manipulosque coniciunt eo 2 timidos milites. cuneo Alii, perterrent facto, ut magis
:

celeriter
10 sint

castra

perrumpant censent, quoniam tam propinqua et si pars aliqua circumventa ceciderit, at

; ;

alii ut in jugo consisreliquos servari posse confidunt 3 tant atque eundem omnes ferant casum. Hoc veteres

15

quos sub vexillo una profectos doduce C. Trebonio, Itaque eis erat Romano, qui equite praepositus, per medios hostes perrumpunt, incolumesque ad unum omnes in 4 Hos subsecuti calones equitesque castra perveniunt. eodem impetu militum virtute servantur. At ii qui in jugo constiterant, nullo etiam nunc usu rei militaris
milites,

non probant
cuimus.

inter se cohortati,

20

percepto, neque in eo quod probaverant consilio permanere, ut se loco superiore defenderent, neque earn quam prodesse aliis vim celeritatemque viderant imitari potue-

runt

demiserunt.
25

sed se in castra recipere conati, iniquum in locum 5 Centuriones, quorum nonnulli ex inferioribus ordinibus reliquarum legionum virtutis causa in sune ante periores erant ordines hujus legionis traducti,
;

partam

rei militaris

nantes conciderunt.

laudem amitterent, fortissime pug6 Militum pars, horum virtute sub;

30

motis hostibus, praeter spem incolumis in castra pervenit pars a barbaris circumventa periit.
41.

Germani, desperata expugnatione castrorum, quod nostros jam constitisse in munitionibus videbant, cum
ea praeda quam in silvis deposuerant trans Rhenum 2 Ac tantus fuit etiam post discessum sese receperunt. hostium terror, ut ea nocte, cum C. Volusenus missus cum equitatu ad castra venisset, fidem non faceret adesse

35

B. G. VI. 43.]

Flight of Ambiorix.
3

139

cum

incolumi Caesarem exercitu.

Sic

omnino animos

timor praeoccupaverat, ut, paene alienata mente, deletis omnibus copiis, equitatum tantum se ex fuga recepisse

neque incolumi exercitu Germanos castra oppugnaturos fuisse contenderent. Quern timorem Caesaris adventus sustulit. eventus belli non ignorans, unum 42. Reversus ille, statione et praesidio essent emissae quod cohortes ex casu locum relinqui debuisse, minimo quidem questus, ne in fortunam multum repentino hostium adventu pomulto etiam amplius, quod paene ab tuisse judicavit; barbaros avertisset. castrorum ipso vallo portisque 2 maxime admirandum omnium rerum videbatur, Quarum
dicerent,

10

quod Germani, qui eo

consilio

Rhenum

transierant ut
15

Romanorum Ambiorigis beneficium obtulerunt. delati, optatissimum Ambiorigi 43. Caesar, rursus ad vexandos hostes profectus,
fines depopularentur, ad castra

magno coacto numero ex finitimis civitatibus, in omnes 2 Omnes vici atque omnia aedificia quae partes dimittit.
praeda ex omnibus frumenta non solum tanta multitudine agebatur hominum consumebantur, sed etiam jumentorum atque anni tempore atque imbribus procubuerant ut, si qui etiam in praesentia se occultassent, t'amen his, deducto exercitu, rerum omnium inopia pereundum videretur. 3 Ac saepe in eum locum ventum est, tanto in omnes partes diviso equitatu, ut modo visum ab se Ambiorigem in fuga circumspicerent captivi, nee plane etiam abisse ex conspectu contenderent ut, spe consequendi illata atque infinito labore suscepto, qui se summam ab Caesare gratiam inituros putarent, paene naturam studio vincerent, semperque paulum ad summam felicitatem
quisque conspexerat incendebantur
locis
; ;

20

25

30

defuisse videretur
eriperet
peteret,
;

et

atque ille latebris aut saltibus se noctu occultatus alias regiones partesque
;

quibus

solis

non majore equitum praesidio quam quattuor, vitam suam committere audebat.

35

140
44. Tali

Close of

tlie

Campaign.

[Cesar

modo

vastatis regionibus, exercitum Caesar

re-

duarum cohortium damno Durocortorum Remorum

ducit
;

concilioque in

eum locum

Galliae indicto, de con-

juratione

Senonum

5 instituit, et

et Carnutum quaestionem habere de Accone, qui princeps ejus consilii fuerat,

graviore sententia pronuntiata, more

majorum

suppli-

10

cium sumpsit. 2 Nonnulli judicium veriti profugerunt: quibus cum aqua atque igni interdixisset, duas legiones ad fines Treverorum, duas in Lingonibus, sex reliquas in Senonum finibus Agendici in hibernis collocavit frumentoque exercitui proviso, ut instituerat, in Italiam ad conventus agendos profectus est.

B. G. VII.

i.J

Political Troubles in

Rome.

141

BOOK

VII.

News of tuUprising of Gaul under Vercingetorix. mults in Rome following the murder of Clodius move the Gauls to
another effort for independence: their rising begins in the south (Auvergne) under Vercingetorix (1-5). Rapid and perilous march
Difficulties of his advance; he he captures several towns and advances upon Avaricum {Bourges), which is hard pressed by the Gauls Suspicions against Vercingetorix, who is enthusiasti(12-19). The siege and stormcally acquitted by his countrymen (20, 21).

of Caesar

upon the Arverni (6-8).

;

crosses the Loire (91 1)

Vercingetorix gallantly maintains the ing of Avaricum (23-28). war (29-31). Caesar composes troubles arising among the ^dui,

and lays siege

to Gergovia (32-36). Appeal of Litavicus to the to and takes flight (37-40). submit Litavicus Caesar, they Attack on the Roman camp at Gergovia; new troubles among the ^dui (41-43). Caesar attempts the storming of Gergovia, but is

Mdm

Actions in central Gaul ; repelled, and raises the siege (44-53). revolt of the ^dui, and able conduct of Labienus (54-62). Vercingetorix is recognized chief throughout Gaul ; but is worsted by the
cavalry, and takes refuge in Alesia, whence he general levy of the Gauls (63-71). Siege and distress relief is sent to the besieged, but repulsed by Caesar of Alesia The Gauls attack the Roman camp on both sides, and a (72-80).
calls for a
;

Roman and German

desperate struggle ensues they are at length wholly subdued, and Vercingetorix surrenders (81-89). The pacification of Gaul
;

is

completed by Caesar's

officers (90).

QUIETA ad conventus agendos

cit

Gallia, Caesar,

lit

constituerat, in Italiam

de Clodii caede

Ibi cognosfactus certior consulto senatusque

proficiscitur.

ut

omnes juniores

Italiae

conjurarent,
2

provincia habere instituit.

delectum tota TransGalliam Eae res in

alpinam celeriter perferuntur. Addunt ipsi et afnngunt rumoribus Galli (quod res poscere videbatur) retineri ur-

bano motu Caesarem, neque

in tantis dissensionibus ad

142

The Gauls renew

the Stritggle.

[Cesar

3 Hac impulsi occasione, qui exercitum venire posse. jam ante se populi Romani imperio subjectos dolerent, liberius atque audacius de bello consilia inire incipiunt. 4

Indictis inter se principes Galliae conciliis silvestribus ac remotis locis, queruntur de Acconis morte posse hunc casum ad ipsos recidere demonstrant miserantur
;

communem

Galliae fortunam

omnibus

pollicitationibus

ac praemiis deposcunt qui belli initium faciant, et sui 5 Imcapitis periculo Galliam in libertatem vindicent.
10

primis rationem esse habendam dicunt, priusquam eorum clandestina consilia efferantur, ut Caesar ab exercitu in-

15

quod neque legiones audeex hibernis egredi, neque imperator sine praesidio ad legiones pervenire possit postremo, in acie praestare interfici, quam non veterem
tercludatur.
facile,

Id esse

ant

absente

imperatore

belli

gloriam libertatemque

quam

a majoribus acceperint

recuperare. 2. His rebus agitatis, profitentur Carnutes se nullum periculum communis salutis causa recusare, principesque 2 20 ex omnibus bellum facturos pollicentur et, quoniam
;

in praesentia obsidibus cavere inter se non possint, ne res efferatur, ut jurejurando ac fide sanciatur petunt,
collatis

militaribus signis (quo

3

more eorum gravissima

ab reliquis

caeremonia continetur),
25

ne, facto initio belli,

Turn, collaudatis Carnutibus, dato jurejurando ab omnibus qui aderant, tempore ejus rei constitute, ab concilio disceditur.
3. Ubi ea dies venit, Carnutes, Cotuato et Conetodunno ducibus, desperatis hominibus, Genabum signo

deserantur.

30

dato

concurrunt,
ibi

civesque

causa

constiterant, in his C.

Romanos, qui negotiandi Fufium Citam, honestum

equitem Romanum, qui rei frumentariae jussu Caesaris 2 Celeripraeerat, interficiunt bonaque eorum diripiunt. ter ad omnes Galliae civitates fama perfertur. Nam ubi35

cumque major atque

illustrior
;

incidit res,

agros regionesque significant

hunc

alii

clamore per deinceps ex-

B. G. VII. 5.]

Vercingetorix.

143
turn
accidit.
3

cipiunt

et

proximis
in

tradunt

ut

Nam

quae Genabi oriente

fectam
vigiliam

sole gesta essent, ante primam confinibus Arvernorum audita sunt;

quod
4.

spatium est milium passuum circiter clx. Simili ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli filius,

vernus,

summae

potentiae

adulescens,

cujus
2

Ar-

pater

principatum Galliae totius obtinuerat, et ob earn causam, quod regnum appetebat, ab civitate erat interfectus,

convocatis

suis clientibus, facile incendit.

Cognito
ro

ejus consilio, ad

arma

concurritur.

Prohibetur ab Goexpellitur ex

bannitione, patruo suo, reliquisque principibus, qui hanc

temptandam fortunam non existimabant

:

oppido Gergovia non destitit tamen, atque in agris habet delectum egentium ac perditorum. 3 Hac coacta manu, quoscumque adit ex civitate, ad suam sententiam perducit
;

15

hortatur ut

communis

libertatis

causa arma capiant

4

magnisque coactis
ante

copiis, adversarios suos, a

quibus paulo

erat ejectus, expellit

ex

civitate.

Rex ab
;

suis

Dimittit quoque versus legationes obtestaappellatur. 5 tur ut in fide maneant. Celeriter sibi Senones, Pari- 20
sios, Pictones, Cadurcos, Turonos, Aulercos, Lemovices, Andos, reliquosque omnes qui Oceanum attingunt, adomnium consensu ad eum defertur imperium. jungit 6 Qua oblata potestate, omnibus his civitatibus obsides imperat certum numerum militum ad se celeriter adduci
: ;

25

jubet armorum quantum quaeque civitas domi, quodque 7 ante tempus efficiat, constituit. Imprimis equitatui studet summae diligentiae summam imperii severita;
;

tem addit magnitudine supplicii dubitantes cogit nam, majore commisso delicto, igni atque omnibus tormentis
; :

30

necat

leviore de
oeulis,

effossis

causa, auribus desectis aut singulis domum remittit, ut sint reliquis docualios.

mento, et magnitudine poenae perterreant

5.

Lucterium Cadurcum, summae hominem audaciae, cum parte copiarum in Rutenos mittit ipse in Bituriges proficiscitur.
suppliciis celeriter coacto exercitu,
;

His

35

144
2

Ccesar hastens into Gaul.

[Cesar

Ejus adventu Bituriges ad Haeduos (quorum erant in legatos mittunt subsidium rogatum, quo facilius hostium copias sustinere possint. Haedui de consilio legatorum, quos Caesar ad exercitum reliquerat, copias
fide)
5

equitatus
3

peditatusque

subsidio

Biturigibus

mittunt.

Qui cum ad flumen Ligerim venissent, quod Bituriges ab Haeduis dividit, paucos dies ibi morati, neque flumen

transire ausi, domum revertuntur; legatisque nostris renuntiant, se Biturigum perfidiam veritos revertisse, quiio

bus
4

sent,

flumen transisArverni se circumsisterent Id eane de causa quam legatis pronuntiarunt, an perid consilii fuisse cognoverint, ut, si

una ex parte

ipsi,

altera

fidia

tur
l

pro

adducti fecerint, quod nihil nobis constat, non videcerto esse proponendum. Bituriges, eorum

cum Arvernis junguntur. His rebus in Italiam Caesari nuntiatis, cum jam ille urbanas res virtute Cn. Pompeii commodiorem in stadiscessu, statim
6.

tum pervenisse
profectus
3

intellegeret,
2

in

Transalpinam Galliam

est.

Eo cum

venisset,

magna

difficultate

20 afficiebatur,

qua ratione ad exercitum pervenire posset.

:

Nam

si

itinere proelio dimicaturas intellegebat

legiones in Provinciam arcesseret, se absente in si ipse ad exer-

25

citum contenderet, ne iis quidem eo tempore qui quieti viderentur suam salutem recte committi videbat. in Rutenos missus, 7. Interim Lucterius Cadurcus,
earn civitatem Arvernis conciliat.

Progressus in Nitiobriges et Gabalos, ab utrisque obsides accipit, et, magna coacta manu, in Provinciam, Narbonem versus, erup30

tionem facere contendit. 2 Qua re nuntiata, Caesar omnibus consiliis antevertendum existimavit, ut Narbonem
3

proficisceretur.

Eo cum

venisset, timentes confirmat,

praesidia in Rutenis provincialibus, Volcis Arecomicis, Tolosatibus, circumque Narbonem, quae loca hostibus
35

partem copiarum ex Provincia, supplementumque quod ex Italia adduxerat in Helvios,

erant finitima, constituit
qui fines
;

Arvernorum contingunt, convenire

jubet.

B. G. VII.

9.

Movements of

Vercingetorix.

45

8.

His rebus comparatis, represso jam

Lucterio et

remoto, quod intrare intra praesidia periculosum putabat, 2 Etsi mons Cevenna, qui Arin Helvios proficiscitur. vernos ab Helviis discludit, durissimo tempore anni
iltissima nive iter impediebat
in
;

tamen, discussa nive sex

altitudinem pedum, atque ita viis patefactis, summo 3 militum sudore ad fines Arvernorum pervenit. Quibus
oppressis inopinantibus, quod se Cevenna ut muro munitos existimabant, ac ne singulari quidem umquam homini eo tempore anni semitae patuerant, equitibus

10

imperat, ut

quam

latissime

possint vagentur, et
4

quam
quern

maximum
perterriti

hostibus terrorem inferant.

Celeriter haec
;

fama ac nuntiis ad Vercingetorigem perferuntur

omnes Arverni circumsistunt, atque obsecrant

;

praesertim
5

ut suis fortunis consulat, neve ab hostibus diripiantur 15 cum videat omne ad se bellum translatum.

Quorum
in

ille

precibus permotus, castra ex Biturigibus

movet

Arvernos versus.
20

9. At Caesar, biduum in iis locis moratus, quod haec de Vercingetorige usu ventura opinione praeceperat, per causam supplement equitatusque cogendi ab exercitu discedit Brutum adulescentem his copiis praeficit
;

hunc monet ut in omnes partes equites quam latissime pervagentur; daturum se operam ne longius triduo ab 2 castris absit. His constitutis rebus, suis inopinantibus, quam maximis potest itineribus Viennam pervenit. 3 Ibi nanctus recentem equitatum, quern multis ante diebus eo praemiserat, neque diurno neque nocturno itinere intermisso, per fines Haeduorum in Lingones contendit, ubi duae legiones hiemabant ut, si quid etiam de sua salute ab Haeduis iniretur consilii, celeritate praecurre;

25

3c

Eo cum pervenisset, ad reliquas legiones mittit, priusque omnes in unum locum cogit quam de ejus adventu Arvernis nuntiari posset. 5 Hac re cognita, Verret.

cingetorix rursus in Bituriges exercitum reducit, atque inde profectus Gorgobinam, Boiorum oppidum, quos ibi
10

35

146

Siege

and Capture of Genabum.

[Cesar

Helvetico proelio victos Caesar collocaverat Haeduisque

attribuerat,
10.

Magnam

oppugnare instituit. haec res Caesari difficultatem ad conafferebat

:

silium capiendum uno loco legiones

si

reliquam partem hiemis

rum

expugnatis, amicis in eo praesidium videretur positum esse si maturius ex hibernis educeret, ne ab re frumentaria duris subvectionibus laboraret. 2 Praestare visum est tamen
:

contineret, ne, stipendiariis Haeduocuncta Gallia deficeret, quod nullum

10

omnes
cepta,

difficultates perpeti,

quam, tanta contumelia acalienare.

3

Itaque cohortatus Haeduos de supportando commeatu, praemittit ad Boios, qui de suo adventu doceant, hortenturque
15

omnium suorum

voluntates

hostium impetum magno legionibus atque impedimentis totius exercitus relictis, ad Boios profiut
in
fide

maneant, atque
4

animo sustineant.
ciscitur.

Duabus Agedici

20

cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunone quern post se hostem relinqueret, quo expeditiore re frumentaria uteretur, oppugnare intertio die, missis ex stituit, idque biduo circumvallavit de arma conferri, deditione, legatis jumenta prooppido
11.

Altero

die,

dunum

venisset,

duci, sexcentos obsides dari, jubet:

ea qui
Ipse, ut

conficeret,

C.
25

Trebonium legatum
iter faceret,

relinquit.

quam
;

pri-

mum
turn

Genabum Carnutum

proficiscitur

qui,

duni,

primum allato nuntio de oppugnatione Vellaunocum longius earn rem ductum iri existimarent,

praesidium Genabi tuendi causa, quod eo mitterent, 3 Hue biduo pervenit. Castris ante opcomparabant.
30

pidum

positis, diei
differt,
et,

nationem
imperat
;

tempore exclusus in posterum oppugquaeque ad earn rem usui sint militibus quod oppidum Genabum pons fluminis Li-

geris continebat, veritus ne noctu ex oppido profugerent,

4 duas legiones in armis excubare jubet. Genabenses, paulo ante mediam noctem silentio ex oppido egressi, 5 flumen transire coeperunt. Qua re per exploratores

35

B. G. VII.

13.]

Casar advances

to

Avaricum.

147

nuntiata, Caesar legiones, quas expeditas esse jusserat, portis incensis, intromittit atque oppido potitur, perpaucis ex hostium numero desideratis quin cuncti vivi caperentur, quod pontis atque itinerum angustiae multitudinis 6 Oppidum diripit atque incendit, fugam intercluserant. praedam militibus donat exercitum Ligerem traducit,
;

atque in Biturigum fines pervenit. 12. Vercingetorix, ubi de Caesaris adventu cognovit, oppugnatione destitit atque obviam Caesari proficiscitur.
file oppidum Biturigum positum in via Noviodunum 2 Quo ex oppido cum legati ad oppugnare instituerat. eum venissent, oratum ut sibi ignosceret suaeque vitae
10

consuleret, ut celeritate reliquas res conficeret qua pleraque erat consecutus, arma conferri, equos produci, obsides

Parte jam obsidum tradita, cum reliqua administrarentur, centurionibus et paucis militibus indari, jubet.
3

15

tromissis qui

arma jumentaque conquirerent, equitatus

hostium procul visus est, qui agmen Vercingetorigis 4 antecesserat. Quern simul atque oppidani conspexerunt atque in spem auxilii venerunt, clamore sublato, arma capere, portas claudere, murum complere coepe5 Centuriones in oppido, cum ex significatione runt.
gladiis

20

Gallorum novi aliquid ab his iniri consilii intellexissent, destrictis, portas occupaverunt suosque omnes incolumes receperunt. 13. Caesar ex castris equitatum educi jubet, proeliumque equestre committit laborantibus jam suis Germanos equites circiter cccc submittit, quos ab initio habere
:

25

2 Eorum impetum Galli sustinere secum instituerat. non potuerunt, atque in fugam conjecti, multis amissis,

30

se

quibus profligatis, rursus oppidani perterriti comprehensos eos, quorum opera plebem concitatam existimabant, ad Caesarem perduxerunt sese3 que ei dediderunt. Quibus rebus confectis, Caesar ad

ad agmen receperunt

oppidum Avaricum, quod

que
in finibus

erat

maximum munitissimum-

35

Biturigum atque agri fertilissima regione,

148

SJiall

Avar icwn
;

be defended or destroyed?

[Cesar

profectus est

quod, eo oppido recepto, civitatem Bituri-

redacturum confidebat. continuis incommodis Vellaunoduni, Genabi, Novioduni acceptis, suos ad concilium convocat. 2 Docet, longe alia ratione esse bellum gerendum atque antea gestum sit omnibus modis huic rei

gum

se in potestatem

14. Vercingetorix, tot

'

studendum, ut pabulatione et commeatu Romani prohibeantur: id esse facile, quod equitatu ipsi abundent, et quod anni tempore subleventur pabulum secari non
;

to

posse necessario dispersos hostes ex aedificiis petere hos omnes cotidie ab equitibus deleri posse. 3 Praete;

causa, rei familiaris commoda neglegenda vicos atque aedificia incendi oportere hoc spatio [a Boia] quoque versus, quo pabulandi causa adire posse videanrea, salutis
15 tur.
4

Harum

ipsis

rerum copiam suppetere, quod quo*

rum in finibus bellum geratur, eorum opibus subleventur Romanos aut inopiam non laturos, aut magno periculo
longius ab castris processuros
interficiant
20

neque interesse, ipsosne impedimentisne exuant, quibus amissis bellum geri non possit. 5 Praeterea, oppida incendi oportere quae non munitione et loci natura ab omni sint neu suis sint ad detractandam militiam periculo tuta neu Romanis proposita ad copiam commeareceptacula,
; :

gravia aut acerba gravius aestimare, liberos, conjuges 25 in servitutem abstrabi, ipsos interfici quae sit necesse ,accidere victis.'
si

tus

praedamque tollendam.
ilia

Haec

videantur, multo

30

consensu hac sententia probata, uno die xx urbes amplius Biturigum incenduntur. Hoc idem fit a in reliquis civitatibus. In omnibus partibus incendia etsi conspiciuntur quae magno cum dolore omnes feretamen hoc sibi solatii bant, proponebant, quod se, prope
15.
;

Omnium

explorata victoria, celeriter amissa recuperaturos con3 Deliberatur de Avarico in communi concilio, fidebant.
35

incendi

placeret an defendi. Gallis ad pedes Bituriges, ne

Procumbunt omnibus
to-

pulcherrimam prope

B. G. VII. 17.]

Difficulties

of the Siege.

149

tati,

urbem, quae praesidio et ornamento sit civimanibus succendere cogerentur facile se loci natura defensuros dicunt, quod, prope ex omnibus partius Galliae

suis

tibus

flumine et palude circumdata,

unum

habeat et
5

5 Datur petentibus venia, dissuaperangustum aditum. dente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente, et precibus ipsorum et misericordia volgi. Defensores oppido

idonei deliguntur.
16.

Vercingetorix minoribus Caesarem itineribus sub10

et locum castris deligit paludibus silvisque munitum, ab Avarico longe milia passuum xvi. 2 Ibi per certos exploratores in singula diei tempora quae ad Avaricum agerentur cognoscebat, et quid fieri vellet

sequitur,

3 Omnes nostras pabulationes frumentatioimperabat. nesque observabat, dispersosque, cum longius necessario procederent, adoriebatur magnoque incommodo afficie-

15

bat

etsi, quantum ratione provideri poterat, ab nostris occurrebatur, ut incertis temporibus diversisque itineri;

bus

iretur.
20

Castris ad earn partem oppidi positis Caesar, quae intermissa a flumine et a palude aditum, ut supra diximus, angustum habebat, aggerem apparare, vineas agere, turres duas constituere coepit nam circumvallare loci
17.
:

natura prohibebat. Haeduos adhortari

nullo studio

De

re

frumentaria Boios atque

:

non destitit quorum alteri, quod alteri agebant, non multum adjuvabant
;

25

non magnis
difficultate

facultatibus,

firma, celeriter
rei

quod civitas erat exigua et in3 habuerunt Summa quod consumpserunt.

frumentariae affecto exercitu, tenuitate
30

Boiorum, indiligentia Haeduorum, incendiis aedificiorum, usque eo ut complures dies frumento milites caruerint, et, pecore e longinquioribus vicis adacto, extremam famem sustentarent, nulla tamen vox est ab iis audita

populi
digna.

Romani majestate
4

et

superioribus victoriis
in

inle- 35

Quin etiam Caesar cum

et,
si

opere singulas
ferrent,

giones appellaret,

acerbius

inopiam

se

150

Attempted Relief by Vercingetorix.

diceret, universi

[Cesar
ab eo ne

dimissurum oppugnationem
id faceret
5
:

'sic se complures annos, illo impetebant perante, meruisse, ut nullam ignominiam acciperent, nusquam infecta re discederent hoc se ignominiae la;

oppugnationem reliquissent 6 non civibus praestare omnes perferre acerbitates quam Romanis, qui Genabi perfidia Gallorum interissent, paloco,
si

turos

inceptam

rentarent.'

Haec eadem centurionibus tribunisque

mili-

to

tum mandabant, ut per eos ad Caesarem deferrentur. 18. Cum jam muro turres appropinquassent, ex captivis

bulo, castra movisse propius

Caesar cognovit Vercingetorigem, consumpto paAvaricum, atque ipsum cum

inter equites proeliari conequitatu expeditisque, qui suessent, insidiarum causa eo profectum, quo nostros
15

arbitraretur. Quibus postero die pabulatum venturos rebus cognitis, media nocte silentio profectus ad hostium

castra

mane

pervenit.
silvas

Illi,

celeriter per exploratores

adventu Caesaris cognito, carros impedimentaque sua

in
20

artiores

abdiderunt,

copias
4

omnes

in

loco

edito atque aperto instruxerunt. Qua re sar celeriter sarcinas conferri, arma expediri jussit.
19.

nuntiata, Cae-

Collis erat

leniter

ab infimo

acclivis.

Hunc

ex

omnibus gebat, non

;5

fere partibus palus difficilis atque impedita cin2

latior

pedibus quinquaginta.

Hoc

se colle,

fiducia loci continebant, geneinterruptis pontibus, Galli distributi in civitates, omnia vada ac f saltus

ratimque

sic ejus paludis obtinebant,

animo

parati ut,

si

earn pa-

30

ludem Romani perrumpere conarentur, haesitantes pre3 loci ut, qui propinquitatem merent ex loco superiore ad dimicandum exvideret, paratos prope aequo Marte condicionis perspiceret, inam
:

istimaret

qui iniquitatem simulatione sese ostentare cognosceret.

;

Indignantes

milites Caesar,

hostes per ferre quod conspectum suum et signum proelii expospossent, tantulo spatio interjecto,
et quot virorum fortium centes, edocet quanto detrimento

35

morte necesse

sit

constare victoriam

5
;

quos cum

sic

B. G. VII. 20.]

Appeal of Vercingetorix.

151

recusent,

animo paratos videat ut nullum pro sua laude periculum summae se iniquitatis condemnari debere, nisi
salute habeat cariorem. die reducit in castra
;

reliquaque quae ad oppugnationem pertinebant oppidi administrare instituit.

eorum vitam sua consolatus eodem

Sic milites

suos redisset, proditionis Romanos movisset, quod cum omni equitatu discessisset, quod sine imperio tantas copias reliquisset, quod ejus discessu Romani
20. Vercingetorix,

insimulatus,

quod

cum ad

castra propius

10

non haec tanta opportunitate et celeritate venissent omnia fortuito aut sine consilio accidere potuisse regnum ilium Galliae malle Caesaris concessu quam ipso;
;

rum habere
2<
:

beneficio,

tali

modo

accusatus, ad haec re15

Quod castra movisset, factum inopia pabuli, spondit etiam ipsis hortantibus ; quod propius Romanos accesipsum muequitum vero operam neque in loco palustri desiderari debuisse, et illic fuisse utilem quo
sisset,

persuasum

loci opportunitate, qui se f

;

nitione defenderet
3

sint profecti.

Summam
ne
;

cedentem

tradidisse,

is

imperii se consulto nulli dis- 20 multitudinis studio ad dimi-

candum
studere

impelleretur

cui rei propter animi mollitiem

omnes videret, quod diutius laborem ferre non 4 Romani si casu intervenerint, fortunae si possent. alicujus indicio vocati, huic habendam gratiam, quod et paucitatem eorum ex loco superiore cognoscere et virtu;

25

tem despicere potuerint

se in castra receperint.

qui dimicare non ausi turpiter Imperium se ab Caesare per

30

proditionem nullum desiderare, quod habere victoria posset, quae jam esset sibi atque omnibus Gallis explorata quin etiam ipsis remittere, si sibi magis honorem " tribuere quam ab se salutem accipere videantur.' 6 Haec
:

a me sincere pronuntiari, audite ut intelligatis," inquit, Romanos milites." Producit servos, quos in pabulatione
paucis ante diebus exceperat, et fame vinculisque excru- 35 7 ciaverat. Hi, jam ante edocti quae interrogati pro-

"

152

Skilful Defences of the Gauls.

[Cesar

nuntiarent, milites se esse legionarios clicunt; fame et

inopia adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid frumenti aut pecoris in agris reperire possent simili omnem ex;

ercitum inopia premi, nee jam vires sufficere cujusquam, nee ferre opens laborem posse itaque statuisse imperatorem, si nihil in oppugnatione oppidi profecissent, " 8 " triduo exercitum deducere. a me," Haec," inquit,
:

" Vercingetorix, beneficia habetis, quern proditionis insimulatis cujus opera sine vestro sanguine tantum exer;

10

citum victorem fame consumptum videtis quern turpiter se ex hac fuga recipientem, ne qua civitas suis finibus
;

recipiat, a

21.

me provisum est." Conclamat omnis multitudo,

concrepat,
15

quod

et suo

more armis

tionem approbant cem, nee de ejus fide dubitandum, nee majore ratione bellum administrari posse. 2 Statuunt, ut decern milia
;

facere in eo consuerunt cujus orasummum esse Vercingetorigem du-

hominum
tur,
20

delecta ex
solis

omnibus

copiis in
in eo,

oppidum mittansalutem commitid

nee

Biturigibus
;

communem
si

tendam censent
tinuissent,

quod paene

oppidum

re-

victoriae constare intellegebant. 22. Singulari militum nostrorum virtuti consilia cujusquemodi Gallorum occurrebant, ut est summae genus

summam

25

atque ad omnia imitanda et efficienda quae ab 2 Nam et laqueis falces quoque traduntur aptissimum.
sollertiae,

avertebant, quas,

cum

destinaverant, tormentis introrsus

30

aggerem cuniculis subtrahebant, eo scientius quod apud eos magnae sunt ferrariae, atque omne 3 Totum genus cuniculorum notum atque usitatum est. autem murum ex omni parte turribus contabulaverant,
;

reducebant

et

4 Tum crebris diurnis nocatque has coriis intexerant. turnisque eruptionibus aut aggeri ignem inferebant, aut milites occupatos in opere adoriebantur et nostrarum turrium altitudinem, quantum has cotidianus agger ex;

35 presserat,
5

commissis suarum turrium malis adaequabant

et apertos cuniculos praeusta et praeacuta materia, et

B. G. VII. 24. J

The

Rom at

Works are fired.

153

pice fervefacta, et

maximi ponderis

saxis morabantur,

moenibusque appropinquare prohibebant. hac fere forma sunt. 23. Muri autem oranes Gallici in Trabes directae perpetuae longitudinem, paribus intervallis, distantes

inter se binos

pedes, in solo collo-

cantur: hae revinciuntur introrsus, et multo aggere vestiuntur ea autem quae diximus intervalla grandibus 2 His collocatis et coagmenin fronte saxis effarciuntur.
:

tatis,

alius

insuper ordo

additur, ut

idem

illud

inter-

vallum servetur, neque

inter se contingant

trabes, sed 10

paribus intermissae spatiis, singulae singulis saxis interSic deinceps orane opus jectis, arete contineantur.
contexitur,
in

dum

justa muri altitudo expleatur.

Hoc
15

cum speciem varietatemque opus deforme non est, alternis trabibus ac saxis, quae rectis lineis suos ordines servant turn ad utilitatem et defensionem urbium summam habet opportunitatem quod et ab incendio lapis,
:

et

ab ariete materia defendit, quae, perpetuis trabibus

20

pedes quadragenos plerumque introrsus revincta, neque perrumpi neque distrahi potest. 24. His tot rebus impedita oppugnatione, milites, cum toto tempore frigore et assiduis imbribus tardarentur,

tamen continenti labore omnia haec superaverunt, et diebus xxv, aggerem latum pedes cccxxx, altum pedes 2 Cum is murum hostium paene lxxx, exstruxerunt.
contingeret, et Caesar ad opus consuetudine excubaret, militesque hortaretur ne quod omnino tempus ab opere
intermitteretur,

25

paulo

madversum
succenderant
sublato,

fumare
;

ante tertiam vigiliam est aniaggerem, quern cuniculo hostes

30

eodemque tempore toto muro clamore duabus portis ab utroque latere turrium erup3 Alii faces atque aridam materiem de muro tio fiebat. in aggerem eminus jaciebant picem reliquasque res quibus ignis excitari potest fundebant ut, quo primum
;
;

curreretur, aut cui rei ferretur auxilium, vix ratio iniri 35 4 Tamen, quod instituto Caesaris semper duae posset.

154

The Gauls prepare

to fly.

[Cesar

legiones pro castris excubabant, pluresque partitis temporibus erant in opere, celeriter factum est, ut alii eruptionibus resisterent, alii turres reducerent, aggeremque interscinderent, omnis vero ex castris multitudo ad
5

10

adire apertos ad auxilianturrium videbant, nee dum animadvertebant, semperque recentes defessis
facile
ipsi

restinguendum concurreret. 25. Cum in omnibus locis, consumpta jam reliqua parte noctis, pugnaretur, semperque hostibus spes viceo magis, quod deustos pluteos toriae redintegraretur,

succederent,

omnemque

Galliae salutem in
;

illo

vestigio

temporis positam arbitrarentur

nobis,

accidit, inspectantibus

quod dignum memoria visum praetereundum non 2 Quidam ante portam oppidi Gallus per manus sevi ac picis traditas glebas in ignem e reexistimavimus.

20

scorpione ab latere dextro tra3 Hunc ex proximis exanimatusque concidit. unus jacentem transgressus eodem illo munere fungebatur eadem ratione ictu scorpionis exanimato alteri successit tertius, et tertio quartus nee prius ille est a vacuus relictus locus, propugnatoribus quam, restincto aggere atque omni parte submotis hostibus, finis est

gione turris proiciebat

jectus

pugnandi factus.
25

26. Omnia expert! Galli, quod res nulla successerat, postero die consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere, hortante et jubente Vercingetorige. 2 Id silentio noctis conati, non magna jactura suorum sese effecturos spera-

propterea quod neque longe ab oppido castra Vercingetorigis aberant, et palus, quae perpetua inter3 30 cedebat, Romanos ad insequendum tardabat. Jamque hoc facere noctu apparabant, cum matresfamiliae re;

bant

35

pente in publicum procurrerunt, flentesque, projectae ad pedes suorum, omnibus precibus petierunt, ne se et communes liberos hostibus ad supplicium dederent, quos ad capiendam fugam naturae et virium infirmitas impediret.
*

Ubi eos

in sententia perstare viderunt,

quod

B. G. VII. 28.J

Avaricum

is taken.

155

plerumque in surarao periculo timor misericordiam non de fuga Romanis coerecipit, conclamare et significare 6 Quo timore perterriti Galli, ne ab equitatu perunt.
viae praeoccuparentur, consilio destiterunt. 27. Postero die Caesar, promota turri directisque operibus quae facere instituerat, magno coorto imbre, non

Romanorum

inutilem hanc ad capiendum consilium tempestatem arbitrates est, quod paulo incautius custodias in muro disin opere versari juspositas videbat, suosque languidius 2 Legionibusque intra sit, et quid fieri vellet ostendit.
10

vineas in occulto expeditis, cohortatus ut aliquando pro tantis laboribus fructum victoriae perciperent, iis qui primi murum adscendissent praemia proposuit, militi3 Illi subito ex omnibus partibus busque signum dedit.
evolaverunt,
28.
jecti,

murumque

celeriter compleverunt.
perterriti,

15

Hostes re nova
in

muro turribusque

de-

foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constite-

ut, si qua ex parte obviam contra 2 Ubi neminem veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent. in aequum locum sese demittere, sed toto undique muro 20

runt,

hoc animo

circumfundi viderunt,
retur,

veriti ne omnino spes fugae tolleultimas oppidi partes continenti armis, abjectis
;

impetu petiverunt
exitu se ipsi

parsque

ibi,

cum angusto portarum

:

premerent, a militibus, pars jam egressa

nee fuit quisquam 25 portis ab equitibus, est interfecta 3 caede et labore et Genabi Sic studeret. qui praedae
operis incitati, non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt denique ex omni numero, qui fuit circiter milium xl, vix dccc, qui primo clamore
:

audito se ex oppido ejecerunt, incolumes ad Vercinge- 30 4 torigem pervenerunt. Quos ille multa jam nocte
silentio

ex fuga excepit, veritus

ne qua

in castris

ex

eorum concursu

et misericordia volgi seditio oreretur, ut,

procul in via dispositis familiaribus suis principibusque civitatum, disparandos deducendosque ad suos curaret, 35 quae cuique civitati pars castrorum ab initio obvenerat.

156

New
Ne

Efforts of Vercingetorix.

[Cesar

29. Postero die concilio convocato, consolatus cohor-

tatusque est

'
:

se

admodum animo
;

2 non virtute neque in perturbarentur incommodo vicisse Romanos, sed artificio quodam et scientia 5

demitterent, ne acie
op-

pugnationis, cujus rei fuerint ipsi imperiti

errare, si

qui in bello omnes secundos rerum proventus exspec3 tent sibi nunquam placuisse Avaricum defendi, cujus
;

10

testes ipsos haberet, sed factum imprudentia Biturigum et nimia obsequentia reliquorum, uti hoc incommodum acciperetur; id tamen se celeriter majoribus
rei

commodis sanaturum.
civitates dissentirent,

Nam, quae ab reliquis Gallis has sua diligentia adjuncturum

;

atque unum consilium totius Galliae effecturum, cujus consensui ne orbis quidem terrarum possit obsistere
15

5 Interea aequum idque se prope jam effectum habere. ab iis communis salutis causa esse, impetrari, ut castra

munire

instituerent,

quo

facilius repentinos

hostium im-

20

non ingrata Gallis, et maxime animo non defecerat tanto accepto incomquod ipse in et conspectum se occultum abdiderat modo, neque animo multitudinis fugerat providere et praeplusque
;

petus sustinerent.' 30. Fuit haec oratio

sentire existimabatur, quod, re integra, primo incendendum Avaricum, post deserendum censuerat. 2 Itaque, res adversae auctoritatem 25 ut reliquorum imperatorum ex contrario minuunt, sic hujus dignitas, incommodo
3 Simul in spem veniebant accepto, in dies augebatur. ejus affirmatione de reliquis adjungendis civitatibus
;

primumque eo tempore
30

et sic

munire instituerunt, sunt animo confirmati, homines insueti laboris, ut

Galli castra

omnia quae imperarentur sibi patienda existimarent. 31. Nee minus quam est pollicitus, Vercingetorix animo laborabat ut reliquas civitates adjungeret, atque 2 Huicrei idoeas donis pollicitationibusque alliciebat.
35

neos homines deligebat, quorum quisque aut oratione subdola aut amicitia facillime capere posset. Qui

B. G. VII. 33-]

Trouble

among

the Aidui.

157

Avarico expugnato
curat.
3

refrigerant,

armandos vestiendosque
civitatibus,
velit
;

Simul, ut

derainutae copiae redintegrarentur,

militum imperat certum numerum

quem, et
5

quam

ante diem, in castra adduci

sagittariosque

conomnes, quorum erat permagniis numerus in Gallia, 4 id celeriter His rebus mitti jubet quod quiri et ad se Interim Teutomatus, OlloAvarici deperierat expletur. viconis filius, rex Nitiobrigum, cujus pater ab senatu
nostro amicus erat appellatus, cum magno equitum suorum numero et quos ex Aquitania conduxerat ad eum
pervenit.
32.

I0

m am que
tus,

Caesar Avarici complures dies commoratus, sumibi copiam frumenti et reliqui commeatus nanc2

ex labore atque inopia refecit. Jam ad anni cum hieme confecta, getempore ipso prope rendum bellum vocaretur, et ad hostem proficisci con-

exercitum

*5

stituisset,

obsidione

ex paludibus silvisque elicere sive legati ad eum principes Haeduorum veniunt, oratum, ut maxime necessario tem3< summo esse in periculo rem pore civitati subveniat creari atque cum magistratus antiquitus singuli quod, regiam potestatem annum obtinere consuessent, duo
sive

eum

premere posset,
:

magistratum gerant,

et se

tum esse

dicat.

Horum

uterque eorum legibus creaesse alterum Convictolitavem,

;

Cotum, sumhominem familia natum, ipsum atque antiquissima

florentem et

illustrem adulescentem

alterum

25

mae

potentiae et

tiacus

proximo anno

magnae cognationis, cujus frater Valeeundem magistratum gesserit

civitatem

esse in armis, divisum senatum, divisum populum, suas cujusque eorum clientelas. 5 Quod 3 si diutius alatur controversia. fore uti pars cum parte
civitatis confligat
;

omnem

id

ne accidat, positum

in ejus dili-

gentia atque auctoritate.' 33. Caesar, etsi a bello atque hoste discedere detrimentosum esse existimabat, tamen non ignorans quanta ex dissensionibus incommoda oriri consuessent, ne tanta

35

158
et

Ccesar divides Ids Forces.

[Cesar

tam conjuncta populo Romano civitas, quam ipse semper aluisset omnibusque rebus ornasset, ad vim atque ad arma descenderet, atque ea pars quae minus
confideret auxilia a Vercingetorige arcesseret, huic rei 2 et quod, legibus Haeduopraevertendum existimavit
;

rum, iis qui summum magistratum obtinerent excedere ex finibus non liceret, ne quid de jure aut de legibus eorum deminuisse videretur, ipse in Haeduos proficisci
statuit,
10

esset ad se
tas

senatumque omnem et quos inter controversia Decetiam evocavit. 3 Cum prope omnis civieo convenisset, docereturque, paucis clam convocatis,

alio loco alio

renuntiatum,

cum

tempore atque oportuerit, fratrem a fratre leges duo ex una familia, vivo utroque,

15

creari vetarent, sed etiam in senatu esse prohiberent, Cotum imperium deponere coeConvictolitavem, qui per sacerdotes, more civitatis, git

non solum magistratus

;

intermissis magistratibus, esset creatus, potestatem obtinere jussit.

decreto interposito, cohortatus Haeduos ut 20 controversiarum ac dissensionis obliviscerentur, atque,

34.

Hoc

omnibus omissis
equitatumque
25

rebus, huic bello servirent, eaque quae

se,

meruissent praemia ab

devicta Gallia, exspectarent,

sibi cele-

omnem
quae
2

et

peditum milia decern

riter mitterent,

disponeret,
in

in praesidiis rei

frumentariae causa
divisit
:

exercitum in duas partes

iv le;

30

Senones Parisiosque Labieno ducendas dedit giones vi ipse in Arvernos, ad oppidum Gergoviam secundum flumen Elaver, duxit equitatus partem illi attribuit, 3 sibi re cognita, Vercingetorix, Oua reliquit. partem omnibus interrupts ejus fluminis pontibus, ab altera
;

fluminis parte iter facere coepit. 35. Cum uterque utrimque exisset exercitus, in conDisspectu, fereque e regione castris, castra ponebant.
35 pias

positis exploratoribus, necubi effecto ponte Romani cotraducerent, erat in magnis Caesaris difficultatibus
res,

ne majorem aestatis partem flumine impediretur;

B. G. VII. 36. j

The Situation at Gergovia.

159
transiri solet.

quod non
2

fere ante

autumnum Elaver vado

Itaque, ne id accideret, silvestri loco castris positis, e regione unius eorum pontium quos Vercingetorix rescindendos curaverat, postero die cum duabus legionibus
reliquas copias cum omnibus impediut mentis, consueverat, misit, f captis quibusdam cohorin occulto restitit
;

tibus, uti

numerus legionum constare

possent progredi
ceperat in

videretur.

His
ex

quam
diei

longissime

jussis,

cum jam

tempore conjecturam iisdem sublicis, quarum pars inferior integra remanebat,

castra perventum,
10

pontem busque traductis

reficere coepit.

Celeriter effecto opere legioni-

et loco castris

copias revocavit.
antecessit.

idoneo delecto, reliquas Vercingetorix, re cognita, ne contra

cogeretur, magnis itineribus
15

suam voluntatem dimicare

36.

Caesar ex eo loco quintis castris Gergoviam pervenit, equestrique eo die proelio levi facto, perspecto
urbis situ, quae posita in altissimo
difficiles

monte oranes
;

aditus

de obsessione non prius agendum constituit, quam rem frumen2 tariam expedisset. At Vercingetorix, castris prope oppidum positis, mediocribus circum se intervallis separatim singularum civitatum copias collocaverat
;

habebat, de expugnatione desperavit

20

atque,

omnibus ejus jugi collibus occupatis qua despici poterat, horribilem speciem praebebat principesque earum civitatium, quos sibi ad consilium capiendum delegerat, prima
;

25

luce cotidie ad se convenire jubebat, seu quid nicandum seu quid administrandum videretur

commu;

neque
3

ullum fere diem intermittebat, quin equestri proelio, interjectis sagittariis, quid in quoque esset animi ac virtutis

suorum
ipsis

sub

Erat e regione oppidi collis radicibus montis, egregie munitus atque ex

perspiceret.
si

omni parte circumcisus, quern

tenerent nostri, et aquae

35

magna

parte et pabulatione libera prohibituri hostes videbantur; sed is locus praesidio ab his non nimis firmo

tenebatur

4
;

tamen

silentio noctis

Caesar ex castris egres-

l6o
sus,

The Aiduan Reinforcement

deserts.

[Cesar

priusquam subsidio ex oppido veniri posset, dejecto

fospraesidio, potitus loco, duas ibi legiones collocavit, a castris duodenum majoribus pedum duplicem samque

ad minora perduxit, ut tuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent Convictolitavis 37. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Haeduus, cui magistratum adjudicatum a Caesare demonstravimus, sollicitatus ab Arvernis pecunia,

cum

qui-

busdam adulescentibus
I0

colloquitur,

Litavicus
ut

atque ejus fratres,

2

erat princeps amplissima familia nati

quorum

adulescentes.

Cum

his
et

praemium communicat, hortaimperio

natos

turque
3

se

liberos

meminerint

'Unam

esse

Haeduorum
traducta,
:

Galliae
15

victoriam
;

civitatem, quae certissimam detineat ejus auctoritate reliquas

;

in qua non fore esse nonnullo se Caesaris beneficio affectum, sic tamen ut justissimam apud eum causam

contineri
Gallia

locum consistendi Romanis

20

Cur enim potius Haedui de suo jure et de legibus ad Caesarem disceptatorem, quam Romani ad Haeduos veniant ?
obtinuerit
;

sed plus

communi

libertati tribuere.

'

Celeriter

adulescentibus

et

oratione

magistratus

et

praemio deductis,
profiterentur,

cum

se vel principes ejus consilii fore

ratio

perficiendi

quaerebatur, quod civiillis

tatem temere ad suscipiendum bellum adduci posse non

25

confidebant.

Placuit ut Litavicus decern

milibus

quae Caesari ad bellum mitterentur, praeficeretur, atque ea ducenda curaret, fratresque ejus ad Caesarem praecurrerent.

30

Reliqua qua ratione agi placeat constituunt. 38. Litavicus, accepto exercitu, cum milia passuum circiter xxx ab Gergovia abesset, convocatis subito militibus, lacrimans,

"Quo

proficiscimur," inquit, "milites

;

Omnis

cipes
35
3

noster equitatus, omnis nobilitas interiit princivitatis, Eporedorix et Viridomarus, insimulati

proditionis,

ab Romanis indicta causa

interfecti

sunt.
;

Haec ab

nam

ipsis cognoscite qui ex ipsa caede fugerunt fratribus atque omnibus meis propinquis interego,

B. G. VII. 40.]

The News

is

brought

to Ctesar.

161

fectis,
4

que exponunt
cuti

dolore prohibeor quae gesta sunt pronuntiare." Producuntur hi quos ille edocuerat quae dici vellet, atLitavicus pronuntiaverat multitudini eadem

quae

equites

Haeduorum
dicerentur
;

interfectos,

quod

collo5

cum Arvernis

ipsos se inter multitudi-

nem militum occultasse atque ex media caede fugisse. 5 Conclamant Haedui, et Litavicum obsecrant ut sibi
consulat.
"
"

Quasi vero," inquit

ille,

consilii sit res, ac

non necesse sit nobis Gergoviam contendere et cum 6 An dubitamus quin, Arvernis nosmet conjungere! nefario facinore admisso, Romani jam ad nos interficiendos concurrant ? Proinde, si quid in nobis animi est,

10

persequamur eorum mortem qui indignissime "

runt, atque hos latrones interficiamus
7
!

interie-

Ostendit cives
;

magnum praesidii fiducia una erant frumenti commeatusque diripit ipsos crude8 Nuntios tota civitate Haeliter excruciatos interficit. duorum dimittit eodem mendacio de caede equitum et
Romanos, qui ejus

15

numerum

principum permovet

hortatur, ut

simili ratione

atque
20

ipse fecerit suas injurias persequantur.

39. Eporedorix Haeduus, summo loco natus adulescens et summae domi potentiae, et una Viridomarus, ab pari aetate et gratia sed genere dispari, quem Caesar

Divitiaco sibi traditum ex humili loco ad

summam

dig25

nitatem perduxerat, in equitum numero convenerant, nominatim ab eo evocati. 2 His erat inter se de princi-

pal

contentio

et

in

ilia

magistratuum controversia,

alter pro Convictolitavi, alter pro Coto,

summis opibus
;

pugnaverant.
silio,

Ex

iis

Eporedorix, cognito Litavici conorat,

media fere nocte rem ad Caesarem defert

ne

patiatur civitatem pravis adulescentium consiliis ab ami4 citia populi Romani deficere quod futurum provideat,
;

si

se tot

hominum

milia

cum

hostibus conjunxerint, quocivitas

35

rum salutem neque propinqui neglegere neque levi momento aestimare posset.
40.

Magna

affectus sollicitudine
11

hoc nuntio Caesar,

62

Caesar arrives in

Camp

at Gergovia.

[Cesar

quod semper Haeduorum

nulla

civitati

praecipue indulserat,

interposita dubitatione, legiones expeditas quattuor equitatumque omnem ex castris educit ; 2 nee fuit

spatium
5

tali

tempore ad contrahenda
3

castra,

quod

res

posita in celeritate videbatur.

C.

Fabium legatum cum

Fratres legionibus duabus castris praesidio relinquit. Litavici cum comprehendi jussisset, paulo ante reperit

ad hostes
rio

fugisse.

Adhortatus milites ne necessa-

10

tempore itineris labore permoveantur, cupidissimis omnibus, progressus milia passuum xxv, agmen Haeduorum conspicatus, immisso equitatu, iter eorum moratur atque impedit interdicitque omnibus ne quemquam
;

interficiant.

Eporedorigem

et

Viridomarum, quos

illi

15

existimabant, inter equites versari suosque 6 His cognitis, et Litavici fraude perappellare jubet. manus Haedui tendere, deditionem significare, et specta, 7 Litavicus armis mortem deprecari incipiunt. projectis
interfectos

cum
etiam
20

suis
in

clientibus, quibus more Gallorum nefas est extrema fortuna deserere patronos, Gergoviam

profugit.
41. Caesar, nuntiis

ad civitatem Haeduorum missis,

belli

qui suo beneficio conservatos docerent quos jure

interficere

ad quietem

potuisset, tribusque datis, castra ad Gergoviam movit.

horis

noctis

exercitui
2

Medio

25 fere itinere, equites ab Fabio missi quanto res in periculo fuerit exponunt summis copiis castra oppugnata
:

demonstrant, cum

crebro integri defessis succederent, assiduo labore defatigarent, quibus propter nostrosque castrorum magnitudinem perpetuo esset isdem in vallo
3
;

30

multitudine sagittarum atque omnis telorum multos vulneratos ad haec sustinenda generis 4 Fabium discessu eorum, usui fuisse tormenta magno

permanendum

duabus
35 rare.
5

relictis portis,

obstruere ceteras, pluteosque vallo

posterum diem similemque casum appaHis rebus cognitis, Caesar summo studio militum ante ortum solis in castra pervenit.
addere, et se in

B. G. VII. 44-]

Plots

among

the Aidui.

163

haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Haedui primis 42. nuntiis ab Litavico acceptis, nullum sibi ad cognoscen-

Dum

dum

Impellit alios avaritia, alios spatium relinquunt. iracundia et temeritas, quae maxime illi hominurn generi est innata, ut levem auditionem habeant pro re comperta bona civium Romanorum diripiunt, caedes faciunt, in 3 servitutem abstrahunt. Adjuvat rem proclinatam Convictolitavis, plebemque ad furorem impellit, ut, facinore
:

M. Aristium, admisso, ad sanitatem reverti pudeat. tribunum militum, iter ad legionem facientem, fide data, ex oppido Cabillono educunt idem facere cogunt eos
;

10

5 Hos continuo in qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant. itinere adorti omnibus impedimentis exuunt repug;

multis utrimque innantes diem noctemque obsident terfectis, majorem multitudinem ad arma concitant.
;

15

43. Interim, nuntio allato

omnes eorum
;

milites in po;

testate Caesaris teneri, concurrunt ad Aristium

nihil

quaestionem de publico factum consilio demonstrant bonis direptis decernunt Litavici fratrumque bona pub;

licant
2

Haec

legatos ad Caesarem sui purgandi gratia mittunt. 20 sed confaciunt recuperandorum suorum causa
;

taminati facinore et capti compendio ex direptis bonis, quod ea res ad multos pertinebat, timore poenae exterriti,

consilia

clam de bello

inire

incipiunt, civitatesque
3

reliquas legationibus sollicitant.

intellegebat,
lat
:

Quae

tametsi Caesar

25

tamen quam mitissime potest legatos appelpropter inscientiam levitatemque vulgi grajudicare, neque de sua in Haeduos
4

nihil se

vius

de

civitate

benevolentia deminuere.

Ipse majorem Galliae motum exspectans, ne ab omnibus civitatibus circumsisteretur, 30 consilia inibat, quemadmodum ab Gergovia discederet

ac rursus

omnem

exercitum contraheret

ne profectio

nata ab timore defectionis similis fugae videretur. 44. Haec cogitanti accidere visa est facultas

bene gerendae rei. Nam cum in minora castra operis perspiciendi causa venisset, animadvertit collem, qui ab hosti-

35

164

Gergovia

Ccesars Strategy.

[Caesar

tenebatur, nudatum hominibus, qui diebus vix prae multitudine cerni poterat.

bus

superioribus
2

Admiratus ad eum quaerit ex perfugis causam, quorum magnus inter Constabat confluebat. omnes, cotidie numerus
dorquod jam ipse Caesar per exploratores cognoverat, silvestrem hunc sed sum esse ejus jugi prope aequum, et angustum, qua esset aditus ad alteram partem oppidi 3 vehementer huic illos loco timere, nee jam aliter senamisistire, uno colle ab Romanis occupato, si alterum et exitu omni circumvallati atque sent, quiri paene muniendum hunc ad pabulatione interclusi viderentur;
:

10

omnes

a Vercingetorige evocatos. 45. Hac re cognita, Caesar mittit complures equitum

:

15

turmas eis de media nocte imperat, ut paulo tumultu2 Prima luce magnum osius omnibus locis vagarentur. castris ex numerum impedimentorum mulorumque procum duci, deque his stramenta detrahi, mulionesque
cassidibus, equitum specie ac simulatione, collibus circumvehi jubet. 3 His paucos addit equites, qui latius

20

ostentationis causa vagarentur.

omnes jubet petere

videbantur, ut
erat

regiones.

Longo circuitu easdem Haec procul ex oppido

;

Gergovia despectus in castra esset explorari poterat. neque, tanto spatio, certi quid 6 et paulum progreseodem unam mittit, jugo Legionem
a
25

sam
tur

inferiore constituit loco, silvisque occultat.

Gallis suspicio,

atque
6

omnes
castra

illo

Augemunitionum
Caesar

copiae

traducuntur.

Vacua

hostium

conspicatus, tectis insignibus suorum, occultatisque signis militaribus, raros milites (ne ex oppido animadver30 terentur)

ex

majoribus

castris

in

minora

traducit,

legatisque,
fieri

velit

quos singulis ostendit: 7 imprimis

legionibus

praefecerat, quid monet, ut contineant

milites,

progrediantur
35

ne studio pugnandi aut spe praedae longius habeat incommodi quid iniquitas loci
;

occasionis proponit; hoc una celeritate posse mutari; 8 His rebus expositis, signum dat, esse rem, non proelii.

B. G. VII. 47-]

His Sudden Attack.

alio

165

et

ab dextra parte
mittit.

adscensu eodem tempore Haeinitio

duos
46.

Oppidi murus ab planicie, atque

adscensus

recta regione, si nullus amfractus intercederet, mcc passus aberat quidquid hue circuitus ad molliendum cli;

vum

accesserat, id

spatium

itineris augebat.

At medio

fere colle in longitudinem, ut natura montis ferebat, ex grandibus saxis sex pedum murum, qui nostrorum imatque, inferiore petum tardaret, praeduxerant Galli
;

omni
rant.

spatio
3

vacuo

relicto,

superiorem

partem

collis 10

usque ad

murum

Milites,

oppidi densissimis castris complevedato signo, celeriter ad munitionem

perveniunt, eamque transgressi trinis castris potiuntur. 4 Ac tanta fuit in castris capiendis celeritas, ut Teutomatus, rex Nitiobrigum, subito in tabernaculo oppressus, ut meridie conquieverat, superiore corporis parte nudata, vulnerato equo, vix se ex manibus praedantium militum
eriperet.

15

47.

Consecutus

id

quod animo proposuerat, Caesar

20
2

receptui cani jussit, legionique decimae, contionatus, signa constituit.

milites,

quacum erat, At reliquarum legionum non exaudito sono tubae, quod satis magna valles
tamen ab tribunis militum
legatisque, ut
3

intercedebat,

Sed elati spe erat a Caesare praeceptum, retinebantur. celeris victoriae et hostium fuga et superiorum tempo- 25 rum secundis proeliis, nihil adeo arduum sibi esse existimaverunt quod non virtute consequi possent neque finem prius sequendi fecerunt quam muro oppidi portis;

que appropinquarunt.
partibus orto

Tum

vero ex omnibus

urbis

clamore, qui

longius
5

aberant, repentino 30

tumultu

perterriti,

cum hostem

intra portas esse existi-

marent, sese ex oppido ejecerunt.

Matresfamiliae de
;

muro vestem argentumque jactabant

;

et, pectore nudo prominentes, passis manibus obtestabantur Romanos, ut sibi parcerent neu, sicut Avarici fecissent, ne a mulie-

35

ribus

quidem atque infantibus abstinerent.

Nonnullae,

66

Close

and Doubtful

Struggle.

[Cesar

de muris per man us clemissae, sese militibus tradebant.

L. Fabius, centurio legionis octavae, quern inter suos eo die dixisse constabat, excitari se Avaricensibus praemiis,

neque commissurum, ut prius quisquam

murum
ab
iis

5 adscenderet, tres suos nactus manipulares, atque

sublevatus, murum adscendit. exceptans, in murum extulit.

48.

Hos

ipse rursus, singulos

10

qui ad alteram partem oppidi, ut supra demonstravimus, munitionis causa convenerant, primo exaudito clamore, inde etiam crebris nuntiis incitati, op-

Interim

ii

pidum ab Romanis

teneri, praemissis equitibus,

magno

concursu eo contenderunt. 2 Eorum ut quisque primus venerat, sub muro consistebat, suorumque pugnantium

numerum
15

augebat.

Quorum cum magna

multitudo con-

venisset, matresfamiliae,

quae paulo ante Romanis de

muro manus tendebant, suos obtestari, et more Gallico passum capillum ostentare, liberosque in conspectum 3 Erat Romanis nee loco nee nuproferre coeperunt. mero aequa contentio simul et cursu et spatio pugnae
:

20 defatigati,

non

facile

recentes atque

integros sustine-

bant.

Caesar cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque augeri copias videret, praemetuens suis, ad T. Sextium legatum, quern minoribus castris praesidio reliquerat, misit,
49.
25 ut

cohortes ex castris celeriter educeret, et sub infimo 2 colle ab dextro latere hostium constitueret ut, si nos;

tros loco depulsos vidisset, quo minus libere hostes insequerentur terreret. Ipse, paulum ex eo loco cum

legione progressus ubi constiterat, eventum pugnae ex30 spectabat.

50. et

Cum

acerrime comminus pugnaretur, hostes loco

35

numero, nostri virtute confiderent, subito sunt Haedui visi, ab latere nostris aperto, quos Caesar ab dextra parte alio adscensu manus distinendae causa miserat. 2 Hi similitudine armorum vehementer nostros perterruerunt ac, tametsi dextris humeris exsertis animadver;

B. G.

VI 1

52.]

Exploit of 1 etronius.

67

tebantur, quod insigne

ipsum

sui fallendi causa milites

3

pacatum esse consuerat, tamen id ab hostibus factum exisL.

timabant.

Eodem tempore

Fabius centurio, quique

5

adscenderant, circumventi atque interfecti, muro praecipitabantur. 4 M. Petronius, ejusdem legionis centurio, cum portas excidere conatus esset, a multitudine oppressus ac sibi desperans, multis jam vulneribus acceptis, manipularibus
erant,
"

una

murum

suis qui

ilium

secuti

Ouoniam,"

"

inquit,

me una vobiscum

servare
10

non possum, vestrae quidem certe vitae prospiciam, quos cupiditate gloriae adductus in periculum deduxi. Vos, data facilitate, vobis consulite." 5 Simul in medios hostes irrupit, duobusque interfectis, reliquos a porta pauConantibus auxiliari suis, " Frustra," lum submovit. " meae vitae subvenire conamini, quern jam saninquit,

15

guis viresque deficiunt.

Proinde abite
Ita

dum

est facultas,

vosque ad legionem

lum

recipite." concidit, ac suis saluti fuit.

pugnans post pau-

51. Nostri, cum undique premerentur, quadraginta sex centurionibus amissis, dejecti sunt loco sed intolerantius Gallos insequentes legio decima tardavit,
;

20

quae

Hanc pro subsidio paulo aequiore loco constiterat. rursus decimae tertiae legionis cohortes exceperunt,
quae, ex castris minoribus eductae,

ceperant

locum superiorem.

T. Sextio legato Legiones ubi primum

cum

25

planitiem attigerunt, infestis contra hostes signis constiterunt. Vercingetorix ab radicibus collis suos intra munitiones reduxit. Eo die milites sunt paulo minus
scptingenti desiderati. 52. Postero die Caesar, contione advocata, temerita- 30

cupiditatemque militum reprehendit, quod sibi ipsi judicavissent quo procedendum aut quid agendum videretur, neque, signo recipiendi dato, constitissent, ncque ab tribunis militum legatisque retineri potuissent. 2 Exposuit quid iniquitas loci posset, quod ipse ad Avaricum sensisset, cum sine duce et sine equitatu deprehensis
35

tern

68

Ccesar appeals to the Aidui.

[Caesar

hostibus exploratam

victoriam
in

dimisisset,

ne parvum

contentione propter iniquitatem 3 loci accideret. Quanto opere eorum animi magnitudinem admiraretur, quos non castrorum munitiones, non
5

modo detrimentum

non murus oppidi tardare potuisset opere arrogantiamque reprehendere, quod plus se quam imperatorem de victoria atque exitu rerum sentire existimarent nee minus se ab milite modestiam et continentiara quam virtutem atque animi
altitudo montis,
:

tanto

licentiam

I0

magnitudinem desiderare.
53. Hac habita contione, et ad extremam orationem confirmatis militibus, ne ob hanc causam animo permo-

verentur, neu, quod iniquitas loci attulisset, id virtuti hostium tribuerent eadem de profectione cogitans quae
;

I5

ante senserat, legiones ex castris eduxit, aciemque idoneo

loco constituit.
2

Cum

Vercingetorix nihilo magis in

levi

aequum locum descenderet,

facto equestri proelio

3 atque secundo, in castra exercitum reduxit. die satis ad Galiicam idem postero fecisset,

Cum

hoc

ostenta-

20

tionem minuendam militumque animos confirmandos factum existimans, in Haeduos movit castra. Ne turn quidem insecutis hostibus, tertio die ad flumen Elaver
pontes
54.
reficit,

Ibi a

25 pellatus,

atque exercitum traducit. Viridomaro atque Eporedorige Haeduis apdiscit, cum omni equitatu Litavicum ad sollici;

tandos Haeduos profectum opus esse ipsos antecedere 2 ad confirmandam civitatem. Etsi multis jam rebus
perfidiam Haeduorum perspectam habebat, atque horum discessu admaturari defectionem civitatis existimabat
30

tamen eos retinendos non

3

constituit,

ne aut

inferre

injuriam videretur, aut dare timoris aliquam suspicionem. Discedentibus his breviter sua in Haeduos merita exposuit

35

quos et quam humiles accepisset, compulsos in multatos agris, omnibus ereptis copiis, imposito oppida, obsidibus summa cum contumelia extortis stipendio,
; ;

et

quam

in

fortunam quamque

in

amplitudinem de-

B. G. VII. 56.]

Ncviodunum.
in

169

duxisset, ut

non solum

sed

omnium temporum dignitatem

Noviodunum
erat

pristinum statum redissent, et gratiam antecesdimisit.

sisse viderentur.
55.

His datis mandatis, eos ab se

oppidum Haeduorum, ad ripas Hue Caesar omnes Ligeris opportuno loco positum. obsides Galliae, frumentum, pecuniam publicam, suorum
atque exercitus impedimentorum
tulerat
;

hue

magnam partem magnum numerum equorum, hujus

atque

conbelli

Hispania coemptum, miserat. 2 Eo cum Eporedorix Viridomarusque venissent, et de statu civitatis cognovissent, Litavicum Bibracti ab Haeduis receptum, quod est oppidum apud eos maximae
in
Italia

causa

10

Convictolitavim magistratum magnamque partem senatus ad eum convenisse, legatos ad Vercingetorigem de pace et amicitia concilianda publice missos non praetermittendum tantum commodum existimave3 runt. Itaque, interfectis Novioduni custodibus, quique
auctoritatis,
;

15

eo negotiandi causa convenerant, pecuniam atque equos inter se partiti sunt obsides civitatum Bibracte ad ma;

gistratum deducendos curaverunt

teneri
nis,

oppidum, quod a se non posse judicabant, ne quoi esset usui Romaincenderunt 4 frumenti quod subito potuerunt na;

20

vibus

reliquum flumine atque incendio corruperunt; ipsi ex finitimis regionibus copias cogere, praesidia custodiasque ad Ligeris disponere, ripas
avexerunt,

25

equitatumque omnibus locis iniciendi timoris causa ostentare coeperunt si ab re frumentaria Romanos excludere aut adductos inopia in Provinciam expellere
;

possent.

Quamad spem multum

eos adjuvabat, quod

Liger ex nivibus creverat, ut omnino vado non posse 30

transiri videretur.
56.

Quibus rebus
si

censuit,
ut,
ret.

cognitis, Caesar maturandum sibi esset in perficiendis pontibus periclitandum ;

prius
2

quam

Nam

essent majores eo coactae copiae, dimicane commutato consilio iter in Provinciam

35

converteret, ut

nemo non

turn

quidem necessario

faci-

170

Labicnus on the Seine.

existimabat,

[Caesar
rei et

endum
bat
;

cum

infamia atque indignitas

difficultas

oppositus mons Cevenna viarumque

turn

impedie-

maxime, quod abjuncto Labieno atque iis legionibus quas una miserat, vehementer timebat. 3 Itaque, admodum magnis diurnis atque nocturnis itineribus confectis, contra omnium opinionem ad Ligerim venit vadoque per equites invento, pro rei necessitate, opportuno, ut brachia modo, atque humeri ad sustinenda
;

10

liberi ab aqua esse possent, disposito equitatu, vim fluminis refringeret, atque hostibus primo adqui spectu perturbatis, incolumem exercitum traduxit fru;

arma

mentumque
57.

pecoris copiam nactus, repleto his rebus exercitu, iter in Senones facere instituit.

in agris et

15

haec apud Caesarem geruntur, Labienus, eo supplemento quod nuper ex Italia venerat relicto Age-

Dum

impedimentis praesidio, cum quattuor Lutetiam legionibus proficiscitur id est oppidum Parisiorum, quod positum est in insula fluminis Sequanae. 2 Cujus adventu ab hostibus cognito, magnae ex finitimis
dici,

ut

esset

20 civitatibus.copiae

convenerunt.

Summa

Camulogeno Aulerco, qui prope tamen propter singularem scientiam rei militaris ad eum 3 est honorem evocatus. Is cum animadvertisset per25

tur

imperii tradiconfectus aetate

petuam esse paludem quae influeret in Sequanam, atque ilium omnem locum magnopere impediret, hie consedit,
nostrosque transitu prohibere
58.
instituit.

Labienus primo vineas agere, cratibus atque aggere paludem explere, atque iter munire conabatur.

Postquam

id

difficilius confieri

animadvertit, silentio e

30 castris tertia vigilia egressus,

Melodunum
insula

pervenit.

eodem quo venerat itinere Id est oppidum Senonum in

circiter

Sequanae positum, ut paulo ante de Lutetia

3

diximus.

Deprehensis navibus

quinquaginta

celeriterque conjunctis, atque eo militibus injectis, et 35 rei novitate perterritis oppidanis, quorum magna pars erat ad bellum evocata, sine contentione oppido potitur.

B. G. VII. 60.]

Retreat of Labienns.

171

Refecto ponte, quern superioribus diebus hostes resciderant, exercitum traducit, et secundo flumine ad 5 Lutetiam iter facere coepit. Hostes, re cognita ab
qui a

iis

Meloduno fugerant, Lutetiam

;

incendi, pontes5

que ejus oppidi rescindi jubent ipsi, projecta palude, ad ripas Sequanae, e regione Lutetiae, contra Labieni
castra considunt.

Jam Caesar a Gergovia discessisse audiebatur; jam de Haeduorum defectione et secundo Galliae motu
59.

rumores aflerebantur Gallique in conloquiis, interitinere et clusum Ligeri Caesarem, inopia frumenti in Provinciam confirmabant. contendisse, coactum,
;

10

Bellovaci autem, defectione

ante erant per se infideles,

Haeduorum cognita, qui manus cogere atque aperte

15

bellum parare coeperunt. 3 Tum Labienus, tanta rerum commutatione, longe aliud sibi capiendum consilium atque antea senserat intellegebat neque jam ut aliquid
;

acquireret proelioque hostes lacesseret,

sed ut incolu-

mem

exercitum Agedicum reduceret, cogitabat. 4 Namque altera ex parte Bellovaci, quae civitas in Gallia maximam habet opinionem virtutis, instabant alteram Camulogenus parato atque instructo exercitu tenebat
;

20

turn legiones a praesidio atque impedimentis interclusas maximum flumen distinebat. Tantis subito difficulta-

tibus objectis, ab animi virtute auxilium

bat.

petendum vide-

25

60. Sub vesperum consilio convocato, cohortatus ut ea quae imperasset diligenter industrieque administrarent, naves quas a Meloduno deduxerat singulas equi-

tibus

Romanis

attribuit

et,

prima confecta

vigilia,

iv 30

milia

passuum secundo flumine silentio progredi, ibique 2 Ouinque cohortes, quas minime Armas ad dimicandum esse existimabat, castris praesidio relinquit quinque ejusdem legionis reliquas de media nocte cum omnibus impedimentis adverso flumine magno
se exspectari jubet.
;

35

tumultu

proficisci

imperat.

Conquirit etiam lintres

172

Victory of Labienns.

[Cesar

has

magno

sonitu

remorum

incitatas in

eandem partem

egressus cum tribus paulo, naves eum locum petit quo appelli jusserat. legionibus, 61. Eo cum esset ventum, exploratores hostium, \xX
mittit.

Ipse post

silentio

omni fluminis parte erant

magna
muntur

dispositi, inopinantes, quod subito erat coorta tempestas, ab nostris oppriexercitus equitatusque, equitibus Romanis ad;

ministrantibus
transmittitur.
10

quos
2

ei

negotio

praefecerat,

celeriter

Uno fere tempore sub lucem hostibus* nuntiatur in castris Romanorum praeter consuetudinerr. tumultuari, et magnum ire agmen adverso flumine, sonitumque remorum
milites
in

eadem parte
3

exaudiri, et paulo infra

navibus

transportari.

Quibus rebus

auditis,

15

quod existimabant tribus locis transire legiones, atque omnes perturbatos defectione Haeduorum fugam parare,
suas quoque copias in tres partes distribuerunt.
praesidio
e regione
i

castrorum
missa,

relicto,

et

parva

Nam, manu

Melodunum versus
naves
20

quae

tantum

progrediatur

quantum processissent, reliquas copias contra Labienum duxerunt. 62. Prima luce et nostri omnes erant transportati, et
hostium acies cernebatur.
2

Labienus, milites cohorta-

tus ut suae pristinae virtutis et secundissimorum proeliorum retinerent memoriam, atque ipsum Caesarem,
25

cujus ductu saepenumero hostes superassent, praesentem adesse existimarent, dat signum proelii. 3 Primo concursu, ab dextro cornu, ubi septima legio constiterat,
hostes pelluntur atque in fugam coniciuntur
;

ab

sinistro,

30

quern locum duodecima legio tenebat, cum primi ordines hostium transfixi pihs concidissent, tamen acerrime reli4

qui resistebant, nee dabat suspicionem fugae quisquam. Ipse dux hostium Camulogenus suis aderat, atque eos

cohortabatur.

Incerto nunc etiam exitu victoriae,

cum

septimae legionis tribunis esset nuntiatum quae in si35 nistro cornu gererentur, post tergum hostium legionem
ostenderunt, signaque intulerunt

Ne

eo quidem tern-

B. G. VII. 64.]

Council of Gauls at Bibracte.

cessit,

173

pore quisquam loco

terfectique sunt.

sed circumventi
tulit

omnes

in-

Eandem fortunam

Camulogenus.

At cum
6

qui praesidio contra castra Labieni erant relicti, proelium commissum audissent, subsidio suis ierunt,
ii

collemque ceperunt, neque nostrorum militum victorum

impetum

sustinere potuerunt.

Sic,

cum

suis

fugien-

tibus permixti, quos

non

silvae

montesque texerunt, ab

8 Hoc negotio confecto, Laequitatu sunt interfecti. bienus revertitur Agedicum, ubi impedimenta totius Inde cum omnibus copiis ad exercitus relicta erant.

10

Caesarem pervenit.
63.

Defectione
in

Legationes

Haeduorum cognita, bellum augetur. omnes partes circummittuntur quantum

;

gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent, ad sollicitandas civi2 Nacti obsides, quos Caesar apud eos 15 tates nituntur.

Pedeposuerat, horum supplicio dubitantes territant. tunt a Vercingetorige Haedui, ut ad se veniat ra-

Re impetrata, tradatur et, re in ipsis imperii controversial^ deducta, totius Galliae concilium Bibracte 20
tionesque
belli

gerundi

communicet.

contendunt ut
indicitur.
4

summa

Eodem

conveniunt

undique
:

frequentes.

Multitudinis suffragiis res permittitur

ad unura om-

nes Vercingetorigem probant imperatorem. 5 Ab hoc concilio Remi, Lingones, Treveri abfuerunt illi, quod amicitiam Romanorum sequebantur Treveri, quod
:

25

aberant longius et ab Germanis premebantur, quae fuit causa quare toto abessent bello et neutris auxilia mitterent.
6

Magno

cipatu in se indulgentiam requirunt neque tamen, suscepto 30 consilium ab reliquis separare audent. bello, suum
; ;

dolore Haedui ferunt se dejectos prinqueruntur fortunae commutationem, et Caesaris

Inviti summae spei adulescentes, Eporedorix et Viridomarus, Vercingetorigi parent. f denique 64. Ipse imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides
;

ei

equites, quindecim 35 2 milia numero, celeriter convenire jubet peditatu quern

;

rei

constituit

diem hue.

Omnes

174

Ccesar

summons Aid from Germany.

dicit,

[Cesar

ante habuerat se fore contentum

neque fortunam
;

sed, quoniam temptaturum, aut in acie dimicaturum abundet equitatu, perfacile esse factu frumentationibus 3 aequo modo pabulationibusque Romanos prohibere animo sua ipsi frumenta corrumpant, aedificiaque incendant qua rei familiaris jactura perpetuum imperium 4 His constitutis libertatemque se consequi videant.
:

rebus,

vinciae, decern milia

io

Haeduis Segusiavisque, qui sunt finitimi Propeditum imperat hue addit equites His praeficit fratrem Eporedorigis, beloctingentos.
;

lumque

5 Altera ex parte, Allobrogibus jubet. Gabalos proximosque pagos Arvernorum in Helvios, item Rutenos Cadurcosque ad fines Volcarum Arecomi-

inferri

corum depopulandos
15

mittit.

Nihilo minus clandestinis

sollicitat,

nuntiis

legationibusque

Allobrogas

quorum

mentes nondum ab superiore

bello resedisse sperabat.

Horum
65.
20

principibus pecunias, civitati autem imperium

totius provinciae pollicetur.

Ad

hortium duarum et L. Caesare legato 2 Helvii sua sponte

civitatis,

hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia coab viginti, quae ex ipsa Provincia

ad

omnes

partes

opponebantur.
filio,

cum

finitimis proelio congressi pel-

luntur, et, C. Valerio

Donnotauro, Caburi
aliis interfectis,
3

principe

compluribusque

25

muros compelluntur.

Allobroges,

intra oppida ac crebris ad Rhodaet diligentia

num

dispositis praesidiis,
4

magna cum cura

suos fines tuentur.

Caesar, quod hostes equitatu su-

30 poterat, civitates

omnibus itiperiors esse intellegebat, et, interclusis neribus, nulla re ex Provincia atque Italia sublevari trans Rhenum in Germaniam mittit ad eas
ab his
arcessit, et levis

quas superioribus annis pacaverat equitesque armaturae pedites, qui inter eos
;

adventu, quod minus idoneis equis utebantur, a tribunis militum reliquisque 35 [sed et] equitibus Romanis atque evocatis equos sumit,
proeliari

consuerant.

Eorum

Germanisque

distribuit

B. G. VII. 67.]

Exhortations of Vercingetorix.

175

66. Interea, dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae ex Arvernis, equitesque qui toti Galliae erant imperati, conveniunt. 2 Magno horum coacto numero, cum Cae-

Sequanos per extremos Lingonum fines iter facequo facilius subsidium Provinciae ferri posset, circiter milia passuum decern ab Romanis trinis castris Vercinconvocatisque ad consilium praefectis getorix consedit 3 fugere equitum, venisse tempus victoriae demonstrat id sibi ad in Provinciam Romanos, Galliaque excedere praesentem obtinendam libertatem satis esse ad reliqui temporis pacem atque otium parum profici majoribus enim coactis copiis reversuros, neque finem bellandi fac4 Proinde in agmine impeditos adorirentur. Si turos.
sar in
ret,
; '
:

10

pedites suis auxilium ferant, atque in eo morentur, iter facere non posse si, id quod magis futurum confidat,
;

15

impedimentis, suae saluti consulant, et usu rerum 5 Nam de necessariarum et dignitate spoliatum iri.
relictis

equitibus hostium, quin nemo eorum progredi modo extra agmen audeat, et ipsos quidem non debere dubitare
6
;

et

quo majore faciant animo, copias se omnes

'

20

habiturum, et terrori hostibus futurum.' Sanctissimo jurejurando confirmari oportere, ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad liberos, ne ad parentes, ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per
pro castris

Conclamant equites,

agmen hostium
6y. se

perequitasset.'
re,

25

Probata
die
in

atque omnibus jurejurando adactis,

partes
distributo
2

postero
acies

tres

equitatu,

ab
iter

duobus lateribus ostendunt,

impedire coepit.

duae una primo

agmine
sar
3

Qua

re

nuntiata, Cae-

suum quoque equitatum,

ire jubet.

tripartito divisum, contra 30

hostem
untur.

Consistit

agmen
qua

Pugnatur una omnibus in partibus. impedimenta intra legiones recipi-

parte nostri laborare aut gravius eo signa inferri Caesar aciemque constitui jubebat quae res et hostes ad insequendum 35 4 Tandem tardabat, et nostras spe auxilii confirmabat.
in

Si

premi

videbantur,
:

176

Alesia.

[Cesar
nancti, hos-

Germani ab dextro
tes

latere,
:

summum jugum
usque
ad
copiis

loco

depellunt

fugientes

flumen,

ubi

Vercingetorix

cum

pedestribus

consederat,

persequuntur, compluresque interficiunt. Qua re animadversa, reliqui, ne circumirentur veriti, se fugae mandant.
5

Omnibus

locis

fit

caedes.

Tres nobilissimi
:

Cotus, praecapti ad Caesarem perducuntur fectus equitum, qui controversiam cum Convictolitavi
10

Haedui

et Cavarillus, qui post proximis comitiis habuerat defectionem Litavici pedestribus copiis praefuerat et Eporedorix, quo duce ante adventum Caesaris Haedui cum Sequanis bello contenderant.
; ;

68.

Fugato omni equitatu, Vercingetorix copias, ut

collocaverat,
reduxit,

pro
15

castris

protinusque Alesiam,
;

quod oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit celeriterque impedimenta ex castris educi et se subsez Caesar, impediments in proximum collem qui jussit. deductis, duabus legionibus praesidio relictis, secutus,
est

20

quantum diei tempus est passum, circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis, altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit. 3 Perspecto urbis situ, perterritisque hostibus, quotJ equitatu (qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant) erant pulsi, adhortatus ad laborem milites,
circumvallare instiuiit.
69.

25

Ipsum
edito

erat

oppidum Alesia
ut
nisi

in colle

summo,

ad-

modum

loco, expugnari non videretur. radices duo duabus ex collis posse Cujus 2 flumina subluebant. id Ante partibus oppidum plani-

obsidione

ties circiter milia

30

passuum

tria in

reliquis ex omnibus partibus

colles,

longitudinem patebat mediocri interjecto

35

pari altitudinis fastigio, oppidum cingebant. Sub muro, quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant, fossamque, et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant. 4 Ejus munitionis, quae ab Romanis instispatio,
3

tuebatur, circuitus xi milium

passuum

tenebat.

Castra

G.

I T

71

Appeal of Vercingctorix.

77

opportunis locis erant posita, ibique castella xxm facta quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur, ne qua haec eadem noctu excubitoribus subito eruptio fieret
; :

ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur.

70.
tie,

Opere instituto, fit equestre proelium in ea planiquam, intermissam collibus, tria milia passuum in

Summa vi longitudinem patere supra demonstravimus. 2 Caesar nostris Laborantibus ab utrisque contenditur.
Germanos
ne qua sidio legionum addito, nostris animus augetur hostes, in fugam conjecti, se ipsi multitudine impediunt, atque
:

submittit, legionesque pro castris constituit, 3 Prae- 10 subito irruptio ab hostium peditatu fiat.

angustioribus
:

portis

relictis

coacervantur.

Germani
15

4 Fit magna acrius usque ad munitiones sequuntur. relictis fossam caedes transire, et nonnulli, equis, Paulum conantur. transcendere maceriam legiones

Caesar, quas
5

Non
:

Galli

pro vallo constituerat, promoveri jubet. minus qui intra munitiones erant perturbantur veniri ad se confestim existimantes, ad arma con;

irrumpunt. Vercingetorix jubet portas claudi, ne castra nudentur. Multis interfectis, compluribus equis captis, Germani
perterriti

clamant

nonnulli

in

oppidum

-o

sese recipiunt.

Vercingetorix, priusquam munitiones ab Romanis se equitatum perficiantur, consilium capit, omnem ab

71.

25

Discedentibus mandat, ut suam quisque eorum civitatem adeat, omnesque qui per aetatem 3 Sua in illos arma ferre possint ad bellum cogant. rationem salutis suae merita proponit obtestaturque, ut
noctu dimittere.
2
;

habeant, neu
in

se,

optime de communi libertate meritum,

delecta

30

cruciatum hostibus dedant.

fuerint, milia

hominum
4

Quod si indiligentiores lxxx una secum interiinita,

exigue dierum paulo etiam longius triginta habere frumentum, 5 His datis mandatis, qua tolerare posse parcendo. secunda vigilia silentio equitaopus erat intermissum,
tura

demonstrat.

Ratione

se

sed

35

12

178
turn dimittit
pitis

Casar presses
;

the Siege.

[Cesar

frumentum omne ad se referri jubet; capoenam iis qui non paruerint constituit pecus,
;

cujus
5

magna
6
;

erat copia, ab

Mandubiis compulsa, viritim

et

distribuit
tuit
;

frumentum parce

paulatim metiri

insti-

in copias omnes, quas pro oppido collocaverat, His rationibus auxilia Galliae exoppidum recepit.

spectare et bellum parat administrare. 72. Quibus rebus cognitis ex perfugis Caesar haec genera munitionis instituit
10

et

captivis,

fossam pe-

dum

viginti directis lateribus duxit

pateret,
2

lum tantundem
distarent.

quantum summae
:

ut ejus fossae sofossae labra

fossa

Reliquas

omnes munitiones ab ea

pedes quadringentos reduxit id hoc consilio (quoniam tantum esset necessario spatium complexus, nee facile
15

totum corpus corona militum cingeretur), ne de improviso aut noctu ad munitiones hostium multitudo advolaret,

aut

interdiu
3

tela

in

nostros

operi

destinatos

conicere possent.

Hoc

intermisso spatio, duas fossas,

;

xv pedes
20 riorem,

latas,

eadem

altitudine perduxit

quarum

inte-

campestribus ac demissis locis, aqua ex flumine 4 Post eas aggerem ac vallum xn pederivata complevit.
:

dum

huic loricam pinnasque adjecit, grandiexstruxit bus cervis eminentibus ad commissuras pluteorum atque et turres toto aggeris, qui adscensum hostium tardarent
;

25

opere circumdedit, quae pedes lxxx inter se distarent. 73. Erat eodem tempore et materiari et frumentari et tantas munitiones fieri necesse, deminutis nostris copiis,
ac nonnunquae longius ab castris progrediebantur ex Galli nostra eruptionem temptare, atque opera quam oppido pluribus portis summa vi facere conabantur. 2 Quare ad haec rursus opera addendum Caesar putavit, quo minore numero militum munitiones defendi possent. Itaque truncis arborum admodum firmis ramis abscisis,
;

30

35

atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis cacuminibus, per3 Hue illi petuae fossae quinos pedes altae ducebantur. ne revelli infimo et ab revincti, demissi, possent, stipites

B. G. VII. 75- j

Counsels of the Gauls.

179

ab ramis eminebant. Quini erant ordines conjuncti inter se atque implicati ; quo qui intraverant, se ipsi acutissimis vallis induebant. Hos Cippos appellabant. 4 Ante quos, obliquis ordinibus in quincuncem dispositis, scroaltitudinem pedes fodiebantur, paulatim infimum fastigio. 5 Huc teretes stipites ad angustiore feminis crassitudine, ab summo praeacuti et praeusti,
bes
tres
in
5

demittebantur,
terra eminerent

ita
:

ut

non amplius

digitis

quattuor ex

simul, confirmandi et stabiliendi causa, singuli ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur reliqua 10 pars scrobis ad occultandas insidias viminibus ac vir;

6 gultis integebatur. Hujus generis octoni ordines ducti, ternos inter se pedes distabant. Id ex similitudine floris

Ante haec taleae pedem longae, totae in terram infodiebantur, mediocribusque intermissis spatiis, omnibus locis disserelilium

appellabant.

ferreis

hamis

infixis,

15

bantur, quos stimulos nominabant. 74. His rebus perfectis, regiones secutus

quam

potuit
20

aequissimas pro loci natura, xiv milia passuum complexus, pares ejusdem generis munitiones, diversas ab his, contra exteriorem hostem perfecit, ut, ne magna

quidem multitudine, si ita accidat ejus f discessu, munitionum praesidia circumfundi possent ac ne cum periculo ex castris egredi cogantur, dierum xxx pabulum frumentumque habere omnes convectum jubet. 75. Dum haec apud Alesiam geruntur, Galli, concilio principum indicto, non omnes eos qui arma ferre possent, ut censuit Vercingetorix, convocandos statuunt, sed certum numerum cuique ex civitate imperandum
;

25

ne, tanta multitudine confusa,

2

nee moderari nee discernere suos, nee frumentandi rationem habere possent.

30

Imperant Haeduis, atque eorum clientibus, Segusiavis, Ambluaretis, Aulercis, Brannovicibus, Brannoviis, milia xxxv; parem numerum Arvernis, adjunctis Eleutheris Cadurcis, Gabalis, Vellaviis, qui sub imperio Arverno-

35

rum

esse consuerunt

Sequanis, Senonibus, Biturigibus,

80

Eager Patriotism of the Gauls.

duodena milia
;
;

C/esar

Santonis, Rutenis, Carnutibus totidem Lemovicibus vacis x

;

Bello-

octona
;

Pictonibus et

Turonis

et Parisiis et

Helvetiis

Senonibus, Ambianis,

Mediomatricis, Petrorcoriis, Nerviis, Morinis, Nitiobrigibus quina milia; Aulercis Cenomanis totidem; AtrebaVeliocassis, Lexoviis, et Aulercis Eburovicibus Rauracis et Boiis. xxx universis civitatiterna; .; bus quae Oceanum attingunt, quaeque eorum consuetudine Armoricae appellantur, quo sunt in numero
; .

tibus iv

10

15

Redones, Ambibarii, Caletes, Osismi, Le8 Ex his Bellovaci suum numerum non complcverunt, quod se suo nomine atque arbitrio cum Romanis bellum gesturos dicebant, neque cujusquam imperio obtemperaturos rogati tamcn ab Commio pro ejus hospitio, duo milia una miserunt.
Curiosolites,

movices, Unelli.

Hujus opera Commii, ut antea demonstravimus, atque utili superioribus annis erat usus in Britannia Caesar quibus ille pro meritis civitatem ejus
j6.
fideli
:

20

esse jusscrat, jura legesque reddiderat, atque 2 Tamen tanta universae Galipsi Morinos attribuerat.
liae
belli

immunem

consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae, et pristinae

laudis

amicitiae

opibus in
25

recuperandae, ut neque beneficiis neque memoria moverentur, omnesque et animo et 3 id bellum incumberent. Coactis equitum vin

milibus, et peditum circiter ccl, haec in Haeduorum finibus recensebantur, numerusque inibatur, praefecti

constituebantur

Commio

Atrebati, Viridomaro et Epo-

redorigi Haeduis, Vercassivcllauno Arverno, consobrino 4 His delecti Vercingetorigis, summa imperii traditur.
.0

ex civitatibus attribuuntur, quorum consilio bellum ad6 ministrarctur. Omnes alacres et fiduciae pleni ad

Alesiam proficiscuntur neque erat omnium quisquam, qui adspectum modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse
;

arbitraretur, praesertim ancipiti proelio,

35

cum ex oppido

eruptione pugnaretur, tatusque cernerentur.

foris tantae copiae equitatus pedi-

B. G.

V11

7 7-]

The Besieged in "a

A lesia.
consumpto omni

77.

At

ii

qui Alesiae obsidebantur, praeterita die qua

suorum

auxilia

exspectaverant,

fru-

mento, inscii quid in Haeduis gereretur, concilio coacto, de exitu suarum fortunarum consultabant. 2 Ac variis
dictis sententiis, quarum pars deditionem, pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem censebant, non praetereunda oratio Critognati videtur, propter ejus singularem
5

ac

nefariam crudelitatem.
loco,

Hie,

summo

in
:

Arvernis
"

magnae habitus auctoritatis inquit, "de eorum sententia dicturus sum, qui mam servitutem deditionis nomine appellant
ortus
et

Nihil,"

turpissi- 10
;

neque

hos habendos civium loco, neque ad consilium adhibendos censeo. 4 Cum his mihi res sit, qui eruptionem probant quorum in consilio, omnium vestrum consensu,
;

pristinae residere virtutis

ista mollities,
5

memoria

videtur.

Animi

est 15

non

virtus, paulisper

inopiam ferre non

posse.

Qui

se ultro morti offerant facilius reperiuntur,

Atque ego hanc sententiam probarem (tantum apud me dignitas potest), si nullam praeterquam vitae nostrae jacturam fieri viderem sed, in consilio capiendo, omnem Galliam respi-

quam

qui dolorem patienter ferant.

20

quam ad nostrum auxilium hominum milibus lxxx uno loco

ciamus,

concitavimus.

Quid,

interfectis, propinquis

consanguineisque nostris animi fore existimatis, si paene 7 in ipsis cadaveribus proelio decertare Nocogentur ? lite hos vestro auxilio exspoliare, qui vestrae salutis
causa suum
nee stultitia ac periculum neglexerunt temeritate vestra, aut animi imbecillitate, omnem Galliam prosternere et perpetuae servituti subicere. 8 An,
;

25

quod ad diem non venerunt, de eorum fide constantiaque dubitatis ? Quid ergo ? Romanos in illis ulterioribus munitionibus animine causa cotidie exerceri 9 Si illorum nuntiis confirmari non potestis, putatis ? omni aditu praesepto, his utimini testibus, appropinquare eorum adventum cujus rei timore exterriti, diem noc;

30

35

temque

in

opere versantur.

10

Quid ergo mei

consilii

82
?

Arrival of the Relief

[Cesar

est

Facere, quod nostri majores nequaquam pari bello Cimbrorum Teutonumque fecerunt qui, in oppida com;

pulsi,

ac

simili

inopia subacti,

eorum corporibus, qui

aetate ad bellum inutiles videbantur, vitam toleraverunt, n Cujus rei si exemplum neque se hostibus tradiderunt.

non haberemus, tamen

prodi, simile bello
teris

libertatis

causa

institui, et

pos-

que
io

illata

Nam quid illi pulcherrimum judicarem. fuit ? Depopulata Gallia, Cimbri, magnacalamitate, finibus quidem nostris aliquando
;

excesserunt, atque alias terras petierunt jura, leges, 12 Romani vero quid agros, libertatem nobis reliquerunt.

petunt aliud, aut quid volunt,

nisi invidia adducti,

quos

fama nobiles potentesque

agris
15

bello cognoverunt, horum in civitatibusque considere, atque his aeternam in?

jungere servitutem
bella gesserunt.
13

longinquis nationibus geruntur ignoratis, respicite finitimam Galliam,

quae, in provinciam redacta, jure et legibus commutatis, " securibus subjecta, perpetua premitur servitute
!

Neque enim ulla Quod si ea quae in

alia

condicione

20

78. Sententiis dictis, constituunt ut ii qui valetudine aut aetate inutiles sunt bello, oppido excedant, atque

descendant

omnia prius experiantur, quam ad Critognati sententiam illo tamen potius utendum consilio, si res
:

25

Mandubii, qui eos opcum liberis pido receperant, atque uxoribus exire coguntur. Hi, cum ad munitiones Romanorum accessissent,
flentes,

cogat atque auxilia morentur, pacis subeundam condicionem.

quam
2

aut deditionis aut

omnibus precibus orabant ut

se,

in

servitutem

receptos, cibo juvarent.

30 custodiis, recipi

At

Caesar, dispositis in vallo

prohibebat.

79. Interea

imperii

Commius reliquique duces, quibus summa permissa erat, cum omnibus copiis ad Alesiam
;

et, colle exteriore occupato, non longius perveniunt 2 Posmille passibus ab nostris munitionibus considunt. 35 tero die, equitatu ex castris educto, omnem earn plani-

tiem,

quam

in

longitudinem

tria milia

passuum patere

B. G. VII. Si. J

Effective

Charge of Germans.
;

183

demonstravimus, complent pedestresque copias, paulum ab eo loco abditas, in locis superioribus constituunt. 3 Erat ex oppido Alesia despectus in campum. Concurrunt his auxiliis visis
;

fit

omnium animi ad

laetitiam

gratulatio inter eos, atque 4 excitantur. Itaque, pro-

ductis copiis, ante oppidum considunt, et proximam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent, seque ad

eruptionem atque omnes casus comparant. 80. Caesar, omni exercitu ad utramque partem munitionum disposito, ut, si usus veniat, suum quisque locum
teneat et noverit, equitatum ex castris educi et proelium

10

committi jubet.

Erat ex omnibus

castris,
;

mum

milites intend

undique jugum pugnae proventum exspectabant.

tenebant, despectus

quae sumatque omnes

3

Galli
15

inter equites raros sagittarios expeditosque levis armaturae interjecerant, qui suis cedentibus auxilio succur-

nostrorum equitum impetus sustinerent. 4 Ab his complures, de improviso vulnerati, proelio excedebant.
rerent, et

Cum suos pugna superiores esse Galli confiderent, et nostros multitudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus, et ii qui munitionibus continebantur, et hi qui ad auxilium convenerant, clamore et ululatu suorum animos
confirmabant.
5
;

20

Quod in conspectu omnium res gereac turpiter factum celari poterat recte batur, neque laudis et cupiditas et timor ignominiae ad vir- 25 utrosque 6 tutem excitabant. Cum a meridie prope ad solis occasum dubia
confertis
victoria pugnaretur,
in

Germani una
fecerunt,

in

parte

turmis
"'

hostes
in

propulerunt.

Ouibus

impetum fugam conjectis,

eosque
30

sagittarii

Item ex reliquis particircumventi interfectique sunt. bus nostri, cedentes usque ad castra insecuti, sui colliAlesia gendi facultatem non dederunt. At ii qui ab
se in opprocesserant, maesti, prope victoria desperata,

pidum receperunt.
81.

Uno

die intermisso, Galli, atque hoc spatio

magno
media

35

cratium scalarum

harpagonum numero

effecto,

184

Last Resources of the Gauls.

[Cesar

nocte silentio ex castris egressi, ad campestres muni2 Subito clamore sublato, qua signitiones accedunt.
ficatione

qui

in

oppido obsidebantur de suo adventu

cognoscere possent, crates proicere, fundis, sagittis, lapidibus, nostros de vallo proturbare, reliquaque quae ad

oppugnationem

pertinent parant

administrare.

Eo-

tempore, clamore exaudito, dat tuba signum suis 4 Nostri, ut suVercingetorix, atque ex oppido educit.
perioribus diebus,
10

dem

ut cuique erat
;

locus attributus, ad

munitiones

quas

in

terrent.

sudibusque opere disposuerant, ac glandibus Gallos pro5 Prospectu tenebris adempto, multa utrimque

accedunt

fundis,

librilibus,

15

complura tormentis tela coniciet C. Trebonius legati, quibus hae partes ad defendendum obvenerant, qua ex parte nostros premi intellexerant, his auxilio ex ulteriuntur.
6

vulnera accipiuntur;

At M. Antonius

oribus castellis deductos submittebant.

82. Dum longius ab munitione aberant Galli, plus multitudine telorum proficiebant posteaquam propius
;

20

successerunt, aut se stimulis inopinantes induebant, aut in scrobes delati transfodiebantur, aut ex vallo ac turribus trajecti pilis muralibus interibant. 2 Multis undique

vulneribus acceptis, nulla munitione perrupta, cum lux appeteret, veriti ne ab latere aperto ex superioribus cas25 tris eruptione circumvenirentur, se ad suos receperunt.
3

At interiores, dum ea quae a Vercingetorige ad eruptionem praeparata erant proferunt, priores fossas explent diutius in his rebus administrandis morati, prius suos discessisse cognoverunt, quam munitionibus ap;

30

Ita, re infecta, in oppidum reverterunt. propinquarent. 83. Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi, Galli quid

Locorum peritos adhibent ex his agant consulunt. superiorum castrorum situs munitionesque cognoscunt. 2 Erat a septentrionibus collis, quern, propter magni;

35

tudinem
nostri
;

circuitus, opere circumplecti non potuerant necessario paene iniquo loco et leniter declivi

B. G. VII. 85.J

The Final Struggle.

3

185

castra

fecerant.

Haec

C. Antistius

Reginus

et

C.

legati, legionibus obtinebant. Cognitis per exploratores regionibus, duces hostium lx milia ex omni numero deligunt, earum civitatum

Caninius Rebilus,

cum duabus

quae maximam virtutis opinionem habebant quid, quoque pacto, agi placeat, occulte inter se constituunt adeundi tempus definiunt, cum meridies esse videatur. 4 His copiis Vercassivellaunum Arvernum, unum ex
; ;

quattuor ducibus, propinquum Vercingetorigis, praefiIlle, ex castris prima vigilia egressus, prope confecto sub lucem itinere, post montem se occultavit,
ciunt.
5 Cum militesque ex nocturno labore sese reficere jussit. jam meridies appropinquare videretur, ad ea castra quae supra demonstravimus contendit eodemque tempore
;

ic

equitatus ad campestres munitiones accedere, et reliquae copiae pro castris sese ostendere coeperunt.
84. Vercingetorix, ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus, ex oppido egreditur: crates, longurios, musculos, falces, reliquaque quae eruptionis causa paraverat, profert.

15

Pugnatur uno tempore omnibus locis, atque omnia temptantur quae minime visa pars firma est, hue con3 curritur. Romanorum manus tantis munitionibus dis4 tinetur, nee facile pluribus locis occurrit. Multum ad
:

20

terrendos nostros valet clamor, qui post tergum pugnantibus exstitit, quod suum periculum in aliena vident salute constare omnia enim plerumque, absunt,
;

25

quae

vehementius hominum mentes perturbant. 85. Caesar, idoneum locum nactus, quid quaque ex
parte geratur cognoscit
;

laborantibus submittit.

Utris-

que ad animum
munitiones,

occurrit,

unum
2
:

esse illud tempus,

Galli,

quo
si

30

maxime contendi conveniat

de

nisi
;

perfregerint

omni
finem

salute

desperant

Romani,

rem

obtinuerint,

Maxime ad
loci

exspectant. superiores munitiones laboratur, quo Ver-

laborum

omnium

cassivellaunum

3 demonstravimus. Iniquum ad declivitatem fastigium magnum habet momen-

missum

35

86
Alii

Ccrsar appears on the Field.

tela

[Cesar
facta sube-

turn.

coniciunt,
in

alii

testudine

unt

defatigatis
in

ab universis
Gallis, et ea
5

vicem integri succedunt. 4 Agger, munitionem conjectus, et ascensum dat

tegit ; 86.

quae in terra occultaverant Romani connee jam arma nostris nee vires suppetunt. His rebus cognitis, Caesar Labienum cum cohor-

tibus sex subsidio laborantibus mittit. Imperat, si sustinere non posset, deductis cohortibus, eruptione pugnaret 2 id nisi necessario ne faciat. coIpse adit reliquos
;

10

hortatur ne labori succumbant omnium superiorum dimicationum fructum in eo die atque hora docet
;

consistere.

Interiores,

desperatis

campestribus

locis

15

20

propter magnitudinem munitionum, loca praerupta ex hue ea quae paraverant conferunt. ascensu temptant Multitudine telorum ex turribus propugnantes deturbant aggere et cratibus fossas explent; falcibus vallum ac loricam rescindunt. 8j. Mittit primo Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus Caesar, post cum aliis C. Fabium legatum postremo ipse, curn" vehementius pugnaretur, integros
: ;

subsidio adducit.

Restituto

proelio ac

repulsis
;

hos-

cohortes tibus, eo quo Labienum miserat contendit castello ex deducit, equitum partem proximo quattuor
sequi,
25

partem circumire

exteriores
3

munitiones et

ab

tergo hostes adoriri jubet. aggeres neque fossae vim

coactis

Labienus, postquam neque hostium sustinere poterant,

una quadraginta cohortibus, quas, ex proximis praesidiis deductas, fors obtulit, Caesarem per nuntios Accelerat facit certiorem quid faciendum existimet.
30

Caesar, ut proelio intersit. 88. Ejus adventu ex colore vestitus cognito, quo insigni
proeliis uti consuerat, turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis quas se sequi jusserat, ut de locis superioribus haec declivia et devexa cernebantur, hostes
in
2 Utrimque clamore sublato, exproelium committunt. ex vallo atque omnibus munitionibus clamor. cipit rursus

35

B. G. VII. 90. J

Vercingetorix surrenders.

187

Nostri, omissis pilis, gladiis rem gerunt. Repente post tergum equitatus cernitur cohortes aliae appropinquant
;

hostes
fit

fugientibus equites occurrunt terga vertunt 3 dux et princeps Lemovicaedes. Sedulius, magna
;

Vercassivellaunus Arvernus vivus in fuga comprehenditur signa militaria lxxiv ad Caesarem refe-

cum, occiditur
runtur

pauci ex tanto
4

numero

se incolumes in castra

recipiunt. Conspicati ex oppido caedem et fugam suorum, desperata salute, copias a munitionibus reducunt.
5

Fit protinus, hac re audita, ex castris Gallorum fuga. Quod nisi crebris subsidiis ac totius diei labore milites

10

essent defessi, omnes hostium copiae deleri potuissent. De media nocte missus equitatus novissimum agmen
:

magnus numerus capitur atque interficiex reliqui fuga in civitates discedunt. Postero die 89. Vercingetorix, concilio convocato, id bellum se suscepisse non suarum necessitatium sed
consequitur
;

tur

15

communis

libertatis

causa demonstrat

et,

quoniam

sit

fortunae cedendum, ad utramque rem se illis offerre, seu morte sua Romanis satisfacere, seu vivum tradere ve2 lint. Mittuntur de his rebus ad Caesarem legati.

20

Jubet arma

tradi, principes produci. Ipse in munitione pro castris consedit eo duces producuntur. Vercingetorix deditur arma proiciuntur. 3 Reservatis Haeduis
:

atque Arvernis, si per eos civitates recuperare posset, ex reliquis captivis toto exercitui capita singula praedae

25

nomine
90.

distribuit.

His

rebus

confectis,

in

Haeduos

proficiscitur

recipit. legati ab Arvernis missi quae se facturos imperaret pollicentur. Imperat magnum numerum obsidum. Legiones in hiberna mittit captivorum circiter xx milia Haeduis Arvernisque reddit. 2 T. Labienum duabus cum legionibus et equitatu in
;

civitatem

Eo

30

Sequanos proficisci jubet huic M. Sempronium Rutilum attribuit. C. Fabium legatum et L. Minucium Basilum cum legionibus duabus in Remis collocat, nequam
;

35

88

Pacification &f Gaul.

OesaK

ab finitimis Bellovacis calamitatem accipiant. 3 C. Antistium Reginum in Ambilaretos, T. Sextium in Bituriges,

C.

Caninium Rebilum

legionibus mittit. cium Cabilloni et

frumentariae
constituit.

in Rutenos, cum singulis O. Tullium Ciceronem et P. SulpiMatiscone in Haeduis ad Ararim rei causa collocat. Ipse Bibracte hiemare
litteris

His

cognitis,

Romae dierum

viginti

supplicatio redditur.

ARGUMENT OF BOOK

VIII.

This Book is understood, by general consent, to have Note. been written as a continuation by Aulus Hirtius, an officer of L\tsar, who also wrote the history of the campaigns in Africa and Hirtius was killed near Mutina (Mode n a), in battle Spain.
against

Mark Antony,

in the

year following Ca?sar's death, B.C. 43.

uprisings

Scattered Final Conquest and Pacification of Gaul. of the Bellovaci, who at length War (1-5). quelled

submit (6-22).

After a series

of scattered

and petty actions

Its defendis besieged by Caesar (37, 38). (23-35), Uxellodunum are compelled by distress ers, being prevented from access to water, Caesar orders the hands to be cut off of all who have to surrender
:

Treveri are borne arms (39-44). Aquitania is recovered, the the defeat of Comsubdued, and the last resistance is overcome by mius (45-48). Caesar deals generously with the vanquished, and is magnificently welcomed (49~50proceeds to Italy, where he Outbreak of the jealousies at Rome which led to the Civil War
(52-55)-

NOTES.

The Legionary.

THE LEGIONARY.
The
core of the

Roman army was

the legionary infantry.

This was

com

posed entirely of Roman citizens; while the auxiliary infantry, the archer, and slingers, and the cavalry, were of various barbarian nationalities. These other troops were used for subordinate purposes only. It was intended that the weight of the battle should be borne by the legions. The recruit must be over 1 7 and under 46 years of age, of sound bodily What the limits of height were in the Roman health and of suitable size. army, we do not know.* From the fact that the legionary fought with sword and spear, and not with the breech-loading rifle of modern wars, we may infer that he must have been more muscular and agile than is now On the connecessary; but we cannot infer that he was of unusual size. trary, there is little doubt that the soldiers who conquered the world for

The historians always emphaCaesar were, as a rule, rather under-sized. sized the bigness of the Germans, and Caesar expressly mentions the small The Romans had learned the lesson of civilizastature of his troops. f that victories in war are gained, not by huge bones and big bodies, tion, but by the trained skill of scientific organization and tactics. Any one of

the German giants might perhaps have been more than a match for any But the barbarian mob of Arioindividual of his puny Italian enemies. vistus was shattered when hurled against the spears of the legions. Next the All the legionaries were clothed, armed and equipped alike. skin was worn a sleeveless woollen shirt (tunica). Over this was a leathern coat strengthened by bands of metal across breast and back and on the shoulders (/orlca). The troops in Trajan's column are represented with It seems likely, tight-fitting trowsers (braccae) extending below the knee. however, that these did not come into use among the Romans until after Caesar's time. J Possibly strips of cloth were worn wound around the The feet were prothighs (feminalia) and around the shins (cruralia). tected by sandals (calcei), or by strong shoes not unlike those worn at the present time. Then, in cold or wet weather, the person was covered by Of course, this was the military cloak (sagttm), a sort of woollen blanket.
laid aside in battle.

The defensive armor consisted of helmet, greaves and shield. The helmet was either of iron (cassis), or of leather or cork strengthened with brass (galea). That of the officer was distinguished by a plume of red or black feathers (crista). The greaves (ocreae) were of bronze. They were used to protect the leg below the knee, and were held in place sometimes by straps, sometimes by their own stiffness. Usually but one was worn, on the right leg, as this was the one advanced in the fight. (The greaves may be seen in the picture of the centurion, Fig. 4.) The shield (scutum) was
* In our infantry, no one
5
ft.

is received whose height is less than 5 ft. 4 in., or more than 10 in. Tacitus, De Germania, I. 4. Caesar, B. G. I. 39; II. 30. ! The trowsers in the picture of the legionary (p. 2) are without doubt of a later age.

The Legionary.
of wood, covered with leather or with iron plates. In the centre was a boss (umbo), which was merely a knob designed to strengthen and bind all together. The shield was about 4 ft. long and 2 ft. wide. Often it was On the outside was painted curved, so as partially to encircle the body. the badge of the cohort, a wreath, or a winged thunderbolt, for instance. On the inside was the name of the soldier, with k the number of the cohort and maniple; perhaps also the number of the legion. The offensive weapons were the sword and

spear. (gladius Hispanicus) had a blade about 2 ft. long and several inches wide. It was two-edged and pointed, being thus adapted The latter, howeither for cutting or thrusting. ever, was its customary use. It hung seldom from a body-belt, generally from a shoulder-belt (batThus the tens) passing over the left shoulder. sword was on the right side, this being more convenient since the shield was carried in the left hand. As the higher officers had no shields, they Fig. 1. Scutum. wore their swords on the left side. The spear (piluni) was the characteristic weapon of the legionary. Its entire length was between 6 and 7 ft. The shaft was of wood, round or square, and was upwards of 4 ft. long. Into this was fitted the slender iron shank (ferrum) of the spear, which terminated in a steel head. When the pilum was hurled into some object of attack, the soft iron of the shank bent under the impetus of the blow, and the weapon was thus unfitted to be drawn out and cast back by the enemy. At the bottom of the shaft was an iron shoe, so that in camp, or during a rest on the march, the spear might be set up in the ground. The weight of the entire weapon must have been about 9 pounds. In early times the legionary had two pila. In the army of Caesar, however, we have reason to believe that each soldier had but one. Caesar fixed the pay of his legionaries at 225 denarii a year (about #45). A day laborer in Rome at that time earned f of a denarius a day; or, in a year of 300 working Thus the soldier was days, just as much as a legionary. better off than the laborer merely by his shelter and by Fig. 2. For food and equipments, so certainty of employment. Gladlus far as they were provided by the state, a deduction from the pay was made. As provision, each man was allowed per month

The sword

4 measures (the measure, moditts, = 8.67 litres, or a little over a peck) of wheat. The measure may be estimated to be worth at the Thus the amount deducted for food highest I of a denarius. cannot have exceeded 36 denarii a year. However, in the provFig. 3. Hilum. inces, the food, if not given outright, was reckoned at a very low and the same must have been true of clothing and equipprice ments. Moreover, the soldier in active service always expected an increase to his income from booty and from the gifts of his general.
;

TO THE STUDENT.
many respects a book for advanced stuLatin classic put into the learner's hands, may be well to give a few hints as to the method of study. i. Before beginning to read, the learner should be familiar with,
in
is

As Cesar, though
often the

dents,
it

first

the forms of Inflection, the simpler rules of Agreement and Construction of Cases (Grammar, p. 381 ff. see, especially, Rules 1-7, 13, 14, 21, 38, 54), and the Definitions contained in 171-180.
;

2.

Notice at once the inflectional terminations, so that' the num-

i.e. the relations of the idea conber, case, tense, person, &c, veyed to the rest of the connected ideas, may be present to your

mind.
all

in

form of the word gives several possibilities, hold them your mind, so far as may be, till something occurs to settle
If the

the doubt.
3.

Always

try to take in the ideas in that order in

Latin presents them.

Read every word

as

if it

were the

which the last on a

page and you had to turn over without being able to turn back. The mind soon becomes accustomed to the order of any language as we see by the constant and almost unnoticed inversions of com;

mon

speech and poetry.

The
the

his inability to
difficulty

remember

first

greatest difficulty to a beginner is This parts of a complex idea.

can often be lessened by jotting down, in a kind of Engthe words as they come in the Latin. In this way it is often easy to see what a string of words must mean, though we should
lish,

never say anything like it in English. 4. Don't try to translate (except as suggested in 3) until you have got a complete idea of some integral part of the sentence. It makes nonsense to render words mechanically, without thinking
the corresponding ideas.
5.

When

tion of

you get on far enough, notice that the emphatic posiwords plays a most important part in Latin writing, and

try to feel the

p. 120,

and A.

&

emphasis of position as you read. (See Appendix, G. Latin Grammar, Revised ed., Chap. VI.)

Notes

C&sar.

[B. G.

Book
War. Early

First.
in the

B.C.

58.

Helvetian year 58 B.C., the whole population of Helvetia (northern Switzerland), amounting to about 360,000, attempted to pass by an armed emigration through the heart of Gaul, in order to settle
somewhere near the shore of the Bay of Biscay, possibly with the hope of They were hemmed in by the great natural barriers of the Alps, the Lake of Geneva, and the Jura Mountains on the south and west; and pressed on the north by great hordes of
being masters of the whole country.

Germans, who kept up a continual border war. Their fields were scant, their harvests insufficient, their people hardy and fearless. Their ambitious chief, Orgetorix, had prepared them so well for this enterprise, that his when he was charged with guilty conspiracy, and put flight and death

on

trial for his life

caused no delay.
till

The attempt was held

Caesar, during a fortnight's parley,

sufficient

in check by earthworks had been thrown

up along

advance; the advance was then narrow pass between that river and the Jura. But the Helvetians did not succeed in getting more than fifty miles beyond the frontier, when they were overtaken by Caesar; who, by a few light skirmthe

Rhone

to withstand their

made

in force along the

ishes

and two bloody

to June,
is

battles, forced
lives.

them back

to their

own

territories,

with

the loss of more than 200,000

March

This brief campaign, lasting only from called the Helvetian War.

N.B. References are made by chapters and sections. The Grammars cited are those of Allen & Gveenough (), Gildersleeve (G.), and Harkness (H.).
PAGE

2. Chap. 1. Roman province

Cisalpina,

Gallia, that

is,

independent Gaul, excluding the

Gallia

(Provincid) in the south-east, as well as

Italy.
It

occupied the territory of France, most of the Netherlands and with Rhine to the boundary, including Switzerland (see Map). est divisa, is divided: the omnis (predicate), as a -whole.

now northern

G. adjective use of the participle, not the perfect passive (291. b\

439. R.
;

H. 550.

N. 2).

Belgae, probably of the Cymric branch of the Celtic race, allied to the Britons and the modern Welsh they inhabited the modern Belgium and northern France, and were considerably mixed with
:

Germans (see ii. 1). Aquitani, of the Spanish Iberians (the modern Basques), inhabiting the districts of the south-west (see iii.

1.

1.]

TJic

Helvetian War.

probably of the Gaelic branch, represented by the and the Highland Scotch. aliam: alteram would be more usual, as meaning the second in the list. tertiam qui appellantur, the third [those inhabit] who are called, &c. It would read in full, tertiam [partem ii incoipsorum lingua, lunt] qui, &c. ( 200. c; G. 621; H. 445. 6). in their awn tongue. nostra, sc* lingua. lingua (abl. of specification, 253 (R. 26); G. 398; H. 424)
20).
Irish

Celtae,

The language
Celtic
;

differunt [Et. 344], f differ in language, customs, and laws. of the Aquitani was Basque of the Gauls proper,
;

Belgians, probably Celtic mixed with German. (Observe that when three words, as lingua, &c, are used together, by Latin use there should be no conjunction at all, as here or

of the

both conjunctions should be expressed or that between the first two words may be omitted, and que annexed to the last.) inter se =from one another : the preposition inter may be used
;

H. 448. N. reciprocal relation, see 196./"; G. 212 the verb is singular, because the two rivers make one 1 H. 463. ii. 3) as we should say, boundary ( 205. b; G. 202. R. is divided by the line of the Seine and Marne.
to
;

show any
:

dividit

2.

horum,
3.

H.

quod, because] lit. because of this, that, &c. These adverbial phrases, which are numerous in Latin, should always be carefully analyzed, though generally rendered by a single word in English. (Beginners constantly confound propterea, for
397.

propterea

part. gen. with fortissimi, 216.

a (R. 10)

G. 370;

that reason, with praeterea, besides.} cultu, civilization, as shown by outward

humanitate, signs The two, taken together, make a refinement, of mind or feeling. kind of hendiadys (see Glossary, Gr. p. 298 G. 695 H. 636. iii. 2) the refined mode of life.
;

provinciae
B.C. 120. free
city,

Its chief cities

the province of Gallia Narbonensis, organized about were Massilia ( Marseilles') an old Greek
,

Narbo (JVarboune) a Roman colony. The name Provincia has come down in the modern Provence.
and the
capital,
,

minime saepe commeant,

*
f

least

often

penetrate.

The verb

Understand

{scilicet)

The

abbreviation

" Et." refers

to

Halsey's "Etymology of Latin and

Greek"

(Ginn, Heath,

&

Co.).

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

commeo
traffic.

means, especially, to go back and forth in the way of

line of trade lay across the country,

Loire.

mercatores:
A
very

The main

by the

river

these were traders or pedlers, mostly from

;

the seaport of Massilia

wagons.

common

they travelled with pack-horses, mules, and article of traffic (as with our Indian

wines from the southern coast ; traders) was intoxicating drinks, " tend to debauch the character. which, especially, as Cassar says, These people, it is said, would give the traders a boy for a jar of
1 '

wine.

Germanis,
tribes

ea, object of

important.

eff eminandos,

dat. of nearness, &c. ( 234.

300 G. 428 H. 544. a; G. 356; H. 391. 1).

;
;

trans Rhenum: the Rhine was, in general, the boundary between Gauls and Germans though, as we shall see, a few German

had settled on the hither side. continenter (adverb from the participle of contineo, hold
;

to-

gether), incessantly

quoque:
G. 287.
3.
:

i.e.

without any interruption. reliquos, rest of: 193; just as the Belgians.
strictly,

H. 440. qua de causa, and for

R.
;

this reason (

180.

f\ G. 612; H.

453) explained Helvetii, here,

by quod .... contendunt.

it

will

be noticed, reckoned as Gauls.

praece-

dunt, excel;

lit.

walk

before.

cum promeans; finibus, abl. of separation. hibent, while they keep them off (pro-habeo). Observe that this conjunction is not properly spelled quum, on account of the old rule forbidding u to follow u or v in the same syllable ( 7, 156;
proeliis, abl. of

G. 7 H. p. 15, foot-note 1) but cum or quom. ipsi (emphatic), themselves, the Helvetians; eos and eorum refer to the Germans.
;

bellum, Et.
4.

231.

eorum una

pars, one division of them (the Gauls)

quam ple being put for the country. has been [already] said) the Gauls hold.
.

the peo-

dictum

est,

which

(it

[Notice that in direct

it would be Galli obtinent: the subject-nom. is changed and the indie, to the infin. after the verb of saying, dictum 2 Here quam is the est, 272. R. (R. 39); G. 527; H. 535. 1.] object and Gallos the subject of obtinere while the clause is the inisubject of dictum est ( 329, 330. a"; G. 528; H. 538). obtinere (ob-teneo), not obtain, but occupy. tium, Et. 493.

discourse

to ace,

I.

i,

2.]

The Helvetian War.

hold against
all

9
called in law adverse

strictly,

claimants

what

is

possession. opposing or

(Ob

composition almost always has the sense of continetur, is coming in the way of any thing.)
in

bounded.

the side of, &c. vergit, &c, slopes to the is, the highlands (Ceveunes) are along the southern boundary, and the rivers flow in their main course northerly.

ab Sequanis, on

north; that

septentriones {septan

triones,

"the seven plough-oxen"),

i.e.

the constellations of the great and little Bear. The word is used both in the singular (as a compound) and in the plural. 5. Galliae, i.e. Celtic Gaul (the country just described), not Gallia

omnis.

inter occasum, &c, north-west,

next to Spain,
i.e.

i.e.

from the Province.

( 259./;

3. ad Hispaniam,
H. 433- 0-

the

Bay of Biscay

Chap.

2.

nobilissimus (root GNO, know), of highest

had,

lar revolutions

among

the Gauls as

among

the Greeks
;

Romans, mostly dispossessed the old chiefs, or kings established an annual magistrate called Vergobret (ch. 16). But the heads of the ruling families would naturally be ambitious to
recover what they could of the old class power and Orgetorix represented as aspiring to create a monarchy in Gaul.
;

Popuand and they had

birth.

is

Orgetorix: this name, by a probable derivation, means the slayer. Messala, &c. (Gr. p. 294) this was B.C. 61, three years before Caesar's first campaign in Gaul. The construction of consulibus is abl. absolute ( 255 & a (R. 35) G. 408; H.431) not so formal as while Messala and Piso were consuls, but merely in their consulThis was the usual way of denoting the year inductus, ship.
: :

Et. 12.

conjurationem, a league, sworn

nobilitatis
:

to

fidelity
4,

from the account given in ch.

we

by oath (juro). see how immense

was the

class

power

still

held by the nobles.

:

civitati persuasit, 227 (R. 16); G. 345; H. 385. ii. the direct object of persuasit is the clause ut exirent ( 331. a\
.
. .

H. 498); compare id, two lines below [Et. 493]. G. 546. R. 1 Votes were easily " persuaded " by such means as Orgetorix possessed. (For the sequence of tenses in exirent, see 286. RemG. 510; H. 495. ii.).
;

io

Notes

CcBsar.

[B. G.

perfacile (predicate with esse, while its subject is the infinitive tJiat it was quite easy, since they exceeded all clause with potiri) esse, indirect disc, men in valor, to win the empire of all Gaul.
:

depending on some such word as he said

523. I.N.).

( 330 e\

G. 652. R. 2

H.

cum praestarent, subjunctive after cum, meaning since, 325, imperio, 249 (R. 31) G. 405 H. 421. 326; G. 587; H. 517. G. 400; H. 423. 2. hoc facilius, all the easier : 250 (R. 33) we should id, obj. of persuasit ( 225. c\ G. 344; H. 384. 2)

Usually with persuadere the dat. and say, persuaded them of it. See Madvig, ace. are both used only when the latter is a pronoun.

loci natura, by the nature of the country. 242. Obs. 1. continentur, arc hemmed in. una ex parte, on one side : as in undique, on (lit. from) all The effect on the senses is supposed sides, nine, on this side, &c. to come from the direction referred to. latissimo, very broad (
93. b\
3.

H. 444.

1).

qui

refers not to flumine, but to

his rebus, by these causes. fiebat (imperf.) = it was coming the subject is the about more and more ( 277 G. 222 H. 468-9)
:

Rheno.

clause

ut

possent

(see 332. a;

qua ex
causa.

homines (a

parte, on which ground: sort of apposition)

G. 558; H. 501. i.). some editions have qua de

men

eager for war.

bellandi

[Et.

= being (as they were) 231], 218. a (R. 12); G.

374; H. 542. i. adficiebantur

= afficiebantur
ll.f*.
is

for the rule as to assimilation of

consonants, compare
of the preposition
4.

In this edition the unchanged form

usually preferred.

multitudine their numbers, includpro, in proportion to. ing some small dependent populations, were 368,000 (see ch. 29). angustos fines = too narrow limits : those here given are about 40
:

miles each

way

larger than the present boundaries of Switzerland.

milia passuum, miles (1000 paces), the regular way of stating this measure, milia being ace. of extent of space (R. 23), and pas-

suum
heel,

partit. genitive.

The passus was

is

the stretch from heel to

set down again mile (mille pasmeasures the distance
it is
;

i.e.

from where the heel

five

raised to where
feet.

and

is

reckoned at

Roman

A Roman
;

suuni) was about 400 feet less than ours it 11 which a soldier would march in "a thousand paces.

I.

2, 3. J

The Helvetian War.

:

11

patebant throughout the latter part of this chapter notice the use of the imperfect of description or general statement, compared with the perfect of simple narrative in persuasit above, and constituerunt,

&c, below.
:

adducti Et. 12. this word seems to permoti show something more than mere " persuasion " on the part of Or1 quae pertinerent, dependent clause in indir. getorix, cf. ch. 2
3.
:

Chap.

disc, 341. d\ G. 653; H. 524.

tion,

Observe that Latin employs different moods for the two forms of quotaone for what is called Direct and the other for Indirect Discourse.
the writer or speaker takes the responsibility of the statement,
is

Whenever
it

put in the Indicative, with commands in the Imperative. the moods of direct discourse. When anything is told not
fact,
is

These are

but that some one perceived, thought, or said so, put in the Infinitive, and all subordinate parts (including commands) in the Subjunctive. These are the moods of indirect discourse. The

simply as a the leading statement

narrative in this chapter will require a careful attention to the above distinction. Let the learner here study attentively the introductory paragraph and Remark of 335 (G. 651 ; H. 522). In Cresar, nearly all the

speeches

are given in the form of narrative

that
:

is,

in Indirect Discourse.

comparare
424; H. 533,
170. 2).
i.

confirmare

these infinitives are construed as

the direct object of the leading verb constituerunt, 271. a; G.

1.

as great as possible ( 93. b, 207; G. 317; H. beasts of burden, properly, yoke-animals carrorum, two(root yu, kindred with jug in jungo, jugum)

quam maximum,

jumentorum,

wheeled carts, suited to the narrow and rough roads. 2. conficiendas (fac Et. 256), completing: con
:

in

composition

generally
:

together; or, as here, may be simply intensive. lege probably passed in a public assembly, which is what a Roman would understand by lex. in tertium annum confirmant.yf.r/wr

means

the third year. Observe the force of sub, as 3. sibi suscepit, took on himself. if he put his shoulders under the load. civitates, clans, such as

whose territory had all, no local name, but was known only by that of the clan, which was sovereign and wholly independent, except for voluntary allithe ^Edui, Sequani,

&c, about

60 in

ances (see ch. 30)

The name Gallia

itself

as was said of Italy

Notes

C&sar.

[B. G.

a few years ago

was only " a

geographical expression," implying

no

political sovereignty.

obpersuadet, prevails on : suadet would be, simply, urges. had held. amicus, an honorary title given by the ut Roman Senate to friendly powers. occuparet, to lay hands on. This clause is the object of persuadet ( 331. a\ G. 546; H. 499.3; for the sequence of tenses, see 287. e\ G. 1 H. 492), which in English would be expressed by the in511. K.
tinuerat,

finitive.

regnum,

here,

rule

what the Greeks called tyranny. English we should say before him.
:

not hereditary authority, but personal ante, here an adverb in

Dumnorigi

(dat. after

brother, restless, ambitious,

:

persuadet, p. 4), Dumnorix, a younger and strongly attached to the old aristoc-

racy of the clan therefore a bitter enemy of the Roman supremacy. He afterwards headed a desertion of Caesar's cavalry, just before the

second invasion of Britain, but was pursued and killed

:

(v. 6).

4. Divitiaci this ^Eduan chief was of the order of Druids he had been in Rome, where he made the acquaintance of Cicero and He was thoroughly impressed with the other eminent Romans. power and superiority of the Romans, and was a faithful friend and
;

ally of Caesar.

The name is by some thought to be a Druid title. The party of Druids, represented by Divitiacus and Liscus (chap. 16), was the popular party, strong especially in the large towns it was opposed by the old clan feel:

ing kept up by military or tribal chiefs (principes), such as Orgetorix and Dumnorix. The former, or popular party, was headed by the ^Edui; the
latter,

or aristocratic, by the Sequani and Arverni.

The Druids were

of the tribe religious or priestly order, jealous of the aristocracy Requites) " nativeor clan, which represented what may be called the patriotic or

"party (see vi. 12-17). A knowledge of this division helps clear up many of the events of Caesar's campaigns. Divitiacus was a name well known at Rome. A later writer gives an interesting picture of the Gallic
Celtic

chief standing

and leaning on

his shield while

he made

his

appeal before
in

the senate, declining (as a suppliant) the seat which

offered him.

was

courtesy

qui,

i.e.

Dumnorix.
power.

from

political

principatum, highest rank, as distinct plebi acceptus, a favorite with the people

I.

3. 4- J

The Helvetian War.

13
to make down the

(acceptable to the people).

ut idem conaretur,
;

the

same

attempt
4.

(lit.

attempt the same thing)

i.e.

put

constitu-

tional authority,

and establish a

perfacile factu ( 303.

:

r.

rule of military chiefs. H. 547), very easy G. 437. R. 1

;
;

to

predicate agreement with conata perficere, which is illis probat, undertakes to subj. of esse, depending on probat. show them, i.e. to Casticus and Dumnorix (conative present, 276.

do

in

2 b\ G. 218. r.

H. 467.

6).
is

non esse dubium

esse

is

quin, there
;

no doubt (he says) that

here

infin,

of indirect disc.

for the
2.

319. d;

G. 551; H. 501.

plurimum.

plurimum

ii.

construction of quin, see Galliae, partitive gen. with

possent
.

were the strongest.

con-

firmat, asserts (confidently)

fidem et jus5. or atione, plea, or argument (abl. of means). regno jurandum, i.e. assurance confirmed by oath (hendiadys). occupato (abl. absolute, expressing condition, see 255, 310. a\ G. 408. r., 670 H. 431. 2 (3)), in case they should get in their hands

si occupaverimus. per tres populos, i.e. and Sequani a league between these, they hope, will secure their power over all Gaul. posse, equivalent to a future infiniH. 537. N. 1) Madvig, 410. Obs. 1). tive (see 288./; G. 240. R. 3 Galliae, governed by potiri see 249. a G. 405 H. 410. v. 3.

the royal

power : =

Helvetii, jEdui,

Chap. 4. ea res, this thing (i.e. conspiracy). The word res would often be best rendered by some more specific word in English,

&c, according to the passage. The Helvetians were prepared to emigrate in a body, and subdue the rest of Gaul but not to surrender to Orgetorix the power thus acquired.
as action, fact, event, estate,
;

His act was treason,

a conspiracy within a

conspiracy.

moribus suis, according to their custom (abl. of specification). ex vinclis ( = vinculis; so hindrance for hinder-ance in English), out of chains, i.e. standing in chains. A Latin idiom, cf. ex equo,
on horseback.

causam dicere [Et.

being brought to
(sc.

10], to
trial.

plead his cause, a tech-

nical expression for

damnatum

eum,

sentence the subject of oportebat

object of sequi), if condemned. (In this is the clause damnatum

. .

sequi; the subject of sequi

in apposition with

is

poenam

and ut

cremaretur

is

poenam,

defining the punishment: 332./"; G.

14

Notes:

Ccesar.

[B. G.

Translate, it must needs be that the penalty 559; H. 501. iii.) should overtake him, if condemned, of being burned with fire. (For the ablative in i, see 57. b 1 G. 60. 3. a; H. p. 35, foot-note 2.
;

earlier writers.) Observe that urere would mean merely to burn, while cremare is to bum to ashes. 2. die constituta, on the day appointed, 256 (R. 34) G. 392 H. 429: for the gender of die, see 30. a. 73; G. 70; H. 123.
is
;

This form

often used

by Caesar and

causae dictionis,

[Et. id],

be more usual to say dicendae)

of the pleading of the cause dictionis depends on

;

(it

die,

would and

causae

is

ad judicium
f amiliam,
is

the obj. gen. after dictionis. [Et. 125, 10], near the

clatismen

by Roman
it
. .

[place of] judgment. use this would mean slaves ; but

all

it

more probable that him as their chief.

adopted followers; obaeratos, debtors, the only class of slaves that seems to have been

clientes, 10,000.

ad

here means
.

who bore
or

his
to

decern milia,
volunteer

name or regarded [the number of]

retainers,

known in Gaul, see vi. 13, 2. conduxit; Et. 12. per eos, by means ( 246. b; G. 403 H. 415. i. 1, N. 1). conaretur, when the state attempted: relative time, 3. cum 1 G. 586 H. 521. ii. 2. neque suspitio (the true spel 323. N. The negative ling of this word), and the suspicion is not wanting. neque (= and not) is often best translated by dividing in this way.
their
; .
.

quin
self {his

own
"

consciverit (conscisco), that he decreed death to himdeath), i.e. committed suicide. Observe that ipse, self,
;

agrees in Latin rather with the subject

(it will

not, as in English, with the be object. Orgetorix noticed) was never in the power of the magistrates, he was not put in chains, nor did he die in prison."

constituerant, hadresolved: as following the historical present. ut

nevertheless.
. .

Chap.

5.

nihilo

minus

(often written in one word, as in English), observe the pluperfect,

.

with id

exeant, in apposition namely, to go forth." ubi arbitrati sunt, when they judged : observe the regular use of the perfect indicative with ubi, postquam, &c, 324; G. 563;
:

as

we should

"

say,

H.

518.

rem, enterprise. oppida,

;

towns, fortified and capable

of defence

vicos, villages,

i.e.

is

(In a city, vicus is a street, the travelled way between them.)

groups of houses about a single spot. considered as the houses occupied via
;

The

villages

and houses were

I.

4-6.]

The Helvetian War.

;

15

burned, partly to cut off hope of return partly to prevent their being incendunt, set fire to. occupied by their enemies, the Germans. praeterquam [id] quod, excepti)ig what (that which) : observe

that in this phrase

tive of

quam means

than, and praeter

G. 410 H. 380. 2 comburuii^ burn ttp. subefollowing reditionis. molita cibaria, ground corn (flour) every man to unda, Et. 493. take his own supply for three months' use. 2. Rauracis, &c, German tribes from the banks of the Rhine.

prae
1

lit.

further than what.

domum,

is

the compara;

258. b

uti,

the older form for ut,

common
.

Et. 256. proficiscantur along with them (lit. by one way) c. N. G. exustis, having burned, &c. oppidis 113. (See
:
.

in Caesar.

una

cum
;

iia,

1 409. r.

H. 550. n. 4 ). Boios (from whom the name Bohemia

;

is

derived)

a Celtic tribe,

whom

the great German advance had cut off from their kins-people towards the west, and who were now wandering homeless, some of them within the limits of Gaul.

5. Noricum, &c, now

receptos
.
.

eastern Bavaria and upper Austria.

in English, in a sentence like this,
;

we
;

adsciscunt

should use a separate verb instead of the participle ( 292 G. 667 H. 549. 5). Translate, they receive the Boii into their own number

(ad se), and vote them in as allies to themselves. Chap. 6. omnino, in all, i.e. only. itinera, itineribus [Et. observe the form of this relative sentence (common in 493] It is Caesar), which gives the antecedent noun in both clauses. G. 617 H. 453. 2) usually omitted in one or the other (see 200

English, almost always in the relative clause; in Latin, quite as often in the other. possent, subjunctive in a relative clause of
in

characteristic ( 320; G. 633; Sequanos, i.e. the region

H. 503.

I.).

the Rhone.

inter

now

called
:

tranche Comti, north of

Rhodanum
Roman

the pass

now guarded by

the

Fort rEcluse, about nineteen

miles below

(eighteen and a half English)

Geneva (compare note, chap. 8:1). The Rhone at this was the boundary of the Roman province. The choice was between crossing the river, and proceeding along its northern bank. vix qua, &c, where carts could scarcely be flumen Et. 345. hauled in single file (see 95. a; G. 95 autem H. 174. 2).
part

then again.

6
2.

Notes multo
facilius,

Ccesar.

[B. G.

much easier in itself; but it required them to legion at Geneva, and force their way through about 50 miles of territory occupied by the Roman arms. propterea quod, see note to Chap. f2 nuper pacati erant, had been
crush the

Roman

subdued (reduced to peace). A rebellion " of despair " (B.C. had been subd^d by C. Pomptinus. 61), G. 385; H. 425. II. 2). vado, by locis, loc. abl. ( 258. ford {wading, vadendo). The bed of the Rhone has changed somewhat since Caesar's time. There is now but one ford between Geneva and the Pas-de-VEcluse.
lately

Genua (Genva)
it is

also spelled

is nearest to the modern German name (Geuf) Genava and Geneva.

3.

sese persuasuros [esse] (notice that in the future

;

infinitive,

used in indirect discourse, esse is usually omitted in direct disc, it would be persuadebimus), they thought they should persuade ; its
object
is

Allobrogibus.

bono animo = well disposed

five

years

before, their envoys in Rome had intrigued with Catiline's agents, whom they at length betrayed (see Cicero, Cat. iii. 22).
4. a. d. v. Kal. Apr., nominally March 28 ( 376, 259. e G. App. H. 642. 3). According to the astronomer Leverrier, the true date was March 24, the day of the spring equinox Mommsen makes it as late as April 16. The calendar was in a state of great confusion at this time, and till Caesar's reform, 12 years later.
;
; ;

Chap.

7.

Caesari

he was at this time at Rome, having laid down

his consulship, preparing to set out for his province. Every consul was entitled to the governorship of a province for one year after his term of office, and by a special law Caesar's government (consisting

of the three provinces of Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul and This news Illyricum) had been conferred for a term of five years.

hastened his movements.

conari (the real subject of esset), that id, in appos. with eos maturat, hastens ; they were attempting to force a march, &c. travelling, his biographers say, 100 miles in a day, and reaching the
. . .

Rhone

in a

week, according to Plutarch.

The

subject,

Caesar,

is

here omitted with the leading verb, being expressed in the relative ab urbe: this word, unless some other place is indicated, clause.

always means Rome,

the

city.

Caesar was near, but not in the

1.

6-7.]

The Helvetian War.

it

17
holding the military

city,

not being permitted to enter

while

authority (imperium) of proconsul.

quam

Hence he says ab, not ex. maximis potest itineribus ( 93. ^ G. 317 H. 170. 2)
; ;

potest is usual with Caesar in this phrase, which is elliptical. In full it would be, tarn magnis quam maximis, as great as the greatest
3 the greatest possible (Chap- 10 ). ulteriorem, i.e. beyond the Alps. The northern part of modern and was a part of Caesar's Italy was still called Gallia Cisalpina,
;

i.e..

province.
2.
i.e.

provinciae

(dat.) imperat,

makes

requisition on the province

Transalpine Gaul.

The normal strength of the legion has been variLegion. have reason to believe that in ously estimated up to 6000 men. As Caesar's army it did not exceed 5000 (see note on Bk. IV. Chap. 37). to a far more important fact, the actual strength in the field, we are much

The Roman

We

It seems quite clear that the average field strength of better informed. Gesar's legion did not vary far from about 3600 men; and that number we will consider the basis of our estimates. This legion, or brigade, as we should perhaps call it, was divided into 10 cohorts, or small battalions, of

about 360 men each. The cohort consisted of 3 maniples or companies, about 120 strong. As the cohort was the tactical unit of the legion, so Each of these military the maniple was the tactical unit of the cohort.
units contained
officers.

from day

to

day essentially the same men, under the same

maniple, however, was divided, on a different principle, into two equal parts, called ordines, or centuriae (centuries). When the men fell in for morning roll-call, for instance, the maniple was formed accord-

The

The taller soldiers would thus form the first ordo, the rest, ing to height. the second. Thus some men might one day be in one ordo, and another
day in the other, as on successive days different squads might be detailed from the maniple for guard duty or other special service. The ordo corresponded exactly to the platoon in an American company.

The officers of the legion were the tribunes {tribuni militiun) and the centurions (centuriones). Of the former, each legion had six, who had charge in turn, two at a time. They did not command the legion in battle
unless specially detailed for that purpose.

Their duties were what

is

called

having to do with the levying and discharge, the equipment and supplies of the troops; and judicial, i.e. they tried and
administrative,
i.e.

punished offenders against military law. Of the centurions, the real leaders of the legion, there were two to each maniple. The senior (prior}

i8

Notes

Grsctr.

[B. G.

commanded

the first platoon, and the junior {posterior}, the second. The cohorts and their centurions were graded in rank from the tenth up to the first. Thus the centurions of the first cohort were of the first rank

{primorum

ordi mini).

The

between that of a commissioned

centurions occupied a place about midway officer and that of a non-commissioned

officer
in

modern army.
the maniples,

They
and
in
first

commanded
battle the

first

centurion of the

cohort

may almost be said to have commanded the legion (but see

note on Chap. 52). On the other hand, their duties were much like those of a sergeant. They were

chosen from the ranks for

experience and
skill,

their
sel-

and were

appointed to a higher position. The tribunes, together with the officers

in

dom

the

general

staff

of the

army, were usually appointed from the noble families at Rome through

some

political influence.

3.

certiores f acti sunt, were

infertned

qui

(made more

certain).
[in;

dicerent,

who were
;
.
.

structed] to say ( 317 H. 497. I.). sibi

G. 544
.

liceat:

observe carefully the construction of the indirect discourse

( 336. a

and b\ G. 653; H.
in direct discourse
est
it

523-531)

would be, "Nobis

in

animo

sine ullo maleficio iter per pro-

vinciam facere, propterea quod

Fig.
4.

Centurio.

aliud iter habemus nullum; rogamus, ut tua voluntate id nobis

facere
liceat."

little

atten-

tion

to

this

in

the

beginning
all

will

relieve this construction,

very

frequent in Caesar, of

difficulty.

I-

7>

8 -]

The Helvetian War.

;

19

sibi, dat. of possession ( 231

subj.
.

is

the clause iter

is

G. 349; H. 387); of esse, the facere, while the whole passage sibi
Render, that they had
.

liceat,
to

the object of dicerent.

to ?nake,

was

them] in mind
is

English, other passage

subject
se,

aliud had they none. rogare:

&c.
. ;

[it

nullum,

like the

of this verb the

.

understood; and the object is the clause ut liceat ( 331. a\ G. 546, and R. 1 H. 498. 1); they begged it wight be allowed them to do this with his consent.
.
.

4.

L.

Cassium

occisum

[esse], object of
1 ;

memoria
H.

teneIV.

bat, as a phrase
1

in the terrible invasion 535. I ). " The of the Cimbri or Teutons, the Helvetians being their allies. 1 army of Cassius was one of six swept away by these barbarians.'

knowing ( 272. R. This defeat happened B.C. 107,

of

G. 527;

371.

gate).

Q. sub jugum [Et. 125] under the yoke (hence the word subjuThe jugum was made by sticking two spears in the ground, and laying another across them above. To pass under this was
equivalent to laying

down arms by

modern army.
lit.

concedendum
thought that no
yielded."

[esse], depending on concession should be made,

putabat, impersonal: " that it must not be

homines, subj. of temperaturos [esse], depending on existimabat: he judged that men of hostile temper (abl. of quality, 251
;

H. 419. II.), if the opportunity were given (abl. absolute) of making a march (gerundive, 297, 298; G. 429; H. 544. 1) through the province, would not (neque) refrain from wrong and
G. 402
;

mischief.
5.

the

dum convenient ( 328; G. 574; H. 519), until men should muster. diem se sumpturum [esse], he would
. . .

take time,

si

quid

G. 655;

H. 523.

III.):

reverterentur (subj. for imperat. 339; in direct discourse, if you wish anything

(said he), return on the 13th of April.

Chap. 8. ea legione, with that legion (abl. of In this instrum.). sentence, observe how all the qualifying clauses come first, and the
direct objects,

murum, fossam, come

next before the leading verb

G. 676; H. 560); while each relative belongs to the verb which comes next after it unless another relative intera very convenient rule in venes, analyzing a long and difficult

perducit

( 343;

sentence.

20
decern novern,
note,

Notes

Ccesar.

[B.ft.

Chap.

6).

murum
Rhone

nineteen, following the windings of the river (see this rampart, or earthwork, was on the
:

south side of the river, leaving the passage undisputed along the northern bank.

The banks

of the

in this part are generally

a little over three miles sharp ravines; there are only five short reaches The current in this course of eighteen miles requiring defences. in all Some remains of Caesar's works can still be is in general quite rapid.

rugged and steep, with

traced, according to the

French engineers who surveyed the ground under

III.

the orders of

Napoleon
is

was continuous (this means that, after the

the

five

According to Caesar's statement, the work This undoubtedly accessible points were strengthened by artificial

meaning of perducit).

defences, the entire left bank of the Rhone, from Geneva to Pas-deThe conI'Ecluse, formed a continuous barrier against the Helvetians.
struction of

any one of the

fortifications

may be

described as follows

Along the crest of the ridge facing the river, the slope was cut so as to be vertical, or nearly so, and then a trench was hollowed. The earth dug
out was partly thrown up to increase the height of the wall, and quite likely

Kilometer

.62137

of a mile.

Plan
The dotted

I.

Fortifications

on
;

the

Rhone.

Bk.

I.

Ch.

8.

In the lower lines indicate wall and trench From Genf (Geneva, see corner at the right is a vertical section of rnurus and fossa. the note on Chap. 6 2 ) to Pas-de-1'Ecluse (or Pas-d'Ecluse) , i8* (English) miles by
the dotted squares, redoubts.
river, is

only half that distance

in a straight line.

in part

thrown down the

feet
is

measure of 16

hill. At all events, it seems probable that the the distance from the bottom of the ditch to the top

I.

8, 9.]

The Helvetian War.

Thus the work formed
really little

of the wall.

more than a trench with

scarp higher than the counterscarp. Then the crest was fortified with a breastwork of palisades, behind which the soldiers were protected while hurling their missiles at the enemy. This entire series of works, with the
force at Caesar's

command, could not have occupied more than two

or

three days.
2.

castella

(literally "little fortifications

11

),

redoubts.

These were
smaller.

constructed on the same plan as the camp, but were

much

In them rectangular, and surrounded by wall and ditch. The redoubts were sufficiently were stationed guards {praesidid) numerous, so that the guard from one or another could quickly

They were

reach any point in the lines that might be threatened. quo facilius possit, that he may the more easily : the usual construction ( 317. se invito (abl. abs.), against his will. H. 497. II. 2). b G. 545. 2
;

3.

negat se posse, says he cannot.

direct,
it

tion in indirect discourse:

prohibiturum
4.

[se

si conentur, future condiwould be si conabimini. esse] ostendit, shows that he shall stop them.

dejecti [Et. 493], cast down: de in composition generally has the meaning down. nonnunquam, ;^/ ( 150 and a\ G.

448 and
( 334-

R. 4

H. 553.

1).

si

f\ G. 603, 462. 2; H. 529.

1.

possent, an indirect question N. 1 ), depending on conati:

trying if they coidd break through. following destiterunt, desisted.

conatu,

abl.

of separation,

Chap.

9.

Sequanis invitis

sua sponte, by their own influence: a rare Sequani should refuse. meaning of this phrase, which is generally, of their own accord. eo deprecatore (abl. absolute denoting means), by his means as advocate. impetrarent, they might obtain [it]. 2. gratia, personal influence ; largitione, lavish gifts and hospiduxerat this word talities, like those of old chiefs of the clan.

(abl. abs. of condition), in case the

is

used of the

house; of the the veil (or him.

man who woman it

marries, a wife,
is

i.e.

he leads her to his

(dat.), i.e.

own

said,

nubit viro

she puts on

This refers to the flame-colored veil (flammeum) worn by the bride during the wedding ceremonies. novis rebus 2 H. 384. I.), revolution, change in the (dat. 227. e; G. 346. R.

state.
close

studebat, eagerly favored. habere

;

obstrictas, to keep

bound.

22
3
. .
.

Notes
impetrat has for obj dent: obtains (from
.

Ccesar.

[B, G.

ut
their

patiantur
will)
it

and

perficit, uti

good

the Helvetii to go,

hostages.

&c, and

brings

that they will allow about that they exchange

10. renuntiatur, word is brought back, i.e. from messent to ascertain the subject is the clause Helvetiis esse, sengers &c. (see note Chap. 7 3 ). Tolosatium, the people of Tolosa, the modern Toulouse.

7. Chap.

The Santones give the name to the modern province of Saintonge, on the Bay of Biscay. This is so far from the borders of the Province, as to show that Caesar was only searching for a pretext; for of course he had no
Sequani.
authority to interfere, unasked, with a passage through the territory of the One motive in writing the Commentaries, we must remember,

was

to

produce

political effect in

Rome.

2. fieret: Et. 256. futurum [esse] ut haberet, &c, it would be to the great peril of the province ( 329. N. ; G. 507 ; H. 501. 1)

that

it

should have: the clause ut

haberet being subject of

futurum
HS.

[esse], a kind of periphrastic future ( 288. f\ G. 240; 537- 3) carried into the past by sequence of tenses (intelle-

gebat).

locis

(loc. abl.)
is

W.
3.

part of Gaul

patentibus, in ati open country: the a broad river valley, giving easy access to the

province.

Labienum
faithfully

munitioni praefecit, he put in command of the fortification. this was Caesar's best officer, a prominent and influen:

of strongly democratic sympathies. He served Caesar through the Gallic wars, but when the Civil war broke out, he joined what he conceived to be the party of the republic, went over to Pompey, and was killed at Munda.
tial politician,

legatum,
this.

legate, lieutenant

no English word exactly translates

legatus was employed by the assistant in the most important duties, lead independent armies, to command

The

to
is

commander

as his trusted

negotiate treaties, to

single legions.

His place

was thus entirely

as the general

distinct

from the what

known

in

modern armies

There staff, or from the commander's aides-de-camp. were generally three legati assigned to the commander by the Senate, his wishes being considered in the selection. Caesar (who was

I. 9,

10.]

The Helvetian War,

23

now, through the triumvirate, all-powerful in Rome) had ten. in Italiam i.e. Cisalpine Gaul, now coming to be regarded as a part
:

of Italy.
It is also the usual phrase for as in Chap. 7. The an of marches day's march of the ordinary army. forced Romans was about 15 miles; a magnum iter was from 20 to 25

magnis itineribus,

miles.

Each legionary
repairing
utensils,

carried, besides his

arms and armor, a portion of the

material for entrenching tools (spades, saws, baskets, etc.), spare clothing, dress or equipments, his blanket (sagum), hand-mills, cooking

and

rations.

On

a long march, these last

would be carried by the

Fig. 5.
1.

332
3, 3.

Funditor.

2, 2.

Milites levis artnaturae.

Legionarii.

pack animals.
carry a

As

Cassar
it

was making

a forced

march

in pursuit of the

Helto

vetians, however,

seems likely in the present case that his

men had

good share of their food. Additional supplies followed the army in boats on the Saone (see Chap. 16). The ration for one day was about 2 pounds, and consisted of coarse flour, or unground grain which the soldier must grind for himself. The various articles of baggage were made

24

Notes

Ccesav.

[B. G.

up into bundles (sarcinae), and these were bound to the upper end of a On the march this pole was carried on pole {/urea) some 5 or 6 ft. long. the shoulder. During a halt it could be rested on the ground, and the

on it for support. These poles (forked at the top) were a device of the ingenious Marius, and hence were called by the soldiers " Marius's mules" (muli Mariani). The entire weight carried by each
soldier could lean

man

the load a

could not have been less than 60 pounds; not very different from modern soldier has on the march.

an important Roman colony at the head of the continued to be the chief port of trade for this region till educit Et. 12. outgrown by Venice. qua proximum iter, i.e. by way of Susa and Turin, by Mt. Genevre. Ocelum is identified with Oulx (or Houlx), a little south-

Aquileiam
It

Adriatic.

west of Turin.

The more
.

direct

way by Mt. Cenis began

to

be

used under Augustus.

4.

compluribus

with pulsis ( 344. h).

towards the west, as the Rhone, at Lyons, turns abruptly to the south. His object was to head off the Helvetians, who had advanced westwardly, north of the upper course of the river, and had now reached the territory of the /Edui.

Ocelum.

trans

ab

pulsis, interlocked order, his agreeing

Ocelo pervenit, came through from

Rhodanum,

Caesar's

army by this time amounted to nearly 25,000 men; the Helvetians had between 80,000 and 100,000 warriors to oppose him,

with (probably) at least 8500 wagons.

Chap. 11.
across
;

jam traduxerant
i.e.

described.

per angustias, The emperor Napoleon

[Et. 12], had already brought through the Pas de VEcluse, before
III.

enters into a calculation to

less

show that Caesar's absence cannot have occupied months so that the following events took place in
;

than two

of June. rogatum (supine), to ask. 2. ita se, understand dicentes or

discourse, this will be, "Ita [nos]
.

the latter part In direct

some such word.

. .

conspectu exercitus tut, U Te have so deserved

.

meriti sumns, ut paene in non debuerinV : liberi nostri that our fields ought not to have been
.

wasted, &c.
claim the

meritos: "Alone among the Gauls," says Tacitus, "the iEdui name of brotherhood with the Roman people' (Ann. xi.
1

I.

10-12.]

The Helvetian War.

25

Troy

later fiction of a common descent from Arverni (Lucan, i. 427). So it was an old notion that Britain had its name from Brutus, a grandson of Ascanius.

25).

There was even a

for the

3. Haedui Ambarri, the ^-Edui near the Arar (or Saone), occupying the angle between that river and the Rhone. (Some editions omit Haedui in this title others write, eodem tempore quo Aedui,
;

Ambarri quoque.)
necessarii, close connections (bound by necessitudo, or community

consanguinei, blood-kindred. prohibere, their fields were already depopulatis agris wasted, and they were with difficulty attempting to keep off, &c. H. 549. 5). G. 667. r. (see 292. R.
;

of interests of any kind)

.

8. 4- nihil esse reliqui (part, gen.), there them, exxept the very soil of the fields.
5.

is

nothing

left to

non exspectandum

be waited).

sociorum
of the
;

(esse), must not wait (lit. it was not to the Helvetians would be sure to levy

upon the

allies

Romans wherever
the

they found them.

Chap. 12. flumen, &c,

through, &c.

The

is a river which flows not between, which would be expressed by dividit. Saone joins the Rhone about 75 miles south-west of Lake

Arar (Saone)

Geneva.

lenitate, not so
;

much slowness as smoothness ;

contrast-

ing not only with the Rhone, but with the swiftness and turbidness of the rivers in Italy. ratibus, rafts of logs lintribus, canoes of hollowed logs, joined, perhaps, two and two, with a broad deck covering them. The swift streams of the south of Europe are often crossed by boats
across either

swung from moorings at some distance up-stream, and carried in fluat, indir. way by the force of the current.

question following judicari.

2. exploratores, scouts; a detachment of cavalry always preceded the army and scoured the country in every direction to get news of the enemy. partes, object of duxisse; flumen governed 1 H. 376), had conby trans in composition ( 239. b\ G. 330. R.

Ararim for the ace. in veyed three fourths . across this river. 1 H. 62. III. 1. im, see 55. d, 56. a (names of rivers) reliquam = relictam in fact this adjective is, from its meaning, a kind of
.
:

participle.

26
de tertia vigilia
:

Notes

Casar.

[B. G.

into four equal watches,

the night, from sunset to sunrise, was divided the third beginning at midnight. This

place directly after (de) the watch began. mandarunt = manconcidit (con, caedo), cut to pieces. daverunt ( 128. a G. 191 5 H. 235), abandoned (lit. gave in hand, manu, do) abdiderunt, hid (lit. put away). " district" is about the modern Zurich. this

movement took
3.

pagus The inhabitants

:

{Tigurinus)

of the pagus probably

see Chap. 7. 4

composed a
:

clan,

and formed

a division of the force.

4.

L.

Cassium,
is

deorum

this reference to a special

providence
divine
iii.

noticeable in so stern a realist as Caesar, and was

his curious account of the

probably for political

effect. Compare omens which accompanied his

victory over

Pompey,

B.C.

105.

&c. (see 200.

ea persolvit, render that part which, H. 445. 9). poenas persolvit, paid the penalty. Punishment was regarded

quae pars intulerat

b. n.
;

G. 622

among

the ancients, not as suffering to be inflicted, but as of the

2,

nature of

fine or penalty to
to suffer.

he.

paid; hence sumere,

to inflict,

and

dare or solvere,

In 1862, numerous remains were discovered buried in two trenches, " pell-mell, skeletons of men, probably of those slain in this battle, Hist, of Julius Casar. women, and children."

5.

injurias [Et.

125], wrongs, not simply damage, as the

word

came to mean afterwards. From Caesar's point of view, an offensive war against Rome is necessarily wrong. Besides, hostility or frienda family tradition, and so ship towards a foreign state might become
ultus est, avenged. soceri: L. Calpurnius Piso, father of Shakespeare's Calphumia, and consul of the present year (see end of Chap. 6).
a

bounden duty.

pontem acquire).
;

Chap.

13.

d\ G. 431 a body of engineers, who could rapidly bridge any ordinary river. This was very likely a bridge of boats. It must be observed, howwhenever ever, that the Romans always preferred a ford to a bridge,
practicable. simply over.

consequi, overtake (hence the frequent meaning faciendum curat, has a bridge made ( 294. II. 544). pontem; with the van of the army marched

They had no powder

to

keep dry.

in,

upon, not

I.

12-14.]

The Helvetian War.

.

27
;

2. cum intellegerent, clause of relative time ( 323, 325 G. 586; H. 521. II. 2). id, object of fecisse, and in appos. with transirent. diebus viginti, in the course of 20 days ut ( 256; G. 392; H. 429).
. .
. . .

legatos, a participle of lego (depute'), used as a noun; hence, diplomatically, envoy or ambassador, and in military affairs lieutenant. legationis, a collective noun, and so answering (by sy nests') to the plural legatos. Divico, now an old man, since the battle in

which he was commander took place 49 years before.

9.
. .
.

3-

s*

pacem, &c.

compare the form of

p.
i.e.

given to this address,

Grammar (A. &G.),

of Gaul.

in earn partem 251.

disaster

direct discourse

ubi, to whatever part,

be turned back from their migration.

imperative): remember [said
he].

incommodi,

reminisceretur
;

They were

not, however, to
(subj. for in(lit.

convenience;
the

the late unpleasantness," for our civil war): for H. 406. II. of the genitive, see 219; G. 375 government abl. abs. 255. 4. improvise unexpectedly, by surprise (properly
cf.

"

G. 438.

R.'
;

2
;

H. 431.
1).

G. 195. R. 1
not ascribe
5.

H. 441.

it.

dolo, craft
ut,

ne tribueret (for imperative), he should

:

N. 2 ).

suis,

to their

own

people ( 190. a

insidiis, ambuscade.
i.e. let

ne committeret

&c,

2 ubi constitissent, where &c. ( 332. e; G. 557; H. 498. II. N. ). intensive force of con). the they had taken their stand (notice

him

not commit the error.

Chap. 14. eo
he

(abl. of cause)

minus

quod,

teneret,

had all the less

.

he

eo gravius was the more incensed,

.
.

hesitation because he kept in mind, &c. quo minus ( 106. c, 250. R. G. 400
;

H. 423)

in proportion as the

Roman

people

had

less
2.

deserved, &c.

lion fuisse (for fuit of

,

Roman people) had been. eo disc), it would not have been. deceptum [esse] they had been deceived by this. timeret = propter quod, referring to id (understood),
qui
si fuisset,

now

if they (the

dir.

quare

subject

of

commissum

[esse],

in

the

should give them fear, and follows intellegeret Roman people) did not knmu what they had done
3.

sense of anything that because they (the

:

quod

si

240.

b;

G. 331.

R. 2

vellet, but if they should consent to

afraid of. H. 453. 6) num posse forget, &c.

612. R. 1
.

to be

could they, &c.

28
injuriarum,

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

quod

333

eo invito = against obj. of memoriam. vexassent is a clause of fact, properly G. 525 H. 516, but subj. by indirect discourse.
.
.

his will.

indicative,

so se tulisse (= intulisse), 4. sua, their own (the Helvetians) admirarentur is The clause quod that they had committed. As for their boasting [because they boasted] subj. of pertinere
; . .
.

so insolently

of their
.
.

victory,
.

&c,

it

comes {amounts')

to the

same

thing
5.

(lit.

to the
.

same place*)
his, to

quos

grant an interval of prosperity and longer

:

impunity

to those

whom they wish to punish for their guilt

the relative

clause, as usual, preceding the demonstrative ( 201. c; G. 622; H. 572. II. N.). " Divico had not said anything in the way of direct

boasting.

manner, or to the
Lucius Cassius.'
11

This eloquent passage was perhaps an answer to his fact that he was the same Divico who had slain

Observe the change

to

primary tenses, when the

sibi, to him, ( 326; G. 588; H. 515. facturos, eos. Haeduis, dat. after satisfaciant, pay damages. ipsis, dat. after intulerint.
6.

language of Caesar expresses a general truth.

cum, though

III.).

Caesar.

sc.

10. Chap. 15. equitatum: the cavalry was wholly made up of contingents furnished by subjects (of the provinces) or allies (as the coactum habebat, lit. had collected ( 292. c G. 230: yEdui).

H. 388. 1. N.) more strictly held (had in hand) after being collected. G. 312; H. 444. 1). 2. cupidius, too eagerly ( 86. b, 93. a novissimum agmen, the rear : agmen is the army in line of march alieno (ago) and its newest part is that which comes along last.
:

loco, an unfavorable ground ("another's ") able ("one's own").

3.

so

suo would he favor-

tere, to
4.

subsissublati (tollo), elated. equitibus, abl. of means. novissimo agmine (loc. abl.) at their rear. make a stand.

hostem prohibere, in appos. with satis, as object of habebat. quinis, senis, dis5. ita, uti, in such a way that (correl.). tributives, implying that this was the constant or average distance between the two armies. The country here is very irregular and broken so that it was impossible for Caesar to get any advantage by a rapid march, or by an attack on the Helvetian rear.
satis habebat, held
it sufficient.
.

I.

14-17.]

The Helvetian

11

ir.

29

flagitare,

H. 374). 1). flagitare means an earnest and repeated demand accompanied

239. c\ G. 333
;
;

Chap. 16. cotidie = quotidie (see 7 mentum, demanded corn of the Juiui (
historical infinitive

G. 7).

Haeduos fru;

( 275. R.

G. 650

H.

536.

frigora, the cold seasons, or spells of cold: not The climate of Gaul in Caesar's day was much the cold in general. colder than that of France now (see Parke Godwin's Hist, of

with reproaches.

pabuli, green fodder (root grain.

;

n). The change has come from clearing away the and draining the marshes which then covered much of the country. frumenta, the plural is regularly used of standing
France,
forests,
p.

pasco). The crops of grain was too early in the season the last of the June) green fodder was scarce because (about Caesar was following in the path of the Helvetians, whose thousands frumento, object of uti. of cattle had swept the country bare. navibus, 248; G. flumine, 258. g; but G. 387 and H. 420.
in

{frumenta) were not ripe because

it

i.e.

quod, see Chap. 403; H. 414. 4.- propterea towards the valley of the Loire, westerly.
.
.

I.

ab Arare:

2.

ducere
:

(histor. infin.),

dragged on.

conferri, &c.
fortnight.

tum]

as English has no present passive form, translate,

getting together, was coming in, out: the allowance was about 30

was

close by."

pounds a

metiri, measure Divitiaco,

by vergobretus.

[frumen" said it was

summo magistratui, Lisco, abl. in appos. with principibus. praeerat, held the chief office, of which the Celtic title was gue/g
breth,

in suos, over his people.

I.

"executor of judgment, 11 represented

in Latin

3.

necessario

(not

attrib.,

(attrib.), at so urgent a time; propinquis but pred.), with the enemy so near.

station

Chap. 17. privatim plus possint, have more power in private : some copies read privati, as private men. ne ( 331. e; G. 548; H. 2. improba oratione, reckless talk.

505. II.)

praeferre,

from bringing

(lest

they bring) the corn

which they were bound to furnish ; [representing that] if they could no longer hold the chief rank in Gaul, they prefer the rule of Gauls
to [that of]

Romans.

It

This sentence gives a good example of what is called a Various Reading. must be remembered that these Commentaries were first written as rough

30

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

notes, or memoranda, and were afterwards copied by hand for centuries before their form was fixed by printing. The sentence as it stands is that given in the best editions; some of which, however, have perferre, bear,
for

praeferre, prefer.
to

In the above rendering, praestare has the active

meaning,
hard.

furnish

and

quam

the

meaning than,

after the
is

comparative

implied in praeferre.
after

This makes the sense clear, but

awkward and

To remedy it, the neatest and best conjecture is to put the pause conferant, read debeat for the plural debeant, and perferre for praeferre, thus: "deterrere ne frumentum conferant; quod praestare
jam principatum Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Here quod is because, and quam folperferre." lows the comparative in praestare, taken in the neuter sense of excel : and the passage reads, from bringing in the corn, since it must be better (praestare debeat) to bear, &c. But there is no manuscript authority for debeat. Some would read dicant for debeant since, they say, it is better, &c; but this is mere conjecture. Others, again, put satius esse after
debeat,
si

Romanorum imperium

perferre; but

this is

only an explanatory note, written by some early editor.

;

debeant neque dubitare quin, 319. d\ G. 55 r. 2 H. 505. 1. a word given thus in brackets is one of which the authority is doubtful it may sometimes require to be omitted in translation. super:

averint, perf. subjunctive for

disc.

G. 346; H. 385. II. 2. as chief Liscus, quin etiam, nay 3. by magistrate. even: often written as one word. quam diu, as long as. necesa
se, i.e.

Haeduis, dative, 229;

fut.

perf. ind.

(same form) of direct

sario, unavoidably; coactus, on compulsion (being forced).

several.

Chap. 18. pluribus praesentibus (abl. abs.), in the presence of Liscum retinet, jactari, bandied about (freq. of jacio).

[but] keeps Liscus. The omission of the conjunction {asyndeton) very common in Caesar's rapid narrative.
2.

is

self.
3.

summa audacia,

ex

solo,

from him

apart.
[a

secreto (secerno), each by himthe utmost boldness.

man] of

portoria, customs-dues, levied at the frontier, collected (apparently) as by the Romans through publicani, who bid for the contract at public auction.

The

other vectigalia, farmed out for collec-

tion in the

pastures,

same way, were tithes on farm produce, rent of public &c. redempta, agreeing with vectigalia, and taken

with habere,
he bid.
4.

had bought

in (see Chap. 15 1 ),

illo licente,

when

ad lar^ienAnra, for gifts,

to

buy

political support.

I.

17-19.]

The Helvetian War.

31

sake
as

causa, for the J2. largiter posse, had extensive power. : as potentiae, power, always when thus following a genitive. an attribute of the person potestas is power to do anything
:

Biturigibus, facultas, opportunity; imperium, military authority. near the modern Bonrgcs. ex matre, on the mothers side (a halfsister)
5.
.

collocasse, had contracted in marriage (nuptum)

. . .

favere

the Helvetians.
his

own

adfinitatem, family alliance. account (a mercantile phrase applying to business debts,

Helvetiis

(dat.),

he favored

and wished well to suo nomine, on

&c).

6. si quid accidat (a mild phrase), in case of any disaster. imperio (abl. of time and cause), under the rule. /;; factum, a kind of adverbial phrase 7. quod regard to
.
.

the unsicccessful cavalry skirmish fought the other day.

Chap. 19.
approach,
is

res, facts. accederent, were added: accedo, used as a kind of passive of addo. inter eos, i.e.

the Helvetii and Sequani.

;

injussu suo, &c, without his authority

:

H. 134) or that of the state: here suo is (see 71. b\ G. 76. B inscientibus ipsis, without his own equivalent to a genitive. knowledge or that of the ^dui. magistratu Liscus was vergobret.

in
him
2.

eum animadverteret
.

should proceed against or punish

(see vocab.)

quod

inceptive,

cognoverat, that he well knew, &c. (the present cognosco, having the meaning to learn). This clause, in
.

apposition with

unum, might

word
good word

as namely. studium, attachment as partisan voluntatem, will as friend. supplicio, punishment or execution. This

in English be introduced
;

by some such

derived from the adjective supplex, down-bent, signifying on the bended knee ; i.e. either as a suppliant for mercy, or (as here)
is

to receive the
3.

blow of the executioner.

conaretur,
he should
;

327 before attempt per connects Procillum with colloquitur. &c. an easier construction would principem, a leading man
;

prius
;

quam

see

G. 579

H.

520.

cui,
;

be cujus fidei omnes res credebat

summam

fiAera, full confidence.

13. commonefacit, war/is or

i.e.

Divitiacus.

apud

ipso, notifies (see vocab.). offensione se, in his (Caesar's) presence.

animi, displeasure (of Divitiacus)

ipse, which follows, refers to

32
Caesar
:

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

he hopes, in what steps he takes or orders to be taken against Dumnorix, not to incur the resentment of his brother.

measures.

Chap. 20. ne quid gravius Notice that gravius

?

(a
is

common

phrase),

no

severe

an adjective.

What

does

it

modify
2.

that this is true, and no know,' said he, one can be more pained at it than I." plus doloris except as an adverb, this comparative is mostly used, as here, with the parti-

scire se,

&c, "

"

tive genitive.

capere

[Et.

33~].

ipse

se,

suam, sese,

all refer to

Divitiacus; ille to

and uteretur.
retur.

gratiam, as well as perniciem, takes suam. amore fra( 190. b\ G. 363. r.

;

Dumnorix, which is also the subject of crevisset opibus ac nervis sinews of power, obj. of uteH. 395.
n.' ),
2

terno
3.

love to his brother.

quid accidisset = if anything should happen (a Euphemism) plup. representing fut. perf. ind. (acciderit) by sequence of fututenses: a future condition ( 307. f\ G. 659; H. 525. 2).
si
;

rum

[esse] uti c\ 288. f\ G. 240;

. . .

averterentur (periphrastic future infin., 147. H. 537. 3), the heart of all Gaul would be
s

turned from him.

4.

H. 499. 2. [ut] faciat, see 331./. R- ; G. 546. R. G. 379 condonet H. 405). tanti, of so great account ( 252. a " Caesar to the of the but in fact to Druid, prayers yield pretended

rogat

enemy

he yielded to necessity. He was in great straits, with a warlike in front and doubtful allies around him, on whom his army was dependent for food" (Long: compare Bk. v. Chap. 6).

praeterita [Et. 493],

tilings

point (= adponit),

sets

bygone (" the past"). over him. custodes, spies.

Dumnorigi

Chap. 21. qualis esset, &c,

rent.

indir.
. .

natura,
it

character

qualis

question after cognosceascensus = the chance of

ascending

[what kind of an ascent there was] at [various points qui cognoscerent ( 317; G. 632; H. 497. 1) the antecedent of qui is quosdam, or some such word, as object
of] its circuit.

of misit, he scut
2.

men

to ascertain.

facilem,

sc.

ascensum.

pro praetore, with powers of praethe

The command
tor.

praetor, like the consul, held

;

imperium or power

to

a legatus, not possessing this in his own right, might be Labienus, and temporarily invested with it by his commander.

l.

I9-23-]

The Helvetian War.

33

in their perhaps others of Caesar's lieutenants, had the imperium

own

right,

by special grant.

cognoverant, qui 14. ducibus (pred.), as guides. consilii, part. gen. limiting quid. of the party of reconnoissance de quarta vigilia, about 2 a.m., the sun at this season rising
.

i.e.

here about 4 o'clock.

3.

contendit, pushed
:

on.

Sullae, Crassi Sulla (the dictator) had conducted the war before (B.C. 88-84), and Crassus against Mithridates about 30 years
that against Spartacus
33-

some years

later (b.c. 71).

captivos

Et.

Chap.

22.

aut Labieni, or Labienus' s:

1

genitive is reins thrown loose).

2.

rare in Latin.

equo
on

this predicate use of the

admisso =

at full speed (with

the origin of modern heraldry. eagles' plumes, &c,

insignibus,

i.e.

devices

shields

and helmets,

stags
The

horns,

inference

from this report would be that Labienus had been cut to pieces, and This accounts for his next Caesar must expect an attack at once.

movement, which was to fall back and wait in line of battle, while Labienus was vainly expecting him. committeret ne essent, subject of erat 3. ut, as. ut fieret, so that the attack might be made on praeceptum.

all sides at once. monte

. . .
. .

occupato, &c, having seised the

height,

continued to look out for our men. quod 11011 vidisset, 4. multo die (loc. abl.), late in the day. what he had not seen, sc. id, obj. of renuntiasse. pro viso,

as if seen (viso is used here as a noun). quo, sc. eodem, at the same interval as usual; milia (ace), 257. b\ G. 335;

H. 379-

Chap. 23.
in
all

g\ supererat {only).
:

diei, 214.

G. 371. r. 4
Et.

omnino, H. 398. = cum within which. 459.

;

5.

Bibracte, the modern Mont Beuvray, a considerable hill, about rei frumentaiiae 10 miles west of Autun (Augustodunum).

(dat.), the
2.

supply of corn.

gas

The regular word would be transfufugitivos, runaways. the term which generally means fugitive slaves is here

34

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

applied, contemptuously, to desertei-s from the cavalry of the Gallic

allies.

decmionis

the auxiliary cavalry (the entire cavalry force) was divided into alae, or battalions, consisting

each of

10 turmae, or troops, and these again into three decuriae,

of

probably

10

men, each

manded
Caesar's

originally comby a decurio. In

time,

however,

the

decurio

commanded
^Emilius was

the turma.

the senior officer.

Fig. 6.
JSque*.

locis,
33-

&c, though

eo magis (abl. of 3 difference), all the more. occupatis Et. holding higher ground.

15. eo quod
their supplies.

confiderent

(abl.

of cause), for this reason

be cut off from

because they felt sure that they (the

Romans) could

itinere
struction.

converso

the fatal step which led to their complete de-

The Helvetians were now

have continued their march unmolested

confidence turned them back.
Caesar's

well in advance of Caesar, and might probably to the coast, had not their vain

army was

at this

time not far from

60,000 men, including about 20,000 auxiliaries, mostly "Gaulish mountaineers "; so that he was a full match, in a fair field, for the Helvetians,

who had now about

Chap. 24.
thing
K.
is

70,000 fighting men.

animum

written as one word,

to notice it;

advertit ( vertit animum ad usually animadvertit) to turn the mind upon any
:
:

hence

this

like a single transitive verb.

;

qui

phrase takes a direct object (id) sustineret = to sustain ( 317.

the
hill.

2.

G. 544; H. 497. 1). in colle medio, half

2),

&c.

four veteran legions in triple

way up

line.

triplicem aciem (Et. in summo jugo,

i.e.

I.

23, 24.]

The Helvetian War.

35

ac and thus. sarcinas, packs (perlevel top of the hill. his qui, &c, those who stood sonal baggage) eum, this [place].
on the
.

ranks (had taken their stand) in the upper (i.e. rear) the two new legions, opposed to veteranarum, above.

these were

The Order of Battle. The

favorite position

of the Romans, the

The locus superior, was a hillside, not too steep, with the enemy below. line of battle was formed across the slope, and here the Romans awaited
the
attack.
If at

the

foot

of the

hill

there

or other obstacle likely to confuse the hostile ranks,

better.

was a morass, a stream, it was so much the and Between each cohort

In the triple order of battle, the

first

line contained four cohorts,

each of the others contained three (see Fig. 28). and the next one in the same line was left an
interval equal
in

extent

to

the

front of a

Behind these intervals in the first and second lines were placed the cohorts of the second and third lines respectively. The
cohort.

DBBDBDaBcaBEi^ bbbbeedbbbbb EBDBnHBtBaBH

distance from the rear of either line to the

front of the

bbebbbbbbbbb heb^bbbbbbbb
__, . BBEBBBBBBBQB -,-,_.,-,_._-

one behind
cohort.

it

was

also

the front

of a

We may

to equal 1 consider

the front of a cohort in battle array to have

BH bbbbbbebhb

been (on an average) about 120 ft. in extent, and the depth to have been 40 ft. Then I legion extended 840 ft. in front and 600 ft.
in

bbbbbbbbbbbh

^^^

Maniple

battle of 4 legions, depth; and the entire front of Caesar's line of or about ^ of including the intervals between the legions, was 3720 ft., a mile.

As the 3 maniples of a cohort were placed side by side, the front of each would occupy 40 ft. Allowing 4 ft. for the interval between the and 3 ft. room for each maniples, in which interval stood the centurions, man, the maniple would consist of 12 files. The distance from breast to
breast in the

Thus the file would contain 10 files was quite likely 4 ft. men, and the maniple would form a square of 40 ft. on a side. The first or do (or century), and the remainder were the 5 ranks formed the first
second.

The

first

centurion stood at the right of the front rank of the

first

ordo, and the second centurion had a like station in the second. When the enemy had reached the right distance, the bugle sounded the
in sheath, charge, and the legions rushed down hill to meet them, sword and the first two ranks with spears uplifted (pill's infestis) ready to hurl.

1 Kilometer

.02137 of a mile.

the Helvetians fled lies immediately west of the modern village of Las. Just south of that village, the light dotted lines show the position of the Helvetians at their second attack, and, facing them, the second position of the first two lines of the Romans. The third line bas wheeled to the right, to meet the flank attack of the Boii and

with the Helvetians. Bk. I. Ch. 24-26. 1. The new legions and auxiliaries. 3. The Helvetians' baggage, parked. 2. Cesar's camp. 4 The Boii and Tulingi. The heavy lines show the first position of the two armies. The mountain to which
II.

Plan

Brittle

Tulingi.

I.

24.]

The Helvetian War.

37

When
their

heavy spears

within 25 to 50 ft. of the opposing phalanx, the two ranks hurled in a shower, and immediately drew their short swords
fiercely

and charged

upon the disordered mass

of the foe.

The odd num-

bers of the front rank sprang forward to gain room (3 ft. would answer for marching or for using the spears, but at least 6 ft. would be required to
give space

enough

for the swords).

The even numbers and

the entire

second rank followed as a support.

Along the
third, fourth,

front of the cohort exists

now

a series of single combats.

to aid their

The
to

and

fifth

ranks press close up,

fall,

comrades and

take the place of any that heads of the combatants

five

and meanwhile throw

their spears over the

remaining In the meantime the second line

at

among the throng of the enemy behind. ranks of the cohort follow slowly, as a reserve.
first

The

is advancing, and, if the enemy do not withdrawn, and the cohorts of the second rush through the intervals and attack with spear and sword. The wearied first line is now occupied in re-forming and getting breath for a new onset,

once give way, the

line

is

which

is

made

after a lapse of

from ten

to fifteen minutes.

We

see that

we must imagine

the legion in battle as in almost constant

The two lines are hurled successively against the enemy, giving the latter no rest, and wearing them out by the incessant blows of the cohorts. The third line, however, is held in reserve, and is only brought
motion.
into action in case the other

two prove

insufficient to

cause the

enemy

to

break.

The cavalry are drawn up in the rear or on the flanks of the army, ready, should the hostile array be broken and routed, to plunge into the flying
mass and cut them
to pieces.

The Gallic Array and Arms.

The Macedonian phalanx had a

front

of about 500 men and a depth of 16. That of the Gauls and Germans was The men stood close doubtless of similar form, but of varying numbers.
together, forming a
a vertical wall,

compact mass. The shields of the front rank formed and those of the rest were held overhead, lapping over one another like the shingles on a roof, only in the reverse order. It will be seen that the phalanx depended for its success on the momentum of its

However, only those on its outer edges could use their weapons, Here the Romans while the rest were practically imprisoned in the crowd.
mass.

had a great advantage;

nearly every

for,

from

their

open and

pliable order of battle,

Hence, although they might be greatly inferior in number, they could bring into use more swords and spears at a given point than could their enemies.

man

sooner or later was in action.

38

Notes:

Ccesar.

[B.

The Gallic sword was very long, two-edged, and sheathed in an iron scabbard that was suspended at the right side by an iron or bronze chain. This sword had no point, and hence was adapted rather for cutting than The spear had a blade at least 2 ft. long and 6 to 8 in. wide, thrusting. sometimes of an undulated form. As missile weapons, light javelins, bows and slings were used. The helmet was of metal, adorned with the horns
mounted by
of animals, having a crest representing a bird or savage beast, a high and bushy plume of feathers. The shield

and surwas of

ft. The body was guarded besides long, and very narrow. by an iron or bronze breastplate, or by a coat of mail. This last was a

plank, at least 5

Gallic invention.

others'

Chap. 25. suo [equo], having sent back his own and all horses. This was often done before an engagement Sail. Cat. 59). He is reported to have said to his men, "I mount again when the enemy run."
1

the
(cf.

will

2. impedimento, dat. of service, 233; G. 350; H. 390. pluribus, several. For the whole of this description, compare what is said above of the form of this javelin and the close order of

the phalanx.

evellere, pull them

out.

renthesis), since the left hand was shackled. such a degree] that. nudo, u7iprotected.
3.

sinistra impedita (pa multi many [to

ut,

pedem

vertere.

mille,

referre, fall back : not retreat, which would be terga ace. of distance, the idea of distance being im-

plied in suberat.
4.

agmen claudebant,

brought

up

their

rear.

The

Boii or

Tulingi, with about 15,000 men, had been in front of the Helvetian line of march, and were consequently in the rear when they faced

round

to attack

Caesar.

They now

struck at

his

flank (latere

aperto) as they came on the

field

exposed right from the road

(ex itinere).

16. conversa signa intulerunt, faced about (lit. "bore their reversed ensigns upon" the enemy), and charged in two divisions. The divisions stood not back to back, but at an angle, facing outward the two front lines facing forward, while the third met the
;

Hank attack of the new-comers

signa refers only to the

movement of

The phrase conversa venientes). the third line, while intulerunt

denotes the action of the entire army.

I.

24-26.]

The Helvetian War.

39

The Military Standards.

a general sense, applied to
all

The

term signa (signa militaria), in the standards of the army. That of the

silver,

legion was an eagle (aquila), usually of about the size of a dove, and

carried

The

staff

on the top of a wooden staff. was shod with iron so that it

might be thrust into the ground. Often was adorned with a vexillum, a little it from a crossflag, or banner, suspended
bar at the top.
white,

The vexillum was red

the legion.

or

and was inscribed with the num-

ber or

name of

The

eagle

was intrusted
Its

to the first cohort,

and espe-

cially to the care of its oldest centurion.

bearer (ai/uili/er) was a soldier se-

lected for his courage

and

fidelity.

The standard of

the

cohort was

the

Fi S- 8

Aquila.

signum, in the narrower sense of that word. It was usually the figure of a wolf or sheep, for instance an animal on a staff. Its bearer was the

signifer.

Vexilla were also carried on the flanks of the maniples to mark the alignment, performing the same office as "guidons " in a modern bat-

talion.

Thus there must have been

at

least four vexilla in

if

a cohort,

perhaps eight,
quired them for

each century realignment.

its

and light troops and all separate detachments (see Bk. VI. Chap. 36) carried only the Its bearer was called vexillum. vexillarius. There was another
cavalry

The

standard called vexillum, the flag of the general. This was a large
Fig. 10. banner, white, with an inscription Signum. red letters giving the general's name, that of his army, &c. It was placed near the headquarters tent in the camp, and when displayed was the signal for march or battle (see Fig. 9.

Vexillum.

in

Bk.

II.

Chap. 20).
at once.

Chap. 26. ancipiti, two-headed, thus facing two ways

alteri, the Helvetians
2.
;

alteri, the Boii,

i.e.

&c.
past
1

ab hora septima,

from a

little

p.m.; sunset

was

40

Notes

CcEsar.

[B. G.

about eight, so that each of the twelve daylight hours was about an hour and a quarter of our

= an enemy's back. ad multam noctem, till late

in
tlic

time.

aversum hostem
night.

as a barricade.

pro vallo, e loco

superiore,

from
&c.

vantage-

ground,
the

i.e.

the height of

carts,

conicie-

bant, subiciebant, hurled

(from above), thrust (from below). For the form of these words, see 10. d\

H. 36. 4 [Et. 493]- The semi-vowel j is lost before

i
:

therefore in most dic-

tionaries

look

cio, subjicio.

mataras,
;

for conji-

heavy Gallic pikes, thrown from the hand tragulas,

light

javelins,

used
i.e.

by
the

Gauls and Spaniards.

4.

LingSnum,
part

southern

of

Cham-

pagne, towards the north. propter, &c, gives the reason of morati.

5.

Lingonas. Greek form

Fig. 11.

Aqnilifer.

of the accusative ( 63./",

mon

in

these

should, &c.
footing.

sequi

&64;G. 73; H. 68), comnames of tribes. qui si juvissent = for if they eodem loco habiturum, would hold on the same

Et. 497.

In the year i860, numerous burial mounds near the place of this battle (in which considerably more than 100,000 human beings must have perished) were opened, and found to contain skeletons buried face downward, with knives, bracelets, rings, and hair-pins of bronze, very similar to the

I.

26-28.]

Campaign against

Ariovistns.

41

It relics discovered shortly before in the lake-dwellings of Switzerland. has been conjectured that these lake-dwellings were among those destroyed at the time of the Helvetian migration (see De Saulcy, Campaigns of Cccsar

in Gaul).

Chap. 27. qui

this sentence,

from legati

with the same subject, present no

2.

difficulty.

projecissent; Et. 493.

paruerunt; observe the change of subject in to Caesar, as well as the change of mood convenissent, paruerunt. The syntax will

couqui perfugissent, fugitive slaves from the Province. quiruntur, conferuntur: to express the passive in English, it is often better to use the active form, while they are hunting these up

and bringing them together. nocte intermissa, when the night was past i.e. it was then ascertained what had happened early in
:

the evening.

Verbigenus,
be

from the parts between Berne and

Lucerne.

conteiiderunt ad, made (rapidly) body.

17. occultari,

hid from Caesar; ignorari, unknown

_/w'.

to any-

Chap. 28. quorum: the antecedent is his (dat.) following imreducerent. sibi peravit, the direct object of which is uti reductos habuit, when brought (dat. of reference), in his eyes the phrase back, he treated them as enemies, i.e. massacred them all
.

regularly used in this signification. in deditionem accepit: by this act they became formally the subjects of the Republic, and were entitled to its protection, as well
is

as required to obey its requisitions and pay tribute. 2. reverti, turn back (from a march or journey redire, go back, fructibus = frugibus (which is found in from a place of rest).

copiam
3.

some

tolerarent: Et. 195. produce. ipsos, the Helvetians. provide a supply. ea ratione, with this view. Allobrogibus these were
copies), grain

and other

field

f acerent,

within the Province.

4. petentibus Haeduis, to the sEdui, at their request : dat. after concessit, of which the object is, ut Boios collocarent. (Boios is put first in the sentence for emphasis.) parem atque ipsi

erant

= equal

with themselves ( 156.

juris: Et. 125.

12. a.

G. 646; H. 451. 5). condicionem: for the form of this word, see
;

a'2

42

Notes

Cezsar.

[B. G.

Chap. 29. tabulae, tablets, of the shape of a folding slate, with wax spread inside, written on with a pointed instrument called stilus. not in the Greek language, but in Greek letters. litteris Graecis These were probably learned from colonists at Marseilles, as the Gauls had no alphabet of their own. Specimens of Gallic names on coins are in the names dubnorex, aiviciacos, vercingetorixs. relatae: Et. 195. ratio, an estimate, followed by the indir. exisset. confectae, made out. qui question
;

2.
3.

capitum

summa,

the

Deducting the would show an actual loss, in slain or captives (slaves), in this short campaign, of about 250,000, including probably about 150,000 women and children, or other non-combatants.

ad milia xcii., about 92,000. sum : fuerunt agreeing with the plural predicate. Boii, who were adopted by the yEdui, this reckoning
[Et. 52], "souls."

German Campaign. The

latter half of this

Book

expulsion of a military settlement of Germans, which years before, under Ariovistus, a chief of the Suevi.

is taken up with the had been made a few

The occasion
of the Sequani,
their trade,

of this

new campaign was

lived a
little

the following.

The

Tidui, jealous

who

to the north,

had

laid excessive tolls

on

which consisted

chiefly in the export of salted

meats for the

southern market.*
the aid of the

This led to a war, in which the Sequani had invited

Germans under Ariovistus, about three years before the campaign of Caesar. The Germans, once in Gaul, had exacted a large share of Meanwhile masters. territory, and proved to be grasping and oppressive The Roman Senate, to make safe, the Helvetian war began to threaten.
the passed the decrees before mentioned, promising favor and friendship to iEdui (Chap. 11); and at the same time sent messengers to Ariovistus, his claims on Gaul, saluting him as king and friend (Chap. 35), recognizing

and

(it

was said) inviting him

to

Rome.

This was the year before,

in

Caesar's consulship.

Now, however,

that the fear of the Helvetians

was

take sides in the old quarrel. passed, Caesar found himself obliged to

18. Chap. 30. principes Et. 33; intellegere id. 440. ab his populi Romani, against, &c. (obj. gen. after injuriis). 4 ex to the 12 them on had usu, ). (see Chap. repetisset, inflicted
:
:

advantage.
*

" From

this region,"

says Strabo,

" the best of pickled pork

is

sent to

Rome"

(iv.

p. 192).

I.

29-31. J

Campaign against Ariovistus.

43

co consilio, with this design, explained by the purpose-clause florentissimis rebus, i.e. with no plea of haberent. domicilio FjAv habitation. ex magna copia from necessity. a wide choice, implied in quern judicassent. stipendiarias,
2.

uti

the tax paid by a subject community. tributary stipendiitin concilium 3. uti sibi liceret, that it might be allowed them.
:

is

of course Caesar had no authority to allow or prohibit a congress of independent Gaul. But, considering his power and ambition, they thought it best to secure his countenance (vo-

totius Galliae

luntate, not auctoritate) beforehand. They also had business that specially concerned him. petere: Et. 173.

4.

the object is ne quis, &c. enuntiaret, inform nisi quibus, &c, except [to those] to whom ings.

jurejurando sanxerunt, ordained under oath [of secrecy] of the proceedsome commission

should be assigned (pluperf. for

fut. perf.).

Chap. 31. eo concilio dimisso, i.e. when this assembly had been held and dissolved, after providing for the business now idem (iidem), nom. plural. described. secreto, apart ; in

occulto, in a secret place. 2. Caesari, dat. of reference (see 235. a G. 343. R. 2 H. 384. 2 = N. at C&sar's id enuntia4. ) (in apposition with ne feet.

rentur) contendere, &c, they no less urgently desired their account to be kept secret than to obtain the thing they sought (ind. disc, dixissent, for
3.
fut. perf.

of direct).
.

factiones duas, see note, Chap. 3 3 principatum, leaderArvernos these inhabited the mountainous country southship. west of the ^Edui, the modern Auvergne. factum esse uti, it

came

Sequanis these were the rivals of the pass that, &c. /Edui on the north. as to the condition of the Germans, see 4. feri ac barbari introduction. adamassent (= adamavissent, 128. a G. 191 5 H. 235), had become attached. horum (emph.), of the latter.
to
:
:

copias (= opes), resources. nunc.

plures, notice the emphasis, also

in

19.
&c.

omnem

5-

clientes, the subject states of the Ambarri, Segusiavi, equitatum, of course an exaggeration Divitia. .
.

44

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

norix was a
6.

cus was himself a noble, probably a senator while his brother commander of the yEduan cavalry.
;

Dum-

qui

pelled.

once, &c, [they] repetituros, demand back. quo minus, following a verb
. .
.

potuissent,

who had

were com-

of refusing (317. ; G. 547 H. 497. II. 2), seems originally to have been a phrase of courtesy, implying a less point-blank refusal than ne or quin. dicione, i.e. to do their bidding.
;

the perfect having a tendency to remain in the perfect (subjunctive), contrary to the
7.

potuerit, in direct discourse potuit,

rule.

juraret: Et. 125.

8.

Romam

application was not successful.

venisse, see note, Chap. See Bk. VI. Chap. 12.

3.

His

pejus accidisse, a worse thing had befallen. Observe that a is usually said accidere, as if it fell on one, while a Ariovistus, supposed to be the Gergood thing is said evenire. " man word of the host."
misfortune
Hcerfiirst,

prince

tertiam partem, i.e. upper Alsace, a part of the German conquest This was the same proportion of conquered land taken by of 1870. the German invaders (Burgundiaus) in this very territory in the It seems to have been the ancient fifth century of the Christian era.

common

law of conquest (Liv. ii. 41). optimus: this district {Franche Comte') is one of the most beautiful in France, and the " best wooded. The chief export was dried meat and hams.
1 '
.

nunc

juberet

so too the Burgundians.

disc, jubet, he bids. quibus pararentur = to be provided venissent: Et. with a place for habitation (subj. of purpose).
.
. .

juberet,

in direct

509.

neque enim
hanc =

9.

futurum esse

uti (periphrastic future), the result would be. introduces an explanation admitting no doubt. nostram ( 102. a; G. 290; H. 450), said with some feel-

ing of superiority or contempt. 10. autem, again, a slight antithesis between the king and the ut vicerit, indir. disc, for ut vicit things mentioned before.

( 324; G. 563; H. 471. 4), once conquered. in eos little west of Vesontio (Besancon)
.

Magetobriam,
. .

edere, gave forth

(i.e.

wreaked} all sorts of torments on them (observe the heudiadys). nisi si (see barbarum, &c, rude, passionate, and hasty. 4 315. a; G. 592; H. 507. 3. n. ), &c, unless they find some aid.
11.

I-

3*-33-]

Campaign against
in

Ariovistus.
experiantur.

45

20.
that
1

idem,

is, to forsake their

appos. with ut home.

ut emigrent,

quiii sumat, that he will inflict haec, notice the emphasis. upon ( 332. g. R. G. 551. 2 H. 501. II. 2) lit. take a penalty of. Rheuum, ace. after trans in traducatur ( 239. b G. 330. R.
2.
; ; ;
1

H. 372).

Chap. 32. oratione:

(the usual word).

magno:

Et. 459. habita, having been spoken Et. 387. unos, alone. This whole

scene
2.

is

" most

illustrative of the Gallic character."

quae

esset, indir. question after miratus.

respondere,
. .
.

his-

torical infinitive.

ne soli, they alone. quidem, 3. hoc, /';/ this respect. crudeliabsentis (pred.), even when absent. not even secretly. H. 371. III. N. ). tatem, obj. of horrerent ( 177. c\ G. 329. R.

whatever they might have to suffer. Sequanis, dat. of agent with perferendi ( 232; G.353; H. 388), the Scquani must endure (changing the voice).
all,

tamen, after

Chap. 33. sibi curae

a care to him.
both
. . .

et

(dat. of service, 233;

et,

G. 350; H. 390),
by

construe after

adductum, induced

and.

lit. 2. secundum, in accordance with: following ( 153; G. quare putaret, indir. question, following horta417; H. 433). bantur. Haeduos, obj. of videbat and subj. of teneri (below).

called. quod the Haeduos Sequanos. 3. periculosum, pred., agreeing with Germanos consuescere, &c, he saw it was dangerous to the Roman people for the Germans, little by little, to get in the way of crossing the Rhine, &c. sibi temperaturos quin exirent, would check themselves [refrain] from

1 .

appellatos (pred.) who had been often

,

antecedent

is

the preceding clause

going forth. on exirent,

ut,

Teutonique
(B.C. 102,

as ; fecissent being subjunctive as dependent Cimbri 342 (R. 47); G. 666; H. 529. II. n. 1. 1 these German tribes had been crushed by Marius
;

101), after having been for several years a terror

upon

the Italian frontier.

4. Rhodanus = only the rendum [sibi], 228 (R.

Rhone.

rebus,

18); G. 346;

dat. following occurH. 386: which things he

46

Notes

Casar.

[B. G.

thought must be met at once. non ferendus, unendurable.

tantos
;

spiritus, such temper.

medium
[Et. 104].
2.

Chap. 34. ab eo, of him

( 239. c.K.

utriusque, between the two.

a conference.
si
c.

de

conloquio
from

G. 333. R. 2

H. 374.

N. 8 ).

republica agere,

to treat

(dat.), for on public business

quid, &c, if he needed anything

R.
4
; ;

Ccesar.

opus:
;

243.

G. 390;

H. 387).

G. 390; H. 414. iv. N. ipsi, dat. of poss. ( 231 Observe in this sentence that the reflexives

8 H. 452. 5), ipse and se refer to Ariovistus ( 195. k\ G. 521. R. se velit, wants of him : and the demonstratives is, ille, to Ccesar.

The

the secondary accus. is in analogy with that after verbs of asking. ace. of neuter pronouns is often used with intransitive verbs

or as a second object.
4.

mirum quid

strange s Gaul. negotii, part. gen. with quid ( 216. a

to

him what

business, &c.

esset, a sort of indir. question it seemed in sua Gallia, in his [part of]
:

G. 371

H. 397.

3).

Chap. 35. tanto adfectus, distinguished by so great favor, &c. (see note before Chap. 30) beneficio is explained by cum putaret; the first sibi esset, and gratiam referret by ut In this sentence the refers to Caesar and the second to Ariovistus.
. .
. :

causal clause

is

quoniam

esse

Since, though so greatly favored by the

putaret, and the leading verb is Romans, he made such

an

return (hanc gratiam referret) as to grudge coming to a that he ought to speak conference when invited, and did not consider
[ill]

or hear about the

mands he made

business, [therefore] these were the deObserve that (the things he required) of him, &c. in Latin the significant word is the verb; in English the noun. " Ariovistus knew as well as any one how much gratitude he owed

common

to

Rome

for these beneficial

22.
3.

ne quam,
and

to Ariovistus,

illis to

not any. voluntate, consent. the Sequani.

ejus

refers

Messala,
consulship,

si

non impetraret, if he (Caesar) should not get [this pledge]. &c, i.e. B.C. 61. M. Messala, &c, simply in the
&c, only
to indicate the year.

censuisset, (as governor).

had

voted.

obtineret, should hold quod = so far

as.

I-

33-37-1

Campaign against Ariovistus.

(abl. of specif.)
:

47

commodo
state.

defenderet
:

reipublicae, to the advantage of the

to bring
it

see the reasons, in the note referred to above.

se, a repetition of

sese above,

nearer to

its

verb.

neglecturum
Chap. 36.
following ut.

Et. 440.

jus, aright.
iis,

vicissent
of

for

vicerint
those

(fut.

perf.),

obj.

imperarent: that

shall rule those they conquer as verbs are in the past by sequence of tenses ( 285, 287. d; G. 518 H. 495. iv.). victis, obj. of imperare. item, in like manner.

who conquer (quem ad modum) they will. The

alterius, any one's

id. 122.
3.

else.

arbitrium

Et. 509

praescriberet

qui faceret = in H. G. 517). 636; making ( 320. e\ neque [on the one hand] he would not restore, 4. non &c, but [on the other] he would not wrongfully (injuria), &c. afuturum, the name convenisset = had been agreed. longe
sibi stipendiaries, tributary to himself.
. . . :

of brothers would be a great way offfrom them, i.e. too far to help them. whole clause is construed as an adverbial 5. quod, &c, the secum, sua, observe that accusative: as to Casar's threat, &c. conthese refer one to Ariovistus, the other to his antagonist.

grederetur (for imperat.), he might come on when he would; inter refers to something coming between he would know, &c. two extremes. Hence, when applied to time, it means the entire interval between the beginning and the end of a given period, and mav be rendered during. quid possent, what their strength was.

Chap.

37.

eodem tempore,

et

at the

same time [when]

this

message; &c.

23i
Moselle.

questum,
. . .
:

Treveris, from the region of Treves in the valley of the essent, to complain (supine). qui

who
2.

(they said)

ne

G. 509; H. 524). pagos (see note, datis, not even by giving hostages.
. .

hadjust come over

( 341. a;

4 Chap. 12 )

these divisions were those

known

as hundreds,

meaning
iv.

not only the people, but the district they occupied (see Bk.

Chap.
3.

1).

maturandum

sibi, that

he must hasten.

minus

facile, not

48
very easy
ill
:

Notes:
i.e.

Ccesar.

[B. G.

would be impossible; but

this

would be a word of

omen.

resisti (impers., 230; G. 208; H. 384. 5) posset, they could contendit Et. 186. not be so easily resisted. ad, towards.

Chap. 38. viam, 257; G. 335; the modern Besancon, about ninety miles E. N. E. of the former quod relates to Vesontionem, but agrees in battle-ground.

H. 379. Vesontionem,

gender with oppidum cisse, had advanced.

2.

199;

G. 616.

3. II.;

H. 445.

4.

profe-

31
is

ne, following

f acultas
8

).

daret

praecavendum ( 331. e; G. 548 H. 497. II.). = facility for obtaining, hence, supply (see note, Chap.
;
:

Et. 225.

Dubis, the
1 ' ;

modern Doubs.

said to

mean "black

of black rocks."
3.

river

or, in the

This name form Alduasdubis, " river

pred. gen. after est
;

ut,

as

it

were.

spatium,
where.
is

obj.

of continet.

pedum,
:

for construction with

qua,

amplius, see 247. <;; G. 311. R. 1 H. 417. The ripae, nom., subj. of contingant.

N. 2

distance

1600

feet.

hunc

real

[montem]

this

an encompassing

wall makes into a fortress. be seen.

4.

Some remains

of this wall are yet to

occupato, taken possession Chap. 39. percontatione, questions. vocibus, talk. ingenti Et. 112; magnitudine Et. 387. praedicabant, represented.
circumdatus
:

Et. 225.

of.

24.

saepenumero,

oftentimes.

Adverbs are frequently thus

strengthened by a qualifying word, usually a genitive as hie loci, &c. congressos, having met them. occupavit, seized. 2. hie, i.e. timor. ortus Et. 414. reliquis, i.e. aids or attaches {contubernales, Conines'), who attended the governor or com-

mander of a province

for the sake of military practice.

All these

were often appointed from mere personal or political motives, and were of small use in the service, as it proved here. This staff was sometimes called, irregularly, the praetorian cohort. amicitiae causa: Caesar's earlier career had been that of a political adventurer. He was deeply in debt, and probably could not afford to

refuse positions to the " poor relations " of his creditors, trusting the valor of his veterans to cover their short-comings. It will be

I.

37-40.]

Campaign against

Ariovistiis.

49

observed that the politic proconsul represents these worthies as alius alia causa, on having come out of friendship for himself.

various pretexts ( 203. c\ G. 306; H. 459. c). quam diceret, G. 539. R. H. 503. 1). 'which, they said ( 341. d. R. on a brave face (vultum refers to the 3. vultum fingere, put
;
;

expression of the

face).

abditi, hiding. testamenta obsigna-

bantur, indicating utter despair. The not the and witnessed in due form,

word refers to a will, sealed mere informal declaration

.

permitted to soldiers on the eve of battle {in procinctu). rem frumentariam 4. in castris = in military life.

timere (accus. of anticipation: 334. c\ G. 470; Madvig, 439. Obs. 1), feared [for] the supply of corn, lest it might not be conH. 498. III.). veniently brought in ( 331./; G. 552
5.

cum

jussisset, for
to

cum

jusseris

audientes, obedient to the word of command. signa laturos, would carry the standards, This is the technical term, as the standards were i.e. advance. in the planted ground during a halt.

castra moveri,

break camp.

dicto

(fut. perf.)

of direct disc.

Chap. 40. convocato

classes.

See below.

incusavit
.

omnium ordinum, of all Et. 496. sibi quaerendum Et. 60.

:

putarent, thought they had a right

.

to

inquire

(it

ought to be

in-

quired) or have any idea (it ought to be thought), in agreement ducerentur. . with the interrog. clause quam
.

Relative Rank of the Centurions.

There were ten classes (ordines) of centurions in the legion, those of each cohort composing one class, and ranking in the order of the cohorts. The six centurions of the first cohort, then, were the centuriones primorum

ordinum

those of the second cohort, secundorum ordinum,

&c*

Usually,

only those of the first class were summoned to the council of war. But this was a full council of all the officers, as Caesar desired to make as wide an
impression as possible through the army. Goler thinks that the first class comprised the
the cohorts,

first

centurions from
class.

all

&c;

thus

making

six classes of ten in

III., 53).

each
is

But Caesar

mentions an eighth class (B. C.

that the subcenturions (optiones)
six

So Goler

obliged to assume

were considered centurions, thus making

more

classes.
*

Rustow, Heerwesen und Kriegfuhrung C. Julius Casars, pp. 7-12.

50

Notes

Ccesar.
that

[B. G.

We may observe, on this point, Romans that the cohorts, as well

it seemed the uniform policy of the as the officers, should differ in rank, in

order that the most experienced and skillful

men might form the first line, and those of less experience the last. For the same reason, the best centurions would be needed in the first line, i.e. in the first four cohorts. The
passage in Vegetius* II. 21, we interpret as follows: As vacancies occurred in the ranks of any cohort,
detailing the best

they were

filled

In-

men from

the next lower cohort.

Thus

recruits

would

always

fall to

flower of the legion.

necessary to of the first

and the first cohort would contain the very Hence, under ordinary circumstances, when it became appoint a centurion, selection would be made from the privates cohort (presumably from its first maniple), and he would be

the tenth cohort,

assigned as a centurion of the tenth cohort. Then he would pass successively through the grades of that cohort, then through the grades of the ninth, and so on, until he became first centurion of the first cohort

(primipilus). Thus the circle {orbem) of service would be complete. As to the optiones, each centurion seems to have selected his
the

own,

as

word

implies,

and

as

is

expressly stated by Varro, Festus, and Paulus

if

Diaconus.
supposes.
2.

This choice would be impossible

they were graded as Goler

se consule

(direct,

me

consule), in his consulship.

one think ?
j
;

quisquam

judicaret,

why should any

;

cur For the form

of question, see 338. R. G. 654. R. 2 H. 523. II. h. (direct, judicet, for the use of quisquam, dubij. subj.) implying a negative, see G. 304 H. 457. tarn temere discessurum, would 105. h fall sibi persuaderi, away so hastily. for his part he was
;
;

(mini persuadetur, persuaderi is eum

. .

230; G. 208;
.

persuaded H. 301. 1) the subject of repudiaturum. perspecta Et. 99.

:

25.

3-

quod
perf.

si

intulisset. but if he should, &c. (din disc,

quid tandem, what, pray, were they ind.) afraid of'/sua, their own; ipsius, his : ipse, used in this way, to avoid the repetition of sua, is an indirect reflexive.
intulerit,
fut.

4.

periculum
and
101, a
in

(root in experior), a trial.

little

Cimbris,

102
*

more than

forty years before.

cum

&c,
.

a.d.
. .

Nam quasi
ita ut

moventur, cohortem;

orbem quemdam per diversas cohortes et diversas scholas milites proex prima cohorte ad gradum quempiam promotus vadat ad decimam
ab ea, crescentibus stipendiis,

et rursus

cum majore gradu

per alia9 recurrit ad

primam.

1.

40.]

Campaign against Ariovistus.

:

videbatur

his officers, yet the indicative is used to the reality of the fact it asserts ( 336. b;

although this clause was a part of Caesar's speech to emphasize to the reader

H.

be noticed that
ent

cum

is here equivalent to et turn,

1 It will 529. N. 2)). and the appar-

temporal clause is actually coordinate with the preceding This is the only instance in the Commentaries of an infinitive. servili tumeritus, sc. esse. imperfect indicative with cum.

insurrection of the slaves (gladiators) under Spartacus, B.C. 73-71. These consisted largely of the Gerwar at home, i.e. in Italy or on its Marius. mans
(abl. of time), th#

multu

captured by

borders, was called tumultus (see Cic. Phil.

viii.

1).

quos

(refer-

sublevarent (changing to ring to servos who the as to so yet were considerably emphasis), keep passive had got from us. helped by the training and discipline which they
implied in servili)
. .
.

aliquid, adverbial accusative.

5.

H. H.
. .

( 189. a; G. 195. R.' see 287. d\ 397. 3), firmness has (for the tense of haberet, i.e. the slaves of Spartacus's force. quos inermos, 495. v.) hos: notice the relative as usual preceding the antecedent.

quantum

boni,

how much advantage

6.

hos

esse, the

Germans with

Ariovistus.

quibuscum conhad

gressi, &c.

met and

(changing the relative clause), whom they beaten on their cnvn ground (as well as, &c).

the Helvetii.

tamen,

qui,
;

often
i.e.

i.e.

the Germans, after all, H. 495. VI. and foot-note

7.

though they were strong enough to beat G. 513 &c. potuerint, see 287. c. R.

2.
.

adversum proelium,

veret, if any were

fecisset, and Ariovistum, subj. of vicisse. neque any). had given them no chance at him. adortum, agrees with Ariovistum and governs [eos] desperantes. cui relates to hac (ratione), the noun being 8. cui rationi, &c.
. .

commosi quos see Chap. 31 5 alarmed by (lit. if the disastrous battle moved
. . .

attracted to the relative clause, as

is

frequent in Latin ( 200.

445. 9) by a stratagem for which there had been room against unskilled barbarians, not even Ariovistus himself hoped that 07ir armies could be taken in conferrent, [as for those] who laid their mvn coward9. qui

G. 618

H.

ice to

&c,

the pretended difficulty about provisions, &c. desperare, to be discouraged about the commander's doing his duty.

52
praescribere,
10.
sc.

Notes
officium;

Ccesar.

[B. G.

i.e.

that they were dictating to

him

what his duty was.

ing.

esse, were beginning to

. . .

frumentum, grain.

n. quod
as to
its

being

subministrare, were [now] furnish frumenta, crops. dicantur (see 330. b\ G. 528; H. 534. &c. nihil, noway. said that they would
be.

1.

N. 1 )

not,

dat. after audiens dicto: i.e. no one has ever had a mutinous army, who has not either been unsuccessful by his own fault, so that his men had no confidence in his ability or been convicted of avarice by some overt act, so that they had no confidence in his integrity. suam, his own, emphatic by position;

quibuscumque,

equivalent

innocentiam the technical word, to in his case. In of plunder and extortion. the from freedom charge meaning a lavish and reckless fact, Caesar's fault lay just the other way,
:

or allies. generosity at the expense of subjects in chiastic order, innocentiam is opposed

(In this sentence,

to

avaritiam, and

felicitatem to male

re gesta

a peculiarly Latin turn.)

26.

I2

quod

fuisset,

what he had intended

is

to defer.

a legal term, meanrepraesentaturum, he will do at once. This who One the time. to do a pays money before it is thing before ing due is said solutionem repraesentare.
this was the legion which had been sta13. decima legione tioned in the province of Gallia Transalpina it was distinguished for discipline and courage. praetoriam cohortem = body-guard,
:

the correct use of the term:

compare note, Chap. 39 This celebrated speech of Caesar to his men, though in what seems to us the awkward and cold form of indirect discourse, is an
.

admirable model of military eloquence, and deserves attentive study.

Chap. 41. innata

set,
2.

est,

sprang up.
egerunt,

optimum

judicium

fecis-

had expressed the most favorable opinion

cum
.

apologize.
. .

summa

tribunis

&c,

(a technical phrase). urged upon the tribunes to

belli

= the

policy of the campaign.

suum

sed imperatoris, predicates after esse ( 214. c\ G. 365; H. 402). satisfacerent, above). 3. satisfactione, apology (compare duceret (result), depends ut ei, in him. accepta: Et. 33.

I.

40-43.]

Campaign against Ariovistus.

53

upon itinere exquisite The subject of duceret refers to itinere. Lit., the road having been learned Also, cf. note on rem, Chap. 39*.

milium it led ; i.e. it having been learned that the road led. [passuum] limits circuitu, by a circuit of more than fifty miles. locis apertis, through the open country, so as to avoid a return of
that

the panic.
4.

Duties."

exploratoribus, scouts. See note on Bk. a nostris, from ours (i.e. forces).

II.

Chap.

5,

"Camp
ex-

Chap. 42. per

se, so

far as he was concerned

(a

common

reverti, that he was beginning to return. petenti [Caesari] when he asked veniebat, began come. fore uti desisteret (periphrastic future following spem), that
,

pression with licet). 2. respuit: Et. 318.

it.

to

he would cease from his stubbornness.

27.
side).

veniret

3-

ultro citroque, hither

for

and yon (lit. beyond and this alia veniat (hortatory) of direct discourse.

ratione, on any other terms.

4. interposita causa (abl. abs.), by putting in an excuse. Gallorum (Notice that excuse has the same root as causa.) 2 Gallis equitiequitatui he had no other see note, Chap. 23
: .

bus, dative following detractis

si quid, &c, if there should them (= iis, 207. a). be need of any active measures: quid is adverbial ace. ( 240. a\ 3 G. 331. R.2; H. 378); facto (243. e\ G. 390; H. 414. n. ).
5.

eo, upon

( 229;

G. 346; H. 385.

II.

2).

quod cum

fieret,

while this

was going
the knights.

on.

rescribere, he enrolled them among means not only the cavalry service in war, but a special privileged It seems that Caesar could appreciate a class in Roman politics.
pun.

ad equum The word equites

rescribere:

Et. 122.

satis grandis, pretty large. 2. equis, on horseback.

or degree of difference) denos, ten on each side.
3.

Chap. 43. tumulus terrenus = a smooth (i.e. not rocky) hill. aberat Et. 459. passibus ducentis (abl. of distance,

320 yards.

constituit:

Et.

175.

beneficia, favors.

munera:

"a the gifts sent to Masinissa were golden

according to Livy (xxx. 15), crown and bowl, a curule

54
chair,

Notes

Casar.

[B. G.

an ivory staff, an embroidered toga, and a tunic with palmtribui, (worn in triumphal processions). pro was usually granted only in return for special services. doceea praemia consecutum, had bat, informed. aditum, access. attained these prizes, as if he had eagerly sought them (compare
leaf figures "

The tone of Caesar's speech shows introductory note to Chap. 30). his intention of affronting the pride of Ariovistus.
4.

necessitudinis, alliance.

ipsis

(to avoid the use of sibi,

which might

existed between.

intercederent, consulta, properly, orders [executive] of the Senate, which had no authority to pass laws. ut, how.

refer to Caesar alone), the

senatus

Romans.

28.
5
.

appetissent: Et.

173.

sui nihil, nothing of their own (dignity, &c). adtulissent, what they had brought to the alliance ;

quod
i.e.

the inde-

pendence and dignity which they had possessed. r. last part; G. 654. R. H. 523. II. I. N.
1
;

posset, 338.

6.

postulavit

eadem =

datis, in their instructions.

he

made

the

same demands.

in

man-

at, at least.

Chap. 44. rogatum et arcessitum

mons.
2.

at the request

and sum-

sibi,

on him (referring
uti, enjoy peace.
:

oportere, impersonal
not earn, because
esset.
4.
it

3.

pace

subject). sua voluntate, by their own

.

to the

main

consent.

esse. id, subject is amicitiam refers to the idea, ut amicus populi Romani
its
.
.

per,

through

the action

of.

si

remittatur, future cond.

:

the pres. for imperf. for ( 37. 337; G. 659; H. 507. 1, 527. 1) subtrahantur, are got away (by underhand greater vividness.

means).
5.

of

non minus libenter, with no less pleasure. traducat, as for his bringing over (the quod clause quod fact, made subj. by indir. disc). defenderit, had defended
.
.
.

himself against.

29.
ipsi,
8.

ut 7- hanc Galliam, this part of Gaul. sic, as used as an indirect reflexive. See note on Chap. 403
. .

so.

quod =

in that.

soiret: Et. 45.

imperitum bello proximo,

rerum, ignorant of
B.C. 62.

affairs.

i.e.

I.

43-47]

Campaign against

Ariovistus.

55

debere se suspicari, &c, he had ground to suspect, that an army in Gaul, kept it with pretence of friendexercitum Et. 3. ship, [but really] for the sake of ruining him. Caesar was the 10. nobilibus gratum, a favor to the nobles. recognized head of the party opposed to the Senate and nobility.
9.

Caesar, in keeping

Many
be

rid of

of the aristocracy would have been glad of any safe way to him. See Cic. Fam. viii. 1, for the way rumors of dis-

aster to Caesar were spread

among

his

enemies
c\

in

Rome.

id com1.

pertum habere, had ascertained ( 292.

The

G. 230; H. 388.

N.).

three relatives qui (1. 15), quod (1. 17), and quod (1. 21), illustrate the principle that the relative, serving to connect with the previous
proposition,

may

withdrazu (qui
accusative,

= is

if then he should not represent various conjunctions and if he should kill him (quod, adverbial igitur)
:

and as

to this)

diet

if he should

withdraw (quod

= sed,

&c).

Chap.
why.

negotio,

45.

in earn

sententiam quare =

judicare, and 2. bello superatos, B.C. 121, when the Allobroges were subignovisset, had dued, and the Province (probably) organized.

desistere enterprise. he did not consider.

to this effect [to

Et.

175.

neque

show]
se

pardoned:

in

fact, their country lay

beyond

the naturally strong

frontier of the

Cevennes.

3. antiquissimum quodque (see 93. c\ G. 305; H. 458. 1). s Caesar, referring to the statement of Ariovistus in Chap. 44 claims spectari Et. 99. priority of conquest for the Romans.

30.
3.

Chap. 46. conloquio: Et.

77.

committendum periculo legionis, danger to the legion. non ut dici posset = no ground should be given for saying ( 332. G. 557; H. 501. 1). e per fidem, through [misplaced] trust. qua adrogantia usus, with 4. elatum est, it was reported. omni Gallia (abl. of separation, with what display of insolence.

interdixisset, 243; G. 388; H. 413),

(dat.

had ordered
Gaul.

following inter-)

away from

all

the

ut,

Romans how (indir.

question).

Chap. 47. uti constitueret, following velle ( 331. b G. 546; si minus, if not. H. 498. 1). retineri quin, be kept from ( 319. 2. conloquendi: Et. jy.

56
d; G.

Notes
550;

Ccesar.

[B. G.

pected.

magno
3.

legatum
. . .

H. 504. 4).

poterant;
=
it

potuerant would be

ex-

e suis

one of his

own

[officers] as

an envoy.

missurum,
become

would

be at great risk that, &c.

83.
It was customary for person from whom they

Flacco, governor of Gaul B.C.

slaves or aliens to

clients of the
;

a\ H. 649).

received freedom or citizenship and to take his gentile name ( 80. Thus here Procillus takes the name (C. Valerius) of civitate his patron Flaccus, retaining his own as cognomen.

doaatus erat

( 225. d\

G. 348

H. 384.

utebatur, which Ariovistus spoke freely.

hospitio the relation of hospes, existing between of offence. two persons of different cities or nations, made a sacred bond far
:

peccandi causa, ground

II. 2).

qua multa

closer than that of simple hospitality (see vocab). 4. referrent: Et. 344.

31. Chap. 48. promovit Et. 379. This camp is placed by Napoleon III. at
:

Caesaris castris.

the southern foot of the

Vosges mountains, a few miles N.W. of Miihlhausen, just at the point where there is a break between the Vosges and the spurs of the Jura, opening from the valley of the Saone into that of the

Rhine.

The

reversed march of Ariovistus placed him just in this

passage, so as to cut off Caesar's supplies. manded by the famous fortress of Belfort.
3.

This pass

is

now comEt.

hoc, pointing to the description which follows.

genus:

112;
4.

exercuerant

Et. 3.
,

singuli [equites] singulos [pedites] one apiece.

versabanif

tur, acted.
5.

circumsistebant

Et. 175.

to

si

quo

there

was

occasion,

through training.

sublevati,

&c.

(quo =

any place)

exercitatione.
cursum

prodeundum,

supporting themselves.

adaequarent, keep pace with them.

Tacitus (Germania 6) says: "They fight in combination [infantry and and the foot soldiers, picked out of the entire body of young men and placed in front of the line, are able to keep up with the cavalry in

cavalry]

speed."

acie

Chap. 49. castris

triplici, see
(

(loc. abl.), in

camp.

consederant

Et. 234.

hap. 24^.

I.

49]
2.

Campaign against Ariovistus.

:

57

secundam

Et. 497.

castra

munire,

The Roman camp was measured with

rixed rules (based
fied

to fortify the cajnp. great precision by certain

on the science of augury), and thoroughly fortiwith earth-wall, ditch and palisades. The spade was as familiar to the Roman soldier as the sword or javelin. In this case, Caesar

had one larger camp about two miles north of the Germans, a smaller one rather more than half a mile to the west of them.

and

The Camp.
in hostile or doubtful territory encamped at the close march on ground carefully selected and as carefully fortified. When possible, the site was the slope of a gentle hill, so that the front had before it still a portion of the descent, and the rear lay on the summit. Thus line of battle could be formed before the camp in the favorite Roman position (in loco superior e *). Then, too, water must be at hand, and abundant wood. Of course these conditions could not always be ful1.

The Roman army

of each day's

filled,

and sometimes the camp must be pitched where necessity demanded

(in loco necessario).

2.

The

form of the

right-angled quadrilateral was in Caesar's time probably the only Roman camp (Fig. 15). It was either square, or with sides
2.

in the ratio of 3 to
for defence.

The

corners were rounded, so as to afford

room

gates (portae), one on each side, were usually merely openings, probably as wide as the front of a maniple (40 ft.). They were defended by semi-circular tambours, or by a traverse (titulum)

The

Very likely on the was a corresponding traverse. 3. The normal Roman fortification consisted of a wall (agger, vallum") on which the defenders placed themselves f; and before it a ditch (fossa), from which came most of the material for the wall, and which stopped the
reaching to a corresponding distance (see Fig. 15).
inside

approach of the enemy

at the distance of a

good

spear-cast.

The width

of

the ditch at the top was always a number divisible by 3 J, and the depth was 3 of this width, plus 1. may notice that Gesar usually gives but one dimension of the ditch, the other, of course, being understood. The usual

We

width was 9 ft., and the depth was 7 ft. There were three forms with both scarp and counterscarp sloping the
;

that

punica, with sloping scarp and both scarp (latus interius) and counterscarp
*

(fossa fastigata) fossa vertical counterscarp and the ditch with

;

(latus exterius)
II. 5,

vertical

Bk.

I.

24, II. 5. 8. 24, III. 19.

Bk. V.

39.

Bk.

VII.

27. 72.

The only

exception will be found in the chapter

last referred to.

58

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

The first form was the most common. {directis later ibus*). width at the bottom was \ that at the top.
4.

In this the

We

sheltered from the

think of a wall mainly as a breastwork behind which soldiers are fire of the enemy. But it was quite different with the

They had comparatively little need for shelter from missiles. they aimed at mainly was a high position, inaccessible to the enemy, from which to hurl their spears. The section of such a wall we may consider
Romans.

What

practically a rectangle, of sufficient height

and width.

The width should

1

be enough for standing firmly, and for moving backward and forwards to The height should be as great as possible. Of course hurl the javelins.
this

would be limited by the fact that the earth came from the ditch. The usual height seems to have been of the upper width of the ditch. Qsar often speaks of a ditch 15 ft. wide, and a wall of 10 ft. The outer slope of the wall could be made very steep, as there was no fire of cannons to withstand. But to keep the earth of the wall in place, there had
j;

m
Fig. 13.

Wmwmmmmm.
Fig. 13.

Fossa Punica.
to

Fossa directis later ibus.

be a facing of some more tenacious material. For this purpose there were used sods cut in digging the ditch; also timber and brush. This last was put up in bundles, in the form that we call fascines. Vegetius
long, 1 ft. wide, and j ft. thick, for cut from the ditch, the height of the wall could be faced, leaving the other half to be strengthened with
cut sods io
ft.

says that the

Romans

use in fortifications.

With such sods

siope.

this facing of the outer they sought to give the wall especial height, they made it firmer by embedding in it several lines of fascines parallel to the length. 6. The For rampart, of course, should be easily mounted from the inside.

sod cut elsewhere, or with fascines. 5. The Romans were not always content with

When

this

purpose steps were made. ened with brush.

7. It is

These were of brush, or

at least strength-

the section of the wall

tical

Roman camp needed much wood, and also that was greater than the section of the ditch. The versection of a wall 6 ft. in height and width, well faced, and provided
clear, then, that a
* Bk. VII. 72.

r.

49-J

Campaign against

An ovist us.

59

6o

Notes

Ctesar.

[B. G.

I.

49.]

Campaign against Ariovistus.

at the front,

61

Beginning

latera praetorii, they were the praetentura, the

divisions

and the retentura.

These three

were made by two broad

streets parallel to the front, the

via principalis and the Tin quinta net.

]!llp

the porta at each side of the camp with a gate, sinistra. and the dexlra likely in Very principalis porta principalis large camps there were gates at the ends of the via quintana also.

The former ended

62
11.

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

in the rear wall,

In the middle of the front wall was the porta praetoria, and opposite, was the porta decumana.

12. From the porta praetoria to the via principalis extended a street, the via praetoria. Opposite this, in the middle part of the camp, was the praetorium, a wide space in which were the headquarters tents, the altars, and the tribunal. This space occupied in length all the middle of the

camp, but extended only ioo or 150 ft. each side of the middle line. Here were 13. In the retetitura was a similar place, the quaestorium. the quarters of the administrative staff, here hostages and prisoners were
kept and forage and booty were placed. 14. Outside of the camp, back of the porta decumana, were the booths of the sutlers (mercatores) who followed the army.
15.

In the praetentura were stationed from \ to

divided between the two sides.*

They occupied

of the cohorts, equally \ the tents facing the wall.

Also in the praetentura, along the via principalis, was the place for the tents of the legati and tribuni militum. Again, in each half of the praetentura, in the space enclosed by the cohorts along the wall, by the tents
of the legati and tribuni and by the via principalis, were encamped \ of Thus in the entire praetenthe cavalry and i of the archers and slingers. tura were quartered I of the cavalry and all the archers and slingers,

ready to march from the front gate and form the advanced guard. 16. On each flank of the mid camp, next the wall, was a line of cohorts,
of the entire
tered.
staff,

'

number

in the

army.

Thus ^ of

Next the praetorium, along both its except, of course, the legati and tribuni.

r5 the cohorts were here quarlonger sides, were placed the

Along

the via principalis,

between the cohorts along the wall and the staff, were encamped on each side I- of the cavalry, or h in the whole mid-camp.
rear part of the camp, on each side of the quaestorium and 1 7. In the equally divided by it, lay the rest of the cohorts, about 2 of all in the army. They faced the wall on the flanks and rear. Enclosed by the cavalry, by

the quaestorium, and by the via quintana, was the place for the auxiliary infantry, excepting the archers and slingers.
18.
street.

Entirely around

the

camp, within

the wall, extended

a broad

This would at once prevent the likelihood of hostile missiles reaching the tents, and would allow room for moving troops to defend
the walls.

The width
ft.

of this street

is

variously estimated.

It

was probably

over 100

the tents the arms were stacked and the pack 19. In the spaces behind animals tethered.
*

For the arrangement of the cohorts

in

camp, see note on Bk.

II.

Chap.

5.

I.

49-51.]

Campaign against

Ariovistus.

63

20.

consider

we may In estimating the time needed for fortifying the camp, and 7 ft. the normal measure of the ditch to be 9 ft. wide
were detailed
to

deep. Some of the men and others to gather material and

the ditch

the

ditch,

make

fascines.

some to the wall, Those allotted to

would probably work in three reliefs, each being occupied not is more than an hour. A skillful digger who works only one hour and
to 60 cu. ft. then relieved, can easily excavate in that time from 50 were above all things skillful at Roman the But legionaries (Roman).

digging.

Then 3 or 4 hours would suffice completely to fortify the camp. Meanwhile others would be busied in laying out the streets and setting at noon, by 4 o'clock all would up the tents. So if the work was begun
be finished.

32.
tice,

potestatem
matres

Chap. 50. instituto suo, according to fecit, gave an opportunity.

f amiliae
:

his previous prac-

3.

inlatis et acceptis, after giving

and receiving.

not according to Tacitus (Ger. 8), it was 4. of to most whom or this a them, matrons only, but women as class, sortibus, lots of leaves or twigs prophetic power was ascribed. marked with certain signs and drawn by chance vaticinationibus,

from the noise of waters, river-eddies, &c. utrum ex usu, expedient. necne, declararent: Et. 58. non esse fas, it was not the divine will. G. 460 H. 353. 211

omens

interpreted

novam
advance

lunam

(cf.

Tac. G. 11): so the Spartans refused to

full

to

Marathon before the

:

moon.
:

alarios the auxiliaries as disChap. 51. reliquit Et. 500. They were usually tinguished from the legionary (Roman) troops. hence their name, from stationed on the wings of the line of battle

a wing. quod minus valebat, because he was weak in comad speciem, to make a show, as if the parison with the enemy. two legions were still there, while in fact they had joined the other
ala,

force at the greater

2.

camp.

generatim, by

tribes

acie, of legionaries alone. or clans. Marcomannos,

It

"men

of

the Mark," or frontier.

became a very formidable name about 200 years later, in the region of Bohemia and Bavaria. proficiscentes, 3. eo, thereon, i.e. among the carts and wagons. traderent: [the men] as they advanced (obj. of implorabant).

Et. 225.

64

Notes

Cczsar.

[B. G.

legion.

Chap. 52. singulos legatos, a legatus in command of each This was the beginning of a very important reform in the Caesar felt so keenly the evil of the command military organization. being divided among six tribunes, that he detailed one of his legati

33.

nominally to assist the tribunes.

legatus as the regular

commander

After this time, we find the of a legion, with the six tribunes
his

under him.

On

this

occasion he appointed

quartermaster

intended to be (quaestor') to that one of the six legions which was under his own special command. praefecit: Et. 256.
2.

ita

ut, so

that.

spatium, room,

i.e.

time.

rejectis,

throwing aside.

in phalangas (ace. plur. 63. f. 64; 3. impetus: Et. 173. H. 68, 98. N. 2), upon the phalanxes. These were compact bodies of 300 to 400 men each with shields close locked in front and above (see note on Chap. 24). revellerent, &c, i.e. they leaped them of the roof shields, up, and so thrust their swords pulled upon

down from above (desuper).

4.
5.

to

a sinistro cornu, on their left wing. adulescens, P. Crassus, son of Marcus Crassus the triumvir. expeditior, more disengaged. distinguish him from his father. versabantur, were engaged.

Rhenum
more
however.

Chap. 53. restitutum

;

est, contrasted with

laborantibus, above.

the nearest point was a little below Bale, somewhat than five miles distant. Some texts have quinque instead

to be the correct reading, the valley of the /// (see dotted line in Plan III.), reaching the Rhine near Rheinau, some 50 miles from the battle-field. fugere Et. 142. pervenerant Et. 509.

of quinquaginta.

The The Germans

latter
fled

seems

down
:

contenderunt = by great effort swam across. reliquos omnes, said to be 80,000. 3. duae uxores only chiefs among the Germans, says Tacitus (G. 18), had more than one wife and this was for the sake of honor and alliances. Sueva, see Bk. iv. Chap. 1. utraeque perierunt
2.

tranare

for Caesar's

massacres of

women and
28.
.

children,

compare Bk. IV.

Chap.
4.

14,

Bk. VII. Chap.

trinis catenis, three [sets of] Procillus, see Chap. 47 s in Caesarem incidit, happened on Casar himself. manacles.

I.

52-54.]

Campaign against Ariovistus.

5-

65

34.
harm
6.

neque
&c.

deminuerat, nor had Fortune, by any

to Jiim,

se praesente, in his otvu presence.

ter

it

usage of the Germans to consult the lot thrice (Tac. G. 10). has come down to the present day in sundry games, &c.

was the regular This

Plan

III.

Battle with

Ariovistus.

'''
12
1 Kilometer 3

= .62137 of a mile.
4 5

Scale of Miles.

a. First
b.
c.

camp

of Ariovistus.

d. Caesar's larger
e.

Hill on

which the conference was held.

Caesar's smaller

camp. camp.

Second camp of Ariovistus.

g.

/.
line of battle.

Roman

line of battle.

German

the

Chap. 54. Ubii (some older editions have ubi) these lived near modern Cologne, and were deadly enemies of the Suevi, and
:

66

Notes : Ccesar.

[B.

therefore generally in alliance with the Romans (Bk. IV. Chap. 3). 14. maturius, earlier; the decisive battle with Ariovistus was

fought about the 10th of September. 16. in citeriorem Galliam, south of the Alps. conventus the proconsular Courts held for the administration of justice.

The Legions. When Csesar came to Geneva, in the spring of the year 58 B.C., he found only one legion stationed in the farther province 2 (Chap. 7' ). This was the 10th (Legio X), afterwards so distinguished for As soon as the Helvetians set out through the terrifidelity and courage.
tory of the Sequani,

Cesar hastened to Hither Gaul, enrolled two new (XI and XII), and called from their winter quarters the three 8 (VII, VIII, and IX) that were stationed in that province (see Chap. io ). It was these six legions, together with auxiliaries (both horse and foot), that composed the army with which the Helvetians and the Germans were
legions

conquered.
ooja&^oo

Book Second.
The Belgian Confederacy.

B.C. 57. The people of Northern Gaul, includ-

ing Flanders and the Netherlands, were far remote from any country hitherto occupied by the Roman arms. They lived amid forests and swamps

hard to penetrate; they claimed kindred with the German tribes rather than with the more fickle and effeminate Celts; and they had a fierce and
resolute spirit of independence, like that
after in the
tribes,

which the Dutch exhibited long

and

The Belgian regions, against the armies of Spain.* particularly the Nervii, appear in this confederation to have
same

Cesar a more formidable and desperate resistance than any he met elsewhere, until the great rising of B.C. 52; and when their spirit was once broken, the conquest of Gaul was simply a question of time.
offered to

Note.

Learners who begin the study of Ccesar with the Second Book

are especially referred, in the preceding Notes, to the general directions (p. 5) and the military notes; viz.: on the Roman Soldier (p. 3), the Legion (p. 17), the March (p. 23), the Order of Battle (p. 35), and the

Standard (p. 39). the Helvetian and

situation at the

They should also study German campaigns, so

this

in the Synopsis the outline of

as to understand the military

opening of

second year.

The

attention of teachers

is

called to the Appendix, pp. 120, 121.

* A very striking account of the country and duction to Motley's Dutch Republic.
its

inhabitants will be found in the intro-

II.

i.]

Belgian Confederacy.
Chap.
;

67

PACE
1. cum esset, while C. was: subj. with cum temThe verb comes in this emG. 586; H. 521. II. 2). of these words with connection close of the account on phatic place

35.

poral ( 325

cit. Gallia, Northern Italy; the preceding book (see Appendix). in hibernis (an expression rarely used see " Life of Caesar," p. xv. Caesar was not with any army, and the phrase of an

except
is

army)

ita uti (= ut, as), correl. ( 107; G. probably interpolated. 5 certior fiebat (observe the H. R. adferebantur, 305). 556. = kept coming imperf. of repeated action, 227; G. 222; H. 49)
;

time to time. litteris, by despatches : abl. ; was informed from H. 420. of means, 248 (compare 246. b)\ G. 403 Belgas dare, that the Belgians, &c. ind. disc, accus. and conjurare H. G. 527 infin. following the verbal phrase certior fiebat ( 272
in

535).

Direct:

( 199; G. 616.

Belgas.

ramus.
it

esse dixeramus
:

quam agrees with partem Belgae conjurant. R. 3 II.; H. 445 4 ), though the logical antecedent is
indir.
is

disc,

(with subj. ace.

quam),

obj. of
rel.

dixeclause,

in the indie, because,

though a

is parenthetical merely, and not a part of the report of Labienus H. 524. 2. 1). demonstravimus, dixera( 336. b; G. 630. r. 1 mus the perfect here implies an act done before the time of writing the pluperfect, what took place before the time (see end of Bk. I.) The Romans were very precise in indicaof demonstravimus.

of time. An ting the relation of actions to one another in point act completed or to be completed before another begins, is almost
invariably expressed by a tense of completed action. In this respect " the English is less exact. conjurare any war against Rome 1 " a nation enslaved by Rome is 'pacified. is a 'conspiracy';

inter se,

one another: 196. f\ G. 212 H. 448. N. has esse 2. conjurandi, gerund ( 298; G. 429; H. 542. I.). causas the report of Labienus, continued (indir. disc). quod vererentur, sollicitarentur subjunc because subord. clause in indir.
to
; :

disc. (

H. 524). Gallia, i.e. Celtic Gaul ( 310. a; G. 670; H. 549. 2), within which the previous campaigns had been exercitus noster, i.e. to hold them as a conquered conducted.
336; G. 541
;

ne province.

adduceretur

subst.

ab nonnullis Gallis rentur ( 331./; G. 552; H. 498. III.). partim qui, &c, is an explanatory 246; G. 403; H. 415. I. The Gauls, by whom remark added by Caesar; hence the indie
:

clause,

obj.

of vere-

68

Notes : Ccesar.

B G
-

the Belgians were instigated (sollicitarentur) are here divided into three classes ferebant, those now jealous of the Roman (i) qui as had been of the German; (2) qui studebant, power, they
:

the restless, who soon tired of any settled rule; (3) those who held ut ita, correls. ( 107 (or hoped to get) despotic authority. Germanos G. 556. R. 5 H. 305). versari obj. of nolue-

rant ( 271. a, 330. 3; G. 532; H. 535. II.). exercitum hiemare, &c, they took it hard (moleste ferebant) that an army of the Jioman people was wintering and getting a foothold (inveterascere,
accus.
lit.

grow
;

old) in

Caul.

The

infinitives,

with

their subj.

exercitum, are in indir. disc, after moleste ferebant ( G. 653 H. 523). 333. b novis im3. mobilitate [Et. 379]: 245; G. 406; H. 416. H. 385) studebant = were eager G. 345 periis (dat. 227. e for a change of government (lit. new powers). Notice that novis is emphatic (see ab nonnullis, by some also: these Appendix). were petty chiefs of clans.

36. quod
was
:

(causal)

occupabantur, because royal power

(constantly) usurped (by coups diktat on a small scale). Notice the indie. Caesar explains the statement of Labienus (quod sollifacts from his own knowledge ( 321 ; G. 540; H. causal clause with the subjunc. (occuparentur) would 516). indicate that the reason assigned formed part of the letter of Labiead nus. potentioribus, the more powerfid ( 93. a).

citarentur) by

facultates, the means to take men into their pay. conducendos, imperio nostro (strictly a gerundive ( 300; G. 433; H. 544). loc. abl., implying time, place, or condition: 254; G. 393; H. consequi, complementary (271 and 425), under our dominion.

N.; G. 424; H. 533.

I.

2).

duas nuntiis, abl. of cause ( 245 G. 406; H. 416). misit these were numbered XIII and XIV, making legiones with the others eight in all, amounting (with auxiliaries) to perhaps
Chap.
2.
.

60,000 men.
to raise

The proconsul seems

levies.

these

inita

to

aestate

have had absolute authority (abl. abs. expressing time

255; G. 408: H. 431) = in early spring: aestas is the qui deduceret period from the spring equinox to that of autumn.

when:

II.

-3-]

Belgian Confederacy.

69

is Q. Pedium), relative clause of purpose ( 317; 4 legatum: see note on Bk. I. Chap. 10. 3. H.445 ). as soon as there began to be plenty of 2. cum primum, &c. and when young grain began to be abundant, so (i.e. grass fodder

(the antecedent
;

G. 545 1

that the cavalry

Senonibus
i

32 5

G. 586; H. 521.
:

and baggage animals could move). inciperet dat negotium, gives [it in] charge. II. 2. these were north of the ^dui, on the upper course
:

of the Seine
rest

their

name
;

is

preserved in Sens.

Belgis, dat. with finitimi of the Gauls ( 193 H. 440. N. 2). uti G. H. cognoscant, to find out. 356; 391. I.). ( 234. a\ This is a subst. clause of purpose in appos. with negotium 331. a; G. 546; H. 498. gerantur, subj. as depending on cognoscant H. G. 631 529. II.). (Observe that ea is the anteced. of ( 342 quae, which is therefore not an interrog. but a rel. pron. hence the clause is plainly not an indir. question.) faciant, and seque 1 inform him (Caesar) ( 196. a G. 521 H. 449 ).

. .

reliquis Gallis, the

:

3.
all

constanter, consistently (with one another): their accounts mantis (ace. pi., subj. of cogi), small bands or comagreed.

panies.

-cogi,
:

209; H. 465).
together.
4.

gathering exercitum conduci, a

were

(for the voice, see

ill. n. 1

G.

large

force was

being got

turn

observe the emphatic position.

non
infin.

dubitandum
of the Second

[esse] quin, he must no longer hesitate.

The

used in

Periphrastic Conjugation ( 113. d. n; G. 243; H. 466. n.), here dubitandum is imperindir. disc, as obj. of existimavit.

H. 195. II. 1). sonal ( 146.^; G. 199. R. 1 quin can only folre low a negative expression, as here non existimavit, etc. often an conthe abl. abs. active translate comparata freely, by
;

struction,

having got,

etc.,
(lit.

or

when he had,

etc.

quin
:

profi-

cisceretur,
result,

to set out

but that he should, &c.)

rel.

clause of
;

depending on dubitandum [esse] ( 319. d; G. 551 H. diebus, abl. of time movet, breaks up camp. within which ( 256; G. 392; H. 429).
504).

castra
3.

eo, thither. de improviso (adverbial phrase), unex omni opinione, than any one could think (following the pectedly. H. 417. comparative celerius) ( 247. b\ G. 399.

Chap.

R. 1

I.

N. 6 ).

Remi

these occupied the territory near Rheims, in

Champagne.

yo
They were

Notes: Ccesar.

[B. G.

friendly to the Romans, who by their victory over Ariovistus (see Bk. I.) had made them the second power in Gaul: com-

proximi Galliae, nearest to Gaul: for the pare Bk. VI. Chap. 12. ex Belgis (following proxdat., see 234. a; G. 356; H. 391. I. imi), of the Belgae (for partit. gen. Belgarum 216. c G. 371.

R. 5

H. 397. 3. N. 8) legatos, as ambassadors. 317; G. 545; H. 497. I.

;

qui

dicerent

2.

The

rest of the chapter consists of the

sadors, as reported

by Cassar

in indir.

disc.

speech of the ambasSee note on Bk. I.

in

Chap. 3

(p.

11,

above).

Notice that the principal clauses are

all

the infin. with subj. ace, and

tive ( 336.
ff.
;

dependent clauses in the subjuncIn the

dir. disc, this

G. 653
:

would read as follows

Nos nostraque omnia
mittimus, neque
\_nos~\

H. 522-524).

speech

in fidem atque in potestatem populi

Romani per-

lum

Romanum

Belgis reliquis consensimus, neque contra popuconjuravimus, paratique sumiis et obsides dare et imperata

cum

facere et oppidis recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus juvare; reliqui omnes Belgae in armis sunt, Germanique, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, sese cum
his conjunxertmt, tan/usque est

eorum omnium furor,

ut

ne Suessiones

quidem, fratres consanguineosque nostros, qui eodem jure et isdem legibus utantur, unum imperium unumque magistratum nobiscum habeant, deterrere

potuerimus quin cum

his consentiant.

se in fidem permittere = put themselves under the protection se suaque omnia, themselves and all their ("good faith"), &c.

[possessions] ("their all"): obj. of permittere. The subj. ace. is regularly expressed in the indir. disc. but here it is omitted, to preIn the next se (subj.) se (obj.). vent the awkward repetition, consensisse conclause se is expressed. permittere

a\ cum Belgis 248. a G. 391 H. 419. I. H. 554. I. 2). dare, facere, &c, infinit. paratos (participial adj.), ready. s oppidis recifollowing paratos ( 273. b\ G. 424; H. 533 ). into their receive pere, [the Romans] strongholds : oppidis is abl. The Engof place without in ( 258./; G. 387; H. 425. 1. 1). lish idiom would lead us to expect in oppida, but see 260. a

jurasse

esse, main clauses.

G. 482

neque, aud[ had] not (

:

156.

G. 384.

R. 1

H. 420). ceterisque rebus, everything else [necessary] other things: see Vocab.).

H.

380. N.

frumento,

abl. of

means

( 248

G. 403
(lit.

the

II. 3, 4.]

Belgian Confederacy.
.
. .

71

3.

qui

incolant:
;

in dir. disc,

incolunt.

ut, correls. (see 319. R.

G. 556; H. 500.

ut and unreasoning passion). potuerint, that result clause dissuade: could not ( 319; G. 554: they [the Remi] ne H. 500. II.) for tense, see 287. c. R. G. 513 H. 495. VI. Suessiones (obj. quideni: 151. e; G. 444; H. 553.2
ness (blind
. . .

II.).

tantum furorem, mad. .

.

of deterrere)

they occupied territory west of the Remi, about the

modern
rights

Soissons.

qui

and laws;
It
:

relative clause of concession ( 320. e\

utantur, although they enjoy the same G. 637;

dir.

H.

515. III.).

would be subjunct. in

disc. also.

unum

imperium, &c.

their close confederacy did not prevent the Sues-

cum ipsis, siones from (quin) leaguing with the other party. with themselves (the Remi): in the indir. disc, se is regularly used to refer to the speaker but the oblique cases of ipse are occasionally
used instead. Here ipse is used apparently for emphasis ( 195. consentirent, from leaguing quin k\ G. 298; H. 448). with these (the "conspirators"): rel. clause of result ( 319. d; G. H. 504) depending on deterrere. Notice that deterrere is 551

quidem, above, which belongs to the whole negatived by ne clause, but is attached to the emphatic word.
. . .

Chap.

4.
.

quae
.

ab his, of (from) these (the envoys) ( 239. c. r.). essent, indir. question ( 334; G. 462; H. 529). quid

possent, what strength they had in war: quid is adv. ace. G. 331. R. 3 H. 378. 2) sic, as follows. reperiebat, ( 240. a found (by repeated inquiry, as the tense shows). Observe that the
.
.
.

rest of the chapter is in indir. disc, except the

words

Remi

dice-

bant
2.

(in 3).
;

plerosque, most of ( 193 H. 440. N. 2) see the end of the and compare, regarding the Nervii, Tacitus, Germ. 28. The Belgians were, no doubt, chiefly of Celtic blood but possibly they ab Gerconsidered the German a more proud and heroic descent.
:

chapter,

manis,

abl. of source ( 244.

G. 395

H. 415.

II. N.).

37. Rhenum

accus.,

b\

G. 330; H. 376. N.). traductos, participle agreeing with Belgas. Gallos obj. propter fertilitatem construe with consedisse.
:

governed by trans

in

traductos

( 239.

of expulisse.

incolerent:

for

incolebant of the

dir.

disc.

72
solos
off:
.
.

Notes : Ccesar.
.
.

[B. G.

rel.
II.

503.

esse qui . prohibuerint, were the only ones who kept clause of characteristic, with solos ( 320. b\ G. 634; H. memoria, abl. of time ( 256; G. 392 H. 429).- inI.).
.

1 H. 505 4 ). gredi,/;w// entering ( 271. a\ G. 532. R. qua ex abl. of cause ( 245. n. re, in consequence of which {fact) G. fieri uti sumerent = it was coming to be 406; H. 416. I.).
;
:

the case that they took tipon themselves (i.e. they were beginning, uti sumerent (result) is the subj. of fieri ( 332. a; G. &c.)
:

1 spiritus, see Vocab. 558; H. 501. I. ). sibi 235 G. 343 H. 384. 1. 2. 3. The rest of the chapter depends on
:

memoria,
Remi

abl. of cause.

dicebant.
:

se

habere explorata, had found out

;

all about (de), &c.

habere ex-

plorata differs but little in sense from explorasse ( 292. c\ G. 230; H. 388. 1. N.) in construction explorata agrees with omnia, which is obj. of habere. (See note on compertum habere, Bk. I.
blood.
. .

propterea quod, because. propinquitatibus, ties of Chap. 44.) adfinitatibus, alliances by marriage. quantam quisque pollicitus sit, how large a force each had promised: indir.

noverint

ad id bellum,/*?/- this war. question, obj. of cognoverint. the primary tense violates the sequence of tenses, to
:

cogmake
was

the statement

more

vivid

by putting
.

it
.

in the

same tense
said,

that

used by the speakers {Repraesentatio~)

They

cognovimus,
.

we know
4.

(lit. have found out) Bellovacos, near Beauvais.

posse conficere
men
in
( 94. e\ G.

most power.

et virtute, &c,
. .
.

abl.

arms : milia
:

is

the

centum, noun with which

R. 5

valere, had of specification or abl. of cause. could muster a hundred thousand

.
.

plurimum

308; H. 178).
216.

choice troops. sibi, suos, their own

ex eo numero

agrees pollicitos [esse], and had pledged. electa H. 397. c; G. 371.

;

the adj.

armata
N. 3

3.
;

dat. of reference (
:

(i.e.

back to the speaker.

5.

235 G. 343 H. 384. 1.2). notice that the reflexive refers of the Remi) See note on cum ipsis, Chap. 3, above.
;

eos,

i.e.

the Suessiones.
;

fuisse

esse: notice the

dif-

fuisse (in the dir. disc, fuit) refers to time past, esse (dir. est), to time present, with respect to the verb of saying totius Galliae, partitive gen. ( 216. a. 2; (dicebant, line 8). G. 370; H. 397. 3). regem showing that royal power had not
ference of time

yet been overthrown

among

the Belgians (see note to Bk-

I.

Chap.

H.

4.

5]

Belgian Confederacy.
. .
.

73
is

2).

cum

turn, not only

:

but also (partis

Britanniae G. 361. 2; H. 396. III.). first mention of Britain by a Roman author. obtinuerit, had held; in the dir., obtinuit, held (subjunc. because subord. clause in indir. ad hunc deferri, on him was conferred the chief disc).
after

imperium

217;

obj. gen.
:

command (summam,
245. b\

subj. of
;

deferri) of the whole war.

I.
;

G. 407. R. 1
:

H. 416.

2.

voluntate,
;

propter

abl. of

manner

(modified by

omnium)
the subj.

( 248. R.

G. 401

H.

419. III.).

must be supplied from Suessiones, above. Nernumero, abl. of specification ( 253; G. 398; H. 424). vios, &c. (see Map) the names of several of these tribes are found in the modern towns Arras, Amiens, Calais, Vermandois, Condroz ; the name Germani seems to belong especially to the four last-named
6.

habere

garded.
.

f eri pred. after habeantur, are reappellantur the indie, shows that this is an explanatory note added by Cassar, and not a part of the ind. disc. habeantur above, however, is a remark made by the qui

(Condrusi, Ebnrones, &c).

qui
.

Remi, as
trari.

of ind. disc, with subj. se underad, at about. stood, referring to the Remi, that they estimated.
infin.

arbitrari (deponent),
5.

is

shown by

the subjunc.

Condrusos, &c.

obj. of arbi-

Chap.
ples,
ily,
cf.

cohortatus, prosecutus G. 278. R. H. 550. 290. b

; ;

(for the tense of these particiN. 1 )

and making liberal promises.

;

addressing convenire adduci

.

them
:

cheerinfin.
;

with subj. ace, regularly used as obj. of jussit ( 330. 2, 331. a obsides (pred. appos.), as hostages: G. 546. R. 1 H. 535. II.). if the chiefs should break their faith, these boys would probably be

sold as slaves.

ad diem, by the [appointed] day.

in2 quanto opere (often written quantopere) tersit [Et. 459], how greatly it concerns both the republic (Rome) and their common safety. (For the genitives, see 222; G. 381 intersit indir. question ( 334; G. 462 H. 529. 1.). H. 406. III.)
-

38.

they should have to contend: final clause H. 497. II.), depending on distineri. (For the ( 317 ; G. 545. 3 R. 1, 243. r. 2 ; use of confligendum sit, see 146. c, 129 G.
sit, lest
; ;

manus (ace ne confligendum

pi.)

distineri

infin. clause, subj.

of intersit.

199.

H.

301. 2, 234).

74
3.

Notes: Ccesar.
Id
. . .

[B. G.

coeperint:

indir. disc,

refers to
inf.

manus
;

distineri, above.

G. 424; H. 533). Bellovacorum these lay farthest ( 271 west and most remote from Caesar's field of operations so that the
:

fieri

id depending on docet. populari, complem.

. . .

manoeuvre indicated would divide the enemy (cf. Chap. io 4 ). introduxerint coeperint fat. condition in the dir. disc, these suas (reflexive) would be fut. perf. ( 307. c; G. 598; H. 508).
. .
. :

refers to
4.

Haedui Postquam

eorum
. .
.

he saw.

ad se venire, were coming straight toward him (indir. disc). ne:

copias
:

(demonstr.), to Bellovacorum. vidit ( 324; G. 563; H. 518), as soon as

subj. of

venire.

coactas
;

part, with

copias.

abesse depending on cognovit. ab construed with cogexercitum novit. flumen lead his army traducere,
iis
:

que

que connects vidit and cognovit

. . .

ne- with

jam = no
to

longer.

across the river:

exercitum

is

dir. obj.

of traducere;

flumen

is

secondary obj., depending on trans (tra-duco = trans-duco) ( 239. Axonam (apposition), the Aisne: here H. 376). b\ G. 330. R. I
;

flowing nearly due west, and joining the Seine below Paris, through the Oise. quod 198 G. 616 H. 445. in extremis finibus, H. 440. 2, in the remotest part of the territory of the Remi ( 193

and 2): the phrase is used in a general sense merely; for castra traces Bibrax, a town of the Remi, lay eight miles beyond. of Caesar's works at this place were discovered in 1862, on a low hill
notes
1

called

Mauchamp
quae
res,

(see Plan IV.).

which movement (or manoeuvre), i.e. his having 5. crossed the river, and then pitched his camp where he did. Caesar's camp was protected in the rear by the Axona, and in front by a small marshy stream. ripis, abl. of means ( 248; G. 403; H. post eum quae essent ( 320; G. 633; H. 503. 1), the 420). rear of his army (those things which were behind him). tuta, G. 334; H. 373. 1. N. 2) the dir. obj. is ea, pred. ace ( 239. a

the omitted antecedent of quae.

ut
;

posset

subst. clause

comH. 501. II. 1 ). of result, obj. of efficiebat ( 332 G. 557 efficiebat: the subj. is still quae res; meatus, subj. of posset.

observe the imperfect tenses. 6. in altera parte, on the other side

:

(i.e.

on the

left

bank of the

Caesar had crossed the stream, and Aisne, towards the Remi) in altitudinem, conside the on the Suessiones. next encamped

II. 5-]

Belgian Confederacy.

75

sure,

nected with the measure following. pedum XII., gen. of meavallo H. 396. V.). with vallo ( 215. b; G. 364. R.

fossaque,
width),
i.e.

abl. of

means.

duodeviginti

pedum,

of 18 feet (in

the moat: see note

:

munire

on Bk. I. Chap. 49, "The Camp." see note on convenire, second line of this chapter.

We interpret from Hygiin Camp. nus the following arrangement of a cohort of six centuries. The cohort encamped in a space of 120 ft. front and 180 ft. depth. This was divided, on lines parallel to the front, into 6 portions of 120 ft. by 30 ft. Each portion was for one century. From the length of the front, 12
Arrangement of the Cohorts
ft.

one.

are to be deducted for the street dividing the cohort from the adjacent That leaves 108 ft. for the tents. Each century had 8 tents 6 for
:

the soldiers, one for the centurion, and one for the servants. As each tent was 10 ft. square, the length actually covered by tents would be 80 ft.

This leaves 28 feet

interval.

for the 7 intervals

first

between the

tents, or

The

three

centuries of the three maniples

4 feet for each had their tents

from the wall. facing the wall, and the three second had theirs facing Thus the two centuries of one maniple would be stationed back to back. The second of one maniple would face the first of the next, divided from
it

by a

street 12

ft.
ft.

wide, parallel to the wall.

From
latter for

the 30

depth of the space allotted to the century, 6

street,

ft.

must be

allowed for their half of the

10

ft.

for the tents, 5

ft.

behind the

stacking the weapons, and,

finally,

ft.

for the

pack animals.

The
side

several cohorts of a legion, according to the room, could be placed

in a line, or in several lines.

by side

Camp
it

Duties.

When

the van reached the camping-ground selected,

front towards the

was immediately formed with

enemy

to cover the

work

of fortifying. Strong details of cavalry reconnoitred in all directions, while the engineers immediately set to work at measuring and staking out the

camp. As the legions arrived, they proceeded each and laid aside baggage and arms (excepting swords)
the site for the tents
to

to its allotted place,

in the space

behind

(arma in contubernio

depositd).

The

cohorts assigned

posts.

guard duty of course retained their arms, and proceeded at once to their Baggage and arms being laid aside, the legions marched to the

street next the wall

and were there told

some

for fortifying.

The
at

latter

off, some for work within the camp, work, having already been measured (operc
.

dimenso*) was begun

baggage

train arrived, the animals

*

once (castra ponutttur, mmiiuntur f) When the were tethered, each in its proper place,
II. ig.
t

Bk.

Bk.

I.

49.

II. 5) 13.

y6

Notes : Cczsar.

[B. G.

and were then unloaded by the servants (calottes). The tents, as a rule, were only pitched when the fortifications were completed. When not near the enemy, however, and especially in stormy weather, the tents would be As pitched (tabernacula constituere, statuere) immediately on arrival.
soon as the
fortifications

were

finished, the

drawn
tions.

into

the

camp.

few squadrons were

bulk of the cavalry was withleft on picket without

(equites in statione*),

Any

special duty of gaining information

and these sent scouts (exploratoresf) in all direcwas performed by spies

(speculatoresX).

At each gate was usually placed a cohort on guard, the four coming In the each from a different legion (cohors in statione ad portam). daytime few sentries were posted. But during the night doubtless each cohort of the guard lined the redan before the gate, and its side of the
wall, thickly with sentinels.

Of

course, in special cases the guard

was

Besides the guards at the gates, one cohort at least was detailed for duty in the camp, and was stationed in the praetorium and
strengthened.

quaestorium. As soon as the fortification was completed, the supper was prepared and eaten. For this meal the staff assembled in the praetorium, and remained
there until nightfall.
his orders for the night

During this time the general could conveniently issue and for the next day. At nightfall, also, the musito

sound the tattoo. This was the signal for cavalry pickets were drawn into the camp, except a very few single horsemen as outlying sentries (speculator es). The guard cohorts were probably changed at the tattoo, the new guard going
cians of the

army assembled

setting the night watch.

The

on duty now to serve 24 hours. The night sentries (yigiles) were at once posted on the tambours (titula) and wall. The night from sunset to sunEach cohort on guard rise was divided into four equal watches (vigiliae) was divided accordingly into four reliefs, one of which should be on duty
.

during each watch.

lay

The

other three reliefs could

rest.

Of

course, they

on

their arms, ready for duty at a

moment's

notice.

If the cohort

contained only about 300 men, it will readily be seen that 70 men could compose one relief. This number, for a length of wall of 2100 ft. (one
side of the
reliefs

camp), would give one sentinel for each 30 ft. The different were signalled by the trumpeters (buccinatores). At daybreak the musicians sounded the reveille. If the march was not

to be resumed, the guard cohorts

drew

in their night sentries,

and posted

the less numerous sentinels for the day.

* Bk. V. 50.

The
44.

cavalry pickets took their

%

fBk.

II. 11.

III.

2.

VII.

Bk.

II. 11.

V. 49.

Bk.

IV. n.

VI. 37.

H<

5>

Belgian Confederacy.
,

yy

At noon this posts (siationes) and sent out their scouts {exploratores). cavalry guard was relieved. During the night the rounds of the sentries were probably made by the centurions of the guard. Occasionally, also, the tribunes on duty, and
the general himself, would inspect the guards, to lance with which the camp was watched.
If

make

sure of the vigi-

camp should be made

in the

presence of an enemy in force, the usual

vanguard would not be enough to cover the operation. One or two legions would then be deployed in triple line of battle. The first two lines would keep off the enemy, and the third would do the work of fortifying.*

The army might

continue the march.

leave the

camp
left

either to attack a near

enemy, or

to

In the
place,

first

case the tents were

left in

standing, the baggage remained in

its

This guard might consist of a detail from each legion, or of entire legions. The latter would be likely to occur when legions of raw recruits were present. These would naturally be left
charge.
within the walls. f

and a guard was

In case of continuing the march, the camp was abandoned.

signal of the bugles

At

the

first

(signum profectionis), the tents were struck; at the second (vasa conclamantur), they and the rest of the baggage were packed on the beasts; at the third the march began. To conceal the departure from the enemy, the signals might be omitted. Still it was deemed a point
of military honor to sound them.

Chap.
milia

6.

nomine,

passuum
;

of space ( 257

H.

178.

passuum
and
r.
;

abl. of specification ( 253 G. 398 H. 424). ace. of extent octo, eight miles (8000 [of] paces) G. 335 H. 379). For milia, see 94. e G. 308
;
; : ; ;

is partit.
(lit.

itinere, on the

march

ex gen. ( 216; G. 366; H. 397). from the march, i.e. turning aside from

their course to attack the town).

G. 401 H. 419. III.). aegre sustentatum est it was with eo die, (impersonal), difficulty [that they] held out. abl. of time G. 392 H. 429. 256
( 248.
;

magno

impetu,

abl.

of manner

2. Gallorum haec, the attack (mode of attacking) of the Gauls, being the same as (atque) that of the Belgians, is this (the ubi 324; G. 563; H. 518. haec, pred. cirfollowing).
. .

moenibus (dat., cumjecta multitudine (abl. absolute) G. 346; H. 386. 2). a host of men being thrown round the
. . .

228

walls.

Bk.

I.

49.

Bk.

II. 8.

III. 26.

V.

9.

VI.

37.

78

Notes
jaci,

Casar.

[B. G.

H. 297. H. 414.
3.

coepti sunt: see 143. a; G. 424. r. i complem. inf. I. 1. defensoribus, abl. of separation ( 243. a\ G. 389; testudine facta, making a testudo : see note, Bk. I. I.).

Chap. 24.
this instance.

Quod, which (i.e the movements just described). multitude subj. of conicerent (plu. verb,

1
;

turn,

in
;

cum conicerent: cum causal H. 461. 1 ). consistendi: gen. of gerund, with ( 326; G. 587: H. 517). nulli (dat. of possession, potestas ( 298; G. 429; H. 542. I.).
G. 202. Exc.
. . .

205. c

231
(lit.

G. 349; H. 387), nobody could keep a foothold on the wall

the wall

power of standing on

was

to nobody').

4.

cum
night

(temporal, see 325; G. 582;

H. 521)

fecisset,

when

had put an end

217
;
;

to

(made an end of)

obj. gen.,
tia, [a

man] of

419. II.). unus ex iis, one of with praefuerat ( 228; G. 346; H. 386). H. 397. n. 3). those ( 216. c\ G. 371. R. 5 legati, as ambassadors. nisi posse: indir. disc, depending on the idea of reporting
;

nobilitate et graG. 361 H. 396. III.). G. 402 H. the highest, &c. (abl. of quality, 251 inter suos, among his [fellow-citizens]. oppido dat.,

summa

the attack (gerund,

contained in

posse.
helping

sibi
is

nuntium
:

mittit.
is
I.)

The

subj. is

sese

the

main verb,

the dat.

used with subsidium submittatur

instead of

( 227; G. 345;

H. 381.

ad

se,

because the idea of

more prominent than

;

that of motion.
;

submittatur

in the dir. disc, subjunc, because subord. clause in indir. disc. G. 597 H. 508. 2). this would be fut. ind. ( 307. a sustinere, holdout. (In the dir. disc, the message of Iccius was: nisi subsidium mini submittetur, me diutius sustinere non potero.)
;

Chap.
405

7.

eo, thither, to that place.

isdem
abl.,
is

ducibus usus,
see 249
;

employing the
;

same men
I.

[as] guides

for the

G.

H. 421.

Observe that ducibus

a second obj. after usus.

39.

nuntii, as messengers.

Baleares (adj.): sagittarios, apposition. the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands, east of Spain, were famous
slingers.

(from Algiers) and were famous bowmen.

Numidas et Cretas, Numidians Cretans: both nations (especially the Cretans)

subsidio

oppidanis

( 233;

G. 350; H. 390), as aid

dat. of

(reinforcements)

to the

townspeople:

dat. of service with

II

^i- 8

-]

Belgian

onfederacy.
. . .

79

studium and. et et, both person affected. accessit, eagerness for making sallies was roused in the Rend (lit. was added to the Rend, dat.). hostibus, from the enemy (dat.. 2 H. 385. 2). potiundi oppidi 296. R. 229; G. 344. R.
.

G. 428.
2.

H. 421. N. 4 morati depopulati

R. 3
; . .
.

vicis incensis

observe the

change of construction.

meaning only (as here)

pass.
;

The Latin can use a perf. part, with active of deponent verbs. The corresponding conis

struction with other verbs

the abl. absolute with the perf. part,

as here, vicis [Et. 85] incensis, which is to be translated quos takes the gender of vicis having set fire to the villages.

(collected habitations), as more important than aedificiis (scatthis agreement is analagous to that of pred. adjs. tered buildings)
;

omnibus 5, 282; H. 445. 3. N. 439. 2). copiis (abl. of accompaniment), with all their troops: for the ab omission of cum, see 248. a; G. 391. R. 1 H. 419. 1. milibus passuum minus duobus, less than two miles off: ab is
( 187. b\ G. 616. R.
:
,
;

milibus used adverbially ( 261. d; G. 416. R. H. 379. 2. N.). is abl. of degree of difference ( 250; G. 400; H. 423) minus does not affect the construction ( 247. c\ G. 311. r. 4 H. 417.
;

amplius 379), and milibus

1.

N. 2 ).

is

ace. of extent of space ( 257;

abl. after the

compar. ( 247

G. 335; H. G. 399; H. 417).

Chap.

8.

eximiam opinionem

virtutis, their high reputation

for valor (obj. gen.,

proelio III.). supersedere, to defer the engagement : for the abl., see 243. a G. 388; H. 414. supersedere is used as the complement of statuit ( 271. a G. 424; H. 533. I. 1). quid posset quid
217;
;
;

G. 361. 2; H. 396.

enemy amounted to in point of valor. periclitabatur, experimented (cf. periculum, the original meaning of which is trial, then risk). 2. esse, indir. disc. loco idoneo, the ground being by nature proper and well adapted for, &c. (abl. absolute); or (locative
auderent,
indir. questions.

virtute, what
. . .

the

ad abl.) in a place, &c. ( 254, 258./; G. 387; H. 425. 2). instruendum 300 G. 433 H. 544. 1. editus, elevated, rising. tantum, &c, spread over as much (tantum) ground as (quanloci, partitive gen. with quantum, but more tum) a line, &c.
:

conveniently translated with the correl. tantum.

adversus, right

8o

Notes : Ccesar.

[B. G.

in latitudinem, in breadth (i.e. from the camp towards in front. the confluence of the Miette with the Aisne). ex utraque parte,

on both

lateris dejectus (ace. pi.), lateral slopes (lit. slopes sides. in frontem, &c, falling with an easy slope in front of the sides). to the (i.e. west), sank down gently to the plain (see Plan IV.).

kilometer
3
i

&lVS
t

ul u

mile

I'laii

IV.

Rattle

on the Aisne (Axona).

c. R.

Bk.

IT.

Chap. 5-10.

Castra

Romans.
ditch at right angles to

3.

transversam

his line of battle.

( 215. b\

ends of the

quadringentorum, gen. of measure ad extremas fossas, at the G. 364. R. H. 395. V.). ne ditches ( 193; H. 440. N. 2 ). possent, that the
;

passuum

obduxit, dug a

enemy

migJit not be able (purpose).

; ;

instruxisset, subj. by attrac.

.

tion ( 342

( 325. c\ G. 582;

G. 665. at end H. 529. II.) for fut. perf. ind. with cum H. 521. 1.). quod tantum multitudine pote-

rant, because they were so strong in

numbers

(abl. of specification):

IT. 8.]

Belgian Confederacy.
and hence
is

this clause is parenthetical,

attracted into the subjunc.

H. 434.

I.):

modifying

ab lateribus, on the flanks ( 260. b circumvenire. pugnantes, ace.

;

not (like instruxisset

pi.

suos, his (Caesar's) men.

Fig. 17.

C'atapulta.

Tormenta.
for hurling

The

artillery of the

Romans

consisted of various machines

huge arrows, stones and the like.

They were of three

kinds,

catapultae, ballistae

and

scorpiones.

Their probable construction

may be

Fig. 18.

Scorpio.

seen in the annexed cuts.

ballistae great stones.

The scorpions were

Usually the catapults shot arrows, and the really light catapults, and so

were sometimes used as a

erally

sort of field artillery.

The

others were gen-

employed

only in the attack or defence of fortified positions, be-

82

Notes : Ccesar

[B. G.

ing too clumsy to be of service These machines in the field.

were repaired and kept in order by the fabri, a body of whom were always attached to the army. It may here be remarked
that the fabri also cared for the

weapons

and

armor,

and

conIt
is

structed bridges as well.

obvious that after each successful

battle the pi/a could easily be gathered and repaired.

The
principle

word
on

tormenta
refers
it

(from
to
will

torqueo,

twist)

the

which

be

seen from the cuts that

Fig. 19.
Ballista.

all

these

machines must have been

structed.

con-

4.

si

243. e\ G. 390;
(si
. .
.

quo esset, if there should be need of anything. H. 414. IV. esset: protasis of a fut. condition on the final erit); here in the subjunct., because depending
.
.
:

clause ut
dat. of

subsidio, possent '( 342; G. 666; H. 529. II.). suas notxe purpose or end ( 233 G. 350 H. 390. N.-). copias the emphatic position (see Appendix), their forces too. eductas instruxerant (the Latin is fond of using a participle
.

instead of an additional finite verb),

their troops
(lit.

had

led out

and drawn up

had drawn up

their troops [having been] led out).

palus, a wet meadow (before mentioned), traversed by non magna, of no great stream, the Miette (Plan IV.). size, nostrum, possess, pron. (possess, gen. would be impossible.

Chap.

9.

little

1 G. 360; 197. a; G. 360. R. ); hostium, posset,, gen. ( 214; Notice that the two construed s are the same in H. 396. I.). si njunction, et. sense, and connected by a co-ordinate transirent, if our men would cross: indir. question ( 334. /; G. 462; H. 592. I. N. 1 ). exspectabant, were waiting [to adgrederentur purpose, depending on parati, &c. see]. si fieret, in case they should begin the passage (lit. a be-

ginning of crossing should be made by them)

fut.

condition

II.

8-io.]

Belgian Confederacy.
fiet)
;

83
final clause

(si

here in the subjunc, because part of the

529. II.)

(342; G. 666; H.

2. proelio equestri, a cavalry skirmish. H. 195. II. batur, impersonal ( 146. c\ G. 199. R. 1

40.

nostris, the cavalry skirmish [proving] more favorable to our men: abl. absolute (for dat. esse: 330. a (cf. b nostris, see 234. a G. 356; H. 391. I.).

(pi), neither party.

secundiore
;

contende neutri
1).

and
3.

c)

G. 528

H. 534.
:

1.

post, behind.

eo consilio,

1 a; G. 424; H. 498. II. N. this final &c. the with clauses with ut, design, that, ut are in apposition with consilio ( 317. a G. 545. 1 H. 499. 3). castellum, the redoubt (" ttte de pont^) beyond the river, held

traducere

for the inf., see 271.

6 si possent, si minus potuissent, fut. by Sabinus (Chap. 5 ). conditions (possent represents the fut., potuissent the fut. perf., indie. They are subjunc, because each depends on a subjunc). minus, not. popularentur, prohiberent in same construction as expugnarent. magno nobis usui, dat. of purpose or end with G. 350 H. 390. 1.). ad bellum gerendum dat. of person ( 233 (gerundive, depending on usui), for carrying on the war ( 300; commeatu: 243 a\ G. 389; H. 414. I. G. 433; H. 554. 1).

(gen. of description), of light Numidas, &c these equipment = light-armed (see p. 23, Fig. 5). light-armed troops were trained runners, and so "got round by the

levis voluntary agent.

in the

Chap. 10. Casar : words thus italicized are omitted or obliterated Ms. certior factus, being informed. ab Titurio, abl. of

armaturae

bridge to the ford in time to stop the passage of the Belgians." traducit: with two aces, (see note on flumen, Chap. 5 4 ).
2

2. pugnatum est, cf. contendebatur (above, Chap. g ). adgressi, having attacked (at the stream below, probably, west of Caesar's camp). circumventos inconantes, with reliqu s. terfecerunt, surrounded and killed (cf. note on eductas, Chap. 8 2).

3.

ubi

intellexerunt
,

324; G. 563; H. 518.

de

ex;

pugnando oppido, with t^ard to taking the town by storm ( 301 G. 432, H. 544. 2). neque nostros, &c (progredi with its subj. ace nostros is obj. of viderunt ne-que = and not), and saw that our men did not advance to worse ground for the sake of fighting. pugnandi (gerund) causa ( 245. c, 318; G. 372; H. 542. 1., p. 221,
;

84
foot-n. 2)
:

Notes : Ccesar.

B G
-

mum

constituerunt here has two objects (1 ) optipurpose. esse, &c. (indir. disc), (2) [ut] convenireut (subst. clause
:

The subj. of esse of purpose, 331./ R. G. 546. R. 3 H. 499. 2). H. 539. i.), they decided is the infin. clause quemque reverti ( 330 that the best thing was for each man to return to his own home. Thus
;
;

vii,

the confederacy dissolves into a mere defensive alliance, 258 &c, are cut to pieces in detail.

and the NerG. 410 H. introduxissent quorum: the antecedent is eos. 380. 2. 1. conveni( 342; G. 666; H. 529. II.) stands for the fut. perf. rent (sc. ut 331. /. R. G. 546. R. 3 H. 499. 2): one of the objs. uterentur purpose, dedecertarent of constituerunt. pending on reverti and convenirent. quod 4. haec quoque ratio, this further consideration. cognoverant indie, because Caesar gives the reason on his own

domum
;

G. 539; H. 516. I.). The clause authority ( 321 Divitiacum haec ratio. adpropinquare

is
:

in appos. with see Chap. 5 8

.

to

finibus

adpropinquare (ad fines might have been used). 1 H. 301) complem. persuaderi: impersonal ( 230; G. 199. R. subst. clause, subj. of poterat. infin. with poterat. ut, &c.
:

dat. after

= ferrent and so fail neque their own people. suis 227

: . . . :

to carry
;

(lit.
;

and not
I.

carry) relief

G. 345

H. 385.

nullo tumultu, abl. of manner. 41. Chap. 11. magno " certo ordine, in no regular order of march. Imagine a debacle
.

primum
:

cum causal. of 236,000 men, besides camp-followers, women, &c." itineris locum, the first place on the march. pervefecerunt, notice the emphatic posinire 271 G. 424; H. 533.

ut "the result was." Appendix): videretur subst. clause of result, obj. of fecerunt ( 332 G. 557 H. 498. II. N. 2). fugae: 234. a; G. 356; H. 391. I. 2. re speculatores, spies: they cognita, abl. absolute. obtained information by mingling in disguise with the enemy; while the scouts (exploratores) were squads of cavalry who ranged the
tion (see
cf.

the Eng.

country in the vicinity of the army. G. 278. R. H. 550. N. 1). quod cause he had not yet seen clearly.
;

castris, in camp ( 258./;

indir. question, obj.

perspexerat, bequa de causa discederent of perspexerat ( 334; G. 462; H. 529. I.).

veritus, fearing
.
.

( 290. b\

nondum

G. 387; H. 425.

1.

1).

II.

io-i2.]

Belgian Confederacy.

85

Cf. above per 3. ab exploratoribus, by scouts: abl. of agent. speculatores, through (by means of) spies ( 246. b\ G. 403; H. omnem equitatum see note on Chap. 17, "The 415. I. N. 1). novissiMarch," III. 2. qui moraretur, rel. clause of purpose. mum agmen, the rear. his, dat. with praefecit. T. Labienum 1 H. 535. II.). subsequi: obj. of jussit ( 330. 2; G. 536. R.

4.

novissimos, those

agmine, in the
sisterent.
301. 1).

priores

rear. quos relates to the ventum erat, impersonal (

in the rear.

cum

causal. ab extremo
;

implied subj. of con1 d\ G. 199. R. ; H.

146.

(supply et),

and those

in advance.

quod
.

videviderentur, because they seemed (i.e. they thought themselves') rentur is subjunc, as being part of the subjunc. clause cum exaudito clamore, perturbatis ordinibus (abls. ponerent. absolute, the first defining the time of the second), breaking ranks
.
.

omnes on hearing the outcry (of those engaged in the rear). ponerent, all sought safety in flight (lit. placed safety for themselves (sibi, 235; G. 344; H. 384. 4) in flight): ponerent, same construction as consisterent and sustinerent.
5.

tantam

spatium,
.

killed as great

the time (before night) allowed (" as the

correls.

tantam quantum ( occasum solis, toward sunset (cf.

. .

a number of them as day was long ") notice the sub H. 191). 106; G. 645. I sub vesperum, Chap. 33 1 ).
:

Chap. 12. postridie ejus diei, next day (lit. on the day after that day): for the gen., see 214. ; H. 398. 5. priusquam reciperent, before the enemy could recover themselves ( 327 G.

Remis 234. a\ G. 356; H. 391. I. magno 579; H. 520). Noviodunum (now Soissons) about itinere, by a forced march. 20 miles west of Bibrax. Soissons is derived from Suessiones.
:

by filling up the ditch and scaling the walls, throw up works or form regular lines of paucis defendentibus (abl. absolute, denoting conapproach. oppugnare means, to cession), though there were few defenders. attack; expugnare, to take (by storm). Unable to take the town by storm, Caesar was obliged to begin a regular siege.
2.

ex

itinere,

i.e.

without waiting

to

The
town.
I.

Siege.

This

is

the

first

mention

in Ccesar of

an attack on a walled
This

We
The

give for reference a full description of siege operations. principal work of a regular siege was the mound (agger).

86

Notes: Ccesar.

[B.G.

was always begun at a distance from the wall very nearly out of the reach It was then gradually extended in the direction of the point of missiles. to be attacked, and was at the same time gradually increased in height
until

on a

level with the top of the walls, or

even higher.
its

When
top
to

this

mound was completed,

attack.
2.

the

storming party moved on

the

The

height was often considerable.

Massilia.
missile

Before Avaricum*

and as much before

The

length, of course,

it was 80 ft., depended on the

power of the enemy's

the hostile wall at

in assaulting the Gallic

weapons. It seems probable that those built towns were not very long. The least distance from which the construction could have been begun was

from 400

to

500

ft.

The width above must have been enough

for a storm-

If we take this to be the usual formation. ing column, very likely of the The sides front of a maniple, the least breadth would have been 50 ft. fabric 80 ft. high and 50 might be quite steep, as we shall see later.

ft.

wide on top, might have been 60

wide on the ground. To the building of the agger, it must be reft.

membered, everything siege was subordinated.

3.

else

in

the

By way of preparation
first

for its

the ground must be levelled for the foundation.

construction,
all

of

This could be done by

tected

workmen

pro-

by testudines, stout movable sheds (a, Fig. 26). Then the work-

men, both those building the agger and those providing the material, must be guarded from the missiles of the enemy. The former were protected by plutei, large standing shields, which could be advanced from time
Fig. 80.

Gluteus

to time.

The

others brought the material in covered galleries,

composed of

a series of vineae (sheds like the testudines in Fig. 26, but entirely open at each end), reaching to the point of beginning the agger. The workmen were also by archers, slingers, and tormenta, drawn up in a line

protected

and slingers were themselves were placed usually in moving towers (<r, Fig. 26). The towers were increased in height as they movec forward by putting up additional stories. Each floor often had an outsid*
wall. The archers parallel to the hostile line of plutei; the tormenta a by protected

These parallels (i.e. the plutei gallery protected by a sort of palisade. and towers) must also have had covered approaches of long lines of
* Bk. VII. 24.

11

I2 J

Belgian Confederacy.

87

Under shelter of these vineae, too, were posted o, Fig. 25). bodies of legionaries (cohort es cxpeditae*} to cover the operations and Farther in the rear, outside the camp, bivouacked strong resist sorties. bodies of troops, as additional supports.
Tiiieae (r
4.

The

power of the enemy's

strength of the various protections would of course depend on the missiles. Usually the rude walls of the vineae were

only of a sort of wattled work. were placed on the agger 5. Sometimes towers (turres ambalatoriae) In such cases the top of the latter was designed to (Bk. VII. Chap. 17).

be a smooth roadway and its height had merely to be enough for the tower to have sufficient elevation. This was probably a quicker way of approach, as it saved building a considerable part of the agger ; but it
;

was not so convenient

for a

column of

attack.

The column would have

to

Fig. 21.

Gluteus.

pass over a drawbridge let fall from the tower upon the enemy's wall. As a rule, the tower accompanied the construction of the agger at its
side (tt, Fig. 25), wall,

and served

as a battery to clear the

enemy from

the

and as a redoubt

in the line of approaches.

Construction of the Agger.

ab is the Fig. 24 gives a longitudinal vertical section of the agger, The section of the agger when complete is repcity wall to be attacked. resented by a b c efh n a. Of this only a little part, as c efh n d, can be built
6.

regularly.

The
last

portion next to the wall, a b c

d,

must then be

filled pell

mell at the

moment.

the regular structure, a line of vineae (g /, Fig. 25) was first 7. To begin advanced from the depot of material to the point of beginning. About 30 ft. in advance of this point, and at right angles to the line of huts, was

placed a line of plutei, to protect the workmen. Through the gallery formed by the huts the workmen now carried the material. This was, first
* Bk. VII. Chap. 27.

88
of
all,

Notes : Ccesar.

[B. G.

thick.

and from a foot to a foot and a half logs 20 to 30 ft. long These were piled in layers alternating in direction, "cob house" In the middle was left a passage some 10 or 12 ft. fashion (Fig. 23). wide. The interstices were filled with stones,
sods, brush, &c.

When
ft.,

the

work had reached

a height of about 7

a layer of timbers was placed entirely across it, thus at the same time covering over the passage and making a floor
for a

second

story.

Thus

the

first

story

was

completed to a length of 30 ft. The plulei were now moved 30 ft. ahead, and, in like manner as before, a second section of the
agger was
the
first

built.

The covered passage through

same purpose
as

section served the

the line of vineae, for the protection of those carrying the material. At the point of beginning, steps were of the first story.
8.

made

so as to reach the top

this

When the work had been advanced in way some 100 ft., a second line of plutei
and across

was placed on top of the first and under their protection it; At the beginning of this, a second story was begun, just like the first. room was left for a platform (fg) by which to approach the covered In this manner the work was steadily gallery () of the second story.
Fig. 22.

riuteus.

{k, Fig. 24)

story

advanced, until the entire structure had reached the required height. Each additional story had its covered gallery

running throughout

its

length,

its

steps,

and platform.
9.

When

the regular

structure
hostile

had
wall

been brought as near the

as
is safe,

leries a great

then through the various galmass of material, stones,

Fig. 23.

Portion of Agger.

fascines,

sods,

&c, was

carried,

and

thrown out into the remaining space, The sides of the regular structure were protected until it is quite filled. from fire by being covered with fresh hides. When the agger was brought Archers, slingers and to the wall, the time for assault had arrived.
quite

tormenta swept the wall with

missiles, while the

column of attack mounted

II. 12.]

Belgian Confederacy.

8g

-r-j

D
[J

Q
J

D
(Jf

,,,/

I,,./

/,/

*.'?/<

'>/

rutl/MA
th

A *

Attn

'

aggtr

;
1
',

t I
t

n n n,

ftc

ii

i-.

i;

Belgian Confedera

91

the

along its summit to storm the enemy's works. Usually, however, the town surrendered when this assault was seen impending.

3.

vineas agere,

ward

the sheds.

quaeque

usiii, [the things] which were necessary (usui, dat, * 133; G. 350J H. 39a n. 2), See., i.e. wood, earth, stones, & ad oppug would be ea. the antecedent of quae, if I,

and

nandum:
(cf. 4.

300
1).

(cf. J

34- b)\

433 (c 356.
the

R.

3)5

II.

54a.

III.

391.

II.

magnitudine, by the great

ante, adv.

of these offensive operations).

of quae, which

size

works
(i.e.

(i.e.

by the extent 0/ which).

the i:ke

42. petentibus Remis. at servarentur: subst clause o( G. 5S7; H. 50O.

the request
result, obj.

at conof the Remi. o( iinpetrant (j ;,;,:,

CHAP. 13. obsidibus acceptis. after he had received as host Bellovacos their territory lay 40 or 50 miles chief' men. &C.

due

north ot Paris.
I

A relative is often used to begin a 2. qui cum, and when they. new sentence where the English idiom would lead us to expect et and a demonstrative. The relative serves to bind the new sentence se suaque omnia, themselves and more closely to the preceding.)

all their

/their

all").

Bratuspantiuni,

IhetcuiL at
is

the head of the

Somme

valley.

(Notice that

Bratuspantium
<j

in

apposition with

circontrary to the English usage.) millia citer, &C, [only] about five miles. 257; G. 335: H. ;- y majores natu, passuum i ^\. e G. 308; II 178 and \

oppidum.
:

91. h;
in ejus
teetion
indir.

voce 4). significare.

n
):

.>

fidem

(of course they could not talk Latin). venire, that the\ entrusted themselves to his p
(i.e.

mud fewer

"surrendered

at discretion

the clau>

disc. obj. o( significare. (Notice that the rerlexue sese refers to the speakers, and represents the first person of the dir.

disc; ejus,

to Catsmr, the

person spoken

to.)

ueque,
<

and

[that

they did] not.

3.
II.
;

curn

accessisset
ved

poueret (325; and BMU pitching. &C.

H. 521.
:

observe

92

Notes

C&sar.

[B. G.

fa.

I
it.

II.

13, i4

Belgian Confederacy.

93
chil-

the distinction of tenses.

construed with petierunt. ab on the wall, from another point of view.) N. 1; G. 333. R. 2; H. 374. N. 4.
dren.
:

ex muro

pueri

mulieresque, women and

(The English says

Romania

239. e.

Chap. 14. pro,

acts as
in indir. disc,

eum, Bellovacos, &c. spokesman.

in behalf of.

i.e.
:

Caesar.

f acit

verba,
is

omni tempore, always. depending on facit verba. in fide atque amicitia, under the protection and patronage of

the rest of this chapter

of the .4Zduans). impul(i.e. they had been subject-allies (amici) sos (notice the emphatic position not of their own accord but induced by their chiefs) agreeing with the subj. (of defecisse), which is to be supplied from Bellovacos. qui dicerent subG. ord. clause in indir. disc, and therefore subjunc ( 336; dicerent introduces another clause in the indir. 653; H. 524). the statement of the chiefs, which is thus reported at secdisc,
: :

ond-hand by Caesar as a part of the speech of Divitiacus.

subject
is

Haeduos
&c).

the verb, perferre

chiefs said
:

suffering,

et are suffering.^ omnes, all [kinds of]. defecisse and. intulisse, main verbs

[The
.

The /Eduans were Haedui perferunt, the ALduans

(that the

et, both

the subj. ace

is

supplied from Bellovacos.

3.

qui, [those] who.

silii,

217

in indir. disc.

G. 462;
gisse
4.
:

quantam intulissent, civitati 228; G. 346; H. 529.

.

G. 361. 2

principes, ringleaders in this design (con intellegerent, subord. clause H. 396.

III.).
.
.

indir. question (

I.).
is

H. 386.

334; profu-

the subj.

sua dementia,

eos, the implied antecedent of qui. his own [characteristic or well-known] clem-

utatur subst. for the case, see 249; G. 405; H. 421. I. clause of purpose, obj. of petere ( 331. a\ G. 546; H. 499. 3). Observe that from this point the pres. and perf. tenses of the subjunc. are used (by Repraesentatid)

ency

if he does (shall do) this: fut. condifecerit is perf. subjunc (subord. clause tional ("more vivid"), in indir. disc.) for the fut. perf. indie of the dir. disc. The apodosis is amplificaturum, which in the dir. would be amplifi5.

quod

si fecerit,

and

cabis ( 307. a; G. 597; H. 508. 2). quorum consuerint, by whose aid and resources they are accustomed to withstand what. .
.

94
ever (si qua)

Notes
wars
befall

Cccsar.
the antecedent

B G
-

Belgas.

auxiliis,
N.
;

them

of

means.
5,

consuerint,
H. 297.
:

quorum
verb:

is

preteritive
2.

143.

c.

G. 190.

228. R. 1;

I.

see
in-

si

qua bella

general condition. Both clauses are here in the subjunc, because both are subord. clauses in indir. the protasis (si inciderint) is of course subord., and the disc. (consueverint) is also subord. in this case because intro-

ciderint, sustentare consuerint

apodosis

duced by a would run

:

In the dir. disc, the sentence (quorum). consuevimus, if any inciderunt, qua For the tense of (= whatever) wars befall, we are accustomed.
relative
si
. .

inciderunt, see

279. b;

G. 569; H. 471.
.
. .

5.

Chap. 15.
Divitiacus
honor').

honoris, Divitiaci
as a

H. 396. III.). obj. gen. ( 217; G. 361. 2; causa, abl. of cause ( 245. c\ G. 372, 407 H. p. 221. foot-note 2): used almost like a preposition with the gen., and always following its
;

Divitiaci,

(i.e.

mark of respect

to

causa, out of respect for him) (lit. for the sake of

noun

(here,

fut. indie.

honoris). recepturum [esse]: indir. disc, for the (The fut. act. infin. commonly omits esse, as here).

the indie, implies that this was the real reason, not quod time (which would require quod merely one given by Caesar at the auctoritate, of great influence ( 215. N. : G. magna

erat:

esset).

1 402. R.

H. 419. 2): the gen.

39 8
;

is

more common.

multitudine

253

424-

43.
Channel.
3.

Ambianorum,

about Amiens, near the coast of the

mercatoribus
:

traders have.

pati

wine, &c. the subj. be expressed, but occasionally

;

G. 349; H. 387), that they suffer no eos understood), (subj. ace. of the infin. in indir. disc, must regularly
(dat. of possessor, 231;

it is omitted when the sense is clear 2 vini nihil foot-note 2). H. R. G. p. 296. a; 527. ( 336. an 1 H. inceptive relanguescere 397. 216. a. 1 G. 371; eorum: H. 280). verb (ending, -sco) ( 167. a\ G. 152. V. this word is doubtful here, and is probably a note written by

some ancient
clause
relaxed-

editor in the

expresses a general truth.

Without it, the margin of his Ms. remitti, is animos, spirit.

n M-

?]

Belgian Confederacy.
:

95

G. 364; H. 396. V. Note that the 4. magnae virtutis 215 gen. has exactly the force of an adj., so that it is even connected with feros by a co-ordinate conjunction ( 154. a G. 476; H. 554).
;

Belgas,
G. 630
;

obj.

qui
1).

dedidissent
&c.
. . .

[they said]

had surrendered,

H. 528.

would neither, &c.

confirmare, they declared positively that they missuros accepturos [esse]

. . .
:

who and abandoned (341. d\

. .

projecissent,

fat. infins.

with subj. ace. sese, obj. of confirmare.

Chap. 16. triduum: 256; G. 337; H. 379. Sabim the The Sambre, which flows northeasterly into the Mense (Mosa). Nervii occupied the basin of this river and of the upper Scheldt. non amplius milia, &c. 247. c\ G. 31 1. R. 4 H. 417. 1. n. 2.
:

uti
3.

2. consedisse, had encamped (in the dir. exconsederunt). spectare, were awaiting (in the dir. exspectant). Atrebatis, &c. small tribes to the south and west. his 227 G. 345 H. 385. II.

experirentur subst. clause: 332; G. 546; H. 498. note throughout this indir. disc, the variation exspectari between pres. and perf. infin., according as the dir. disc, requires the
. .
. :

pres. or perf. indie.

qui-que, and
of

[those]

who [not

to be conits

founded with the

pi.

quisque]
:

qui, as very often, implies

own

in antecedent, eos, obj. of conjecisse. into a place, to which, &c. quo = in quern.

esset, rel. clause of result (characteristic): 320; G. 633; H. 500. I. (The emphasis is shown in the following translation: "where on account of the

eum

locum, quo,

marshes

the

army

could not get access.

:

')

deligant 258./; G. 387 H. 425. 1. 1. ex Belgis for part. [Et. 440]: 317; G. 632; H. 497. I. 5 H. 397. n. 3 ) following complures, gen. (216 and c\ G. 371. R. the eorum una, along with him. very many of Belgians, &c.

Chap. 17. castris

eorum
limiting
2.

exercitus, the order of march of our

army during
;

those days.

dierum

is

gen. of quality ( 215

itineris
;

G. 364; H. 396. V.),

is

consuetudine G. 361; H. 396. II.).

nes,

exercitus

possess, gen. ( 214

inter singulas legiodemonstra[ve]runt, made known. between each two legions. impedimentorum magnum numerum, a great number of baggage [-animals] (i.e. a very

long baggage-train).

g6

Notes

Ccesar.

OG

The Baggage-Train. The heavy baggage {impedimenta) of the legion was carried by pack animals (jumenta), horses or mules. Wagons or carts, while occasionally used by the army, were more generally found only with The light baggage the sutlers {mercatores), who followed the legions.
(sarcinae) was carried by the soldiers. may reckon the load of one pack animal at 200 pounds.

We

First of
ft.

all

were the

tents.

These were described by Hyginus

roof.

as square, 10

on

a side, with a

wedge

Ten men could

I

use such a tent.

Hyginus
each con-

estimates 8

men

in a tent, but yet allows

to every 10, as \ of

It seems safe to consider tubernium should always be on guard duty. that the contubernium, or number messing together in a tent, in Ccesar's Then each centurion had one tent. So a maniple army, was also 10. would need 14 tents for the centurions and a strength of 120 men. Allowwould be 16. That would make ing 2 for the servants, the entire number, To this number must be added for a and for a legion. cohort, 480 48 those needed by the six tribunes and their servants, or perhaps 12 more.

If tents

were allowed also

for subcenturions,

perhaps we should estimate

of one, including two

30 or 60 more. The tents were of leather

(pelles).

The weight

and a supply of pegs, must have been at upright poles, one ridge-pole, One horse, then, could carry 5 such tents. It seems least 40 pounds. more likely, however, that we should estimate one pack animal to each In this way could i.e. to each centurion and to each contubernium.
tent;

be carried provisions for a week, with hand-mills, blankets, &c. For pitching camp there must have been needed a full supply of stakes, could not have been divided tools, &c. As these were for general use, they

So we may add one animal to the pack animals of the cohorts. each cohort for this service. Thus the cohort would have at least 49 beasts. To each beast should be allowed one servant (calo), who could attend each

among

to a centurion or

contubernium.
had, besides at least two riding horses each, a still shall not be far astray if we assign

The higher
greater
to

officers

number of pack animals.

We

each tribune three pack animals and

five servants.

Thus the number

of pack horses or mules in the baggage-train of a

legion reaches at least 520.

intercedere, intervened. rus intercedit. neque

In the direct discourse

.
. .

a.

magnus nume-

of no

difficulty (lit.

and that
1
;

it

was was nothing of difficulty).

negotii,

and

that

it

partitive

(216.

G. 371

H. 397.

1).

cum

negotii

[a matter]
:

venissent

II- 1 7-]

Belgian Confederacy.
:

97

abessent

indirect discourse

respectively the direct discourse.

hanc, ut
.

subjunctive, because subordinate clauses in the the verbs refer to future time, and represent future perfect and the future indicative of the
;

i.e.

the

first

legion.

of esse
. . .

(1. 32), quicquam being direptis (ablative absolute = tion), if this should be routed, &c.

in the predicate.

adoriri: subject qua pulsa

future

futurum

protasis of a

condi-

[esse], apodosis

of the condition.
result,
I.

non auderent,

substantive clause of

1).

futurum
:

subject of

futurum
. .

[esse] ( 332. a; G. 558; H. 501. auderent, the result would be that, &c,
future in-

is

little

more than a roundabout way of expressing the

2; G. 240. 2; H. 537. 3). the subj. is quod Nervii
.

finitive (see 147. c.

3. adjuvabat effecerant, the advice of those who reported the matter was reinforced by the fact that the Nervii, &c. Notice the emphatic position of adju.
.

vabant
The

(see Appendix, pp. 120, 121).

following description of the march of a Roman army illustrates the plan of the Nervii, and will serve for reference hereafter
:

The March.
I.

The Cohort. The

cohort marched either in column of maniples

column of centuries. The column of maniples (manipulatim) was formed from order of battle merely by facing to the right (or left). Thus the (Figs. 27,29.) maniples were in column, and the two centuries of each maniple were side
or in
1.

by side.

As the depth of

the cohort in line of battle was 40

ft.,

of course

only 30 ft. wide. Again, this wide column could have been reduced to half the width by the right (or left) century of each maniple moving straight on, and the other falling in its rear. Thus the maniple, instead of 12 ranks of 10 men, would have had 24 ranks of 5 men each. This last formation

the column of maniples was 40 ft. wide. But this was a loose order. Allo\ving each man 3 ft., the column could easily have been made

was

really a

column of centuries by

the flank.

{centuriatim, ordinatitri) was formed from the order of battle by having the maniple on the right (or left) wing of the cohort march straight forward, and the others successively followed
2.

The column of centuries proper

Thus the centuries would form a column, the width (Figs. 27, 30, 31). of which would be the same as the front of a maniple, 40 ft. (or 36 ft., not including the centurion on the flank).

98

Notes:

Ccesar.

[B. G.

3. The column of centuries would naturally be adopted when a cohort marched directly forward. If the road was less than 40 ft. as must

often have

happened
ft.

reduced from 40

wide, Gaul,* the width of the column could easily be to 20 ft. The right (or left) half of each century would
in

move

straight on,

Fig. 31
Fig.
:?o.

and the other half would fall in its rear. The century would then consist of 10 ranks of 6 men each,
instead of 5 ranks of 12 men. This was probably the usual formation in a march forward over the

i A
ft-

rough Gallic roads. 4. In column of march, in any formation, we should estimate 4 ft. as the distance from breast
to breast.

Then

a cohort of 360
:

-i

to the following length

men would
ft.;
ft.

reach

In column of centuries, 120 or 240 In column of maniples, 144 or 288

II.

The
orders:

Legion.

The

legion,

or
in

still

greater
three

number of
in

cohorts,

marched

one of

column

order of battle

(trcies

instructa), in square

gagmen pilatum\ in {agmcn

1.

quadratuni).

When

the legion

is

in

column, the co-

horts

march according
number.
If the
is

to their

Fig. 27
Fig. 27. Cohort in line of battle, facing towards A. Fig. 29. Cohort marching by the right flank, in column of

march
(i.e.

from the right from the right of

first

the line of battle, Fig.

28), the

cohort has

maniples.
Fig. 30. Cohort
(i.e.

marching

in

column of

centuries, the

left

the

lead, then follows

the Hastati) in front.

the second, and so on.

files.

Fig. 31. Cohort in

column of

centuries, with five

If the

march

is

from

these diagrams, for convenience, the three maniples of the cohort are distinguished, in their order

Note. In
to

the

left,

the 10th cohort

leads, followed 9th, &c.

is

by the

from right
for

left

in

the line of battle,

by the terms

that

many

the original

centuries served to distinguish them, long after meaning was lost: Pilani (Pi), Principes (Pr),

in

and Hastati (H). numbered i and 2.

The

centuries in each maniple are

turies.

Each cohort column of cenBetween each

two cohorts there must have been a small inthe length of the legion

terval. Suppose this to have been 20 would have been 1400 or 2600 ft.
*

ft.

Then

The Roman road was

usually only 15

ft.

wide.

II

7 .]

Belgian Confederacy.

99

For the baggage-train of a legion, we estimate 520 pack animals as the In a road 40 ft. wide, 8 animals can easily find room abreast. Then the train would have had 65 ranks. Allowing each rank
2.

normal strength.

10 ft. depth, the train would extend 650 ft. In a road only 20 ft. wide, the pack animals would march 4 abreast, and would extend 1300 ft. Then a legion with its baggage in column of march would extend 2050 or 3900 ft.

3.

The march
:

in

order of battle

is

of two

Fig. 33.

() by lines, and (b) by divisions. a. If the legion marches by lines, there are as many columns as there are lines in the for-

kinds

ft
L
>

mation.

be three columns.
horts 1-4;
10

In Caesar's array there would usually In the first column are coin

the second, cohorts 5-7;

in the in
to

8-10 (Fig. 32). Each cohort is column of maniples. So by simply facing

third, cohorts

the left (or right) the legion

battle.
I

is

It will

be seen that

in

again in order of this formation the

legion moves by the flank.

b.

in

triple

legion marching to the front by divisions line of battle, forms three columns

(Fig- 33)-

In the
1,

first

are the cohorts of the

& & & E & & czfFig. 28.

right wing,

and

8.

In the second are the

3.E

1C

100

Notes:

Ccesar.

[E.G.

rounded by the enemy. One division of troops, in column of centuries, Then follows the baggage-train, and then a second division of leads.
troops in column of column of maniples.
left,

centuries.

On

either

wing marches a

body

in

a simple facing of the wings to right and and deploying of the van and rear, the square is ready to meet the

Then by

enemy.*

The three general directions of the march are, III. The Army. ward, to the rear, and to either flank.
i.

for-

When

the

column

is

marching forward, we must distinguish three parts

(primum agmen i), the main body (exercitns, omnes copiae, agmen legionum J), and the rear guard (agmen novissimum, agmen extremum ). 2. The van may have had one of three objects. The first was to engage the rear of the enemy, so
of the army: the van
as to delay his

7'

body

to deploy,

his plans.

march and give time for the main and for the commander to form For this purpose, a body of cavalry
Chap. 19
3

was sent forward, sometimes with the addition of

light infantry (see
3. ).

The second object was to country {loci naturam perspicere,

and
this,

reconnoitre the
iter cognoscere),

news of the enemy. To accomplish there were sent forward special detachments of
to bring

The Legion marching in Square,

cavalry (explora/ores), who scoured the country far in front and on both flanks. To these detachments were often assigned trusty staff-officers,

accompanied by
4.

make ready the place for the camp. This duty was entrusted to a detail of centurions from the legions, accompanied by a few men, and usually under a tribune or other officer of the The
third object

spies (speculatores ||). was to select and

general staff.** fixed distance after the van marched the main body, and close 5. At a This last, during a march to the front, had only after it the rear guard. police duty to perform; i.e., to pick up stragglers, and the like.
6.

The main body marched

its

in

one of three forms

b.

a.

In column, each

legion accompanied by

baggage,

In column,

all

the baggage of the

army
a.

together,

c.

In line of battle.
in a friendly country, or at

This order of march was only adopted

* Bk. VII. 67.
||

t
I.

Bk.

I.

15I.

Bk.

II. 19.

Bk.

I.

15. 23, II. 26.

Bk.

151. 21*. 4 i, II. 5

** Bk. II. 17'.

H-

7-]

Belgian Confederacy.

ioi
the

least

enemy.

when there appeared no immediate danger of an encounter with The legions were in single column and the cohorts in column
Each legion was followed immediately by
it

of

centuries.

its

baggage, which

thus divided

from the legion next following.

to follow the

The

detached a few cohorts

baggage.

last legiun probably This detachment would

thus form the rear guard of the whole army. column of five legions in this order, with a breadth of 40

ft.,

requires

10,250

ft.

in length.

A
the

sixth legion

would need 40 minutes

in battle.

to reach the

head of

this

column so

as to

engage

It is clear that if

the head of the

enemy could make a vigorous attack in force on column, they would have a good chance to throw it into

confusion, and prevent it from properly deploying (see Chap. 17). b. When near the enemy, if it was not desirable to march in order of

column was formed as in a, but the baggage-train of all the army was assembled. The greater part of the legions, usually three-fourths of the entire number, composed the head of the column. Then followed
battle, the

The remaining legions brought up the rear {claudunt baggage. agmen). In this order the legions could be deployed much more rapidly, and were properly called expedilae (see Chap. 19).
the
If a legion marching expedita is attacked on the march (in agmine, sub sarcinis, in itinere), before being able to meet the enemy, the legionaries must pile their personal baggage {sarcinae in acervum comportan-

tur, sarcinae

conferuntur*), draw their shields from their coverings {tegimenta scutis detrahuntur f) put on their field badges {insignia accommodanturX), put on helmets {galeae induuntur, galeanlur f)
,
,

weapons ready {arma expediuntur, legio armatur%). Of course time was needed for all this; and this time must be won by the
their

and get

vanguard.
e.

The advance

in order of battle {acie instructa)

It

could be

made only

was used only when in the immediate presence of the enemy, and when the ground was suitable. The order of march of each legion has already been described (see Bk. IV. Chap. 14 ). a. The retreat 7. The march in retreat was usually in one of two forms
for short distances.
1
:

in

column, with baggage massed,

a.

b.

The
as

retreat in square.

The baggage was

sent out of

camp

soon as possible, under escort

of a detachment of infantry. This body formed the vanguard, and with them went a detail of centurions and privates to stake out the new camp.

Then followed
* Bk.

the

main

body, the cohorts in column

of

centuries.

Finally, at a suitable distance,

I.

moved
f

the rear guard

(agmen novissimum).
t

242.

Bk.

II. 2t 3.

Bk. VII.

18.

102
It

Notes: C&sar.

[B. G.

to

last to delay the enemy, thus giving the army time push on, or to deploy, if the attack should be made in force. The rear guard was usually composed of cavalry, with archers and slingers.*
b.

was the duty of these

The

for instance,

hostile

was chosen when the enemy were on all sides; on a march through a rebellious country, and also when the A single square could be formed from all cavalry were numerous.
retreat in square
all

the legions, with

the baggage of the

army

in the centre;

or each legion

could form a square by itself, with its baggage enclosed. The cavalry, supported by the archers and slingers, remained without as skirmishers. f
8.

order of battle.

Flank marches were made only for a short distance, and always in The legions marched in column of lines, so that there

were two or three parallel columns, according to the formation. The baggage-train would either march on the side remote from the enemy, or

between the legions, each being followed by its own pack animals. The latter mode might be used when the army was divided from the enemy by

some considerable obstacle, like enemy was difficult to traverse;

enemy, and
hills

a river;

or

for instance,

when the side remote from the when the army was marching

in the valley of a stream, so that the water

was on the flank towards the

and woods on the other flank. J In such case as last mentioned, no guard of light troops would be necessary between the army and the enemy. But in open ground, such a detachment would have to
battle

be made, and would cover the march as skirmishers. To form line of from a column of march by the flank, was a simple matter unless the

baggage was between the legions. It was done by facing to the right or In every march of a large body of troops, the left, as the case might be. order of march was changed daily, and the legions took turns in leading,
so that each in turn might

come

first

to

camp.

44.

antiquitus, adv.: the use of the hedges described below

still, it

was an immemorial custom, and they are

this region.

is

said,

common

in

England, about 400 years nihil (adverbial) possent, have no strength. old. cum, causal. quicquid (adverneque student, and they pay no attention.
Traces of such
still

exist in

bial) possunt, &c.

4.

all the strength they

. .

have

is in

infantry.

impedirent, in order to check the more venissent 342; easily ( 317. b\ G. 545. 2: H. 497. II.). teneris arboribus incisis, &c, by notching G. 666; H. 529. II.

quo

facilius

and bending down young trees and allowing their boughs

*Bk.
I. 241.

to

grow

out

tBk.VII.67.

Bk. VII. 34,36.

U-

7 -I 9-l

Belgian Confederacy.

103
thorns, they

breadthwise,

and

by planting

among them brambles and

like

had made
. .

these hedges

furnish defences

could not be broken into,

.

instar muri
(i.e.

praeberent
:

( 332

a wall, which not only but could not even be seen through. ut G. 557 H. 501.II. 1): obj. of effecerant.

214.

into which')

398. posset, result clause.

;
. .

g; G. 372

H.

4.

quo (adv.), whither

;

sibi, dat. of agent.

Chap. 18. loci quern locum: 200. a G. 617; H. 445. The dat. of purp. of concastris: 233; G. 350; H. 384. 1. 3. crete nouns is used in prose in a few military expressions. aequali.

(Note the antithesis in acclivitate, quod agrees in gender with flumen. below). vergebat, imperf. of description ( 277. a; G. 222; H. 469. I.). ab i.e. on the other side. 2. pari adclivitate 251; G. adversus contrarius = facing this, and 402; H. 419. II. huic 234. a; G. 356; H. 391. I. on the other side (of the stream). passus ( 257 G. 335 H. 379) apertus, cleared (of woods) at the foot for about 200 paces, or 300 yards. iiifimus, at the foot H. 440. 2. N. 2). ab superiore parte ( 260. ( 193; G. 287. R.

ter declivis, with even slope.

b;

d. R.
3.

G. 388. 2; G. 554
;

H. 434), in the upper portion. H. 500. foot-note 1.

(prep.), along or near.

ut

non

319.

secundum
R.
;

cavalry

pedum pickets.

stationes
G. 401.
R.

equitum,
215. b\

trium

gen. of measure (

G. 364.

H. 396. V., 402), here in the pred.

:

iii.

Chap. 19. copiis (without cum) 248. a 1. ordo agminis, plan of march (ago).

aliter ac, was 419.

;

H.

dif-

ferent

from what
1
;

the Beiges

had reported
2.

[than] as: 156. a; G. 646; H. 459.

(lit.

had itself ad Nervios

:
;

otherwise
225. b\

G. 334. R.

H. 386.
:

3.
;

consuetudine sua of manner), in accordance with his custom. expeditas, unincumbered (without baggage). the order of march, see note, pp. 97-102. conloducebat
of Caesar.
(abl.
:

2. hostls, ace. pi. G. 60. 1 H. 62. This form is 55. c, 58 constantly found in earlier writers, and must have been common throughout the Republican Period but it is rare in most editions
;

for

in place [of greatest safety] this verb (colloco) is often confounded by beginners with collego, collect. hide, then, next. proxime conscriptae, latest levied; while the veterans,

carat,

had put

104

Notes: Ctzsar.
fight.

[B. G.

must bear the brunt of the G. 350; H. 390. I.

praeaidio impediments:

233 ;

The small tactical unit* of the Roman cavTactics of the Cavalry. on Roman the or of that formed plan, was the turvia of 32 horses alry,
in

rank and
5

file.
ft.

Allowing

front

This was probably arranged in 4 ranks of 8 horses each. room to each horse, the turma would have a front of

40

ft.,

equal to that of the maniple.

the depth of the

maniple.
battle.

Taking 10 feet depth for each rank, turma would also be 40 ft., again equal to that of the The order of march could easily be formed from this order of

The battle regiment {a la) of 400 horses consisted of 12 turmae. It array of the cavalry would very likely resemble that of the infantry. would then consist of several lines, two or three, with intervals between
the turmae.
line;

and the

front, including intervals,

regiment of 12 turmae in two lines would have 6 in each would be 440 ft. Of course, if it

should be desired to overwhelm the enemy with the mass of horse, the intervals would be closed up.
If the

momentum

of the

number of
desirable.

cavalry should be considerable, a larger tactical unit

would be
to

Three turmae, arrayed side by side, would amount about 100 horses, with a front of 120 ft., equal to that of a cohort. A regiment (ala) of 400 horses would contain 4 such divisions.
In attacks in mass doubtless columns were formed of entire alae, per-

haps 3 turmae front and 4 turmae (i.e. 16 ranks) deep. After the success was won, the turmae in the rear could be brought to the front (turmatim)
to pursue the scattered foe. Of course, the tactics of the cavalry

would depend

largely

upon

their

arms

provided with missiles, they would upon doubtless be arrayed in turmae only, and would never form columns for
as well as
their

numbers.

If

attack.

The usual order umns of turmae.

If there

of march of the ala of 400 men was probably in colwas room for a column 40 ft. wide, the normal

order of battle might be kept by each turvia. The ala, not including the train, would then extend 480 feet. The train must have been considerable,

and would have added

7200
feet.

at least a half to the length of the line. A column of 10 alae, or 4000 men, which Caesar sometimes had, would have extended

* By a tactical unit is meant a body of troops which act together, and on which the evolutions of a larger body are based. Thus, in the American army, the company is the tactical unit of the regiment; the regiment of the brigade, &c.

II.

9 .]

Belgian

C otifcderacy.

10

Scale of miles.
1

kilometer

62137 of a mile.

Flan V.
C. R.

Battle on the
Castra

Sombre

(Snbis).
c. B.

Bk.

II.

Chap. 19-27.

Romana.

Castra Belgica.

If the road allowed the

ally

have been the case

in Gaul, the

column a breadth of only 20 ft., as must generturma would march with a front of 4

horses and a depth of 8. The ala would then need 960 ft., without bagA column of 10 alae would require 14,400 ft. gage, and with it 1440 ft. In camp there would suffice for each turma a space of 120 ft. by 30 ft., the same as for a century of infantry. Then one ala of cavalry would

take the same

infantry.
to

room and be arranged

in the

same way

as

two cohorts of

Of
it

course, in particulars the arrangement must have been varied

adapt

to the

convenience of that arm of the service.

4. cum, -while. reciperent facerent, kept retiring, &c. quern ad finem the antecedent (strengthened by identidem). attracted into the rel. clause. Translate as if it were ad finem ad
.

106

Notes: Ccesar.
to the limit

[B.C.

quem, farther than

[eos] cedentes, them in their retreat cedentes agrees with eos, the understood obj. of insequi. opere dimeiiso, having staked
:

up

to

which the open ground extended.

out the works.

.visa sunt: 324; G. 563; H. 518. 45. 5- ubi quod committendi proelii depending tempus, the moment which. convenerat (impersonal), had been agreed upon: on tempus. ut cf. English conventional. confirmaverant, just as they
. .

had formed
same
6.

their line

and had encouraged one

i.e.

another, they dashed

forward (provolaverunt),
resolute courage.
ut, so that (result).

in the

same order and with the

nostris,
lit.

in
:

manibus

(i.e.

within reach of our weapons).

adverso
is

in our

hands

colle,

&c, pushed

straight up the hill ( 258.^; G. 387; H. 431, according to Proeos after ad. fessor Harkness). occupati, still at work on the

fortifications (in opere):

occupatus

always used as an adj.

Chap. 20. Caesari, dat. of agent ( 232; G. 352; H. 388). Cassar had to do everyNotice the emphatic position of omnia.
thing at one time. see note on Bk. I.
&c.
:

erant
Chap.
;

agenda, had

sonal passive ( 146.

second periphrastic, like c G. 199.

be done. vexillum dandum, proponendum 25. erant agenda. concurri, imperto

:

r.

1
;

H.

195. II. 1).

The Martial Music. The

army were four
brass.
It 2.

musical instruments used in the

Roman

in

number:

1.

The buccina,

or bugle, a winding-horn of

The cornu,

or horn, the horn of an ox, with a silver mouthpiece.

was also sometimes made of brass. 3. The tuba, or trumpet, straight and otherwise like the modern trumpet. 4. The lituus, or cavalry trumpet, bent at the mouth, and distinguished by its shrill tone. The only musicians expressly mentioned by Gesar were the buccinatores and tubicines. The former seem to have used both bugle and horn; the The various evolutions of the legion and its latter, only the trumpet.
the orders of the component parts were regulated by horn and trumpet, commander being first signalled on the former, and then passed along the It seems likely that there was a line by the hoarse blast of the trumpet. The classicum, horn for each cohort, and a trumpet in each maniple.

sounded by
the

all

the musical instruments at once,

was the general's

or
it

call for

army

to

assemble when he wished to address them;

was the

II. 19, 20.]

Belgian Confederacy.

107

Fig. 35.

Lititus.

Fig. 36.

Tuba.

Fig. 37.

Buccina.

signal for the onset to begin.

In the

latter case the

commander's stand-

ard (vexillum) was first displayed. This was immediately followed by the simultaneous blast of horn and trumpet. At this the soldiers raised the war

shout

(clamor')

and rushed
step.

to the charge.

They had
noon and

previously been ad-

vancing at a slow

The

various divisions of the day, reveille,

;

tattoo,

were sounded by a mar-

by the bugle {buccina) each signal being followed, quite tial air played by the assembled musicians of the army.

likely,

paulo longius, to a considerable distance: for this use of the compar., see 93. a; G. 312; H. 444. 1. paulo is abl. of degree of difference {by a little), used as an adv. aggeris petendi causa, for the purpose of gathering material for the rampart (wood, sods,

&c).

qui relates
had

to subj. of

arcessendi [erant].
d; G. 243
the signal
;

cohortandi

(passive),

note at end).
in,

signum dandum,
(signum tuba
.
. .

to be eticouraged ( 135.
i.e.

H.

p. 114. foot-

for the onset: the

previous signal
2.

dandum) to form their ranks. successus,

difficultatibus

was

for the soldiers to fall

close

usus, experience. quid oporteret question, obj. of praescribere. quid fieri: of oporclause, quod, teret. quam connects similar constructions ( 208. a). because, &c. (the second of the two things mentioned). singulis, &c, had forbidden the several lieutenants leave the work and their several legions. discedere H. 331. a; G. 532. R. 310. nisi munitis castris foot-note absolute), not unless the
.

subsidio
. .

approach. 233; G. 350; H. 390.

:

I.

indir.

infinitive

subj.

to

p.

1.

(abl.

camp had been

fortified, but unless

when

the

camp had been

fortified

io8
(i.e.

Notes: Ccesar.
full

[B. G.

not until after, &c): the munitis castris discederent.

3.

construction would require nisi

nihil

from

Ccesar:
is

378. 2)

longer waited for any orders nihil (adverbial ace, 240. a\ G. 331. R. 2; H. see 151. b. quae stronger than non; for nihil iam,

iam exspectabant, no

videbantur, what seemed

best.

ad
Bk.

Chap. 21. necessariis, i.e. such as were (absolutely) cohortandos milites, gerundive of purpose.
in earn

quam
it

necessary. in

partem =
I.

pened (chance

decumam = decimam brought).

.
. .

partem

in

quam,

to

whatever division
(
12.

hapcf.

c):

Chap. 41. 2. non longiore quam ut, with no more words than that' retinerent, &c. perturbarentur, sustinerent, purshould, they posset, rel. neu = neve, and not. quam quo pose. II. 3. H. G. characteristic of 503. c\ clause 313; 320.

46.
rit, finds

3-

pugnantibus

(sc. eis,

them (already) fighting.

ad insignia adcommodanda, for ready for battle (lit. fighting). the decorations the helmets, &c). Some of these indion (of fitting cated the rank of the wearer (see p. 3 of notes). Perhaps, too, the

paratus

228; G. 346; H. 386) occur(adj.)

ad dimicandum,

scutis ( 243

were distinguished by the insignia of the helmets. G. 344. R. 2 H. 414. N. 1), &c, for taking the covers (tegimenta) off the shields: on the march helmets were covered with leather, and ornaslung upon the breast, shields
different legions
; ;

defuerit, failed, was ments kept in some unexposed place. for tense, see time not was to, &c.) enough wanting (there VI. H. G. 495 287. c\ 513; ab opere i.e. from to whatever place. 4. quam in partem, quae-que, &c, and whatever his position in the work of fortifying.
:

standards he saw first (prima,

:

adj.

'

(took his stand) whatever part of the legion he found his way, he knew perfectly haec (signa) antecedent to quae, duties belonging to it. antecedent the also (in hac parte) of quam above. implying quaerendis suis ( 301 G. 434; H. 544. 2), in hunting up

the

Roman

soldier

with signa), by these he fell in was so well drilled, that, to

the

in

but

his

own

position

(lit.

his

own standards).

II.

20-23.]

Belgian Confederacy.

109

Chap. 22. ut, as. quam dejectus (noun), the steep decline. ut postulabat, than as the system and method of military The military science of the ancients was adapted science required. to level, open ground, in which the troops could be drawn up and kept
.
. .

in regular lines.

cum,

causal.

diversis

legionibus

(abl. abso-

so not supporting one another, lute), the legions being scattered (and aliae alia in parte ( 203. c\ H. 459. 1), some in see Plan V.). inter jectis, thick one position, some in another. sepibus

hedges being in the

i.e.

in

Chap.

17.

neque here begins the main clause, the verb of -que in line 13. certa subsidia, regular reserves. which is poterant. quid 4 opus esset ( 243. e. R. G. 390; H. 414. IV. n. ), nor could what
:

ante way (and so breaking up the ground) impediretur connected with resisterent by
. :

was needed everywhere

(in each place) be foreseen [and vided for. provideri, compl. infill, with the poterat from poterant. The subj. of this poterat is the indir. opus esset. ( 334- head-note; H. 529. I.) quid administrari, be attended to. (emphatic), by one man.

so] prosupplied

rerum
tunae
:

iniquitate, in such an inequality

ab uno in tanta forof circumstances.

The
circumstances were

question

diversified

emphatic, set off against rerum. the fortune that attended

;

various results.

eventus

(nom.

pi.),

them consequently had subj. of sequebantur.

when : the clause is nearly equivalent to an Engacie, having taken up their position (cf. 290. d). see note on pilis emissis gen. ( 74. a\ G. 69. R.-; H. 120). cursu exaniBk. I. Chap. 24, "The Order of Battle."
Chap. 23.
ut,
lish participle,

exanimatos matos, oid of breath with running, &c. Atrebates (obj. of compulerunt). conantes, ace. tara, embarrassed (in their attempt to cross).

impedi-

ace. with

20. 2. ipsi progressi, and having adreferring to milites, vanced upon unfavorable ground {i.e. continuing the charge up the hill rursus resistentes hostes, ace. on the other side of the river) ex loco superiore i.e. starting from, 3. diversae, different.
:

1.

(continued the fight). " 4. totis emphatic position (cf. Eng. exposed almost entirely "). a fronte, in front ( 260. b G. 388. r. 2 H. 434. I.). nudatis, being exposed (by the absence of Legions VIII, IX, X, XI). Legions
:

&c.

in ripis modifies proeliabantur

:

HO

Notes: Casar.
;

[B. G.

VIII and XI were a fronte IX and X, ab sinistra parte and VII and XII, in dextro cornu. constitisset causal, showing why

the

G. 400

magno intervallo enemy charged in that quarter. H. 423. coufertissimo agmine, abl. of manner.
;

250:

47

quorum,

partitive.

aperto latere, on the uncoveredflank

:

(the right, not protected by shields)

caslegiones the 12th and the 7th. f\ G. 386; H. 425. 1. trorum, not partitive, the highest part of the camp, but possess., the height of the camp (i.e. on which the camp stood). petere, to
:

for

omission of prep., see

258.

make for.
Chap. 24.
Chap.
4

naturally translated
(cf.

disc, with subj. ace. quos.

to 346; H. bantur: these descriptive imperfs. ( 277. a; G. 223; H. 471. 6) belong to the side action interrupting the main narrative, which is resumed in the perfs. contenderunt, &c, at the end of the chapaliam in partem, in another direction. ter. G. 287. R. H. 440. n. 2. 2. summo nostros 193 transisse, that our men had crossed the river (indir. disc.) victo.

una, adv. pulsos [esse] of adversis hostibus, &c. ( 228; G. occurrebant fere386), met the enemy face face.
15.

levis armaturae, descriptive gen. note how it is by a descriptive adj. (light-armed} in English
:

note).

infin.

indir.

riously (as victors).

sari,

were busy (indir. disc). praecipites adj. with adv. force G. 324. 6; H. 443), agreeing with calones. ( 191 perterriti, />-////<: 3. alii alium 203. <:; G. 321 H. 459. 1.
:
; :

cum respexissent,
;

on looking back.

ver-

with fear, panic-stricken (thoroughly frightened)

of per- ( 170.
4.
c.

observe the force

and

N.

H.

344. 5).

quorum

(possess.) virtutis (objec.) opinio, whose reputation

for valor

ab civitate, abl. of agent: the state being ( 217. b). multitudine 248. c G. 389 thought of as a voluntary agent. H. 421. N. 1. teneri . compleri (was filing) premi

indir. disc, with vidissent. The pres. tenses indicate what premunthey saw going on before their eyes (dir. complentur tenentur tur fugiunt. (The beginner should notice that difference of idiom requires a change of tense in translation.)

fugere
.

desperatis nostris rebus, despairing of our

success.

domum
:

II.23-25.]

Belgian Confederacy.
G. 410; H. 380.
2.
1.

rn
:

258. b\
indir.

disc;
I.

H. 421.

hostes

the subj.
:

is

Romanos.

pulsos superatosque [esse] castris 249; G. 405;

:

ace, subj. of potitos [esse], had got pos-

session of.

Chap. 25. Caesar:

subj. of processit.

Notice that the main verb of the sentence is not expressed until all the attendant circumstances, &c, have been introduced in the form of modifying phrases, dependent clauses, &c. Thus the sense and construction are Such a sentence is called a Period ( 346; G. 685, 686. 2; suspended. H. 573). An English writer would have used several short, independent
sentences, each describing a single act or circumstance.

ubi
for a
2.

construe with vidit, line 28.

sibi

impedimento

( 233; G. 350;

H. 390), hindered one another

:

in fighting (were

hinderance themselves to themselves for the fight). quartae cohortis this stood on the left of the front line
I.

centurionibus occisis, abl. absolute (so four times signo evidently this refers to the standard of the cohort (see note on Bk. I. Chap. 25). This passage shows that the cohort had a standard, probably that of the first
in the following four lines)
.

omnibus

(see note on Bk.

Chap. 24), and so bore the brunt of the attack.

maniple.

in

his,

among

these.

primipllus

the

primus pilus
and thus

(primipilus) was the

first

centurion of the

first

cohort,

stood at the extreme right of the line. As an officer of the legion he ranked next to the military tribune. (See note on Bk. I. Chap. 7).
: iam non, no longer ( 151. b). result. tardiores, ?-ather slack (discouraged) ( 93. a; G. 312; H. ab novissimis, in the rear ( 260. b\ G. 388. R. 2; 441. 1). H. 434. I.) so below, 3. Of course he came up to the rear of

ut, so that
3.

deserto proelio, withdrawing from the hostis, ace. absolute). (see note on Chap. subj. of intermittere. neque (correl. to that the enemy 48,
the legion
(abl.
first.

fight

pi.

19' )

et, p.

line 1),

did not cease coming up, but (et) were pressing on (instare).

in angusto, in a strait. vidit: repeated from line 4 of this chapter, on account of the length of the sentence. posset, rel. clause of characteristic ( 320; G. 633; H. 503. I.).

48.

112
4.

Notes : Ccesar.
militi
.
. .
:

[B. G.

dat., after detracto ( 229; G. 344; H. 385. 2). laxare, to charge (bear on the standards), [and thus] signa open out the maniples. In this manoeuvre the odd numbers of the

front rank sprang forward against the enemy, and thus gained twice the room they had in the crowded ranks for the use of the sword.

(See note, Bk. I. Chap. 24, G. 545. 2 H. 497. 317. b

; ;

p.
II.

37 of Notes.)

quo
.

possent

Each

soldier appears to have

needed

a space of about three feet square. 5. militibus, dat., with inlata.

own extreme peril.

and
with
foot-note.

etiam operam navare 331. b

:

rebus, even in his G. 532 H. 535. II.

;

(The beginner should beware of confounding opera

See Vocabulary.)

opus

or with ops.

Chap. 26. constiterat (from consisto), NOT had stood, but had
taken up a position,

ut pressed.

had formed :
. . . ;

conjungerent

see Vocabulary. urgeri, hardinferrent subst. clause, sec:

conversa, ondary obj. of monuit ( 331 G. 546; H. 498. II.). &c, should charge the enemy in opposite directions (lit. bear turned
standards against).
forming a
circle

The two united, facing different ways, thus (orbis) or a hollow square (see note, Bk. IV. 2 Chap. 37 ). This movement made it necessary to face about. 2. alii: dat., after a verbal phrase of helping ( 227; G. 346;

ne H. 385. I.). neque timerent, and no longer feared. circumvenirentur 331. _/"; G. 552; H. 498. III. aversi, in ab hoste, by the enemy the rear (while their backs were turned). (collectively, in which sense the pi. is more common). 3. praesidio impedimentis, dat. for which and dat. to which. cursu incitato, setting out on a rim. 4. gererentur 334; G. 462; H. 529. I.
.

5.

esset, indir. question.

nihil

fecerunt, left nothing undone in the fast as they could)

.

way of

reliqui (partitive gen.) speed (i.e. hastened as

Chap. 27. etiam qui, even [those of them] who. procubuissent, subj. of characteristic ( 320; G. 633; H. 503. I.) or of scutis, locative abl. integral part ( 342; G. 666; H. 529. II.).

inermes armatis, G. 403. R. 3; H. 425. 1. 1. N.). [though] unarmed, threw tJiemselves upon the armed [enemy]. occurrerent result, like redintegrarent above and praeferrent
( 254. b;
:

II.

25-28.]

Belgian Confederacy.

1 1

below.
rent.

pugnant

ut

delerent, pure purpose clause, dependent on praefer-

translation.
2.

se

quo: probably
.
.

spurious; to be disregarded in praeferrent, showed themselves superior to.

tantam virtutem praestiterunt.

On

this clause

depend the

following subjuncs. (of result): insisterent, pugnarent, conicerent, remitterent.

jacentibus (sc. eis, abl. after insisteprimi, foremost. them as trod they lay fallen (lit. them lying). upon rent), his dejectis, &c. (abl. absolute), and that, when these too 3.

49.

were struck down, and corpses were piled in heaps, those who survived still hurled weapons against our men as if (ut) from a mound. ut deberet, so that qui superessent, characteristic clause. it must be judged that not without good hope of success (nequiquam) deberet is a result clause, dependent on the did men, &c. ut whole of the preceding sentence. The subj. of deberet is the infin.

judicari is complem. infin. (ace.) ausos esse, The other infins., transire, ascendere, subire, are facilia, pred. accusative. complementary to ausos esse.
clause

homines

with deberet.

hac pugna nuntiata, when the news of this reached them. cum, causal. impeditum, &c, there was
tos
:

Chap. 28. prope ad internecionem the Nervii were not by Three years later they revolted again any means exterminated. (Bk. V. Chap. 39), and two years after that they sent a force of 5000 men to Alesia to relieve Vercingetorix (Bk. VII. Chap. 75). aestuaria the country lying to the north (the modern Zealand) is low and marshy, cut up with bays and tidewater inlets. conjec:

sc.

esse.

battle

no

obstacle in the

way of (lit. nothing hindered

to) the conquerors,

and
pos524. that

no safety
2.

nothing safe) for the conquered. calamitate, in reporting the loss. sent: 320; G. 633; H. 503. I.
(lit.
.

in

qui

3.

i.n.

1.

usus [esse], personal construction: 330. b; G. 528; H. misericordia (abl.), mercy: it has been observed

at least, after

Caesar's dealings with the Gauls were comparatively merciful at first; an enormous massacre, the remnant had something to

hope for. But after he had been twice repulsed from Britain, when Gaul made another effort for independence, his "gentleness" was

114

Notes: Ccesar.

[B. G.

shown by such acts as cutting off the hands of all who had borne arms (Bk. VIII. Chap. 44), and in the treatment of Vercingetorix, kept for years in chains, and then killed in cold blood at his conut videretur, that he iight be seen (not queror's triumph.

have used mercy. ut prohiberent subst. clause of seem) purpose, obj. of imperavit ( 331. a; G. 546; H. 498. I.). (Comto
. . .

pare this construction with that of uti jussit in line 22.)

omnibus venirent, while on the way. H. 419. 1. 1. auxilio (dat. of copiis 248. a] G. 391. R. 1 purpose) Nerviis (dat. of person): 233; G. 350; H. 390.
Chap. 29.
:

cum

oppidum
Meuse
at

probably opposite

Namur,

at

the

confluence of the

locality, see Motley's

Maas) and Sambre. (For a striking description of the Dutch Republic, III. 224.) Others place it Falhize, opposite Huy, on the Meuse below Namur. 2. cum, while. ex partibus, all round (lit. from all sides
(or

in its circumference).

despectiis,

ace. pi.
:

pedum:

215. b\

G. 364.

saxa
3.

R.
.

H. 396. V. collocabant notice the change of tense. trabes to throw down on the besiegers.
.
:

ex Cimbris Teutonisque
;

abl. of source ( 244. a.

I.

Rem.;

G. 395

H. 415.

II. n.).

(See note on Bk.

Chap. 7

.)

50.
articles

impedimentis
of baggage
;

(abl. absolute) refers to cattle as well as

(to drive)

hence the two verbs, agere

cusportare (to carry). Compare ferre et agere (to plunder). todiam, a guard, whose duty it was to keep an eye on the baggage, sex &c. praesidium, a garrison, who were to hold the place. milia this Teutonic military colony was probably merely adopted
;

and

into the Celtic tribe of the Aduatuci, thus giving rise to the story

that the

whole

tribe

were of Teutonic descent.

i.e.

with (the baggage and cattle, 4. Hi: i.e. the six thousand.
tons.

the Teutons were totally defeated by Gaius Marius at Aquas Sextise (Aix les Bains), B.C. 102 the Cimalias (adv.) bri, by Marius and Catulus, next year, at Vercellae. now. inferrent, made : the regular word for alias, now
:

obitum
. .

una (adv.), along the impedimenta). eorum the Cimbri and Teu:

destruction

inlatum [sibi] defenderent, defended themselves offensive war. when attacked (lit. warded it [sc. bellum] off [de-fendo] when consensu eorum omnium, by mutual made against them).

II.

28-30.]

Belgian Confederacy.

"5
sibi the finitimi). locum: the land

agreement (by a compact with them all, domicilio 233; G. 350: H. 390. between the Meuse and the Scheldt.
:

hunc

i.e.

Chap. 30.
tense.

parvulis

adventu
:

abl. of

time.

faciebant

notice

the

for the

formation of the word, see

164.

a\

Scale nf inik-s.

Plan VI.
G. 786.
9. b

Siege of Aduatuca.

Bk.

II.

Chap. 29-33.

H. 332.

pedum

XII

i.e.

in height.

XV milium

passuum) would be preposterous for so small a hill hence Napoleon III understands pedum instead of passuum. But this would be nearly three miles and the works, on his plan, measure hardly more than one. oppido in is not used, because
fifteen miles (sc.
;

the idea of
2.

means

is

present to the writer's mind.

For the siege operations, see note,

illustration,
p.

and

92.

constitui

"The

indir.

Siege," pp. 85-90, disc, dependent on

n6

Notes: Ccesar.

[B. G.

viderunt. inridere, historical ab tanto spatio, so far off

infin.
(lit.

away

275; G. 650; H. 536. 1. by so great a space)

:

is an adv. here. of degree of difference. the enclitic nam gives a sarcastic emphasis 3. quibusnam, ike. to this jeering question of the barbarians, by what hands, pray, or

abl.

Ab

what strength
n.
1
;

G. 350;

prae, in comparison with. contemptui H. 390. conlocare, disc: we should

:

233.

indir.

have

expected the future (conlocaturos [esse]). Apparently the Gauls thought the Romans meant to lift the tower and set it up on the wall (in muro) and such an idea, of course, seemed very funny.
;

But when the tower began to increase " The (see note on Chap. 12, Siege,"

in height

and

to roll forward

3), the joke lost its point.

Chap. 31.
for the

moveri, that

it

was

actually

moving

(lit.

in pass.):
p. 296,

omission of the subj. ace. turrim, see 336. a; H. locuti (participle), speaking. foot-note 2.

thought : depending on locuti. G. 401; H. 419. III. possent, causal: 320. e\ G. 636; H. 517. se (obj.) permittere, that they surrendered themselves, &c. depending on dixerunt.

tanta
3.

2.

existimare

(sc. se), that they

:

celeritate

248. R.

deprecari, besought to be spared de-precor, pro sua, &c, in accordance with his usual (or wellbeg off). the time] audirent, which they were known), &c. quam statuisset for the hearing of: repeated action. (statudisc. ( 307. c\ G. 597; H. 473. 2). consereris) of the vandos 331.*/. ne despoliaret subst. clause of purposition.
(i.e.
: . .

The

indir. disc,

is

continued.

unum:

notice the emphatic

to

[all

fut. perf.

dir.

pose, in apposition with

4.

unum.
:

inimicos

i.e.

227; G. 346; H. 385. II. tradita essent) abl. absolute, equivalent to a protasis ( 310. a\ G. 594. 2; H. 431. 2). [In the dir. si arma tradita erunt, non poterimus.] disc.

them

as interlopers.

virtuti
arma

their neighbors (cf. line 5, above), regarded

traditis

armis (=

si

was better for them (impersonal dir., deducerentur (fut. condition), if they should be reduced to such an extremity. quamvis fortunam, any consuessent fortune whatsoever (quam-vis, what you will).
5.

sibi praestare, that

nobis praestat).

it
.

si

for the form, see 128.

a\ G. 151.

H. 235.

H- 3-33-]

Belgian Confederacy.
. . . :

WJ

merito, abl. of cause 245; 51. Chap. 32. consuetudine G. 406; H. 416. dedissent stand for attigerit attigisset G. 576; H. 520) dedideritis (fat. perf.) of the direct. ( 327. a aries a long beam with an iron head (like a ranVs), suspended

from a framework, and swung with great force against a wall, crum-

condicionem, terms. bling the strongest masonry (see Fig. 26). nisi armis traditis, abl. absolute i.e. he would make no terms

Notice the time of the unless they had first given up their arms. 2 participle (cf. nisi munitis castris, Chap. 20' ).
2.

in Nerviis, in

tJie

case of the Nervii.

(Dir. disc:

acturum
feci,

i.e.

faciam.) finitumisque imperaturum explains facturum. -que in this use " finitumis = is called the explanatory or epexegetical* -que.
1

case they

came

to terms.

id

quod

in

finitimis. ne

quani injuriam inferrent, to do no wrong to, &c. G. 302; H. 455. 1). re nuntiata ad suos, the message being carried to their people : the idea of motion causes the use of ad suos suis (dat.) would refer simply to the

(quam =

any, 105. d\

utterance of the message, not to

R.
1
;

H. 384.

3).

imperarenturbeing the
:

its

carried ( 225. 0; G. 344. subjunc. shows that this

;

subord. clause

facere
[esse].

is a part of the indir. disc. ( 336; G. 653 H. 524). (supply se as subj. ace): we should expect facturos The present gives the idea of eagerness and promptness

( 276. c\ sadors.

G. 219;
. . .

H. 467.

5).

dixerunt

i.e.

the ambas-

adaequarent (result clause), almost came tip to 3. prope the very top of the wall and the mound (Caesar's earthwork, see long note on Chap. 12 2 ), filling up the space between them. et tamen,
but
still.

ut,

as.

eo

die

time, not as marking

its

thought of as fixing the duration; hence the abl. ( 256; G. 392;

:

the day

is

H. 429).

Chap. 33. sub vesperum, towards evening.

ire
:

for the repetition of ex, see 243. b

ne quam:
diderant:

105. d\

G. 302; H. 455.
I.

1.

ex oppido exG. 388 H. 413. n. 3. ante inito consilio,

;

in accordance with a plan previously agreed upon.

321; G. 539; H. 516.

tioned in the castella.

[esse],

aut denique, or would keep (guard).

praesidia
at

quod
i.e.

cre-

any

rate.

servaturos

those sta-

1 1

8
2.

Notes: Cczsar.
partim
. . . .

[B. G.

partim, some of them

partly

partly}.
III.

396; H. 415.

viminibus intextis,

ex

some of them
;

(lit.

cortice, abl. of material: 244. c

abl. absolute.

G.

however, intextis agrees with scutis, and viminibus ut, as. quae: the antecedent is scutis. material.)

pellibus
;

(Possibly, is abl. of

induxerant, they had covered with hide ( 225. d\ G. 348 H. 384. II. 2): the commoner construction would be with the dat., qua, where: an abl. or inquibus pelles (ace.) induxerunt.
(abl.)

strumental form, used adverbially parte is not to be supplied. note the emphatic position. Caesar had ordered 3. Celeriter
;

to give the signal, in case of any disturbance, concursum eo, thither. pugnatum instantly.

them

and
:

to

do

it

H. 301. 1). ita use of passive ( 146. c\ G. 199. r. 1 ut, they fought as fiercely as brave 7/ien ought to have fought: for the force of the pres. infin. pugnari with the perf. debuit, see 288. a; in extrema spe, for their last chance (lit. in the last H. 537. 1.
; . . .

impersonal

hope).

iniquo loco:
.

qui

alone.

2.)

H. 425. 2. eos qui, men who. in una virtute, in valor jacerent, subj. of characteristic. cum consisteret, at a time when: a clause of charac 258./";

used to define the occasion (the kind of time), not to fix the date. (See note on Bk. III. Chap. 9, "The Conjunction cum,''
teristic;
1

II. a.

4.

ad, about.

jam

nemo, no one any

vendidit, sold the booty at auction.

sectionem longer. universam, in one in the

lot,

lump.

52.

relatus est,

was

reported.

Chap. 34. Venetos, &c. the name of the Veneti survives in the maritumae civimodern Vannes ; that of the Redones, in Rennes. tates inhabiting the modern Brittany; they are spoken of at length in Book III.
:

Chap. 35. pacata, subdued. notice the force of per pe'rlata news travelled from tribe to tribe. incolerent: 342 G. 666; H. 529. II. datuse qui pollicerentur, purpose. ras: "not daturos they were representatives sent to report what
:

the

the states promised. 11

II.

33-35-3

Belgian Confederacy.
:

119
formed part of
to start.

2.

Illyricum
:

this province, east of the Adriatic,

Caesar's

government.

properabat, was in a hurry

:

their country lay between the Seine and the Loire, 3. Carnutes comprising the modern Orleans; their name is preserved in the Andes (whence Anjoti) near the lower Loire; modern Chartres.

Tur6nes preserved in Tours. 4. ex litteris, abl. of cause

:

245

G. 406; H. 416.
to the

The

facts,

as reported by Caesar in his ground of the supplicatio.

official letter

a public thanksever been granted had time that was the ten longest days giving: before, except to Pompey, who was honored with twelve for his victime: construe with
tory over Mithridates.

quindecim supplicatio, supplicatio.

Senate, were the dies, ace. of duration of

Rome.

quod

for

id

quod

But Caesar's party was now all-powerful H. 445. see 200. c G. 616. R. 2
; ;

at
7.

The Legions. In the campaign of 57 B.C., Caesar had eight legions: 1 the six used in the previous year, and the two newly levied (Chap. 2 ).

APPENDIX.
The order of the words is so important for the right understanding of Latin that we append a translation of the first chapter of Book II. with especial reference to the emphasis indicated the
by
order.

The

teacher must use his discretion as to

how much can

profitably be

communicated

of instruction.

to beginners under his particular method Furthermore, as the translation is made expressly to

bring out explicitly the force of order, it should not be taken as a model of desirable translation. Such a translation as is here given forces the emphasis on the attention more than is perhaps natural
is all present in the Latin, but in English it be brought out by the context or by some kindred emphasis which the English substitutes. For a like translation of Bk. I. Chap, i, see A. & G. Latin Grammar, Revised ed.,

in English.

The

force

may

often be

left to

pp. 387-388.

And BEING 1 thus in Hither- Gaul, as I have shown above, Cesar 3 had frequent 4 rumors brought to him, 5 and despatches 6
also from

who

constituted a third part

stated,

Labienus 7 continued to inform him that all 8 the Belce, 9 w of [the whole of] Gaul, as I had
were conspiring [for an attack] against the That for this exchanging hostages.

[previously]

Roman government 11 and

1 The emphasis on being binds this part of the narrative with the situation left at the end of the last Book. " Caesar went to Hither Gaul, and while he was engaged there."

3
4

Opposed to Farther Gaul, where The main subject of discourse.

the troops were.

The

repetition of the stories

is

the significant fact, " he kept hearing," but at the

same time
6

An
7
,

rumors are opposed to Labienus' despatches. emphasis continued in Latin from Ccesar, the main person (see A.
the

&

G.

344. /),

but
8 8

lost in

English.
to the

Opposed

rumors.

Both words together the subject of discourse, but the adjective most prominent, "the entire body 0/ the Belgtz." " 10 Opposed to the whole, as one might sav, a full third of the whole." 11 Here not the conspiracy itself, but the aim of it is the most important part of the idea.
,

Appendix.
:

conspiracy 12 the reasons were these?* namely in the first place, because they were afraid 14 (i.e. in their own minds) that when Gaul was all 15 subdued?*' our army would be brought against them 11 and in the second place, because some 18 of the Gauls 18 (i.e. from out18 with them. These Gauls were partly those side) were tampering who were disturbed that the Roman 19 army should pass the winter 20 and get a 20 footing in Ga.u\, just as 21 they had been unwilling that the Germans 22 should stay any longer 23 there, and partly those who from [mere] fckleness 2i and unsteadiness 2 * were [always] 25 forms of government; [they were stimulated] by eager for new some also besides, who, inasmuch as in Gaul 26 regal power was 21 and those who had means regularly usurped by the more powerful,
;

to employ soldiers 2S could not so easily tions 30 under our imperial control. 81
12 13

29

succeed in such usurpa-

The main subject of discourse, " now this conspiracy, the reports said," etc. The difference between " the reasons why were these " and " these were the reasons
"
is

why
14

obvious.

Caesar might say either.

Cicero would very likely have been But Caesar and have opposed "year" to " being tampered -with." changes his point of view in the course of the sentence; and, as if he had said ipsi in the first member, opposes to the motives of the Belgae themselves, the Gauls by whom
peculiar emphasis not directly carried out.

more

rhetorical

outside influence was brought to bear. I6 16 The completion of the business

,

now

in

hand

is first

emphasized, then the business

itself.

" them " to 17 Caesar "Gaul," brings out the whole force of the idea by opposing which has not before been emphatic, but which is now made so by being contrasted with the Belgians (cf. Chiasmus, A. & G. 344. /).
18
19

See note

14.

stay any longer." 21 The English emphasis here represents the position of the two clauses, relative and antecedent.
22 13 24

20

Opposed Opposed

to the

" Germans."

to

"

See note

19.

See note 20.

Notice that the view of the
state of
first

party

is

a rational idea seriously thought out, to

is

which implied
> 2r

mind

the inconstancy of the second party

opposed.
tired of the

natural consequence of their character. established order and wanted a change.

26

For no good reason they got

to countries in which the Romans were familiar with permanent government. The two means of attaining regal power. 29 And consequently wanted to rebel. 30 The Latin often compresses into an indefinite, and to us unemphatic, word, a whole important idea. The emphasis appears in English when a suitable word is subitituted

Opposed
28

27

according to our
31

way of saying things. This control, of course, tended towards establishing order.

lll.i,2.]

Alpine Campaign.

123

Book Third.
Alpine Campaign.
tribes

B.C. 56.

The higher valleys of the Alps were inhabited got a scanty living by working in mines, and often waylaid by and plundered expeditions on the march (see Strabo, iv. 6). The two

who

legions sent by Caesar under Q. Pedius (Bk. II. Chap. 2) had been attacked by these predatory people while passing into the valley of the Rhone above
the

Lake {Valais).

Hence

this expedition,

which was intended

to strike

terror into the

mountain

tribes.

Nantuatis (ace), &c. These tribes occupied the valley Upper Rhone, canton Valais, above the Lake of Geneva. 2. iter per Alpes the pass of the Great St. Bernard, which reaches the Rhone valley at Martigny (the ancient Octodurus), at This was the principal route across the great bend of the river. Hannibal had crossed by the Little St. the Alps at this period. magno Bernard, and the pass by Mont Genevre was also in use.

53.

of the

periculo [Et. 296] = but only with great danger. volebat: Et. 525. portoriis, heavy transit-duties.

cum

magnis

54.
Drance.

5-

hie,

ejus,

both

referring

to

vicus.

flumine,

the

montes not the higher ranges, Chap. 2. certior Et. 69. but the lower heights directly upon the valley. 2. id, this, in appos. with ut opprimendae, caperent. neque earn plenissicrushing, the usual meaning of this word.
: :

mam, &c, and

detached, &c.

The

that not entirely full, since two cohorts had been twelfth legion had suffered severely in the battle
II.

on the Sambre (Bk.

the actual

Chap. 25).

not refer to the normal

strength
ipsi

number of men
legion,

In this place plenissimam does in a legion, but merely to

of this

including

all

detachments.

singillatim, in small parties.

3.

cum
is

from

the hills

decurrerent, when they should charge down upon the valley. The imp. subj. of ind. disc, with
. . .

cum

here equivalent to the

9,

fut.

ind. of direct discourse.

See

note on Chap.

" The Conjunction

cum "

II- 2. b.

24
4.

Notes
accedebat quod = and

CiBsar.
ivas
.

[B. G.

besides

{it

added

that).

The

dolebant, they were subject of accedebat is the clause quod angry that their children were taken from them as hostages.
. .

habebant, and in agreement with persuasum (see note on coactum habebat, Bk. I. Chap. 15) they had persuaded themselves that the Romans were attempting, &c.

Romanos

adjungere,

obj. of

eral

winter camp (castra hibernd), in its genThere must the resembled ordinary summer camp. arrangement, However, the convenience have been the same fortifications and streets. and comfort of the men were more regarded than when in the field. In
the winter quarters afforded huts, which place of tents {tabernacida, pedes) The arms were doubtbetter protection against wind and weather.

The Winter Camp. The

gave
less

room could be taken than

in sheds. Then, too, more kept in the huts, and the pack animals In the present case, Galba saved in the field. labor by appropriating a part of the Gallic buildings without much ceremony; but he proceeded to lay out the usual fortifications (see muniti-

ones, Chap. 3

).

Chap. 3. perfectae, referring both to opus and munitiones, but satis esset provisum, sufficient proagreeing with the nearer.

vision

had been made.

consilio, a council of officers.

55.
2.

praeter

opinionem =

celeriter: Et. 48. subsidio veuiri = unexpectedly.

is

it

was

impossible that any one should come to their aid: veniri in possent. personal, the subject of posset implied
3.

im-

nonnullae sententiae, several opinions (or votes) given by

placuit, it was determined by the majority. majori defendere, to reserve this course for the extremity, and
.
. . . .

the officers in council.

4.

hoc

meanwhile, &c.

Chap.
2.

was
rari,

gaesa, Gallic javelins, entirely of iron. integris [Et. 189] viribus (abl. abs.), as long as their strength repugnare, mittere, occurrere, ferre, supeunimpaired.
4.

ut implying incessant action. videbatur, as (= whenever) any part seemed, &c. a relative clause, occurrere, ran to meet the of which the antecedent is eo.
historical
infinitives,
. .
. :

danger.

alii

while others.

III. 2-7.]

Alpine
.
. .

Campaign,
. . .

125
not only not, but not

3.

non modo
5.

sed ne

quidem,

even, &c.

Chap.

cum

H. 469. II. 2). G. 225 still] going on ( 277. b\ nostris (abl. abs.), as our meti were less active.
;

pugnaretur, when the fight had been [and was languidioribus

vallum complere the rampart was gan to be exhausted. made for the most part of earth thrown up in digging the ditch,
.
. . ;

deficerent,
I.

be-

stakes or palisades being planted above (see note on Bk.

49,

Chap.

"The Camp,"

3, 9).

56. extremum
3.

auxilium
.

=
.

the last resource.

intermitterent, hort. subj. following certiores facit in the tela sense of instructs. exciperent, gather up the spent

weapons, spending no strength

in

throwing them back.

out.

sui
sui
is,

Chap.
is

6.

cognoscendi facultatem, opportunity of finding

colligendi [Et. 440]

plural in

of

collecting their wits

;

observe that
I.

meaning

( 298. a

G. 429.

R.

H. 542.

N. 1 ).

It

however, properly the gen. sing, of

2.

suum

( 99. c\

H.
kill.

p. 71,

foot-note 3).

circumventos interficiunt

they surround

and

ex

milibus, for part. gen. after parte. exutis, stripped, agreeing with 3. armis, .abl. of separation. copiis 225. d; G. 348 H. 414. I. alio consilio aliis rebus, remem4. nolebat: Et. 525.

bered that he

had come with one

design,

and saw

that he

had met

a different state of t Jungs.

Naval Campaign. The peninsula of Armorica (Bretagne, Brittany, or Little Britain, so called since the emigration from Great Britain to escape the Saxon invasion) has always been the home of the hardiest,
most independent, and most strongly characterized of all the Gallic Its scenery is wild and secluded, this character of its coast populations.
being clearly given in Caesar's narrative. Its language remains Celtic to this No one of Caesar's campaigns shows more strikingly his boldness day.

and

fertility

of resource than

this.

Chap.
will

7.

pacatam

Et. 285.

Germanis,

i.e.

Ariovistus.

It

be noticed that the geographical order, and not the order of

26

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

Of the Alpine tribes the events, is followed in this summary. Seduni are mentioned as the most important. inita hieme, in the beginning of winter (" winter being entered on ").

2.

mare

following

proximus with
;

the

construction of

prope

( 261.
3.

4 H. 391. 2). a; G. 356. r. praefectos, officers of cavalry and

auxiliaries.

Chap. 8. hujus civitatis, i.e. the Veneti, on the southern coast of Brittany, the modern Morbihan. longe amplissima, very consuerunt, are accustomed ( 279. d. r. G. 228. great indeed. r. 1 ; H. 297. I. 2). in magno aperto, in the great and open

57.

violence

omnes habent
upon.
3.
4.

of the sea

on a sea exposed to great and violent storms. vectigales, treat all as tributaries, i.e. levy tolls

ut sunt, &c, as in fact the resolutions of the Gauls are, &c. acceperant, indie, as a clause of fact ( 336. b\ G. 1 H. 524. 2). 630. r. quam perferre, than to endure, following the comparative contained in mallent.

quam
;

5. remittat, subj. expressing a command in ind. disc, dependThe direct ing on the message implied in legationem mittunt. discourse would be " si vis," &c, " remitte."

Chap.

9.

aberat longius, was

once in person.

naves

too

far

off to take

command

at

longas, galleys.

Naves Longae.
the

The Roman galley was a long, low

beam {rostrum) shod

vessel,

armed

at

with bronze for striking and one or two sails and a multitude of and the by enemy, propelled sinking The seamen (nautae) attended to the steering and managing of the oars.

prow with

a sharp

sails,

and were freemen.

The rowers

(remiges) were usually slaves.

In

the Mediterranean, galleys were

commonly provided with two,

three, or

more tiers of oars, and were accordingly called biremes, triremes, etc. It seems probable, however, that the fleet Caesar had built on the Loire consisted of boats with but one bank of oars, and hence were quite low, and
decked over only

The steering apparatus was a at the bow and stern. couple of broad-bladed oars near the stern, one on each side. The rudder

The fighting men on these vessels of was unknown to the Romans. In fact there was no Caesar were legionaries embarked for the purpose. A fleet was simply an army afloat. It distinct naval service, as with us.

III. 7-9.]

Alpine Campaign.
also

127
to Britain,

was commanded, as we see

on occasion of the expeditions

On the decks were placed tormenta and turres, the by military officers. latter in readiness to raise by ropes and pulleys attached to the mast. The Gallic ships, it seems, used sails alone, without oars (see Chap.
i

4 ).

institui,

Ligere, the Loire, on the banks of which Crassus was wintering.

to be organized, i.e. in
:

gangs

for the several galleys.

cum primum quam primum

the first tnoftient

( 93. b).

when

(lit.

when

first)

compare

The Conjunction Cum.

In the seven books

De

Bello Gallico, Caesar uses

cum

as a conjunction

283 times. 1. In 62 places

it is plainly causal {as, since), and in 13, concessive Bk. I. Chap. 2 1 262 {although), and therefore takes the subjunctive (e.g. See 326; G. 587-8; H. 515. III. 517). II. In the remaining 208 places it is as clearly temporal {when, while,
. . .

after)
a.

1.

In 160 of these

it

introduces a clause the

main

use of which

is

to

of a past action, and it is followed by the imperfect or pludefine the lime With the former tense the clause may denote either perfect subjunctive. a point of time or a period, and the conjunction should be translated ivhen With the pluperfect the translation may be when or while respectively.

See 325; G. 586; H. i ; Bk. I. Chap. 26 clause usually expresses an event that actually 521. happened; but the subjunctive shows that the writer's main idea in using the clause is to indicate by it the time of the event expressed by the prinor after (e.g. Bk. II. Chap,
II. 2).
1
.

The temporal

cipal statement.
2.

Occasionally the clause with

acterize a period of time,

cum and the subjunctive is used to charsome form of tempus being expressed or under-

stood {at a time when, &c). This construction gives us simply a subjunctive of characteristic (e.g. Bk. I. Chap. 16. See 320; G. 582. R. I, 634;

H. 521. II. 2. 1)); this was without subjunctives with cum. b. As the story of the Gallic war
direct quotations,

doubt the original meaning of

is

all

and those the

briefest,

we

purely narrative, containing few naturally find no instances of

the use of

sages, however,

In 13 paswith the future or future perfect indicative. a subjunctive that it occurs in the indirect discourse with In such sentences the takes the place of one or the other of these tenses.

cum

128
temporal clause
is

Notes: Casar.
equivalent to a protasis (e.g. Bk.
I.

[B. G.
s
.

Chap. 39

See

325.

c;

G. 584;

H.

507. 3).

c. In 33 passages cum takes the indicative with tenses referring to present or past time, and in 2 others, Bk. II. Chap. 4, Bk. VI. Chap. 25, the subjunctive in indirect discourse equivalent to the historical perfect

indicative.

The mood shows

is

that

the writer's main idea

in

using the
it,

temporal clause

to

emphasize the reality of the event expressed by

is

and

that the temporal relation

of secondary importance.

We

distin-

guish several varieties of usage. 1. In 21 sentences the verb in the temporal clause denotes a repeated action. Cum here is equivalent to quotiescumque {whenever, as often as),

and the clause

Bk.
I.
1

is

really the protasis of

III.
.

a.

general conditional sentence

(e.g.

5 See 322, 309. c; G. 568-9, 585; H. 471-3 14 and 5; Madvig, 335, Obs. 1. 359). 2. In 8 sentences cum is used as the correlative of turn, in the sense of
3
.

IV.

33I.

both

and. The indicative of a verb expressed or implied is used in See 326. both clauses, unless in indirect discourse (e.g. Bk. V. Chap. 4 3 1 b; G. 5S9; H. 521. N. ).
.

3.

In 3 places (Bk. VI. Chap. 7 1 and Chap. 8 1

the clause with

1

cum

is

Bk. VII. Chap. 26 3 ) really the main proposition (see Madvig, 358. Obs.
,
;

this is the so-called cum inversum, by which the G. 581. R.) clause of time with the indicative (as in c above) is made the principal
J

3 2 5- *5

And in one other place (Bk. I. Chap. 404 ) it is proposition in form. to et turn. really a co-ordinate clause, cum being equivalent 4. In the remaining 2 passages (Bk. III. Chap. 9, Bk. VI. Chap. 12)
the
indicative
is

used with

cum

merely to emphasize the

reality of a

simple past action.

2.
is

in se admisissent,

had taken on

the ordinary phrase for commit.

legatos

themselves
.

admitto alone
conjectos (the

specific act), in appos. with facinus.

lack of acquaintance. neque confidebant, and they trusted that our armies could not, &c. acciderent (concessive, 266. c G. 610 H. 515. III.), 4. ut granting that everything should turn out contrary to their expectai.e.

inscientiam,
. .

58.

3-

pedestria itinera, &c, approaches by land were cut

the

Romans'

off.

tion.

plurimum
.

posse, were strongest.

ionge aliam

atque, very different

facultatem, supply. concluso, from.

.
.

enclosed (like the Mediterranean).

III. 9, 10.]

Alpine Campaign.
tribes as far as Flanders.

129

5.

Osismos, &c, the coast

The name
in

Lexovii remains in Lisieux;

Jablins.

Namnetes

in

Nantes; Diablintres

Chap.

10.

injuriae retentorum equitum, the

wrong done
5.
.
.

by

detaining the knights ( 292. a\ G. 667. R.-; H. 549.

.

arbitrane rebellio, renewal of hostilities (not rebellion) rentur a new rising was threatened by the Belgians, while the
.

N. 2

).

maritime

tribes,

it

is

said,

were already

fearful of

an attempt upon

Oppidum
Venetorum.

Loire K.

L
10 20

Scale of miles.

Plan VII.
The

Campaign against

the Veneti.
fleets

Bk. III. Chap. 7-16.

dotted line shows the course of the two

from the Loire and the Auray

respectively.

Britain.

(Observe that
:

this clause is

under the same construction

as the nominatives injuriae, defectio, &c.)

2. excitari the present infin. here corresponds to the imperfect while odisse answers to oderunt of description, excitabantur homines Et. 157. taken as a present, all men naturally hate.
:

30
Chap.
11.

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

mandat

advance upon

( 331./. R.

adeat, gives it in charge (manui dare) G. 547. R.8 ; H. 499. 2).

;

to

59.
invited.

arcessiti [esse] dicebantur, were reported to have been

5

2. Aquitaniam, in S. W. Gaul (see Bk. I. Chap. I ). The people were of different race and language from the other Gauls, and took little interest in their affairs, not even joining in the great revolt

of

Book VII.
:

But Caesar may not have known

this

(Moberly).

nationes
3.
4.

Et. 112.

Unellos, &c, in Normandy.

Decimum Brutum, afterwards

the

more celebrated Marcus Brutus. Santonis, south of the Loire (Poitou and Saintonge).
Caesar, with

one of the conspirators against Pictonibus,

Chap. 12. ejus modi

tavisset

properly the surging movement of boiling water hence applied both to extreme heat and to ocean-tides. Some editors bis, apparently an error of most Mss.
at high tide.
:

of aestus, tide
.
. .

ut,

such sort that.

cum

inci-

read xxiv instead of

xii

others refer

it

carelessness of ancient writers.

tive, as if

minuente,

to the general ignorance or at the ebb: intransiin case of

from the passive form used as a reflexive, as

re, in either case

deponents.
2.

utraque

of coeperant.
these

his

superati, agreeing with the subj. adaequatis, when (aggere ac molibus)

were brought

level

with the walls.

defendebant
as follows

Et. 257.

General von Goler explains the

Roman works

dike was

extended along each side of the isthmus in the direction of the town. While these were building, of course with each rise of the tide the space within would be overflowed. When the dikes were nearly completed, the

Romans waited
pushed
their

until the
to

ebb had carried

off the water,

and then rapidly

completion before the next turn of the tide. Thus the sea was shut out and the isthmus left dry. Meanwhile the dikes them-

works

selves,

being raised to the height of the walls, served the purpose each of an agger for approach to the town.

haec faciebant, quod, the more easily,

3.

this they continued to do.

that, &c.

vasto

eo

facilius

mari, &c. (ablatives abso-

III. 11-14.]

Alpine Campaign.
;

13

in each of these points the ocean is contrasted denoting cause) with the sheltered and tideless waters of the Mediterranean.
lute,

Chap. 13. ipsorum, their own.

(abl.

modum

Et. 238.

of degree of difference) planiores, considerably more flatbottomed. navium, gen. depending on carinae understood.

aliquanto

quo possent, and the ebb-tide ;

. . .

that they might more easily stand the shalloii's

317. b; G. 545. 2;

2.

admodum
too

erectae, very high.

497. atque

H.

2.

item puppes, and

the

stems

as predicate.

adcommodatae

{being adapted : Et. 338) standing robore, oak timber.

60.

contumeliam,

buffeting.

transtra, &c, the cross-benches

(for the rowers) of timbers a foot thick, fastened with iron bolts the thickness of a [man's] thumb.

tanta onera navium, ships pelles, hides ; alutae, leather. non satis so not very well: Caesar commode, great weight. of does not like to say that anything is impossible.
3.

4.

nostrae classi
fleet

our
(i.e.

with, &c.

our

this additional advantage, followed se vento dedissent, by ferrent, consisterent, and timerent. ran before the wind. The phrase is nautical hence the noun is reThe clause cum ... dedissent is parenthetical. consispeated. terent, came to anchor ; ab aestu relictae, &c, if left by the tide,
6.

pro fleet). accedebat ut = there was

una, only. possession), praestaret,

(dat.

of

&c,

the encounter

of

the advantage loci natura, considering the nature of the place.

had

had nothing to fear,

Chap. 14. neque
be

&c.
. . .

casus, the chance of all these things.

posse, that the enemy's retreat could not prevented by capturing their towns. 2. paratissimae,/////)/ equipped ; ornatissimae, thoroughly furnished. The battle was fought in the bay of Quiberon, off the

The fleet heights of St. Gildas, on which Caesar was encamped. of Crassus issued from the Loire and took a northwesterly course. Meanwhile the fleet of the Veneti came out of the Auray estuary,
and passing through the Morbihan entrance
the
to the bay,

encountered

Romans
.

directly opposite Caesar's

camp.
fleets.

Plan VII. shows the course of the two

.
.

The dotted line in neque satis Bruto

constabat, and

it

was

not clear to Brutus (agerent and

132

Notes:

Cizsar.

[B. G.

insisterent refer to Brutus and his officers).

tribunis

militum
of the

centurionibusque
fleet.

notice the military officers in

command

ex barbaris navibus, on the 3. excitatis, lifted tip. the enemy's ships (compare Bk. I. Chap. 2 2 , note).

part of

61.

to victory

usui, of great service, in fact turning disaster but Caesar will not use words that hint a possible defeat. muralium falcium, wall-hooks, long poles with sickle-shaped
4:

magno

hooks attached
used to pull

(like those

used by " hook-and-ladder " companies)

:

it limits formae (under(see Fig. 26) stood), dat. after absimili. See note on Chap. 9, " The Conjunction Cum, II. c. 1. 5. cum praerumpebantur, they [the halyards] were torn away. (Ob-

down

walls

1'

serve the position of funes in the clause with cum.) 7. paulo fortius factum, one of Caesar's mild expressions for an act of remarkable daring.

Chap. 15. cum: see note on Chap. 145

three ships

about each one (of

efforts:

made repeated
2.

singulas, &c, two or the enemy's). contendebant, compare with contenderunt below, de.

scribing a single act.

expugnatis
conversis
.

navibus, when many of their ships had been

i.e.

captured.
3.
.

wind.

malacia, calm (a Greek word).

navibus,

steered so as to run before the

The prevailing winds at present towards the end of summer in this the precise winds needed for the quarter are from the east or north-east, two fleets to have met as indicated above. Further, when these winds have
blown during the morning, it usually happened on the day of the battle.
midday.
falls

calm

at

noon.

This

is

just
.just

what
after

The calm was probably

pervenerint, came to land: pervenirent would be equally and is found in some copies but the perfect conveys more hora quarta, about 10 a.m. distinctly the act of landing.
4.

correct,

Chap. 16.
phrase
is

cum

turn, while

similar to a very frequent

at the same time. Greek construction (>x*v

.
.

The
. .

5).

III.

14-18.]

Alpine Campaign.
i.e.

133

convenerant, coegerant,
2. quo, i.e. [any refuge] written as one word), how.

for this war.

quod

ubique,

all

there were anywhere, followed by the partitive gen.

navium.
(often

whither;

quem ad modum

62. 3- eo quo, the more severe, &c, in order that. vindicandum (impersonal), punishment should be inflicted. sub omni senatu necato, an instance of Caesar's dementia.
. . .

corona vendidit,
sacrifice."

sold [as slaves] at public auction

like

lit.

under the
for

" were crowned wreath, since the captives

an

animal

" This can hardly mean that Ccesar sold the whole nation by auction. The mention of the Senate makes its probable that the inhabitants of the

Even so the rigor is terrible; capital Dariorigum \Vannes\ are meant. and the more so, as regards the Senate, from the grim alternative which
the next chapter suggests [of being massacred by their own people, Chap. 2 17' ] as the only one open to these unfortunate rulers" (Moberly).

has not said, as he does on another occasion (Bk. II. Chap. 33), sold, but we may infer that he depopulated the country of the Veneti at least; and it appears from a later book (Bk. VII. Chap.

"He

how many were

75) that all the Armoric states must have been greatly reduced by this unfortunate war. The only naval power in Gallia that could be formidable to the Romans was totally destroyed, and neither the Veneti nor
their allies

gave the proconsul any more trouble "(Long).

Chap. 17. Unellorum, along the Channel coast of Normandy. Another form of the name is Venelli. magnas copias, considerable forces (not supplies, as these fell short, see Chap. 18 4 ), most

likely

meaning here irregular troops (perdilorum homiuum, see next section) as opposed to exercitum. 2. his paucis diebus, i.e. about the same time. perditorum,

desperate:
3. 4.

it

was now the

i.e.

carperetur, was

third year of constant war in Gaul. " carped at, his reputation picked to pieces.'

Alegatus regularly had no imperium, or independent command, but served under that of his superior. opportunitate, a favorable chance (opportunus).
Caesar.

eo absente,

Chap. 18. edocet, instructs. 2. pro perfuga, in the character of a deserter. neque longius esse quin not later than. i.e. the time was not farther op'.

ia

Notes :
4-

Ccesar.

[B. G.

conprevious days. diligenter, i.e. (in Caesar's belli (subjective genitive too little diligence. spes style) with fere . . credunt = the source) = hope founded on, &c.

63.

superiorum dierum, on

the

firmatio, positive assertion.

parum

denoting most men are glad to

5.

believe,

&c.
not
.
. .

non
ut
.

prius,
. .

quam,

until.

6.

a full run. que, and {consequently).

4.

victoria (abl. abs.) = as if victory were already assured. sarmentis, sprouts, or young growth virgultis, brushwood. magno cursu, on Chap. 19. paulatim adclivis, gently rising.
;

quos

the antecedent
;

is

eorum.
;

reliquos
H. 440.

the remainder ( 216. e

G. 368. R. 2

2. N. 2 ).

paucos, few of ac = but.

strategic reasons,

The campaign in Aquitania was made merely for was not provoked by any attack or threat of one, and II 2 ) as well as appears to have been quite unnecessary (see note, Chap. The Aquitani were not closely allied with the difficult and dangerous.

Southern Gaul.

a secure distance. They Gauls, took no share in their wars, and were at had no strong military league or combination, but consisted of small
isolated clans,

miners and engineers.

episode of the war.

and were besides of more industrial habit, being good As a mere narrative, however, this is an interesting

64.

Chap. 20. ex tertia parte (an idiomatic phrase)

as a

third part, a greatly exaggerated reckoning. Many account of Britain, Bk. V. Chap. 13) graphical statements (e.g. the armis Et. 333. are extremely ignorant or careless.

of Caesar's geo-

Praeconinus, Mallius
78),

when

these defeats were 20 years before (B.C. the Aquitani united with the Marian leader Sertorius, who
:

held Spain for six years against Rome. Tolosa 2. Tolosa et Narbone (early editions add Carcassone) was an old Gallic town; Narbo, a Roman colony established by
:

the

It became the capital of the policy of Caius Gracchus, B.C. 118. Roman province, to which it gave its name. Sontiatum,

south of the Garonne, S.E.

of the

modern Bordeaux: the name

remains in the modern Sos. showed. 3. ostenderunt,

Chap. 21. diu

just

those Et. 224. superioribus victoriis, sine imperatore adulescentulo duce an imperii* related.
:

i.e.

III.

18-23]
is

Alpine Campaign.

135

commander of an army, holding the imperium, or formaliof military command conferred on him by regular power ties; dux is a general designation for any person holding a command, and might be given to a subordinate officer, like Crassus,
tor

the chief

who

acted as an agent and under the imperinm of his superiors. possent. perspici the subj. is the indirect question quid vertSre, histor. infin. The perfect form in ere is very rare in early
: .

prose.
2.

vineas turresque egit: see note on Bk.

1 '

II.

Chap.

11,

" The
1

Siege.
3.

burrows.

cuniculis, mines, so called from their likeness to rabbits The mine was intended to run under the Roman agger.
finally set

The

being

wooden posts, and these on fire, when they were burned through the entire aerariae sectumass of Roman works would fall into the pit. raeque (hendiadys see A. & G. p. 298; G. 695; H. 636. III. 2),
roof was carefully propped up with

copper mines.

[The

diligentia, through
65.
the root sold.
It is

Some

editions omit the -que,

indicates a corrupt or doubtful reading. and others have structurae, works.~\

the watchfulness.

met the attack with countermines.

faciunt, they do

The Romans
[it]
.

doubtless

Chap. 22. soldurios, paid retainers ("soldiers

related that these soldurii
11

11

),

from
in

"were dressed
the

royal garments like their chief. 2. condicio the same condition was found
:

among

Germans

(Bk. VI. Chap. 23), and was the foundation of feudal vassalage.

mortem
3.

cum

Et. 393. his (repeated from

,

cum

devotis), with these

(I say).

quoque versum, in every direction (quoque, the adverb of place

formed from the distributive quisque
It is
;

Chap. 23. Vocatium, &c.

further west. quibus, within which.

versum, the adverb of

direction usually connected with prepositions, as

ad

versum).

often written
:

quoquoversum.

2. Hispaniae these Iberian populations were allied to the Aquitani (Bk. I. Chap. is). Spain had been subject to Rome for more than 150 years, but was always rather mutinous, and had

made
(see

1 note, Chap. 20 ).

several attempts at independence, especially under Sertorius It was also the last stronghold of Pom-

36
1

Notes
part)' in the
civil

Ccesar.

[B. G.

auctoritate, prestige.

pey

war,

till

finally

subdued

at

Munda,

B.C. 45.

consuetudine pop. Rom. 3. omnes annos, i.e. B.C. 78-72. custom which they had learned in the service with Sertorius. loca capere, to occupy positions, &c, i.e. make
tions for war.
4.

instituunt, begin.
.

systematic prepara-

suas

augeri, &c.

tion with

quod.

diduci,

These
be

infinitive

clauses are in apposi-

scattered in

various directions.

minus commode,

less conveniently.

66. Chap. 24. duplici, i.e. two cohorts in depth. His numbers were too few to allow greater depth. auxiliis: Et. 138. in

mediam

where they would be kept in hand by his legionaries (see Chap. 25 '). exspectabat, waited [to see] what, &c. 2. obsessis viis potiri, in English, to block the roads, cut
aciem,
to the centre

of his line,

sese recioff supplies, and win the victory without a wound. in agmine, on the inarch. pere, to withdraw from Aquitania.

infirmiore

(abl. of quality) = dispirited, an adjective phrase in the same construction with impeditos ( 179; G. 402; H.

animo

to attack. productis (= although, &c). opinione timoris, the notion [they had 3. sua, their own. expectari iretur, depending given] of their own cowardice. on some word of saying implied in voces. ad hostium castra this is the only instance in the Commentaries of an attack by Romans on a fortified Gallic camp. omnibus cupientibus = to the eager desire of them all.

419.

II.).

adoriri cogitabant, had in mind

copiis, concessive

Chap. 25. opinionem pugnantium,

actually engaged.
2.

i.e.

an impression as

if

ab decumana porta,
note on Bk.
I.

i.e.

in the rear,

where

this gate
1

was

situated (see

Chap. 49,

"The Camp

'):

the Gauls

appear to have adopted the

Roman mode
unworn.

of constructing camps.

[Observe that while in the compound verb the preposition in has an intensive force (intero, to
2.

Chap. 26.

intritae,

crumble), in the compound adjective it has a negative force. Many words have thus two exactly opposite meanings as infractus, (participle) broken up, (adjective) unbroken.]
:

III. 23-29.]

Alpine Campaign.
:

137

67.
to

show

that

prius quam one actual

this fact

phrase

is

often used with the indicative

denoted by post quam.

precedes another, just as succession is Here the subjunctive subordinates the

temporal clause to the main idea, just as with

cum

( 325, 327

G. 579; H. 520). 5. apertissimis campis,

i.e.

abound

in this part of the country.

sequor), overtaking in hot chase

of the western Pyrenees.

Chap. 27. dedit:

be recognized ultimae, remotest.
will

in

multa nocte, late at night (abl. of time). some of the names Et. 225. Tarbelli, &c. the modern Tarbes, Bigorre, Garonne.
:

cousectatus (intensive from Cantabris, a very hardy people

the

broad, treeless plains which

orani pacata, while all the rest Chap. 28. exacta Et. 104. Morini, &c, on the islands and low coastof Gaul was subdued. lands of Flanders and further north. The Celtic MOR signifies
:

sea.
2.

alia ac, different from.

continentes, continuous

far-stretching.

4.

longius, too far (farther than

was
in

safe).

68.
caedere
2.
. .

Chap. 29. deinceps,

:

i.e.

Et. 244.

turned towards the enemy.

conversam, pro vallo, as a

the clays next following. fronting, i.e. with the boughs

palisade.

tenerentur, were just getting within reach. ejusmodi uti intermitteretur, such that the work was constantly interrupted

{broken off would have been the tents were of leather.

3.

intermissum

sit).

sub

pellibus
Lisieux.

Aulercis,
last.

&c, along

the Seine, near

Evreux and

proxime,

The

Legions.

In

same eight legions

the Veneti, the
4 (Chap. 6 )
;

as in the year before.

the campaign of the year 56 B.C., Caesar had the During the operations against

twelfth legion was with Galba, among the Allobroges Sabinus had three legions in Normandy (Chap. II 3 ) Crassus had twelve legionary cohorts (not comprising any one entire legion, but
;

2 oeing detailed from different legions) in Aquitania (Chap. 11 ); while the rest of the army, twenty-eight cohorts (i.e. four legions, less the twelve cohorts detached under Sabinus), were engaged with Coesar.

138

Notes; Ccesar.

[B. G.

Book Fourth.

B.C. 55.

Passage of the Rhine. The year B.C. 55 appears to have been marked by a general movement in the migration of the German tribes. An advance, consisting of the two populations Usipetes and Tencteri, crowded forward by the more powerful Suevi, crossed the lower Rhine into northern Gaul. Caesar assumed the defence of the country he had just conquered, drove them back across the Rhine, followed them up by an expedition into their own territories, and fully established the supremacy of the Roman arms. Another brief campaign in Germany two years later confirmed this success, and the Rhine became the military frontier,
rian world.

recognized for many centuries, between the Roman empire and the barbaIn the common opinion of France it is to this day the natural boundary, established, as it were, in perpetuity by the arms of Julius Csesar.
PAGE

69.

Pompeio, Crasso

(the year 55 b.c.)

the

coalition

be-

tween Caesar, Pompey and Crassus, sometimes called the First In carrying out Triumvirate, had been formed five years before.
took into their
the scheme, Caesar held the government of Gaul, while the others own hands this year the whole control of affairs at

home

Usipetes, Tencteri, from (see Introd., "Life of Caesar"). beyond the Rhine, a little below Cologne.
this people (the modern Swabians) occupied the 2. Suevis greater part of central Germany, and was made up of several The name is held to mean wanderers. independent tribes.
:

premebantur, had been crowded

II.

277.

b;

G.

225;

H.

469.

2).

Chap. 12) there is probably some German institution of the Hundred, a division of the population giving its name to a district of territory. Each hundred seems to have sent 1000 men (singula milia) to the army. The term early lost its numerical value, and became a mere manserunt: Et. 358. local designation. in vicem anno post, the year after. Et. 426. 4. alunt:
3.

centum pagos

(see Bk.

I.

confusion here with the ancient

(invicem), in turn.

ratio, theoretical knowledge,

i.e.

i.e.

theory; usus,

knowledge derived from experience,

practice.

IV.

i, 2. J

Passage of

(he Rhine.

139

70i
but, &c.

privati

5-

sed

i.e.
. .

they attended
.

munities,
nations.
i.e.

of things almost universal among primitive near the end.) see Introduction, longius anno: (But the community had no fixed possessions, but was transferred
state

agri,

i.e.

to agriculture systematically, the land was held in tribal com-

yearly from one tract to another,

its place being taken by another community. As is shown in Bk. VI. Chap. 22, the community was composed of persons kindred by birth. The annual shifting of occupancy would prevent at once forming local attachments, building up large properties, and too rapidly exhausting the soil.

quom (some copies read quod) part.

is
:

frumento, &c. they were still in a half-nomadic state, though little advance in agriculture (compare Bk. VI. Chap. 22. maximam partem (adv. ace), for the most and Tac. Ger. 26).
6.
:

with some

faciant; this clause a parenthesis since, having been trained from childhood to no service or discipline, they do nothing whatever against their -will, a contrast of barbarous manners with the severity of Roman
. . .

lively

family discipline.
efficit,
7.

alit,

the subj.

is

quae

res.

homines

(pred.)

makes [them] men, &c.

locis (abl. abs., concessive) frigidisearn, correl. with ut. haberent, have; lava$\vaxe> even in their extreme climate.

rentur, bathe (imperf. by sequence of tenses following

adduxerunt

287. a\ G.

51

1.

R. 2

H. 495.

1).

Chap.

2.

eo, ut

habeant, so {on

desiderent, quam quo have [some one] to whom, &c. than that they want, &c. (For the use of quo with the implied R. G. 541. R. 1 H. 516. 2.) negative, see 341.
. .
.

this account) that they

may

importatis 11011 utuntur pretio, at high cost. deformia, illdo not import for use (lit. do not use imported) of shaped. summi laboris, [capable] of great labor (gen.
2.

impenso

quality).
3.

eodem
when

est,

there is need.
II. c.

cum usus vestigio, on the same spot (footprint). See note on Book III. Chap. 9, "The
1.

Greek word), housings, There is no evidence of the use or horse blankets (see Fig. 6). of actual saddles until the fourth century a.d. however few. importari Et. 313. 4. quamvis pauci,
Conjunction cum,"

ephippiis (a

40

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

a suis finiChap. 3. publice, i.e. to them as a community. una Suevis, extendbus, on (back from) their boundaries. agri, the ing from [the territory of] the Suevi in one direction.

region (nom. pi.).

partem: Et. 313. Ubii, along the Rhine, captus, capacity, hence character. paulo Cologne.
71.
2.
.

opposite
.
.

huma-

niores (omit the words in brackets), somewhat more civilized than the others of that race (Germans).
3. gravitatern, importance, referring to the warlike character and extensive resources of the people while amplitudinem refers to

their great

numbers.
in

humiliores (pred.),
causa, in the same

sc. so

as

to be.

Chap.
at length.
2.

4.

eadem
:

case.

ad

extremum,
the

Rhine.
3.

quas partes North Brabant, with the north bank of ad utramque ripam, along both banks. vi contendere simulaverunt to force a passage.

=
.

Et.

3774.

priusquam
5.
:

fieret,
(cattle

327

G. 579

H. 529.

eorum

copiis, on their supplies

and grain).

Chap. mobiles

infirmitatem,
379.

Et.

nihil
is

weakness of
.

purpose fickleness. committendum, no confidence

is

should be placed in them.

impersonal, while nihil

Observe that committendum (esse) an adverbial accusative.

2. est consuetudinis, it is [a point] of Gallic custom 1 H. 401). cod\ G. 365. R. vulgus circumsistat a crowd the traders, and compel, &c. surrounds With the gant, former verb, the crowd is taken as a whole with the second (in the
. .

72.

( 214.

plural), the inquisitive questioners are

3.

thought

of.

investigio, on the spot, i.e. presently (sur-le-champ). incertis Et. 69. serviant are slaves to. plerique, the travellers ; eorum, the

rebus atque auditionibus, facts and hearsays.

questioners.

maturius, earlier
now
in

Chap.

6.

graviori bello, too serious a

in the season.
III.

ad exercitumunmanageable). the army was

(i.e.
:

war

Normandy

(Bk.

Chap.

29).

IV. 3-9-]

Passage of the Rhine.

. .
.

141
the

2.

uti

discederent,
Belgae,
it

to

withdraw from

Rhine further

into Gaul.

The

will

be remembered, claimed kindred with

Germans, and were no doubt ready to retaliate their bloody defeat on the Romans. postulassent, 281, 316, 336; G. 236, should be made ready (the regular fore 2. H. parata, 525. 510; fut. infin. passive, depending on some such word as promiserunt,
the

implied in invitatos). 3. Eburonum, &c.

German

tribes (see Bk.

II.

Chap.

9).

clientes

Et. 58.

cognoverat, the facts he had learned (the subj. 4. quae cognovisset would make it an indir. question and ea would then be out of place, as quae would be interrogative. Again,
;

the

subjunctive
refers

of

characteristic

is

not

used,

as

the

facts

to

have just been mentioned, in sections 2 and 3). permulsis, calmed from their terror (lit. soothed by stroking, like a nervous horse).

which ea

Chap. 7. equitibus delectis from each of the allied states. 2. a quibus refers to locis.

the quota of cavalry

was required

piiores,

first, or,

as Hggtiessors

neque (compare the language of Ariovistus, Bk. I. Chap. 36). recusare quin, they do not decline. quicumque the antecedent
is

no quarter

eis (dat.) implied with (lit. and not beg off).

resistere. neque

deprecari,

and ask

haec tamen dicere, this however they did say [said they]. to the Romans. adtribuant, subj. in ind. disc, for imdirect. of the concedere, yield, as eos, sc. agros. perative

3.

iis,

inferior.

quorum sint, Chap. 3 injustice. &c, whose envoys (he informs them) are now with him to complain.
2.
.

verum, reasonable. Chap. 43). Ubiorum, see injuria,

14.

73.

Chap.

8.

quae visum

est, as

it

seemed good (see Bk.

2

I.

&c.

but one.

post diem tertium (=tertio die), i.e. the next day (The first and last day are usually counted in the Roman in a week.) id, the reckoning: so in French en huit jours

Chap.

9.

two days' delay (ne

moveret)

!42
2.

Notes: Casar.
trans,
i.e.

[B. G.

westwardly.

exspectari,
.

translate as active, they

were waiting for.

Chap. 10. profluit Et. 345 Vosego, the Vosges : in fact, 11 " from the French rivers. parte plateau of Langres, the cradle of recepta the Rhine branches in these low, marshy regions,
:

one branch (Vacalus, the modern Waal), uniting with the Meuse near Bois-le-duc (see note, Chap. 15). Nantuatium compare Bk. III. Chap. 1, 2. oritur: Et. 414. where they are placed upon the Rhone, just above Lake Geneva This list of names is this was perhaps a branch, or kindred tribe. nationibus feris citatus, with rapid course. incomplete. " Dutch to capitibus, introduction

see the

Motley's

Republic."

mouths (usually sources).

Chap. 11. ut erat constitutum, as had been arranged (the

return of the envoys).
Caesar's consent
is

Either this

is

omitted in Chap.

9.

a careless expression, or It is there stated merely

that they said they

would return.

eos (anteced. to qui), the cavalry who, &c condicione tatem facer et, would give authority.

74.

2.

potes.

usuros,

would keep the terms offered by Casar. illo pertinere, tended the same way (to the same point) 3. eodem to gain time till the German cavalry should (see Chap. 9), i.e. between arrive. aquationis causa a small stream (the Niers) lay

him and the German encampment.

conspexerunt, as soon as they Chap. 12. ubi primum G. c came in sight. amplius octingentos, more than 800 ( 247. 2 that this tribe 4 Tacitus 1. N. ). says 32) H. {Germ. R. 417. 311. perturbaverunt, threw into was distinguished for cavalry.
.

disorder.

ita
3.

2.

resistentibus,

sc. nostris.

subfossis,

stabbed in the

belly.

perterritos, so panic-stricken. regnum obtinuerat, had held supreme power.

intercluso

Et. 56.

75.
own

Chap. 13. neque jam, no longer

were to be trusted, cavalry (of Gauls)

knowing how little his and that the arrival of

IV. 9-I4-]
the

Passage of the Rhine.

the

143
at

main body of
iis qui,

Germans would put them

first

once to

flight,

Caesar resolved to attack at the

ab

great prestige the enemy had quibus, i.e. the enemy. gained by one battle. see Bk. I. Chap. 52 res, in apposition with 3. quaestore, eadem perfidia their mane: Et. 386. venerunt. quod
2.

from men quantum auctoritatis, how

who, &c.

opportunity, right or wrong. insidias Et. 234.

:

as the best apology for his own perfidy Caesar takes for granted, but the presence of the chiefs and old men looks more as if they
;

came
before.
4.

(as

they said) to offer amends for the attack of the day

sui purgandi: 298. a

atque, contrary to
(if

what.

si

G. 429. quid
.

R. 1
.

contra H. 542. 1. N. de indutiis whatever

;

anything) they could in the

way of

nearly the
trick.

same as the

part. gen.).

fallendo,

trttce

(de with the abl. is i.e. by another

quos oblatos 5. quos, illos, both refer to the same subject. gavisus, delighted that they were put in his power. By detaining subtheir chief men, he would at once perplex and disable them. sequi, to follow in the rear; he could not trust them in the

intended attack.

Chap. 14. acie triplici this was a march in line of battle (see quid ageretur, what was going on. Fig. 33). an ( 211 G. 460; H. 353) the three infinan 2. ne itives all belong to praestaret (Et. 175), whether it were better. in this place. quo loco 4.
:

76.

reliqua multitudo

the presence of

women and

children

mere inroad for ad quos consectandos (frequent, of sequor), to hunt plunder. them down, a fit business for the cowardly and treacherous Gallic

shows that

it

was a migration

for settlement, not a

horse.

writes that,

Referring to this massacre of helpless fugitives, Plutarch "when the Senate was voting public thanksgiving and

processions on account of the victory, Cato proposed that Caesar should be given up to the barbarians to expiate that breach of faith, that the divine vengeance might fall upon its author rather than

upon

Rome"

(Life of Caesar).

144
Chap. 15. Germani,
(Et.
28),
i.e.

Notes
i.e.

Ccesar.

[B. G.

of those

those who were fighting; clamore who were being massacred. reliqua

fuga, further flight.

are very strong against placing this action in the low lands confluence of the Rhine and Meuse (Mosa) ; among them the great crossed distance, more than 120 miles, from the place where Caesar actually

The reasons

at the

the Rhine.

It will

make

the whole narrative

much

clearer, to regard this

the Rhine and Mosella {Moselle) at (with Goler) as the confluence of this view the text has been confused In ancient the Coblentz, Confluentes. to be a note added by the likeness of the names, while Chap. 10 appears

perhaps by some geographer.

2.

ex

timore

= relieved

from

[the

apprehension of] so

gnat a war. to depart. By this per3. discedendi potestatem, permission mission Caesar practically acquits them of the charge of treachery The (compare his dealings with the Veneti, Bk. III. Chap. 16). supplicia attack and massacre were purely for "moral effect."

vengeance.

justissima, most reasonable. suis intellegerent, he wished them to fear for their own is affairs also, since they would understand, &c. (cum intellegerent

Chap. 16.
.

ilia,

the following.

here nearly equivalent to a participle).

2.

accessit qnod.

= and besides quam

.

transisse, which,

as

7>ientioned above (the conjunction that of indirect discourse cannot be used in English to introduce a relative clause). Observe

that

Caesar

the

writer uses the

is

first

Caesar the actor

of the Ubii.
3.

always in the third.

Sugambrorum, just north

to require

person

(commemoravi)

qui postularent

dederent,

them

to

surrender
;

G. 546. those who, &c. (observe the omission of ut: 331./. R. k. 8 ; H. 499. 2). finire, was the limit of (see introd. note, Bk. sui imperii (pred. se invito, without his own consent. IV.).

after esse),
4.

under

his

power.
reipublicae,
by
the

occupationibus

demands of

state

affairs.
5.

opinionem, reputation.

navium,

boats.

IV. 15-17O

Passage of the Rhine.

. .

145
to his dignity,

Chap. 17. neque

2.

esse,

it

did not belong

&c.

latitudinem, &c. Caesar's passage of the Rhine was most probably at Bonn, where the high and rocky banks begin; or at Neuwied, 20 or 25 miles further south, where there is a break in the chain of hills (but here, it is said, the bottom is rock, and not fit for
driving piles).
feet
;

The width
is

very variable. floating bridges of boats.

its

depth

of the river at either place is about 1400 It is now crossed in these parts by

3.

his

rationem, plan. The brief description which Caesar gives of rough and ready but very serviceable engineering may be made by giving
its

clearer

different points as follows (see Fig. 38)

1. pair of unhewn logs, a foot and a half thick (tigna bina sesquipeare driven with dalia), braced two feet apart, and sharpened at the end, 4 rammers (fistucis) into the bottom, sloping a little with the stream ( ). 2. A similar pair is driven in opposite, 40 feet below, sloping a little 4 the upper ends of the two pairs would thus be against the stream ( ) some 25 or 30 feet apart, the width of the roadway. Riistow thinks that the 40 feet refer to the top and not to the bottom of the piles.
:

3.

beam

30 each

feet long,
pair,

which are thus kept at a proper distance apart, while they are 5 braced against the current ( ). strongly about 60) of these trestles, or timber4. A suitable number (probably
arches, having
structure

is

of square timber, two feet thick (trabs bipedalis), and about made fast at the ends by ties (fibulis) between the logs of

been

built

and connected by

must be taken

for granted,

planks are

cross-ties,

this

part of the

then laid lengthwise of

these, again, saplings

6

the bridge (directa materia), resting on the heavy floor-timbers; and upon and twigs (longurii, crates) are spread, to prevent

the jar and wear of the

flooring
5.

carts

and hoofs of the pack-animals on the

( ).

Piles (sublica*) are then driven in below, resting obliquely against

the logs, to which they serve as shores or buttresses (pro ariete), and other heavier piles a little way above, to break the force of floating logs or

boats sent

down

to destroy the bridge ( 7 ).

pedum duorum,
4.

tigna, probably

cum

bina, two and two, i.e. in pairs. logs. between the timbers of each pair. See note on Bk. III. Chap. 9, defixerat, &c.

unhewn
i.e.

"The

Conjunction cum," II.*,

1.

machinatiombus

immissa,

146

Notes

Ccesar,

[B. G.

PONS A CASARE

IN

RHENO EACTUS

r/jIS

*eS*

33, lutnaiina.
dd,
et-silMicae.

sesyuipedalia,,

\>~b

trapes lipedaUs. CQ./iialae-.

directa. 7naleria,

ad

longuriis craliiusque> constrain.. inferiorem. partem, ftumiait pro atUte

oblique

adae

it. suiticae supra, ponlcnv unmi/sae>.

g'

CJsUllu.ni

ad caput

ponlis posilanv.

Fig. 38.

IV. 17-19]

Passage of

the Rliine.

147

lowered into the river by machines (boats fastened together in sublicae modo, like a pile. fastigate, sloping (like pairs).

the rafters of a house). forward with the current.

.
. .

ut procumberent, so as ab inferiore parte, down stream. fall

.
. .

to

distinebantur, these two sets (or pairs) 5. haec utraque were held apart by two-foot timbers laid on above, [in thickness] equal to the interval left by the fastening of the beams (quantum quibus [tignis] distabat) with a pair of ties at each end. revinctis, which being held apart, and made fast again at the opposite end, i.e. the beams held them apart, while the ties kept them from falling asunder.
. . . ,

78.
6.

artius
. .

(=

arctius), more closely.

these (the framework of timber) were covered with boards lengthwise. sublicae agebantur, piles (or shores) were driven slanting on the lower side, so as to
.

haec

contexebantur,

prop the bridge against the

current. pro

ariete, as a buttress

(abutting). 7. aliae item, other piles a little way above, to serve as a breakwater. There is nothing in the text to show whether these were

attached to the bridge or not. Colonel von Cohausen, a Prussian engineer officer, who has made a careful technical study of this
structure, thinks that they were, and that mediocri spatio refers to the bottom of the river. deiciendi operis, genitive of quality 2 H. 544. N. 2 last example), expressing purpose ( 298. R. G. 429. r.

to

throw down the work.

. .

neu

defensoribus, by these defences. nocerent, and that they (trunci, &c.) might not harm

his
;

the bridge.

tur, the histor. present,

Chap. 18. diebus decern (Et. 8), within ten days. traduciresumed from 16 1 3. hortantibus iis, &c, the few who had escaped the massacre of Chap. 15, and had taken refuge across the Rhine.
.

Chap. 19. succisis, cut down to the ground. 2. uti convenient, clause of# purpose ( 331. a; G. 546. R. H. 499) following the verbal phrase nuntios dimisisse. omnes, sc. ut. hunc, &c, this (the place of meeting) had been
.
.

selected in the midst, &c.

medium, agreeing

directly with

hunc

148
( 193; G. 324. R. phrase in medio.
3.
c
;

Notes: Ccesar.

[B. G.

decertare

H.

2 440. n. ) in preference to the adverbial Et. 69.

:

ut

liberaret, these clauses are in appos. with

rebus

iis.

79.

ulcisceretur, chastise.

rescidit, broke up.

is

The Landing
Britain,

in

Britain.

What

called the First Invasion of

though
It

it

marks an
curiosity

stimulus to

Roman

account.

was, in fact,

and gave fresh and ambition, was in itself an affair of small only meant for a reconnoissance, or, perhaps, as
interesting date in history,

opening the way

west,

to further

schemes.

Towards

the

end of summer, Caesar

sailed across to the white

cliffs

and established a camp had been weatherbound in their transports, and then, after crossing, were driven back by rough winds without even coming to land. After holding an uneasy and perilous position for about three weeks, he returned to
Gaul, without accomplishing anything beyond a barren display of hardi-

of Dover, coasted a few miles towards the on the British coast. His cavalry, meanwhile,

hood.

Chap. 20. exigua

reliqua,
it

when but

little

of the su?rimer
loc.

was

left

abb, in

ablative absolute (or the brief'remainder

might be construed as simple

of the summer;

illustrating the de-

etsi velopment of the one construction from the other). tamen contendit, though the winters are early, yet he ?nade haste to set out, &c. ad septen triones vergit, lies near the seven
.

stars (the north). 2. omnibus bellis (loc. abl.), in almost all, &c. dat. after sumministrata, furnished to the enemy. si

even if time should fail, still, &c. fore: the subject is the clause si

it

magno usui,
. . . ;

hostibus,
. . .

tamen,

dat. of service.

cognovisset, he thought

would be of great advantage

the
future
perf.

if,

&c.

the pluperfect adisset,

&c,

following arbitrabatur. [Observe in this sentence, that while Caesar's action is given in the perfect (contendit), his reasons are in the imperfect (intellegebat,

representing

adierit,

while the conditional clauses si deficeret, si adisset, are strictly future conditions carried into the past by the 3 H. 509. N. 3]. sequence of tenses, 307. /; G. 598. R. quae

arbitrabatur)

omnia,
i.e.

2 Gallis incognita, of which ( 216. e\ G. 368. R. ). to the secluded and Veneti except jealous (Bk. III. Chap. 8).

all

IV. 19-22.]

Expedition

to

Britain.

149

3.

neque enim

3 (neg. of etenim, 156. d\ G. 500. R. ), to be

rendered with
reason.

neque

quisquam, for no

one.

quicquam = and
H. 388.

nothing.
1).

tum
4.

232. a\ G. 352; Gaul. Belgic

(

Gallias,

temere, without good dat. after noiis,

i.e.

Celtic

and

vocatis mercatoribus, &c.

not, &c.

quern

he called the traders, bid could

usum = what
:

portus [Et. 296]

quanta degree of skill. these indir. questions follow reperire poterat.

. .
.

Notice that the imperfect poterat

is

used rather than potuit;

calling attention to his repeated questions to the different traders.

Chap. 21. periclum faceret, making the trial. idoneum, a navi longa, see Bk. III. Chap. 9 1 quam primum, fit person.

as soon as possible.
2. Morinos, in clear occupying the nearest point to Britain weather the British coast is in sight from these shores. quam
:

classem, the feet which

polliceantur,
to

200. b; G. 618;

H. 445.

9).

qui

promise ( 317; G. 544; H. 497), followed by dare as complem. infin. ( 330./; G. 527. R. 3 H. 537. N.), a rare use for se daturos [esse]
;
.

80.
tus.

Atrebatibus
;

4-

Commius. ibi, i.e. among the Atrebates ( 207. a; G. 613. R. 1 H. 304. III. 2). magni, gen. of indefinite value ( 215. c; G. 399; H. 404), of great account. 5. huic, indir. obj. of imperat; the dir. obj. is the whole fidem sequantur, i.e. accept the proclause, down to nuntiet. tectzofi of, or submit to. nuntiet, and tell them that seque he is coming.

people, it is posed influence of

ut permanerent, to remain, object-clause after hortasuperatis (see Bk. II. Chap. 23): the same said, occupied Berkshire in England, whence the sup-

6.

quantum

(sc.

could be given to one

1

perspexisset, had H. 495. e; G. 511. r.

;

not venture, &c. (a bit of irony). investigated : for sequence of tenses, see 287.
II.

tantum) who did

auderet, so far as opportunity

Chap.
III.

22.

superioris temporis, of the season before (see Bk.

Chap. 28).

homines

barbari

being (as they were) bar-

barians.

50
2.

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

has satis opportune, seasonably enough. anteponendas, that occupation about such little matters should be put before [the invasion of] Britain.
.
.

coactis, gathered from various quarters; contractis, brought together intcfport (at Boulogne, or possibly a few miles farther
3.

north, at Wissanf).
. . .

duas

legiones, the seventh and tenth.

quod &c, eight miles from there, at the port bantur quo minus, were detained from.
habebat,

all the galleys he

had

of Ambleteuse. tene equitibus, cavalry, of

besides.

ex

eo loco,

whom

there were 450.

81. Chap.

23.

tertia vigilia, at midnight.

idoneam tempestatem, favorable weather. The date was August 26, high water

being about half past seven p.m. the ships, therefore, would go nactus Et. 354. out at about half-tide. solvit, loosed or cast-

off the ships these were to

2.

28).

our phrase weighed anchor. equitea embark at Ambleteuse, as above. paulo tardius they sailed after a delay of three days (Chap. hora quarta, about half past eight a.m., about an hour after
:

used

like

The landing high-tide. till half past three.

3.

was near Dover, where he

i.e. cliffs

lay at anchor

montibus angustis,

coming

close to the shore.

4.

dum
. .

convenirent, until the other ships should come up

(328; G. 574; H. 519). postularent, as military science and especially seaman5. ut administrarenship require ; relat. clause following monuit
.
.

tur, enjoined that everything should be

. . .

haberent

6.

ut quae H. 517. 3. 1)), since they have, &c. his dimissis, when they were sent to their posts (observe the
done promptly.
( 320. e; G. 637
;

dispersive effect of di-).

aestum

secundum:

ancoris Et. place would run west until about half past six. litore "at Lymne in Romney marsh, where the aperto
: .

the tide in this

1.

cliffs

are far back from the beach,

and there

is

a fine shingle."

Chap. 24.
chariot.

quo

essedariis
genere,

the

sort of flying artillery.

G. 391; H. 419.
subj.

1).

copiis, abl. of accompaniment ( 248. a\ egridi, for ne or quominus with

infin.

i.e.

essedum was a two-wheeled warboth horses and chariots, making a

IV.

22-26. J

Expedition

to Britain.

militibus oppressis (taken with militibus), weighted as they were simul Et. 377. cum conicerent, while they (the Britons), &c. arido, dry ground.
2.

desiliendum)

nisi in alto, except in deep water. the men had to leap down.
,

(dat. after

insuefactos, trained
3.

to

it, i.e.

to

generis (gen.

after imperiti,

charge to the water's edge. G. 373; H. 399): 218. a

;

wholly unskilled in this sort of fighting.

32.
infantry.

pedestribus, on land, where the main strength lay with

uti,

employ or

exhibit.
:

Chap. 25. naves

(obj.
;

species,
shields.
2.

240. f. note

G. 532

of jussit, and subj. of removeri see H. 534), ordered the vessels to be set back.

appeara>ice.
res, this

inusitatior,
i.e.

quite

strange.

latus

apertum, the exposed flank,

quae

the

right,

unprotected by their
besides.

permoti, startled. mode-, just a little.

3.
is,

ac = atque,

manoeuvre.

and

paulum

is

the understood subj. of inquit. legioni, dat. of reference.

:

qui ferebat, the one who carried: the antecedent of qui contestatus, appealing to.

Et. 225. ego certe praestitero, 4. prodere rate shall have done, &c. (see 281. r; G. 236; H. 473).
.
. .

at

any

G. 212; H. 448. N.). 5. inter se, one another ( 196./; ex proximis [primis] navibus, from the universi, in a body. nearest ships (those in the front line). adpropinquarunt the

subject

is,

[those] from, &c.

1

Chap. 26. pugnatum est = they fought ( 146. c; G. 199. R. ab utrisque, strictly, by those on both sides. H. 301 1). poterant submittebat notice the numerous imperfects of this descripalius alia ex navi tion, implying repeated or continuous action. = from different ships (203. c; G. 306; H. 461. 3). quibuscumque signis, dat. after occurrebat the antecedent noun and pronoun (eis signis), if expressed, would be dat. after adgregabat.
.

The
2.

clause from

quod

to

adgregabat

is

adoriebantur [Et. 414], singulares, in scattered groups. ab latere aperto (see Chap. 25 1 ), on the exposed would attack. in universos, upon the mass. flank of the Romans.

a parenthesis.

152
3.

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

speculatoria navigia, swift, light boats for reconnoissancc. of a greenish-blue color, to Vegetius says that these were painted sails and rigging, and even the dress of those The notice. escape

on board, were of the same color. soon as. 4. simul [atque] as

,

83. quod
4 (Chap. 22 ).

hoc

equites, &c.

unum
:

they were windbound at Ambleteuse defuit " in fact, a tide of disas.

ters

was now setting

in to continue several years.

11

Chap. 27. superati Et. 225. require (quae imperaveris).

2.

oratoris

modo,

in the

praemissum, Chap. 21 character of envoy (or spokesman).

be

quern

quae imperasset, what he should

4
.

ut [sibi] ignosceretur, that [this thing] might pardoned: ignosco [Et. 120] takes a direct object of the thing, with an indirect
object of the person ( 225. c).
3.

bellum
:

intulissent

these barbarous people

might well

be pardoned

arcessitam = ivhen they should be fetched.

4.

noscere

invasion! igmistaking Caesar's expedition as an 2 for the omission of the subject, see 336. a ; G. 527. R.
for

remigrare,

to

move

back.

Chap. 28. confirmata:

.

Et. 261.

post
.

diem quartuni,

i.e.

4 three days after, naves, &c, see Chap. 22 sui (obj. gen. with periothers. 2. aliae aliae, some cum occsiBum, west. complerentur, culo), to themselves.
.
.

since they

were filling as they lay

at anchor.

adversa

nocte, in

the face of the night.

Chap. 29. eadem nocte

this

was the night of August 30; the

moon was

full

at 3 A.M.

aestus maximos, spring tides. The ocean tides, rising feet, were a strange phenomenon to those who had known only the tideless waters of the Mediterranean naves, obj. of compleverat. (compare Bk. III. Chap. 8 ). facultas, opportunity (to adflictabat (intensive), dashed about.

84.

here between 20 and 30

do a thing). 2. id quod, see

3.

200. e

G. 616. R. 2
it

H. 445.
:

7.
is

quod coustabat,

because

was

settled

the subject

opor-

IV.

26-32. J

Expedition
is

to

Britain.
to

153

tere, of

his needful.
680. R.-;

which the subj.

in locis
II.
:

hiemari, that

winter in Gaul was

;

for

the order of words, see 345. a

G.

H. 569.

plies.

hoc angustiora, so 250 G. 400 H 423 optimum, pred. agreement with frumeuto producere. duxerunt, thought. frumento commeatu, corn and other sup rem, the operations. his abs. of interclusis, condition if these should be overcome, &c. rursus, not a second clam: Et. time, but back from negotiations to
Chap. 30. principes,
is

much the smaller : hoc

in

subj. of duxerunt. abl. of deg. of dif. (

abl.

hostilities.

29.

deducere, bring down towards the coast.

uavium,y>w;/ ex eo quod, from the fact that. suspicabatur, began subsidia comparabat, made provision. pect.
2."

Chap. 31. ex eventu

what had

befallen the

shif>.\.

to sus-

ships which,

&c, the timber and bronze of those aere G. 618; H. 445. 9). the Romans used aes indiscriminately for copper and bronze. These metals were more common than iron in the Roman ships. They were employed to sheathe the rostrum, and in the spikes that materia Et. 396. held the timbers together. usui, quae
quae
. . .

naves, earum,
200.

&c. (

b\

whatever was

of use:

the

antecedent of quae

is

ea, subj.

of

comportari.

85.

reliquis

ef fecit, he

managed

so that they could sail

(navigari, impers.) tolerably with the rest.

Chap. 32. geruntur, 276. e\ G. frumentatum, to get grain (supine).

the people.
167. b\

H. 336).

ventitaret, returned from time pro, in front quam

of.
.

pars

220. R. 1

H. 467.

III. 4.

hominum, some of
to
.

time (frequent., ferret = than

.

usual.
2.

id

that some

of the

consilii, aliquid quod erat = what was the fact. ex reliquis duas, two new design was undertaken others. armari, to arm in verbs, thus used reflexively,
.
.

English prefers the active and Latin the passive form. 3. paulo longius, some little distance. premi were getting pushed, and hardly held their ground.

conferta

sustinere,

legione

(abl. abs.)

the legion

was formed

in solid square, while

'54

Notes

Ccesar.
in

[B. G.

weapons were hurled, &c.

Observe the force of Latin,

convey1

ing a description, as here, by a participial phrase. R. 4. suspicati, supposing ( 290. b\ G. 278.

H.

550. N.

).

dispersos, occupatos, while scattered, &c, agreeing with milites, incertis ordinibus (abl. abs.), because the o-overned by adorti.

ranks were unsteady.

Chap. 33. ex essedis these chariots are often represented with makes no mention. They held scythes at the axle, of which Caesar six men {essedarii) each, besides the driver (auriga), and were cum se indrawn by two horses.
:

sinuaverunt, when

they have

worked

\\ f\
I

f\

//
\

p \

\ [

/
I

//y-""V

themselves among. For perf. indie. with cum, see "The Conjunction

\\[*\z\ c^iWiztf B B B
1

cum '"
2.

V\

}'

Fi s- 39

n te n Bk iil chap 9 equitum, the cavalry of the When the essedarii had Britons. dismounted, the British line was
-

The Attach,

ivith Chariots.
,
,

, , T A A. Roman Infantry. B B B. British Cavalry.

composed horse and

latim,
T_

of

alternate

bodies

foot (see Fig. 39). v & Jy '

little
J.
;

r pau-

of

a b, &c. Course of the Chariots. of the dismounted a a, a a. Post_ Essedarii.

j).

iH^by

little

ken of above
praestant,

( 148. e H. 304. the fighting men gxpeditum re-

bb,bb.

Post of the Chariots.

ceptum, a ready
3.

retreat.
exhibit.

Caesar was

much
(see

struck with the efficiency of the German and British horse in the Chap. 12), and made it the basis of important changes

uti consuerint, clause of result following army. declivi ac praecipiti [Et. 52] loco = a steep downward slope. incitatos equos sustinere, to check their horses brevi, within a short in full gallop (infin. after consuerint).

Roman

efficiunt.

space.

86.
abl.).
2.

nostris, dat.
.
.

Chap.

34.

quibus rebus, under

these circumstances (loc.

following tulit auxilium.

.

alienum

For
3.

this force of

4.

quae praedicaverunt [Et.

arbitratus, judging it an unfavorable time. 2 see note on Bk. I. Chap. 15 continerent, so as to keep ( 319; G. 633 H. 500. I.). about. quanta ... fa.

alienum

10],

bragged

IV. 3--37J

Expedition

to

Britain.
(indir. question

155
fol-

cultas daretur, what opportunity was offered

lowing demonstraverunt).

Chap. 35. ut effugerent

,

effugerent, would escape : the future fore) namely, that if, &c. is from the effect of fore. equites triginta these signification few cavalry would be of no service in an engagement, but only in

(in

appos. with idem, the subj.

of

pursuit.

To

chase and cut

down

the beaten

army was considered

an essential part of the battle. much ground ( 257. b; G. 387; H. 3. tanto spatio, over as
379- 2 )-

die aequinoctii, the stormy Chap. 36. duplicavit: Et. 231. season (Sept. 24). " Caesar had therefore been nearly a month in Britain, without being able to advance a mile from the shore."
III. estimates that the return to Gaul occurred Sept. 11 This would make the stay about three weeks. hiemi, &c, thought the voyage ought not to be exposed to foul weather.

Napoleon

or 12.

reliqui

eosdem portus, the same ports with the others: masc. (by syuesis) as referring to milites some editions have reliquae [naves]. paulo infra: "the west current sets in on the French coast,

87.

2.

is

while that to the east

is still

running in mid-channel."

Chap. 37. expositi, landed.

statement we

circiter

trecenti

From

this

may make a

men
his

in a full legion.

pretty close estimate of the number of Caesar tells us that he had 80 transports for

By the storm 12 ships were lost. These 12 were probably transports, as they were at anchor, and hence more exposed to danger. That would leave 68. From the two that were At that rate, separated from the fleet, about 300 men were landed. in the 68 ships there must have been 10,200 men. As the legions
were without heavy baggage, there would have been no servants
excepting for the officers. Allowing for these, and for the number of officers in the general staff, there would remain not much less than 5000 men in each legion. see thus that Goler's estimate

two legions.

We

of 4800, as the normal

truth.

non

number

in the legion,

ita

magno,

not very large.

numero

was not
:

far

from the

Et. 360.

56
2.

Notes
orbe
:

Casar.

[B. G.

entirely
officers
3.

the circle was formed by a small body of troops when surrounded by the enemy. It was generally hollow, with
in the centre.

and baggage

horis, abl. of comparison construction would be horas.

4.

with ampliua

a more

common

postea

quam =

as soon as.
:

see 75. c\ G. 195. 5; H. 130. 2. 2 the tempestates of superiore anno, see Bk. III. Chap. 20" Chap. 34 were apparently merely gusty weather without rain. compare end of Bk. II. 3. supplicatio
:
:

Chap. 38. siccitates

The

Romans, and so too

crossing of the Rhine had strongly impressed the minds of the the passage into Britain, though in fact a failure.

This unprecedented thanksgiving of 20 days we must remember, however, was voted by Caesar's own party, who now held all the offices, and who would wish to cover up the impression of any ill success. In fact, though

he had added nothing

to

Roman

power, he had opened a new world to

Roman

ambition.

The
under

Legions.

In

the campaign of the year 55

B.C.,

Caesar

had

still

his orders the eight legions before

mentioned.

How many

of these

were engaged in the expedition against the Germans we do not know. Legions VII and X composed the detachment with which Britain was reconnoitred (Chap. 25 s , Chap. 32 1 ).

V. i.J

Second Invasion of Britain.

S7

Book Fifth.
been only a rtconnoissance.

B.C.

54.

Second Invasion of Britain. The landing of the previous year had

and occupation.

The

earlier part of the season

Ctsar now determines upon a regular advance was chiefly taken up with
1

naval preparations, the ships being apparently (Chap. 5 ) built on the inland streams, and the rigging and outfit brought from Spain (Chap. I 3 ), which was considerably in advance of Caul in civilization, abounded in
metals, and, in particular, furnished the esparto, or Spanish grass, whose Csesar sails (by the reckoning long, tough fibre made the best of cordage.

of Napoleon III.)

on the 20th of July from Portus

Itius, at or

near

Boulogne, drifting first with wind and tide some distance to the N.E., then returning to the locality of his former landing (Chap. 8 3 ).

88.
to

Chap.
1
,

1.

L.

Domitio, &c.

The

consuls entered on their

;

office Jan.

have
.

according to the official calendar the real date appears been Dec. 12. Caesar's visit to Italy was probably later.
. .

naves
(hend).

curarent, have
I.

vessels

See note on Bk.

Chap.

13.

modum

built and the old ones repaired.

formamque,

style

of build

2. subductiones, hauling ashore : they were not left at anchor. 5 H. 130. 2.) Com(For the plural form, see 75. c; G. 195. R. haul naves to and subducere, deducere, to haul ashore, pare
;

nostro i.e. Mediterranean. See Chap. 2 1 magnos seems to refer to the smooth ocean swell, com" id, pared with the angry chopping seas" of the Mediterranean.

down,

i.e.

to launch.

minus
sc.

368. 3. n. 1). The 3. actuarias, driven by oars as well as sails, hence swift. Gallic ships, it will be remembered, did not use oars. See Bk. III.

facit (206. c\

H.

Chap. 14

6 humilitas as compared with the high-banked galleys. These of Caesar had only one bank of oars. armandas, rigging
. :

(see above).

89.
held
in

4-

same name

is

conventibus, proconsular or provincial courts ; the given to the districts. These courts were regularly
winter

the

(compare
all

Bk.

I.

Chap.

54).

Illyricum

Caesar's province included

to the N.E. as well as

N.W. from

58

Notes

CcBsar.

[B. G.

a tribe long allied with Rome, inhabiting the civitatibus, 225. c\ G. 347; H. 384. 2. certum, designated (cerno) observe the passive meaning.
Italy.

Pirustis:

valley of the

Drina.

6. 7.

percepta, listened
arbitros, umpires

to attentively.
;

litem,

amount of damages.
237. d\ G. 330; phrase qualifies instructas.
rollers to the water.

Chap. H. 372.

studio,

2.

2.

circuitis,

having inspected: see

this

&c.
lit.

abl.

deduci, launched ;

" hauled down " on

:

Boulogne, Wissant or Ambleteuse, no 3. Itium (see above) matter which (compare Bk. IV. Chap. 23). triginta a little less than 28 English miles.

4. Treverorum, a tribe reckoned as Gauls or Celts (see Bk. VIII. Chap. 25), but believed to be, in part at least, of German Their chief origin, and giving their name to the modern Treves.

town {Augusta Treveroruni) was long the chief seat of Roman concilia, assemblies, held by a provpower in Northern Gaul.

ince or confederacy for consultation or law-making.

Caesar appears

have organized such assemblies under his Gaul after its conquest. veniebant, &c.
to

tense.

dicebantur
1.

own
:

authority in Belgic notice the imperfect

;

for the personal form, see 330. b

G. 199.

3; H. 534. i.n.

Chap.

3.

ut supra demonstravimus, Bk.

2. alter, the latter, Cingetorix. suos, i.e. clansmen, retainers, &c. Cingetorix offers to bring his nation under Roman authority on condition of ruling them himself as a subject or " friend " of

III.

Chap.

1
.

Rome.
hilly and forest region makes the and the Netherlands, and is the seat of the famous Belgian iron-mines. medios, see 193; G. 287. R. H. 440. N. 1.

90.

3-

Arduennam

this

natural frontier between Gaul

ita-que, judgment.
fut
. . .

5.

laberetur, fall off (from obedience).

and

in

consequence.

imprudentiam, se permissurum,
that, &c.

ill-

to

under his protection.

4.
.

Chap.
3.

omnibus
. .

comparatis, now

cum

intellegebat, considered on the one hand.

(See

V. i-7]

Second Invasion of Britain.

59

"The Conjunction Cum," note on Bk. III. Chap. 9.) merito ejus = as he fairly deserved (see 253 G. 398 H. 424). fuisminui, in appos. with id factum. qui 4. suam set = while, &c. (see 320. e G. 637; H. 515. III.). dolore,
;

grievance.

ships were built here, probably, for convenience of timber; they were low and of light draft (Chap. 1), and proved too frail for the Channel, waters (Chap. 10; compare Bk. III. Chap. 9,

Meaux.

91. Chap. The

5.

2.

in

Meldis

these were on

the

Marne, near

where sturdier

craft are built

abl.

upon the
;

Loire).

milium limits equitatus. of specification 3. cum H. 425. 2). loco, in the condition ( 254. a\ G. 385. r. abesset, while he should be away (a fut. cond. following
numero,
;

verebatur).

Chap. 6. Dumiiorix he appears to have been kept four years under close surveillance (see Bk. I. Chap. 20, end). 2. neque audebant, and yet dared not. G. 541 H. 516. II. religi 341. d. R. 3. timeret, diceret
: . .

onibus, by religions scruples.

4.

sollicitare

territare

of these three infinitives.

causa, purpose.

esse

notice the different construction

fieri ut, it

was com-

ing to pass that, &c.

5.

ex

usu, to the advantage.

intellexissent
:

here represents

the fut. perf. of direct discourse.

Chap.

7.

quod

statuebat

the severity to

Dumnorix was

proportioned to the favor and consequence granted to his State.

92.
G. 278.
wind.
mills

commoratus,
;

i.e.

omnis
on
this

R.

H.

550.

N.

1).

290. delay (compare during Corus (or Caurus), the north-west

the

temporis, every season of the

year

the wind-

coast had their sails set permanently to the

N.W.

(Moberly). the milites were the legionary infantry. 3. milites equitesque neglexisset the tense depends on 4. pro sano, rationally. arbitratus, which is, however, present in meaning (see note on
:

commoratus)

160

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

enim = in point of fact. 5. liberum, &c. Caesar takes no He had no authorpains to conceal the violence of his own acts. ity over Dumnorix except that of the stronger.
Chap. 8. 2. pari quem, the same sub sinistra Africo, the south-west wind.
.
. . .

as

(i.e.

2000).

i.e.

he had drifted to

the north-east (see map).

Caesar weighed anchor at sunset (about 8 P.M.). A gentle breeze was then blowing from the S.W.; but at the same time a tidal current was Under the impulse of these two forces, the setting totvards the S.W.

kept a north-westerly course until about midnight. The wind then died down, and the current also began to set in the opposite direction With this current the Romans drifted, and at dawn the British (N.E.).
fleet

on their left. They had passed by (relictam) the North But at about Foreland, and were drifting farther away from the land. this time (5 A.M.) the tide changed, and the current again began to flow towards the S.W. With its help, and that of the oars, the fleet now
coast appeared

began to move towards the land, aiming to reach the same point that had been found in the previous expedition to be the most convenient for
debarking.
4.

Here they arrived

at

about noon (Goler).

too,

gravibusque = and

that,

heavy-laden.

navigiis,

abl.

of means.

93.

5-

accessum
is

tinis, those built the

year

est: the landing was at Romney. annosui commodi, sc. causa; or, before.

commodi

a genitive of purpose.

Chap. 9. cohortibus decern, i.e. 2. flumen the Stour, which flows bury, forming at its mouth the Isle north bank is higher ground than the 4. testudine facta et aggere
:

two from each legion.

north-easterly through Canterof Tha.net. superiore the

opposite.
.
.

adjecto

the rapidity with which this agger was completed, it is evident was not the elaborate structure required in attacking more formidable defences, as described in the note on Bk. II. Chap. 12. We
that
it

From

may

also infer that the British stronghold

to

was only rudely

:

method of attack seems

have been as follows

fortified.

The

The men
3
ft.

in

each

file

between the

files;

stood close together, but with a space of about excepting, of course, in the front rank, where the

V. 7 _I2

Second Invasion of Britain.

solid.

161
of

formation would be

This

first

rank held their shields in front

them.
to the

The
file.

other shields were held overhead, the length at right angles Thus between each two files a protected space, 3 ft. wide,

and fagots. This through which workmen could carry brush soldiers the kept mounting, stepping alternately to being rapidly piled, was filled and the place where they were right and left, as the clear space time the testudo was on a level standing was needed. Thus in a short Then a rush drove of the wall, and the ditch was filled up. with the was
left,

top

the

enemy

easily

from

their works,

and the position was taken.

Chap. 10. tripartite

roads.

i.e.

in three columns, following different

Chap. 11. sic, &c. i.e. true to the extent that, &c. fabros deligit a certain number of carpenters (Jabri lignaThe the engineer corps of the army. rii) was always attached to use of deligit, however, seems to imply that there were too few for the present emergency, and hence there were selected from the ranks a sufficient number of men skilled in such work.

94.
2.

3.

subduci, drawn up on the beach.

See note on Chap.

I 2.

4.
5.

eodem

i.e.

to the British defences

on the

Stour.

a mari, from Caesar's place of landing. The distance is reckoned, not in a straight line, but by the roads, as the army marched. intercesserant " The brave and cautious 6. huic
.
.

prince Cassivellaunus \Caswalloii\ who ruled in what is now Middlesex and the surrounding district, formerly the terror of the Celts to
. : ,

the south of the

Thames, but now the protector and champion of

" the whole nation

(Mommsen).
:

Chap. 12. natos in insula they were not, however, indigenous, but a Celtic population following an earlier Iberian race. iis nominibus for example, Atrebates and Belga.
:

building are

to the Gallic customs of V. Chap. 43 1 and Bk. VI. Chap. 303 nummo aereo this doubtful phrase is found in some good authorities, in the very doubtful form aureo. plumbum album: Caesar it is mistaken in placing tin-mines inland and iron on the coast
3-

95.

Gallicis

brief references

made
:

in Bk.

62

Notes:

Ccesar.

[B. G.

in the arts,

was just the other way. He does not say whether iron was used which would imply a pretty advanced civilization. another error the beech and fir 4. fagum atque abietem
:

are both native to Britain.

animi,

fancy.

frigoribus, seasons

of

cold.

Chap. 13. 2. ad Hispaniam, &c. For this crude geography compare Tacitus (Agric. 34), who says that Ireland is between Britain and Spain. atque, as, 156. a; G. 646; H. 554.

1. 2. N.

3.

Mona,

the Isle

of Man.
:

Tacitus, apparently, gives this

name

to Anglesea.
4.

ex aqua mensuris

the clepsydra, or water-clock, measured

time by the dropping of fixed measures of water through a small pipe, or aperture.

Chap. 14.

2.

interiores: the ruder barbarians here described

are probably represented by the later Picts, whose been thought to denote their woad-staining.

name

{pictis)

has

"A

painted coat King Vortigern had on, Which from a naked Pict his grandsire won."

3.

parte, 251

G. 402; H. 419.

II.

uxores habent, &c. This rude and early nucleus of was founded upon the intermarriage of several brothers to each other's wives in a group, and of several sisters to each But the term brother, as here used, other's husbands in a group. included the first, second, third, and even more remote male connections, all of whom were considered brothers to each other, as we consider own brothers" (Morgan's "Ancient Society"). One effect of the arrangement was a great check upon population,

96.

4-

the clan

' '

an important point with all for ad quos ( 207. a G. 613.

;

barbarians. quo
R.
1
;

H.

(adv.) here stands 304. II. 3. N.).

Chap.

15.

essedarii: see Bk. IV. Chap. 33.

his,

fuerint,

287.

c.

with Rem.; G. 513; H. 495. VI.

3.

atque

best soldiers.

and these, too. primis the first cohorts had the See note on the " Relative Rank of the Centurions,"
:

V.

12-19]
I.

Second Invasion of Britain.

163

Bk.

Chap. 40.

per

medios,

i.e.

through the interval between

the two cohorts.

Chap. 16 3
understood

(abl.

cedentibus et insequentibus, agreeing with eis Whether adabs.), referring to the Britons.

vancing or retreating, the islanders were equally formidable. It will be observed that the Britons 4. stationes, supports.

showed considerable military skill, and that their mode of battle somewhat resembled that of the Romans themselves. They used an open and flexible array, rather than the dense masses (p/iatanges) of the Gauls and Germans.

97.
the

Chap. mouth of
:

18. the

uno loco: somewhere between Brentford and Wey. The details of Caesar's march are here

as Mr. Long thinks, he went by the passage of the Mole through the chalk hills at Dorking. 2. sudibus these defences, or palisades, have been thought to be indicated by the local name Cowey Stakes, near the junction of the Wey with the Thames. These, however, were at right angles
uncertain
:

with the bank, as if piles for a bridge the text were driven in along the bank
water.
4.

one

while those spoken of in of the rows at low

infantry, a ford should not be

capite solo, a most hazardous depth. By the rule for modern more than three feet deep. But, says

Merivale,

" the swimming and fording of

rivers

regular exercises of the

to his chin in water, he

Roman

legionary.

were among the Though immersed up

was expert in plying his hatchet against the stakes which opposed his progress, while he held his buckler Behind him over his head not less steadily than on dry land.
a constant storm of stones and darts was impelled against the enemy from the engines which always accompanied the Roman armies."

description
easily over
2.

Chap. 19. locisque impeditis ac silvestribus from this we must infer that the British chariots were very narrow, to pass through the forest roads and had very high wheels, to go
:

rough ground.
. . .

cum

ejecerat.
II. c.
1.

See note on

Bk.

III.

Chap.

9,

"The

Conjunction

Cum,"

64

Notes
:

C&sar.
Essex.

[B. G.

Chap. 20. Trinobantes

in

Imanuentius Ciunaloduiium, now Colchester. found in later Mss., and is not given in Nipperdey's
:

Their

chief
:

place

was
is

this
text.

name

this defection of Mandubracius was soon 2. qui praesit lowed by the break-up of the Briton confederacy.

fol-

Chap. 21. Icani, &c.

petty
2.

These
the

populations thought to be the modern St. Albans.

of

oppidum vicinity.

local

names vaguely hint

at

the
:

Cassivellauni

oppidum, &c.

The

Britons, like the Germans, did not live

in towns, but

attack.

used these strongholds simply for defence against cum: see note on Book III. Chap. 9, "The Conjunction

Cum,"

II. c. 1.

99). Chap. 22. regionibus implying that Kent (Canthwt) was divided into four recognized military commands. Caesar had now apparently been 4. neque multum aestatis.
:

(compare Chap. 23). The dates and return are July 22 and Sept. 24; or, by the reformed calendar, July 20 and Sept. 21. extrahi, protracted, i.e. wasted. Besides, Caesar had just learned
in

Britain

about two months

III.

assigned by Napoleon

for his sailing

the

dissolution of the triumvirate,

death of his daughter Julia, Pompey's wife, threatening the and giving him strong reason for
left

wishing to be nearer home. vectigalis this was mere form, as no means were
:

to enforce

the tribute.

Fresh Risings of the Gauls.

paign are

The

remaining events of
by

this

camto

among

the most critical of the entire Gallic war, and

show

what extreme
and
fruitless

peril Caesar

had exposed

his conquests

his nearly idle

out, in very

As

expedition across the Channel. They serve, besides, to bring relief, the personal qualities of his several lieutenants. a series of episodes, this Book is, in fact, the most interesting of the

marked

eight.

ani,

24. Samarobrivae, the chief town of the Atnbialiter ac i.e. whose name is found in the modern Amiens. not where supplies were most abundant, but where there was chief

100. Chap.

danger of disturbance.

V. 20-29.]

Second Invasion of Britain.

165

2.

Q. Ciceroni, the younger brother of the orator, and a

man

of harder temper. He had joined Caesar's army the present year, and taken part in the expedition to Britain. This was the 15th legion. trans Padum, 3. proxime, latest.

i.e.

from

Rome

to the north.
:

Chap. 25. restituerat this act of " restoring" chiefs exiled by the democracy of the tribes was peculiarly odious, as here appears. 2. auctoribus, either at their instigation, or at any rate with
their full consent.

101. Chap. 26. diebus

&c.

praesto, in attendance
:

quibus, within a fortnight after, Induupon, as obedient subjects.

.

tiomari
Chap.
3.
4.

for the

bitter offence

given him by Caesar, see above,

aliquis ( 104, 105. d; G. 105;

aliqui

the usual form

is

H.

190. N. 2).
11

Chap. 27. eques, a knight, a member of the " equestrian order, the commercial aristocracy of Rome. The word is used in English abstractly, 3. imperia, sovereignty
.

referring to all cases

while in Latin each sovereignty

is

regarded

as a separate imperium.

102.
5.

4-

humilitate, weakness.
1 '

alterae, dat. (notice the form).

9,

Chap.
6.

cum: see note on Bk. III. " The Conjunction Cum, II. a. 2. pro pietate pietas implies the love of a child to a parent
:

here, of course, to his native land.

his duty.

conductam, hired, or subsidised.

2.

rationem

officii

regard

to

as the two legates had \\ legions under the council of war contained, besides the legates, 9 military tribunes, and either 9 or 6 centurions, according as the half legion did or did not include the first cohort. Thus there were
their

Chap. 28.

consilium:

command,

in the council either

20 or 17 persons.

29. proximis, close at hand. the direct discourse would have cepissent, and for venturos esse, venirent.
2.

103. Chap.

fuisse capturos

66
3.

Notes
auctorem, as
blaze.

Cczsar.

[B. G.

is

in a

the informant. spectare, Ariovisti mortem he had,

:

sc.

se.

ardere,
R.
;

however, escaped

after the battle (Bk.

4.

Chap. 53). persuaderet: for the form of question, see

I.

338.

G.

468; H. 486.

II.

Chap. 30.
onibus.

primis

ordinibus

= primorum

ordinum

centuri-

104.
gives in
4.
.

pronuntiatur,

Chap. 31.

2.

dat manus
the.

order

is

(a formal sign of surrender), given out.

ut quibus, &c. ( 320. e, 230; G. 637, 208; H. 515. III., longissimo the line of march was very long, 384. 5), as if, &c. and consequently very weak.
:

Chap. 32. convallem

<v.

(sink of course the

Romans were

a valley enclosed on all sides. at a disadvantage.

In this

105.

Chap. 33. providisset

:

for the subj. see 341.

d\ G.

see note on Bk. IV., Chap. 37. A modern army would form a hollow square. The circle was hollow, having room within for the higher officers, the non-combatants, the

636; H. 517. orbem 3. in

wounded, &c.

Chap. 34. existimarent, for imperat. of direct discourse ( 339 G. 655; H. 523. III.). 2. et virtute et numero, abl. of cause.
3.

ad signa recipientes

the standards were fixed in the ground,

thus indicating the alignment of the circle.

Chap. 35. cum excesserat, as often as, &c, equivalent to a general condition ( 309. c\ G. 585; H. 521. II. 1, with last example; also see "The Conjunction Cum," note on Bk. III.
. . .

recipi: "recipe ferrum was the cry to a gladiator who Chap. 9). was not to be spared " (Moberly) duxerat as he had been chief centurion the year 4. qui
. . . . :

before,

we

infer that

he was

now

serving in the corps of veterans

called evocati.
.

See Bk. VII. Chap. 65.

:

Chap. 37 3 ululatum

such a

yell

of triumph

is

described by

V. 29-40.]

Second Invasion of Britain.

12, 43)
:

167

Ammianus (XVI.

" It

began with a low humming, growing

gradually louder and louder, until it was like the thunder of the waves, when they crash on a rocky shore."

(07. Chap. 38. neque noctem neque diem intermittit. Ambiorix marched only one night and one day. More than that would have been expressed by nocturnis diurnisque itineribus
(cf.

Bk.

(Bk. II. Chap. 28) that the Nervii were almost utterly exterminated (prope ad inter necionem From this it is inferred that "he redacti) three years before.
2.

I. Chap. 38). in Nervios. Caesar had said

correct

wrote his Commentaries at the time of the events, and did not them afterwards" (Long). Or they may have been drawn

up from his despatches to the Senate, which were sent at the close of each campaign (Roscher). See note on Bk. II. Chap. 1. interfici render by two verbs, to be sur3. oppressam
. . .
:

prised and slain

( 292. R.

G. 667. R.

1
;

H. 549.

5)=

Chap. 40.
of the

2.

turres

these " were open at the sides and behind,

solidly timbered towards the

enemy, and their object was, like that bastion, to shorten the length of wall to be occupied by the defence" (Moberly). Others think that their use was to give the soldiers a still higher position from which to throw their

modern

missiles.

In this case,
9,

Bk. VIII. Chap.

stories,

if made like those described by Pansa in they would have been of not more than three

or perhaps

platform,

30 ft., high. Each story was floored with a on which the soldiers stood. The front and sides of

each platform were protected by a parapet (loricae) of hurdles, to the height of about 4 ft. Above this projected a sort of battle-

ment of stakes {pinnae),

at intervals, through

or of hurdles standing erect, with spaces

which the spears were hurled. The structure was square, of about 10 ft. on a side. Of these towers it appears that on the first night only the framework was erected. On succeeding nights they were completed.

108. 3- muralium pilorum, long pikes, to defend the wall. contabulantur, floored with plank. Possibly also the towers were connected by galleries, one for each story.

68
Chap. 41.
3.

Notes
nihil
;
.

C<zsar.

[B. G.

recusent:
to

but not subjects

force.

they only refuse

i.e. they will be friends, admit a standing military

Chap.

42.
ft.
.
.

fossa
deep.
.

pedum quindecim
See note on Bk.
I.

ditch

15

ft.

wide

would be 11 2. nulla
abs.).

Chap. 49.

manibus
and

copia = having no supply, &c. (a sort of abl. exhaurire, to take up with sagulisque
. .

the hands

[carry] in the cloaks.

II.
1.

case of zeugma, Gr. p. 298

G. 690; H. 636.

(09.

3-

quindecim

probably an error, as a circuit of 15 miles

;

seems out of the question

perhaps

hooks, for tearing down the wall. testudines, wooden galleries or sheds, to protect the undermining (see Fig. 26). Chap. 43. casas, the huts of the encampment, thatched with
straw.
2.

pedum,

or quinque.

falces,

clamore

see note

on Chap.

2>7

3-

110. Chap. 44. 2. locum, opportunity. Chap. 45. 2. a prima obsidione, at the beginning of

the siege.

HI. Chap. 46.

Montdidier.

milia

passuum xxv,
sciret

i.e.

from Amiens to

Chap. 47.

4.

quos
.
.

= cum

eos sciret.

veritus

ut,

33i/;
5.

G. 552; H. 498.
.

III. n. 1.

quanto

esset, indir. quest,

depending on the verb of

telling implied in litteras remittit.

Chap. 48. opinione, expectation.

The Gauls were i.e. in Greek letters. Greek characters (Bk. I. Chap. 29; Bk. VI. Chap. 14). According to Polyaenus the despatch contained " Caesar to Cicero. Be of good courage. Expect merely the words,
\\2.
4-

G-raecis litteris,

well acquainted with the

aid."
5.

amentum

the

amentum was

a small strap fastened to the

middle of a light spear. By its use the spear could be thrown twice as far as without it, as has been proven by experiment.

V. 4'-5 8 -]

Second Invasion of Britain.

;

169

biduo, within two days ( 256; G. 392 H. 429). recitat he read it through (to himself), 7. perlectam and then recited it aloud in the assembly of the soldiers.
6.
.

1 1

3. Chap.
this

49.

2.

Galium
:

repetit, asks again for the Gaul.

6.

milium septem
was
i.e.

and

the legions averaged, then, 3500 men each, less than the normal strength. The latter was quite

likely at least 4800.

viarum,
Bk.
I.

See note on Bk. IV. Chap. 52. angustiis narrow paths or streets within the camp. See note on

Chap. 49.
3.

Chap. 51.

nemo,

not a

man

(emphatic by position).
:

||4. Chap. 52. 3. pro ejus merito Cicero's admirable conduct here receives as high praise as it was Caesar's habit to give anybody. this word occurs nowhere else in any classical 4. laetatio
:

author.

Chap. 53.

3. trinis, see

ad exercitum manere,
for political reasons, to

G. 95. r. 2 H. 174. 2. 3. 95. b contrary to his usual course, which was,

; ;

keep in near communication with

Italy.

115.

6.

longius,
2.

sc.

quam

(as after plus,

minus, amplius).

Chap. 54.
5.

adventu

(loc. abl.)

to be

adeo (emphatic), in fact. ei, nom. praeferebantur, used held superior. The old terror of the Gallic name was, indeed,

at the time of, &c.

rather confirmed by the ferocity of the hostility which Caesar met, especially in Britain, where his two legions had been cut down to

"

scarcely 7000

men

''

(Chap. 49).
rising
for

116. Chap. 56. ultro veniri, a spontaneous

support.
4.

his

Senonibus, Carnutibus, Sens and Chartres.

117. Chap. 58.

neu vulneret.

The
enlisted

mora reliquorum, by waiting Legions. In the year 54 probably

B.C.,

3.

praecipit refers to peterent

interdicit to

to attack the others.

in

the spring, Caesar

one new legion, the 15th. The 14th was divided. Five of its cohorts were scattered, the men being used to fill up the depleted ranks of the other legions. Thus Csesar had in all eight and a half legions
under arms.
legion

Of

these,

fifteen

cohorts

(legion

XV

and

five

cohorts of

XIV) were

destroyed with Sabinus.

70

Notes ; CcBsar

[B. G.

Book
Second Passage of the
bootless return from Britain,

B.C. Rhine. The

Sixth.
Gauls

53.

last

campaign, including the

division of Sabinus, as a

and the slaughter of the

at least as

must have been

in the eyes of the

good

drawn

battle,

and have given them fresh hope in the struggle. The strength of their resistance was in the north and east, where they had the support of raids a falling back on barbarism which it was espefrom across the Rhine,

Hence the policy to check by a daring blow. cially the business of Caesar It may be borne in mind of this new, but idle, advance into Germany.
that this

defeat

campaign was the more critical, as following closely upon the and destruction of the Roman armies under Crassus in the East.
1.
viz. the desertion of Dumnorix, multis de causis and Sabinus, and the sudden revolt led by Indu:

Chap.

the loss of Cotta

tiomarus (see above).

2.

dilectum,

i.e.

in Italy.

consul B.C. 55. He was now six with of Spain, legions but remained in nominally proconsul It was at this time that he Italy, ruling his province through legati.

proconsule

Pompey had been

built his great

wooden amphitheatre in Rome, capable of holding ad urbem (not in urbe) as long as he was 30,000 spectators. in military command (cum imperio), he might not enter the city

which in such case had only been done by Sulla. reipublicae causa, the superintending of the corn supply {cura annonae). But Pompey and Cisalpina Gallia, Caesar's own province. Crassus had received authority to raise troops where they pleased, and in whatever number. The jealousies arising from this transfer consulis roof troops had fatal consequences afterwards.

gavisset
it

the verb rogare

is

used of the magistrate

who

puts a

"asks" the people if they will commander who demands of his (jubeatisne ?) accept men whether they will be bound to him by oath. The genitive the oath (consults') indicates the magistrate or officer who imposes on the part of the soldiers the expression would be, in verba
proposed law to vote;
literally,
;

also of a

consulis jurare. juberet follows petit the antecedent (eos) of quos, above.

(sc.

ut)

its

object being

VI.

-4. J

Second Passage of the Rhine.

Galliae, reputation

171
gen.).

3.

opinionem

videri, be seen

adaugeri refers not to damage (not seem). (delrimenti), but to Caesar's forces (implied). [This linking of different subjects under one construction is called zeugma.']
4. amicitiae: Caesar and Pompey were still openly friends, though by the recent death of Julia (Caesar's daughter and Pompey's wife), as well as by the death of Crassus, the political coalition which united them was dissolved, and an open rupture soon

in

Gaul

(subj.

"

"

followed. The legion now forwarded to Caesar was demanded back two or three years later. duplicat: 15 cohorts were lost under Titurius. The three legions now received of course had 30.

The new

legions sent by

Pompey were known

;

as the 1st

and 3d.

Another, raised by Caesar, was the 14th taking the same number as the legion the half of which had been lost under Titurius at

Aduatuca.
to
fill

The

other half,

it

will

be remembered, had been used

up the other depleted legions.

119. Chap. 2. In the details of this chapter, notice the formidable appearance, but the really long, weak and broken line of
the Gallic confederacy.

Chap.

3.

Nerviorum

after its triple extermination.

the vitality of this tribe praeda, as booty ;

is

remarkable,
(referring to

ea

magno

numero) agrees by attraction with the appositive, 195. d\ G. 202. R. 5 H. 445. 4. 2. ut videretur: it seems more reasonable to read ne
.

by Carlyle Mudtown) the which was a place of no importance until its occupation as a royal town by the Franks in a.d. 502. The original place of meeting had probably been Samarobriva (Amiens) This was a 3. civitatera conjunxerant, i.e. with the Senones. close political union, not a mere military league hoc (foedus).
(translated
:

instead of ut.

Lutetiam

first

mention

in history of Parts,

consilio, the

hac

re, the

new confederacy (compare Bk. VII. Chap. 75). removal to Lutetia. pro suggestu, in front of the

to

platform ; i.e. by public announcement, not special notification the commanders.

Chap.
ing to

4.

conantibus

(sc. iis, abl. abs.),

while they were attempt-

effect the gathering.

72
2.

Notes
fide, protection

Ccesar.

[B. G.

Romans.

libenter, &c.
:

(implied by the act of trust), i.e. of the But Acco was afterwards put to death
;

see Chap. 44.

120. 3- equites the cavalry of the furnished by the subject-aflies.

Roman

armies was wholly

Chap. 5. Cavarinum, a chief appointed at Caesar's dictation, and odious to his tribe (Bk. V. Chap. 54). Hence his animosity (iracundid) against the State which had driven him into exile. meruerat, implying a harsh and tyrannical rule.

2.

pro explorato

ascertained.

venisse, understand eum (Ambiorix). 4. haec auxilia, i.e. both the Menapii and the Germans. lacesseret, subj. of relat. clause following existimabat.
3.

Chap.

6.

tripartita

in three

columns, on different roads.

121. Chap.
247.tr; G.
really the

7.

311.K. 4; H. 417.

via, abl. of distance, understanding quam ( 1. N. 2). cognoscunt,

cum

main

proposition.
9.

See

"The

Conjunction

Cum,

1 '

note

on Bk. 2. a

III.

Chap.

impediments, i.e. the greater part of (adverbial), away. He took a baggage-train with him (Chap. 8 3 ), the heavy baggage.

probably merely what was necessary. 3. flumen, probably some stream flowing into the Meuse (Afosa), spes, their (the Treveri) hope. perhaps the Alzette. castra mo4. pa.la.ra, freely or openly, but not in set speech.

turum, feigning
5.

flight (see below Chap. 6, 7). natura, their natural attachment to their own land.

Chap.

8.

cum

see note

on Chap.

1
.

122.
4.

3-

imperatori
i.e.

Caesar,

who

alone had the iniperinm, or

military authority.
dirigi,
to

be

formed and
is

aligned
ellipsis

only the latter meaning.

5.

impetum

There modo, the mere

an

dirigo properly has of instrui et.

onset.

6.

recepit, recovered to obedience (compare Bk. V. Chap. 2-5). auxilio, dat. of service.

VI. 4-"-]

Second Passage of the Rhine.

eos,
:

173
Germans).

7.

comitati

in

company with

them (the

demonstravimus
Chap.
2.

see Bk. V. Chap. 3 and 56.

sc. Germani, implied in trans Rhenum. little above, or to the south, "apparently a supra, paulum nota ratione = on the plan already tried and near A/idemac/i." approved (compare Bk. IV. Chap. 17).

9.

miserant,

123.
6.

purgandi sui, 298. a cognita, having inquired into.

4.
.

G. 429. R.

H.

542. I.N.

1.

allies.

iis imperio, subject tribes, not confederate Tacitus, however (Ger. 38), represents the Suevi as a confederacy its subjects may, after Caesar's time, have been admitted

Chap. 10.

to alliance.
3.

peditatus,
:

214. e\

G. 359; H. 396. VI.

frontier

penitus, entirely.

4.

silvam

this

was the natural

{pro nativo muro) of

the north
hills still

range of wooded plain towards the south. borders the Saxon duchies on the north. The Cherusci

German

held the valleys of the Weser and Seine.

Chap. 11. locum, a " place

tell,

at

" where there is really nothing to as Caesar found the country deserted (Chap. 29), and returned once to Gaul. owe to this void in the narrative a most

We

curious and entertaining glimpse into the geographic and ethnographic knowledge of the time.

124.
tive
;

2.

quorum:

the antecedent

is

principes.

The

subjunc;

redeat indicates the character of their authority ( 320 G. 633 H. 503. I.). Or, by making eorum the antecedent, we should have the meaning that the party chiefs are designated (as in our political conventions) by a body, or council, to whom the decision is referred a plausible by general consent, understanding of the

passage.
3. ue quis, correl. with ita (in itaque) the clause ne egeret being in appos. with ejus rei, and the past tense (egeret) taking its time from institutum [esse] 287. a G.518.exe;
;

H. 495. IV.
4. ratio, order of things. Galliae depending on ratio.

in

summa,

in general,

the

gen.

74
. .
.

Notes
venit.

Ccesar.

[B. G.

Chap. 12. cum on Bk. III. Chap. 9.

of the
little

I. really, only a while before, as the ALdui had risen by favor of the Romans. These were the clientelae, dependents. jacturis, sacrifices.

Sequani, who succeeded to the antiquitus, Arvemi (see Bk. Chap. 31).

See " The Conjunction Cum," note domination

petty tribes, which grouped

rival State.
3.

themselves about one or the other

re,

8 compare the note to Bk. I. Chap. 31 has his without effecting object (Kraner imperfecta)

DiVitiacus

iufecta

4.
5.

reliquis rebus, abl. of

instr.

adaequare, were equal, i.e. clause depends on intellegebatur.)

with amplificata. to the /Edui. (The inferior

125.
likely)

Chap. 13. plebes

population (?).

nullo, either

(sing.),

perhaps the scattered rural an older form of dative, or (more

an experiment in uniformity of Caesar's own, like alterae in Bk. V. Chap. 27, and paterfamiliae in Chap. 19, below.
2.

a premuntur, indicative to express repetition, " The Conjunction Cum," note on Bk. III. general truth. See quae dominis (dat. of poss.), as masters have. Chap. 9. understand eos with inter4. sacrifices, abl. of separation
. . .

cum

dicunt.

de via (i.e. "cut" them in the street). 5. decedunt, sc. incommodi, part. gen. following quid. this central spot was at or near the modern town 7. Carnutum
:

of Dreux, where,

it is

said, traces of these assemblies

may

still

be

found.

126. Chap.
3.

14.

2.

ediscere, to learn by heart.

fas

the words fas

and nefas

refer to

what

is

religiously

right and wrong, in distinction from jus and injuria, which refer to human obligations only. a useful hint 4. litteris confisos, by trusting to written words,

to teachers.
5.

hoc

(abl.) to

more usually illud) (ace. what has just been said.

; ,

refers

to

what follows

hoc

6. mundi, the universe (system of things) terrarum) the world.

terrarum

(cf.

orbis

VI.

2-i 8. J

Second Passage of the Rhine.

175

Chap. 15. equitum: these made a sort of It military nobility. " " interesting to compare the two upper classes here described with the ecclesiastics and feudal noblesse of France before the
is

Revolution.

cum
.

est

notice the force

III.

of the indicative.

" The Conjunction Cum," note on Bk. engage or are employed. 2. ut quisque ita, the more
>
. . .

Chap.

9.

versantur,

See

G. 645. r. 2; H. 458.

2).

ambactos

the
:

more

( 93.

this

Celtic

c, at end word was

;

known

as the equivalent of servus, slave," as early as the time of Ennius, 150 years before (compare Chap. if).

is

Chap. 16. homines immolant the practice of human sacrifice thought (by Thierry) to have been obsolete at this time in Gaul.
:

Caesar appears not to have

known any

actual instances of

it.

127.

3-

refers to the

supplicia, i.e. as sacrifices. attitude of the victim, who

The word (" downbent

is

")
to

bound and kneeling

receive his

See " The Conjunction

choice of criminals for this purpose may remind us of that latest form of human sacrifice, the punishment of death for heresy. defecit 279. b\ G. 228. r. 2 H. 471. II. 3.

doom.

The

Cum,"
:

note on Bk.

III.

Chap.

9.

Chap. 17. Mercurium

identified with

the

name

of the god
;

whom

the

Romans

Mercury is lost (Teutates f) but it appears from and inscriptions images that his worship was very widespread and important throughout the period of the Empire. The other deities here mentioned appear under numerous epithets. Jupiter was probably the Gallic Taranis, whose name appears to indicate He has been identified by some that he was a god of thunder. with a statuette bearing in its hand a long hammer or mallet, like
the Scandinavian

Thor.

(Esquisse de la Religion de Gaulois, by

note on Chap.

Henri Gadioz.) 3. cum, &c.

characteristic.
5.

See

last

15.

ceperint. subj.

capta, taken as spoil; posita, consecrated as a gift.

Chap. 18. Dite = Pluto, the god of Darkness, or the Underworld (see 244. a. R. G. 395 H. 415. II. N.). ob, translate in the fact being keeping *cith, as it cannot be the true reason,
;
;

j6

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

common
ii).

Germ. to most primitive peoples e.g. the Germans (Tac. ut Our word "fortnight" is a relic of this early use.
:

subsequatur,
2.

i.e.

the day began at sunset.

fere

ab

reliquis,

from most

others.

suos

liberos,

&c.

The Romans, on the other hand, accustomed their sons to public even took them with them into the Senate. life, and in early times

cum, &c.
128.
portion.
2.

See

last

note on Chap. 15.

deposits, in a

communicant: the husband Chap. 19. quantas common fund, an amount equal to the wife's marriage.

ratrojjiabetur, *v

a reckoning
:

is kept.

fructus,

revenues, or

Profits. 3. viri in tlxores, &c.

compare the Roman patria potestas ; cum, higher among the Germans. de uxoribus this is thought See last note on Chap. 15. &c. in servilem moby some to imply polygamy among the Gauls.
the rank of the wife was

much

duli, after the

4.

manner of

slaves,

i.e.

by

torture.

pro cultu, considering

perhaps, to the

hanc = nostram berly).

conventional rule.

Roman

the degree of refinement: "not up, ideas as to gladiators and the like 1 (Mo'

(cf.

Bk.

II.

Chap. 4

).

justis, right, by
the sacrifice was

When

these had been

fulfilled,

added.

Chap. 20. legibus sanctum,

the clause si
. .

communicet

established by law, agreeing with quo, indef., (obj. of habent).

any one (nequis). 2. quod saepe, &c.

Chap.
5.

Compare

the

lively

account in Bk. IV.

3. quae visa sunt, what they think fit to conceal (understand per concilium, by occultanda, and compare & Sone? avroh). means (or, in the proceedings') of the public assembly.

Chap. 21. neque Druides habent: they had, however, both and priestesses, with religious forms public and private. Caesar's contact with the Germans, it is to be remarked, was only on their unsettled military frontier.
priests
2.

deorum numero,

&c.

contradicted by Tacitus,

who speaks (Germ.

In this, Caesar's testimony is directly 9) of their worship

VI. i8-22.]

Second Passage of

the Rhine.

\yj

of Mercury, Mars and Hercules. This is almost the only contradiction between these writers, in whose accounts of political and other institutions there is a striking agreement.
3.

ab parvulis, from childhood (compare "from a

iii.

child," 2

Tim.

15).

129.
to

4-

<l

ui

permanserunt,
;

strictly,

"who
:

are

slowest

outgrow

"

their

boyhood.

Compare Tacitus

sera
the

juvenum
premature

venus, eoque inexhansta ptibertas debaucheries of the Roman youth.

5.

and contrast

nulla occultatio,
i.e.

like

the

rhenonum,
i.e.

reindeer's hide.

English magna

there is no hiding.
. .

nuda

(abl. abs.),

in battle,

where Caesar would chiefly meet them.

:

Chap. 22. agriculturae as to this chapter, compare what is said in the general Introduction to the volume, and in Bk. IV. Chap. 1, where it is shown that the soil was tilled, not by the
labor of old men,

men.
(in

In other words, the

women, or slaves, but by that of the fighting Germans were, though " barbarians," not

one sense) a barbarous people. neque quisquam, &c. This temporary and shifting occupation of land, as well as the holding of it by the family or clan But com{cognationibns') is characteristic of a primitive society.
2.
,

fines proprios, private bounpare the Introduction, as above. in the daries, or landmarks. qui una coierunt general

gathering for this assignment, each -clan must have met by

itself,

and been represented by

:

its chief.

G. 404 notice the use of the ablative ( 252 3. agriculture. H. 422. N. 2), here to be rendered "for." ne expellant: this was a flagrant evil in Italy, which Cassar had attempted in his own consulship to check (by the lex agraria), following the precedent of the Gracchi. There the potentiores had already succeeded in ousting the humiliores from their estates, and creating enormous

plantations, latifundia, cultivated

peasant freeholds.

was portioned in aequari in the sense of a conative present, implying only tendency,
or opportunity.

by slaves, in place of the earlier videat this looks as if the land equal shares to rich and poor alike, unless we take

cum

78
Chap. 23.

Notes
:

Ccesar.

[B. G.

218.
to

maxima laus so in Bk. IV. Chap. 3. virtutis, prope, near ; consistere, d; G. 356. R. 1 H. 391. II. 4. stay or settle; observe the reduplicated form, with the force
;

given by con.
2.

cum

"The
. .

See infert: note force of pres. indie, with cum. magistrates Conjunction Cum, note on Bk. III. Chap. 9.
. . .

deliguntur, by

lot,

existing magistrates. bards, on the other hand,

3.

according to the Saxon Bede, from among The Goths, Burgundians, Franks and Lom-

had

real kings.
;

principes

pagorum

these local and

village

chiefs,

were probably the "natural forming a sort of governing body, " each of his own district. They are said, however, to have leaders been elected, no doubt for life, by an assembly of the tribe or nation (Tac.
4.

Germ.
.

12).
.
.

latrocinia

extra

fines, "cattle-lifting raids," like

those

of the Scottish Borderers.

130.
mustered

5-

ubi

<l

uis (indef.), &c.

for the raids in question.

omnium

This

is

how volunteers were rerum fides, concharacteristic.

fidence in anything.

Chap. 24.
2.

cum

superarent: a clause of
the great

Hercyniam silvam,

wooded range extending from

the Black Forest to the

about pying the southern part of Gaul,

portion, only, staid behind from

Bohemian Highlands. Volcae, &c, occuNarbonne or Toulouse. A had migrated to Germany or, as some hold, had
;

Chap. 25. expedito (dat.), non noverunt: so at the present day, in the mountain regions of Germany and Switzerland, distance is measured
with baggage.

an early Celtic migration westward. " with free foot," i.e. unencumbered

miles. by "hours" (stundeti) instead of 2. Nemetum, &c, along the middle course of the Rhine, where recta regione, i.e. parallel. it flows northward from Bale. Dacorum, &c, occupying the eastern and western portions of sinistrorsus in reality, it is the river which leaves Hungary. the course of the forest or highland, bending abruptly to the right, or southward. The ancients had no compasses, and were careless

observers of direction (compare Bk. V. Chap. 13).

VI. 23-28.]

Second Passage of

tJie

Rhine.

79

3.

hujus, that familiar to the Romans,

as

we should

range.

viz. western. initium, say the end, eastward, where it is lost in the Carpathian Its extent, in a direct line, is stated as 1600 miles. pro-

cesserit, acceperit

subj.

by

indir. disc, for perf. indie.

See

last

note on Chap.

15.

131. Chap.

26.

bos:

this

name seems

to have

been given

loosely to any large-horned, unfamiliar beast, even to the elephant; here it is probably the reindeer, which had anciently a wide-scatunum cornu perhaps the specimen described tered range.

more likely, the expression refers to the long projection from which both branches spring, instead of growing independently, like the horns of an ox. The description of the horn might, however, rather suggest the moose or Irish elk.
lost a

had

horn

or,

2.

palmae ramique
:

(hend.), branching antlers.

Chap. 27. alces

scription
is

this

name

is

undoubtedly

elks,
!

but the de")

widely unlike ("a

little

bigger than goats

and

quite

If it were correct, the creature would be well unrecognizable. " entitled to the name " wretched animal (elendthier) bestowed upon
it

in

Pliny,

crura German. H. N. viii. 16, 39.

habent: the same yarn

is

told

by
;

See last note on Chap. 15. subruunt, 7indertnine 3. cum. summa species, the surface look. accidunt, cut into. See above. 4. cum.

Chap.
the
said
still

28.

uri

German Urochs
to

be

name is generally understood to refer to (the primitive or wild ox, probably buffalo), found in the forests of Lithuania.* Caesar evi:

this

dently describes a very different animal, with great spreading horns like those of a reindeer or moose but the whole description must have been derived from a confused account.
;

4.

ne

excepti, not even

when caught
the rim.

quite young.

132.
*

5-

ab

labris,

around

The

valued for their milk,

those of the musk-ox. J.

buffalo of Eastern Europe, domesticated in Transylvania, is long and rather low in form, with depressed

where the cows are and flat horns, like

H. A.

80

Notes

Cazsar.

[B. G.

Chap. 29. Caesar, &c. This chapter directly follows Chap. 10, the intervening passage being a digression.
tolleret, as

ne barbaris, dat. ( 229; G. 344. R. 2 H. 385. II. 2). would be done by completely destroying the bridge ut in extremo ponte. tardaret, by making it practically useless.
2.
;

have been an island in the river at this place, so that the bridge was in two sections. The section between the island and the right bank was destroyed, and at what was now the end of the bridge (extremo), on the island, the tower was built.
to

There seems

There was probably a redoubt, as usual, at the entrance to the cohortium duodecim these were bridge on the mainland. auxiliaries, as it appears in Chap. 33 that he had all his legions

with him.

Arduennam, the mod3. maturescere, i.e. early in August. ern Ardennes (Shakspere's Forest of Arderi). quingentis an obvious mistake, possibly of some copyist. It should be centum

et quinquaginta.
4.

si

quid

I.N.

1), to see

possit (interrog. 334. /; G. 462. 2; H. 529. whether, &c. subsequi (pres.), i.e. is already
.

on the road.

Chap. 30. 2. multum potest, has great power. It has been observed that Caesar, since his failure in Britain, harps much on the favor of Fortune (compare Chaps. 35, 42), and seems to waver
in

his confidence in Destiny.

orix.

prius

ipsum
as

(twice), referring to

quam, render

omitting the relative particle.

one word, before, English magnae fortunae (pred. gen.), a

Ambi-

great piece of

luck

or,

mere

luck.

133.
erunt.
4.

sunt

3-

h c

>

a l- of means, explained by

quod

sustinu-

fere, generally are.

:

these

his pugnantibus notice the force of the Latin order. While were fighting, time was given for the chief to be placed on horseback by some of his followers, and, as soon as he actually got away, he was covered by the woods.

existimarit, crederet

Chap. 31. judicione

an, whether by design

or, &c.

in direct discourse,

existimavit (an act

of decision) and credebat (a state of opinion).

VI. 29-34]

Second Passage of the Rhine.

i.e.

2.

quas aestus,

islands

only at high

tide.

alienissimis,

entire strangers.
3. precibus detestatus, cursingwith formal imprecations, which, from a dying man, were thought to have efficacy with the gods.

Chap. 32.

unam

esse causam, that the case was the same,

i.e.

that they were all included in the league.

2. convenissent, /educantur.

reducerentur,

in

dir.

disc,

convenerint,

134.
of
old
the
(for)

3-

id castelli

nomen
It will
;

est, that is the

(German) name
is

a stronghold.

be remembered that the Aduatuci

it

were of German descent

and

is

thought that Aduatuca

an

There were several place of safety. name, which fact adds force to the conjecture. See Bk. V. Chap. 24. Titurius, &c. (Sabinus and Cotta). 6. Q. Ciceronem this post was forced upon him " to keep him
towns of
this
:

German word, meaning a people who held such a

stronghold.

Then

the Aduatuci were

from the ranks of the republican opposition at Rome," of which he was afterwards an obstinate adherent. He was at this time a legatus
of

Pompey.
.
.

Chap. 33. ad versus, towards. Scaldem, the Scheldt. There seems to be some confused geography here.
.

post diem septimum, the seventh day diem, compare Chap. 35 {quern ad diem).
2.
3.

after.

quam

ad

commodo
is

(abl.), to (in

accordance with) the advantage (rei-

publicae

gen.).

of,

in Chap. 31. quod se defenderet, capable &c. (subj. of characteristic). 2. cuique, to any. should put the distributive with the leading verb (consederat), each had taken position where, &c.

Chap. 34. supra,

We

3. universis, to measure.

men gathered

in one body.

ex

parte, in a

135. 5- hominum sceleratorum, those scoundrels ; an expression of temper which Caesar does not often permit himself towards " that his foes, whose crime was (says Kraner) they dared to maintain their

independence."

ad

signa

= in

camp.

82
6.

Notes:

Ccesar.
to the

B G
-

ulciscendum, to avenge the animosities of their own countrymen.

V. Chaps. 27-38). destruction of the force of Sabinus and Cotta (Bk.

noceretur, harm should be done

enemy, through the

Chap. 35.
truth
;

tense to express a general possit, adferat present such Latin in expressions follow the sequence though usually
2.
:

of tenses.
as a general invitation, exultro, freely, i.e. any that would; concerned. those immediately tending beyond docuimus, see Bk. IV. Chap. 16.
3.
4.
5.

supra primos
7-

fines, the nearest limits.

136. Aduatucam, see Chap. tantum, only so much, cingi, surrounded (with a of defenders). scanty.
32*.

fortunatissimis: 272.

a;G.

535-R. 2; H. 536.2.

3).

really, so

line

8.

duce, as guide (pred. appos.).

See Chap.
32",

Chap. 36. Cicero.

fidem.
2.

with note.

while he had, (concessive subj.),

illius,

&c.

de,

continuisset
construe with

&c,

siquicalled his quiet waiting a blockade. dem, since: with subj., indicating the ground of their complaint. quo (following ejusmodi, of such sort that), with posset as offendi (impers.), an attack co7tld be made. subj. of result. the sub vexillo since Caesar's departure. hoc

&c, who

spatio, 3. vexillum was a little scarlet flag (quite distinct from the metal bodies detached for some special service. signum), used by small The name vexillarii was given to the soldiers of such a corps. See note on Bk. I. Chap. 25. jumentorum, to bring in the expected subsederant, had stayed behind when Caesar left.

supplies.
The camp

facta potestate, obtaining leave.

Chap. 37. ab decumana porta, at the rear gate (see Fig. 15). fronted in the direction where the enemy were supposed i.e. the Gallic tribes; so that its more exposed part 1?' to be

nearest the
silvis
it

neu prius German attack. quam, not till. was considered bad management to place a camp so nea* The pickets, the woods as to conceal the approach of the enemy. or either been have must stationed, very neglivery carelessly too, the traders so close. mercatores, eo, qui usque gent.
. . .

VI. 34-4]

Second Passage of the Rhine.

their

183

(sutlers)

who spread

booths (tentoria) under the shelter of

the wall.

137.

2.

circumfunduntur

(the middle or reflexive use of the

passive, rendered in English by the active form), four on, or about. aditus, any other way of approach. quisque 3. reliquos conveiiiat, each soldier (= all the soldiers) shall get together for defence. provident the plural here seems to imply that they

were without a commander,

4.

a grave military

fault.
:

imperatore,

general tool
spot
itself

Observe the force of atque and the novas religiones, a sudden superstition, as if the
Caesar.

occiderint,

were unlucky to the Romans (see Chap. 32 s ). who (as they recalled; hence subj.) fell.
side.

qui

Chap. 38. ad Caesarem, at Gzsar's

see Bk.
2.

proeliis (loc abl.),

had authority
to

II.

Chap. 25; Bk.

III.
:

Chap.

5.

consequuntur hunc
all

as
;

primus

pilus, he

command

other centurions

although generally, as here, he really

only formed a rallying point. See note on Bk. I. Chap. 7. 3. relinquit animus, breath (or consciousness) fails him (he per manus tractus, dragged along from hand to hand faints). by his comrades.

modo open field. exspectant discipline was so perfect that, in general, every man knew just what to do in any emergency (as in the fight with the but these new levies are helpless till the Nervii, Bk. II. Chap. 21) exact order has been given, even the boldest of them (nemo est
Chap. 39.
2.

hie, in the

the

Roman

tam

fortis,

&c).

138.
to lay

3- legiones: those of Trebonius, which had been sent waste the territory (Chap. 33 1 ).

Chap. 40. in signa

maniples.

manipulosque, among

the cohorts

and

In their panic the servants not only rushed through the intervals between the cohorts (signa), but many of them also

alii poured through the narrower spaces between the maniples. alii these were the men in the ranks, who seem to have had
.
.

time for cool deliberation, as

is

implied in the expression censent,

the regular expression for voting in a public assembly.

184
3.

Notes: Ltesar.
hoc
:

[B. G.

the latter counsel, which

36*.

docuimus, Chap.
4.

C.
i.e.

was that of the raw

:

recruits.
1

his

Trebonio

compare Chap. 33
;

relation to Q. Cicero in this

is not quite clear. the cavalry, it will be of the infantry nullo usu remembered, were not Roman, but Gallic allies.

command

militum virtute

percepto, having gained no defenderent. with ut

. .
.

demiserunt
:

experietice.

eo
:

consilio, in appos. se has already been

expressed with recipere. 5. ex inferioribus ordinibus

the officers of a new legion were usually obtained in this way, being promoted from the lower grades of veteran cohorts. See note on Bk. I. Chap. 40, " Relative Rank
of the Centurions."

Chap. 41. constitisse, &c, had now gained position within

works.
2.

the

fidem non faceret, did not gain

3.

belie/

'.

(39.
deletis

alienata
.

mente,

beside

themselves

recepisse, obj. of dicerent.

incolumi

with

terror.

naturos

oppug(abl.abs. denoting condition), in case the army were safe. fuisse, the regular form in indir. disc, for oppugn avis sent.

exercitu

" Where we are not informed. He probably Q. Cicero was all this time, it over in silence, probably lost his head with the rest, but Caesar passes
in consideration for his brother."

Kraner.

" Brave as they were, the liable to panics of this kind.

Roman
The

soldiers

faith with

seem to have been curiously which they relied upon their

general avenged

accustomed

itself through the completeness with which they were on the day which he had depend upon him. He returned the at was not and disregard of his orders. displeased unnaturally fixed, He did not, or does not in his Commentaries, professedly blame Cicero. But the Ciceros perhaps resented the loss of confidence which one of them had brought upon himself. Quintus Cicero cooled in his zeal, and afterwards amused the leisure of his winter quarters with composing worth-

to

less

dramas."

Fronde's "Ccesar."

Chap. 42. eventus

general)
.

unum, only one thing. minimo, in the

be rendered as
dat.

(ace. plur.) belli the

fortune of

war

(in
;

casu

is

to

wkh

relinqui.

avertisset,

slightest degree

sc.

fortuna-

VI.

4-44]

Second Passage of the Rhine.

:

185

2.

videbatur

the subj.

is

quod

obtulerunt.

Ambiorigi

this object of Cassar's special

animosity and eager pursuit was never

captured.

Chap. 43.

3.

in

eum locum =

so close

upon him.

ut

con-

tenderent, that prisoners who were brought in looked round among themselves for Ambiorix, whom they had just seen in flight sup-

and insisted that lie posing that he must have been taken also was not yet quite out of sight. vincerent, almost surpaene

passed the

tatem,

in their eagerness. i.e. the prize offered for his capture.

bounds of nature

summam

felici-

Roman mode of puna sort of stocks or pillory (furca), then flog the person to death, after which he was beheaded. It was an extraordinary sentence to pronounce on a prisoner of war. ConChap. 44. more majorum
the ancient

ishment was to fasten the head

in

certed resistance {conjuratid) had

crime,

on

as we
aqua
.

and

its

come to be regarded as a flagrant penalty was more and more bloody as time went see in the two succeeding Books (see especially Bk.
.

VIII. Chaps. 39-44).

2.
.

interdixisset,

i.e.

banished them, forbade them to

return to Gaul.

The Legions. At the opening of the campaign of 53 B.C., Pompey loaned Caesar two legions (I and III). One new one was raised, which received the same number (XIV) as the one Caesar had divided (see note on " The Legions," end of Bk. V.), and of which five cohorts were lost with Sabinus. Hence the number of legions in Gaul had now reached ten.

86

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

Book Seventh.

B.C.

52.

War

of Vercingetorix.

The

last

three campaigns

had been con-

ducted wholly in the north, with a view either to crush the bolder and more restless northern populations, or to overawe the more barbarous
Britons and

Germans beyond
spirits

the frontier.

It is

not quite clear

why

the

discontented

of the south did not seize the occasion to join forces

with the formidable Belgian revolt. At all events, they seemed quiet and submissive after their defeats in the earlier campaigns, and might have
" continued so but for the news from Rome, where the discomliture of Crassus had been more pleasant news to the Senate than the defeat of

Ariovistus;

and the passionate hope of the aristocracy had been for some in his career of opportunity which would enable them to check Csesar dishonor and perhaps impeachment." conquest, and bring him home to

Froude.
the death of Clodius.

This opportunity might seem to offer in the disorders which followed Clodius was a bully and professional politician

belonging to the popular party, a bitter enemy of Cicero, whom he had He was killed in a succeeded, a few years before, in driving into exile.
street

brawl on the 20th of January of this year by Milo, a ruffian of the

senatorial or aristocratic party.

For the time,

all

regular and orderly gov-

ernment was
torial

an end, till at length Pompey was invested with dictapowers, and quiet was restored. The news of these events coming
at

to Gaul,

gave the native leaders reasonable ground

to

hope

that a

new

Their plan, it will appear, was, by a sudden uprising might be successful. movement, to cut off Caesar's communications with his military posts in This plan the north, which would thus be speedily starved into surrender.
Caesar foiled by striking, with his usual rapidity, through their line, and through the neutral or hostile populations of Central Gaul, and so ad-

vancing upon his assailants with the support of his legions from the north. His campaign of this year was the most fiercely contested, as well as the most important and decisive, of the entire war.

Chap.
Chap.
sulted)
:

1.

28.

ut

this

Quieta Gallia: compare Bk. II. Chap. 35; Bk. III. conjurarent (clause depending on senatus conwas not an ordinary conscription, but a levy in mass,
. . .

in

which the entire population of

Italy liable to

military duty (the

VII. i-4-]

War

of Vercingetorix.

187

Juniores, between

In addition, 17 and 46) took the oath of service. Caesar orders a levy throughout his own province {tota. provincial), in which were included Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina and
2.

Illyricum.

quod

videbatur:

it

naturally

seemed

to

them impos-

sible for Caesar to quit Italy at this crisis

(urbano motu).

Acconis, see Bk. VI. Chap. 44. intercludatur (see introductory note) depends on rationem, the plan of campaign.
4.

142.
ut

5.

Chap.
of Paris.

2.

principes
3.

Carnutes

this name is represented by ex omnibus = first of all.

Chartres, S.W.

2. ne res efferatur, as the exchange of hostages would be a notorious and public act.

negotiandi
corn, and

Chap.

Genabum
:

(or

Cenabum), now

their business

Orleans, on the Loire. was "money-lending (unrestrained

by Roman usury-laws), the farming of taxes, purchase of slaves or the like." Cicero had said, some years before, that
business affairs in Gaul were wholly controlled by
settled.
2.

constiterant, had
fires,

Roman

citizens.

clamore, a sort of vocal telegraph, by which, as also by signal" from towers messages were conveyed 500 yards apart."
.

vigiliam, between 9 and 10 at night; the 143- 3- ante message thus occupying about sixteen hours, being carried by footrunners from post to post. Arvernorum, i.e. Auvergne, a region always noted for the vigor and hardihood of its population, who now became leaders in the great revolt, and furnished its dauntless chief Vercingetorix. It is noticeable that the present uprising was
. .

confined to western central Gaul, and did not include either the Aquitani or Armorici, who had both been too thoroughly subdued.

Chap. 4. Vercingetorix, a name or title explained as meaning very brave lord," and well calculated (says the historian Florus) 3 to inspire terror. principatum, &c. See Bk. I. Chap. 31
"

Galliae totius,
2.

i.e. all

Celtic Gaul.

prohibetur, conative present.

elders

was of

evil

omen

to his enterprise

This discouragement of the from the start. Gergovia

88

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

town of the Arverni, on an eminence near Clermont. perditorum, men of ruined fortunes, desperate. Several of these names are preserved in the 3. Senones, &c. modern Sens, Paris, Poitiers, Tours, Limoges. The league included all Celtic Gaul south of the Seine and west of the loyal (or doubtful) yEdui and Bituriges, who were drawn into it later on. 6. quod (interrogative) agrees with tenipus, and before what
the chief
time.

Chap.

5.

Rutenos

these, as well as the Cadurci, lay

It

between

and the Roman province. to secure them as a frontier defence.

the Arverni

was important,

therefore,

144.
3.

<^ e

consilio, at the advice.

qui agrees with the persons implied in equitatus pedita veritos causal. tusque, 182; G. 202. R. I H. 445. 5.
;

4.

quod
6.
.

(adv. ace.) because (the reason for

(reflex. ),Joiu.

non

videtur, &c).

junguntur
Chap.
2.

virtute
.
.

-vigor.

qua

3.

nam
7.

si,

posset, indir. question following difficultate. &c. See the introductory note, above.
:

Chap.

Nitiobriges et Gabalos

these completed the Arver-

nian frontier, the Volcae and Helvii being within the limits of the Province. Narbonem, Narbonne, the chief town of Gallia Nar-

boneusis, founded by
2.

C Gracchus.
:

antevertendum
is

ceretur, and
3.

[esse] has for its subject ut followed by the dat. consiliis.

proficis-

provincialibus

a portion of the Ruteni had been incorpor-

ated in the Province.

145. Chap.
2.

8.

durissimo, &c.

quod putabat, referring to Lucterius. Pompey was put in authority Feb.

. . .
:

25

Caesar,
early

who

left

Italy directly after,

in

March.

summo
. .

probably crossed the Cevennes sudore "these admirable soldiers

were worthy of the genius of their chief." "a 3. singulari homini, solitary wayfarer."

Chap.
pass.

per

9.

usu praeceperat, had suspected would come to causam, on the pretext (so elsewhere in Caesar) his
.
:

VII.4-I4-]
real

War

of Vercingetorix.

189

motive was to join his force. Brutum, Decimus Junius Brutus, afterward one of Cassar's assassins. 2. Viermam, Vienne, a little below Lyons on the Rhone.
3.
5.

de sua salute, Gorgobinam

:

affecting his own safety. this was situated probably

southern confluent of the Loire.

quos, &c.

on the
I.

Allier,

see Bk.

Chap.
in the

28*.

146.
was no
4.

Chap. 10. stipendiariis, the

of the JE&ui.

amicis,

Boii,

who were

pay

&c,

help for them in him. Agedici, now Sens, the chief town of the Senones.

since his friends would find there ab, in respect to his supply of corn.
It
is

often written Agendicum, or Agedincum.

circumChap. 11. altero die, on the second day of the march. the circumvallation (properly speaking this was a contravallation) consisted of a line of wall and trench surrounding the
vallavit
town.
2.
:

Genabum,

Gien, a

little

above Orleans, on the Loire.

quod

mitterent, to send.
3.

continebat, was

close to.
its

the bridge would admit

The town being on the north bank, defenders to the friendly Bituriges.

147.
2.

6.

diripit: compare the fate of Avaricum, Chap. 28.

ille, Caesar.

Chap. 12.

qua, whereby, referring to celeritate.

5. omues incolumes (ace): see line 16, above; constr. with receperunt, got them all back safe to Caesar's camp. for the training and efficiency of the Chap. 13. Germanos German horse, see Bk. I. Chap. 48 also Chaps. 70, 80, below. 2. quibus, and these (the Gallic horse). eos, i.e. the leaders in the sudden movement described above, Chap. 12 4 3. Avaricum, the modern Bourges, an important town of 40,000
:

inhabitants, the geographical centre of France.

148. Chap.
different

14. 2.
;

from, &c.
the early

tempore,

longa alia ratione atque, in a way quite amii by purely defensive or guerilla war. spring, long before harvest all supplies must

be got from granaries or storehouses (aedificia) which might easily be destroyed.

go
3

Notes:
incendi
:

Casmr,
ot"

[B
I.

hoc
.

compare the course

the

the Helvetians. Bk.

Chap.

spatio,

range of
il

the

Roman

foraging

parties.

quoque versus 4. neque iuteresse, and

.

ue

-ne.

or.

;.

sint receptacula, serve as retreats; propositi

:1.

6.

aestimare, understand
:

se.

Chap. 15. urbes

Caesar

more commonly
-'.v.'

calls

them

ofr.

Rome
2.

alone

is

always urbs.
/"*.;

amissa

= all

....'

(obj.

of

recuperaturosV

exi.e.

plorata (compare Bk. III. Chap. iS: Bk. V. Chap. 43^ = sure, to which the way is clearly seen.
4.

flumine

the city was just above the junction of the

Auron

with the Ycvrc (see Plan VIII.).

149. Chap.
2.

16.

longe =
<:

distant.
:'.

certos (cerno\

in

. .

tempora. from km
sktlf

hour.
3.

uecessario (adv.), wmavoidatfy.

.
.

ratione,

(explained by ut

iretur, a clause of result).

.
.

habebat, i.e. the neck oi the peninsula on Chap. 17. quae interruissa, left free. which the town was situated (Chap. 15 4 ). aggerem. S:c. See note on Bk. II. Chap. 12.
.

ft.

mrtm was plateau, some iico to 1600 As this plateau approached the town, high, with rather steep banks. it narrowed to a ridge only about 400 ft. wide, with the Amrmt on one From the )'.: side, and a swampy brook, the Ytvrette, on the other.
Between the Ytwre and the
to the

17: 'v extended a morass.

city wall the ridge

perhaps 50 ft. plateau iust back of the ridge, a little over half a mile from Avaricum. Along the ridge, right across the intersecting ravine, he built the Oggar.
:

At a distance of about 300 ft. from the was intersected by a sudden depression like a trench. deep (see Plan VIII. 4). Caesar pitched his camp on the

alteri. 2. alter! the .dui. already wavering in their allegiance the Boii, a fragment of the defeated Helvetians (Bk. I. Chap. 28). sustentareut notice the change of tense. the 3. carueriut,
:

YIL 14-M-]
lack of con>

r cf Vcrtimgetorix. was
inrkiralal or orrasional:

hanger the

150. Chap, la gin...

sardnas
19
.; _
;,
.
. .

comiii mi !. see Bk. I. Chap. 48. conferri. the change from marching to ^6**"^

-..-

r.-

= ::_L5.
.r
.-/
-

.z:t:.:;
:.

"_-

r.

---T

~
-._-;

1;
:

?.

--;
.

;z
:

i -._
;

;:
"_
.

_:/

r_v_"r

i:."_

~
:

..:...

r*
F1^*

Cnnri JPfam

CMKr Wm
vfiisiri:
re;";;
:

151.

--'
.

--

i:;:e5sii.se:

ir.i

tion in Chap. 18.

qm
:

se defenderet, wkkk w&s is #1 moTHtiwn Mmtemdfmrts or im^mtitm . .

;ta::a- hi'rezii^:

->::.

:
'

:r:r::.r
-i*fy tm resign
"
:

:;g~~~
in direct disc-.
;.-.-..

S -"'

:e~:v

""".

I resign.

152.

si

_-.; 55;

rue c-iLz:

rmthntt.

scr~ u~

ZL sno bkh

192
2.

Notes
si
.

Ccesar.

[B. G.

retinuissent, in appos. with eo.

Chap.
.

occmrrebant, worked against, ox frustrated. atque aptissimum, compare Bk. IV. Chap. 5. 2. laqueis, &c. See Fig. 16. cuniculis, by mines ("rabbit22.
.

Fig. 41.

Vertical Section of Gallic Wall.

f errariae burrows"). Bk. III. Chap. 2 3

1
.

so of the copper-mines of the Aquitani,

4. commissis malis, by fastening posts: these were the high corner-beams of the towers, by which they were raised in successive stages, so that each increase in the height of the Roman works

*>"- - '^',

^^"-^'

'"

- -----

Fig. 42.

Section of

Soman Agger
to G'olei'.
c

at

Avaricum,

according
a. City wall.
b.

Tnrris.

d e /. Agger.

d e g.

Quotidia7ius agger.

f h.

Covered gallery through the agger.

was met by a corresponding increase in the height of the defences. The towers on the walls were probably connected by covered galleries, one for each story.

Chap. 23. directae, at right angles with the course of revinciuntur, are perpetuae, &c, the whole length. fastened by beams some 40 ft. in length, running lengthwise of the wall, to steady the entire work (section 3).

153.

the wall;

VII. 21-24.]

War of
.
.

Vercingetorix.
:

">?,

2.

neque

layers, that
3.

contineantur so alternating, in the successive beams rested on stone, and stone on beams. deforme, irregular or ill-looking.
.
:

Chap. 24. latum

as a width of over 300

ft.

is

incredible,

some

12 ''''

3 4 5

15 Kilometer.

12
1
I

10

15

_1_
Scale of Miles.

Plan VIII.
1

Siege of Avaricum.

Bk. VII. Chaps. 23-28.

first position of ol Vercingeagger, pushed towards the town from the Roman camp. 2. First Vercrngev tJomnd position of Vercingetorix. 4. Section of the torix. 3. Second ration agger, according to Rustow.
-,

have supposed that this numeral should be xxxx.

is

an error for longum

others, that the

2. turrium, the Roman towers, mounted on wheels or rollers, and here placed on the agger (see note on Bk. II. Chap. 11, " The altum pedes it must be remembered that Siege," 5).

LXXX

194
the height
crossed,

Notes: Ccesar.

[KG.

and

of the agger had to equal the depth of the ravine it The latter may have also the height of the Gallic wall.

been 30 ft. Gbler supposes that the agger sloped gradually up towards the enemy (see Fig. 42). But the construction of Riistow and Napoleon III. (Plan VIII. 4) seems simpler.

154. 4- partitis temporibus, i.e. in their turn. interscinderent, i.e. they cut away the unfinished end of the agger, which was in flames. Thus the rest was saved.
nee animadvertebat 25. pluteos, see Figs. 20-22. noticed that relief did not easily arrive, exposed as the men were by the burning of the defence.
Chap.
.

= and
2.

scorpione:
1 '

this

was a powerful cross-bow,

for hurling darts

or "bolts.

(See Fig. 18.)

3.

Chap.

26.

quos

refers to

se as well as to liberos.

155.

4-

non

recipit, does not admit.

:

Chap. 27. suosque the que connects arbitratus est with jussit and ostendit (notice the tense) it would be impossible for legions to find room 2. intra vineas Either legiones inside the vineae (see note on Bk. II. Chap. 12). here refers to the storming columns, or intra vineas means among
. :

and around the sheds.

4 Chap. 18 ).

expeditis,

put

in fighting order (see

Chap.
2.

28.

cuneatim, in compact body ("wedge-fashion"), impass.) in one mass.

plying excellent discipline.

circumfundi (impers.

that

men were pouring on.

continent! impetu, and is explained 4. quae pars refers to those implied by suos, 2 by Chap. 19' where it is said that the Gallic forces were arranged
,

getter atim.

156. Chap.
who, &c.
3.

29.

2.

errare

si

qui

that

those

were wrong
yielding,

Biturigum:

see

Chap.

15

4
.

obsequentia,

or

deference.

VII. 24-34O

War

of Vercingetorix.
I.

195

4. effectum habere, see note on Bk. habebat.

5.

Chap. XV., coactum

impetrari: notice the modesty of

this phrase, appropriate to

the great disaster just suffered.

Chap. 30. re integra, while his force was

3.

still

unbroken (Chap.

de

reliquis, &c., follows in

spem.

homines insueti, understates.

stand "although."

Chap. 31.

2.

capere

= gain

over (" catch") the neutral

157.
much,
4.

3-

sagittarios:

apparently the

Gauls had trusted too

mercenaries.

in the siege especially, to hand-to-hand fighting.

i.e.

quos conduxerat, whom he had hired ;

32.

Chap.
a
little

later.

sive

2.

confecta
.

it was now about the end of March, or " to sive, understand try," or some such
:

phrase.
3.

4.

annum: see Bk. I. Chap. 15. proximo anno, the year before.
positum
[esse],

clientelas, armed followers

itself weakest.

(Bk. VI. Chap. 15).

5.

depended on.

158. Chap.
2.
3.

33. minus [sibi] confideret = felt quos inter = eos inter quos. renuntiatum renuntiare is the technical term
:

for the act of

a magistrate who, after an election, formally declares the result, and thus " creates " the new official. intermissis magistratibus

phrase signifies that an interval occurred between the term of one magistrate and the due election of his successor. In such a
this

(as had recently occurred twice, B.C. 55 and 52), the senators appointed an interrex by virtue of the sacred Caesar here, accordingly, recognizes authority residing in them. the likeness to a Roman precedent. obtinere, to hold against

case at

Rome

patrician

(ob) the

rival claimant.

See note on Bk.

I.

Chap.

4
.

Chap.

34.

2.

secundum
:

flumen, along the stream (construe

with duxit). 3. ab altera parte

Ven

ingetorix

Caesar being on the right or eastern bank, on the western, on which the town of Gergovia lay.

196

Notes

Cczsar.

[B. G.

Scale of Miles.

Plan IX.
1.

Caesar's large
4.

camp.

2.

Siege of Oergovia. Bk. VII. Chap. The double trench connecting the camps.
5.

36-53.
3.

The
Gallic

small camp.

Gallic fortification.

Gallic wall.

6.

Detached legion.

7.

camp.

VII. 34-39-]

War

of

ercingetorix.

Xtyj

Chap. 35. e regione castris

(fat.) , over against the [other]

camp.

159.
3.

captis

this

no doubt an error

for
:

pars inferior water) was not burned or cut away, served as a support to the new
bridge hastily constructed for the crossing.

word (marked as doubtful or corrupt) is some word signifying " set in position.' the lower end of the piles, which (being under
1

the

Chap. 36. quintis castris, at the fifth encampment, or end of fifth day's march. See note on Bk. I. Chap. io3 expugna.

tione, taking
2.

3.

by storm, without a formal siege. qua despici poterat, where a view could be had from above. collis: the so-called Roche Blanche ("White Rock"), at
(it)

whose

foot flows the only sufficient stream of water (see Caesar's larger camp, it will be remembered, lay towards east of the town (Plan IX. 1), and the smaller towards (Plan IX. 3) while the forces of the Gauls (Plan IX. 7)
;

Plan IX.).
the souththe south
lay

on the

gentler southern slopes of the hill (measuring nearly a mile from east to west, and a third as much from north to south) on which the town was built (see Chap. 4.61 ) duodenum pedum (Plan
.

IX. 2)

see note

on Bk.

I.

Chap. 49,

" The Camp,"

3.

3.

160. Chap. 37. 2. imperio natos, born for comviand (dat.). unam civitatem, the one only state. traducta, carried over

to the patriotic party. beneficio, his favor ; but this (he claimed)
obt inner it.
5.

a friendly act, i.e. deciding was only his due, sic

in
.
.

vel principes, not mere followers or adherents.

2.

Chap. 38.

principes civitatis

see Chap. 39.

161.
7.

5-

fiducia,

consilii res, a matter for deliberation. under the protection, to bring in supplies.

una

(adv.), with him.

equivalent to
service.
4.

Chap. 39. genere dispari, of lower birth. traditum is here commendatum "presented" as suited for public

levi

momento, of

light

account:

momentum

(from

moveo)

is strictly

the weight which

"moves"

the balance-scale.

98

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

left

40. 2. contrahenda as only two legions were " contracted," so that these behind, the camp should have been to the task of be few might equal keeping and relieving guard.

162. Chap.

The danger
4.
It is

to

which the situation exposed them

.

is

related in the

next chapter: propter

.
.

magnitudinem castrorum (Chap.

41

).

necessario labore = by the hardship of a forced march. worth while to notice the frank terms on which Caesar stands

with his citizen-soldiers.

Chap. 41. 3. tormenta: see note on Bk. II. Chap. 8 8 when night 4. discessu eorum, at the suspension of their attack came on his messengers had apparently set out about midnight. obstruere, &c. These present infinitives show that his preparations
.
:

are

still

going on.

Fig. 43.

Sections of the Double Trench

Connecting the two camps at Gergovia; as shown by the excavations under Napoleon III.
3

163. Chap.
3.
fall

42.

levem auditionem
"
leaning forward"

proclinatam,

like

see Bk. IV. Chap. 5 a wall just ready to

.

4.

come

in itself perilous. fide data, giving pledges of security. out and put themselves in their power.

idem facere,

i.e.

to

Chap. 43. capti, &c, tempted

of the plunder
.

ea res,

i.e.

(as they had been) responsibility for it.

by the profit
i.e.

contraheret, 4. ab, away from (the neighborhood of). join his forces with the four legions of Labienus (Chap. 34).

VII. 40-50.]

War of

Vercingctorix.

199

1^4. Chap. 44. 2. dorsum, &c. (observe that the word is here the hill (collis) was south-west of the town and northmasculine) west of Caesar's smaller camp (see plan) while from it a narrow wooded ridge (dorsum), nearly level, gave easy access to the town
:

at its western side.

Most of
:

to that side from the eastern

3.

the Gallic force had been transferred and southern defences.

uno

occupato

see Chap. 36*.

beasts

Chap. 45.

2.

impedimentorum,

of burden.

stramenta,
i.e.

the pack-saddles, which would prevent the animal from being ridden

on conveniently.
the westerly side.
6.

collibus
at a time.

(loc.

abl.)

circumvehi,

towards

raros, a
8.

few

165.

ab dextra parte, from

the larger camp, to the east.

line.

Chap. 46. recta regione, in a straight amount.

2.

hue,

to

this

murum in longitudinem, &c. = lengthwise of the hill. traces of this wall are still found, at some distance down the slope, castris (see Plan parallel with the town wall (see Plan IX. 5).
:

the separate camps of the several Gallic states, set close together, of which three (trims') were taken.
:

IX. 7)

Chap. 47. receptui Caesar appears to have found the enemy here in greater force than he expected, though (as usual) he claims to have gained all he wanted.
:

retinebantur, conative
5.

2.

reliquarum,
:

i.e.

those engaged in the assault just described. the officers tried to hold them back.
:

Avarici

see Chap. 28.

Chap. 48. supra: see Chap. 44. oppidum depends on nuntiis as a word of telling. 3. sustinebant, by serving as relief or reserves. Chap. 49. sub infimo colle, at the foot of the main hill 46), not that on which was the smaller Roman camp. hostium, i.e. on the Roman left; Caesar, meanwhile, was

166.

teneri

(Chap. ab
.
.

posted

considerably to the right (eastward).

Chap.

50.

the right flank.

latere aperto, the exposed flank of the Romans, manus scattered forces of the Gauls.

i.e.

200

Notes :

Ccusar.

[B. G.

167- 2. insigne a friendly signal. 4. excidere, to cut

in, to

pacatum
away
;

(other editors have pacatoruni),

it-does not appear

whether from with-

escape, or from without, to relieve those were being slaughtered in the town.

gain his

own

who

Chap. 51. aequiore loco, on more

from the town.
2.

level

ground, farther back

locum superiorem,
The
retreat
follows.

larger camp.

higher ground, in the direction of the was made in good order, as is shown by

what immediately

Chap.
2.

ad Avaricum,

hood

52. cupiditatem, eagerness for battle. referring to the operations in that neighbordescribed in Chap. 19. Compare also Chap. 45*.

168. Chap. 53. virtuti hostium a change in Caesar's feeling towards his foes has been noticed here, as if after his reverses he eadem sengrudged them his former praise of their bravery.
:

serat

he returns

to

his

former plan of falling back (compare

5 Chaps. 43 and 44).

2. secundo, favorable to the Romans. By this slight success, and the refusal of Vercingetorix to meet him in the plain on even terms, Caesar avoids the appearance of a compulsory retreat.

Chap. 54. Viridomaro, &c.

2.

perfidiam
I.

habebat;

see Chap. 39. see note on

coactum habebat,
out.

Bk.

Chap.

15.

3. discedentibus (dat.), as they were setting humiles: see Bk. I. Chap. 31.

quam
just

169.
said to

4.

mandatis
is

this

them

to be repeated to their

word implies that what he has countrymen at home.

the right

Chap. 55. Noviodunum, the modern Nevcrs, on

bank

of the Loire (Liger), just above its junction with the Allier (Elaver). The Noviodunum of Chap. 12 is probably Saucerre.
2.

civitatis

the

vEduan commonwealth.

The

status

is

described

in the clause
4.

which follows, down to uiissos. in Provinciam Caesar was now on the western or further
:

VII. 50-60. ]

War

of Vercingetorix.

201
to follow

bank of the Loire, which he would thus be obliged

towards
its

up

source, thence crossing over to the Province.

si esset, &c.

Chap. 56.
a

in case (i.e. lest) he might

have

to risk

battle while the bridge-building

was under way.

Labieno, legionibus, datives following timebat. rei necessitate, considering the emergency, difficult and hazardous as it was. disposito equitatu just above the ford a
I

70.

3.

pro

line of cavalry

was formed,

in the water, reaching across the river.

By

this barrier the violence of the current

:

was checked.
1
, .

5 eo supplemento see Chap, i Lutetiam, 7 Paris see Bk. VI. Chap. 3 and note. 2. Aulerco this tribe was the next westerly, south of the
:
:

Chap. 57.

Seine (see map)

3.

the marsh ground along the little river Essonne, which flows into the Seine on the south a little above Paris. Labienus was proceeding on the left or southerly bank of the Seine. See Plan X.

perpetuam paludem,

Chap. 58. aggere, a mass of earth for a causeway. confieri, rare for confici (the form fieri is regular only in compounds not with prepositions which retain -facio) Melodunum, Melun :

here Labienus crosses to the right bank. 3. eo, aboard (= in eos).

171.

4-

secundo flumine, following the

above Paris.

river-course

down

the

right bank.

Having boats or pontoons, he would

easily cross the

Marne
5.

just

projecta palude, a marshy ground south of the e regione, over against.

river.

Chap. 59. secundo, successful. confirmabant, kept asserting. 2. qui refers to Bellovaci. the Bellovaci were on the north of the 4. altera, alteram Seine, Camulogenus was (Chap. S7 2 ) on the south. quae civitas
:

see Bk.

II.

(Sens), far

praesidio, &c. Chap. 4. up the Seine.

these were at

Agedincum

Chap. 60. equitibus, not cavalrymen, but unattached

officers

202

Notes: Ccesar.

[B.G.

Scale of Miles.

PI3.P X.

March of Labienus against

Zutetia.

Bk. VII. Chaps. 59-62.

VII. 60-65.]

War

of Vercingctorix.
,

203
&c.) put

in

of equestrian rank (Jribuni militum, comites imperatoris charge each of a single vessel.
2.

imperat,
60 2 ).
4.

adverso flumine,
.

a feint, the real attack being

made below.
infin. instead

gives orders (followed by the ace. and

of the usual ut-clause)

172. Chap.

paulo

61.

2.

tumultuari
camp.

the

magno tumultu

(Chap.

infra, about four miles below.

castrorum, the
62.

Roman

naves, the lintres.

but could not.
are
:

173. Chap.
/Edui.
2.

neque potuerunt,

Chap. 63. circummittuntur, &c.

these

the

acts

of the

quos Caesar, &c.

1
.

compare Chap. 4
5.
illi,

rationes
(see Bk.

see Chap. 55.

affairs.
II.

supplicio,
;

i.e.

by threats

communicet, not simply

Chap. V.

consult,

but share the direction of

the

Remi

Bk. V. Chap. 54), and

the Lingones.
6. 7.

requirunt

summae
clause,

= recall with regret (compare the French regretter). spei, of high ambitioti (Chap. 39).
at Bibracte

Chap. 64. hue,

this

(Chap. 63

).

A
is

though having

less

authority,

diemque

better reading of liuic rei

constituit.

174.
4. 5.

finitimi

complaint, meanwhile. see Introduction, p. xv. altera ex parte as the Roman frontier was bent into an
3: :

aequo modo animo, without

irregular curve by the line of the Cevennes, the Gauls would strike the Province in two directions, the /Edui from the west, the Ruteni,

&c, from
6.

the north.

superiore bello, the war of eight years before, in which the Allobroges had been subdued by Pomptinus (Bk. I. Chap. 6).

Chap. 65. cohortium, not

levied
B.C. 64.
2.

in

the

Province.

L. Caesare,

legionary troops, but auxiliaries a cousin of Julius, consul

I. Chap. 47*) the compliment to his
;

Donnotauro,

Roman name

(C. Valerius)

a brother of Procillus (Bk. is regularly taken in

204

Notes

Cccsar.

[B. G.

Scale of Miles.

Plan XI. Defeat of Vercingetorijc on the Vingeanne.

Bk. VII. Chaps. 66-67.

vii. 65-68. J

War

of Vercingetorix.
I.

205

Roman patronus
holds
4.
5.

Chaps. not simply(see the walls of the oppida.

:

also Bk.

19, 53).

muros, strong-

inter eos proeliari see Bk. I. Chap. 48s. sed et: these words should probably be omitted.

see Chap. 64 per fines, bearing from near Agedincum (where he had been joined by Labienus, Chap. 62) toward the east, and so leaving the hostile ;dui to the south. This movement, checked by the
1
: .

175.

Chap. 66. equites

. .
.

2.

attack of Vercingetorix, explains how the crisis of the campaign came to be the siege and capture of Alesia (see map). 4. adorirentur (subj. for imperat. of direct discourse), charge

upon them!
Caesar's

pedites,
in

the

Roman

foot;

Vercingetorix

knew

and did not suspect the German reinforcement. To infantry, any delay in defending whatever part i.e. might be attacked (suis) would be fatal. dignitate, &c.
cavalry,

weakness

the dishonor of retreat with loss of baggage. audeat follows 5. de, as to quin

ipsos

quidem =

now
a

at Gergovia.

et

such

men quo

as they victorious as they were just another reading is Id quo, beginning

ne

dubitare.

new sentence, and making the passage from si pedites to dubitare parenthetical. pro castris, in front of the camp, by way of
defiance.

Chap. 67. primo agmine (loc. abl.), at the front of the [Roline of march. Some copies have a primo agmine. 3. aciem constitui by a change of front turning the line of march to a line of battle.

man]

176. 5- quo duce, &c. (see Bk. I. Chap. 31) this ingly another Eporedorix, not the rival of Viridomarus.
:
:

was seem-

Chap. 68. Alesiam this famous fortress (now called Alise St. RSine)\s2& on the territory lying just north of the /Eduan frontier.
Its natural

advantages
:

are thus described

"

summed up
is

in the

succeeding chapters

Alesia, like Gergovia,

on a

hill

sloping off

all

in places, precipitous sides.

It lies

between two small

round, with steep, and, rivers, both of which

2o6
fall

Notes
and thence

CcBsar.

[B. G.

into the Brenne,

into the Seine.

Into this peninsula, with

on each side of him, Vercingetorix had thrown himself with Alesia as a position was impregnable except to famine. 80,000 men. The water-supply was secure. The position was of extraordinary strength.
the rivers

The
ran

rivers

formed natural trenches.

for three miles

parallel

Below the town, to the west, they through an open alluvial plain before they

reached the Brenne.

In every other direction rose rocky hills of equal height with the central plateau, originally perhaps one wide table-land, through which the water had ploughed out the valley. To attack Ver-

where he had placed himself was out of the question; but to blockade him there, to capture the leader of the insurrection and his whole army, and so in one blow make an end with it, on a survey of the
cingetorix
situation

seemed not impossible."

Fronde's

Ccesar.

Chap. 69. 3. quae pars has for an antecedent hunc locum. Caesar constructed a line of contravallation ; munitionis i.e. a series of works entirely surrounding the town, so as to resist milium this genitive requires some such word as spaa sortie.
4.
:

tium
In

to

be understood after tenebat.

Some

editions read milia.

remains of these works traces have been found of four infantry and four cavalry camps (see Plan XII.). in the daytime a mere picket-guard occupied 5. stationes, &c. each redoubt at night it was necessary to station in them strong
the
:

garrisons with numerous sentries (excubitoribus) on their walls.

Chap. 70. procastris: these were on the high ground castris is plural, camps. 3. angustioribus, too narrow, either from unskilful construcrelictis it tion, or more easily to prevent the enemy's entrance. is conjectured that this word does not belong here, being an error of some copyist, whose eye caught the same word two lines below. 5. portas, town gates ; these were closed, lest those who manned the exterior defences (the fossa and maceria) should rush into the town in a panic.

177.

south of the city (see Plan XII.)

Chap. 71.
5.

4.

ratione inita, having taken an account.

contravallation,
still

6.

Roman works of copias omnes not those

opus, the
:

unfinished.

that held the fortification east of

the town, but the outlying pickets

on

all

the other sides.

VII. 68-71.]

War

of Vercingetofix.

207

camp
camps

ide.

208

Xotes
Chap. 72.

Ccesar.

[B. G.

|78.

pedum

viginti,

i.e.

in

breadth.

directis,

vertical, the

bottom (solum) being as broad as the top. The ditch was usually

dug with sloping sides the object here was (as it was probably shallow) to make See note on Bk. I. it harder to cross. " The This was 3. Camp," Chap. 49,
;

the contravallation, the interior line of

defence, against the town. 2. totum corpus, the entire

work,

eleven
1

miles
60,
4
.

Chap. natos.
3.

operi,

in

extent,

according to take with desti-

interiorem:
locis, loc. abl.
4.

eadem

altitudine, of equal depth. i.e. nearer the town.

40,

and

loricam, pinnas see Bk. V. Chap. also note on Bk. I. Chap. 49,
:

\ 5

"The Camp,"

8.

cervis,

stumps with

roots, or trunks with branches, project-

ad, at. pluing like stags' horns. teorum: the lorica was really a series of arranged side by side on the
plutei, wall and

bound
ft.

these were 10

if turres together. wide at the base, there

:

must have been

at least 400.

Chap.

73. 2. truncis

arborum, &c.

i
'

trunks of trees having very stiff boughs were cut down, the boughs being trimmed at the ends, and then and

sharpened

five rows in trenches five ft. one deep (quiuos pedes), and perhaps and a half ft. wide.

planted in

(79.
five

3.

quini
of

ordines

these
inter-

rows

chevaux-ile-frise,

twined so as to be continuous, covered a perhaps 25 ft. wide, so that, even

space

VII. 72-76.]

War

of Vercingetorix.

209

with the help of a pole, an enemy could not easily leap over them. cippos, "boundary-stones," so called jestingly by the troops. in 4. scrobes, little pits, with sloping sides, three feet deep, dug

eight rows, arranged, as

we should say, in diamond-pattern, or as trees were planted in an orchard {in quincunceni) so that each should be equally distant from the six adjacent. A stout, sharp stake was
,

packed with a foot depth of earth, its point projecting four inches, the pit being then loosely filled with twigs and brush This elegant funnel-shaped trap for man or beast the soldiers called " "
set in each,
lily-cup
5.

(liliunt)

teretes, round, like a stick, while the

like a ball.

word rotundus means

round
6.

totae, their whole length, so that only the hooks projected.

.

Chap. 74. regiones aequissimas Plan XII.) was parallel with the works just described, and distant from it about 700 ft. It was protected
. .

the line of circumvak

lation (see

lilium.

XIV milia of by a single ditch. course the works of circumvallation

:

included

all

the

Roman

must have had a greater

Chap. 69*). other way.
is

circuit

camps, and than

(see

the inner line of contravallation

diversas, si discessu

facing the this passage

in

Fig. 45.

Lilitim.

irregular in syntax
;

and confused

doubtless corrupt. The sense is, perhaps, that he might not be driven to a retreat by ever so great an attacking force. convectum see note on compertum habere, Bk. habere

meaning

Chap. 44.

180.
bina.
3.

quo
22.

Chap. 75. Boiis

in

the blank

is

conjecturally filled

by

numero

compare Bk.
of.

pro, in consideration

Chap. 7. una, along with the rest.

III.

Chap. 76. opera Commii

Chap.
tribute.
state.

civitatem,

ipsi, sc.

immunem, free from civitati. attribuerat, had annexed as a subject

the Atrebates.

see Bk. IV. Chaps. 21, 35; Bk. V.

2IO
3.

ATotes :
Vercassivellauno
Ver
is
:

Ccesar.

[B. G.

prefix
5.

in this word, as in Vercingetorix, the " Sir." probably a title, like the modern ancipiti, with double front, having to be fought behind and

before.

181. Chap.
4.
5.

77. 3. deditionis, a mere " laying mollities, compare Chap. 20 5

.

down

of arms.'*

atque,

and then,

too.

6.
8.

9.

quid animi, what heart ? animi causa, for the pleasure of it. illorum, the Gauls his, the Romans.
;

182.
13.

ii-

illi

bello, dative after simile.

finitimam,

"over the border

"

the

Province.

securi-

bus, the

sign not simply of military rule, but of bloody execution (as a servile insurrection would be revenged).

lictor's axes, the

Chap. 78.
garrison
is to

2.

prohibebat "cruel, but war is cruel and where ? be reduced by famine, the laws of it are inexorable."
:

Chap. 79. colle

Brenne.

this hill is

south-west from Alesia, beyond the

183. Chap.
5.

80.

4.

complures, of the Roman

cavalry.
.

neque

ac, perhaps a misreading for

neque

nee.

Chap. 81.

atque, and even. harpagonum, iron hooks fastened

to poles, for tearing

down

the defences.

184. campestres munitiones, the works in the plain; i.e. the line of circumvallation in the Plain of Laumes, south-west from Alesia.
2.

4.

woven twigs, to fill up the trenches. librilibus, heavy stones fastened to a thong, by which they
crates, hurdles of
force.

were hurled with great

glandibus, leaden bullets.

Chap. 82. 2. superioribus, on the higher ground and south (see next chapter).
3.

to the

north

fossas

this

word should probably be fossam.

ft.

It

seems

to

refer to the ditch 20

wide.

vii. 76-89.]

War
2.

of Vercingetoi-ix. camp of these two Mont Rea.

.

211
legions (Plan XII.

Chap. 83.

collis

the

D) was on

the southern slope of

185.

Chap. 85.

3.

iniquum

fastigium, the unfavorable

downward slope

of the ground (see Chap. 83'2 ).

186.

4-

agger, earth.
:

Chap. 86. Labienum

(Plan XII. C). 3. interiores,
the

he was encamped on the heights of Bussy

Gauls within the town.

probably the Heights of Flavigny.

ex

loca praerupta ascensu, by assault.

Chap. 87. integros, i.e. troops that had not yet been engaged. cohorts of Brutus and Fabius were probably of those that had been defending the works in the plain. 2. eo, &c. i.e. in the works on Mont Rea.

The

Chap. 88. ex colore, the purple pain dament urn.

de locis superioribus, from the high badge. the Gauls. declivia, on the downward slope.

insigni, as a

ground occupied by

187. 2. equitatus, who had been despatched as s Chap. 87 crebris subsidiis, the constant sending of relief. 5
.
.

told

in

gallant

Chap. 89. Vercingetorix deditur the fate reserved for this and ill-fated chieftain was to be kept for six years in chains, and then, after being led in Caesar's triumphal procession, to be put
:

to death.

From 1862

to 1865 careful excavations

were made under direction of

The disthe emperor Napoleon III. on the site of the works at Alesia. There were found the recoveries that resulted were most interesting.
mains of
Caesar's

four infantry

camps (Plan XII.

A B C D)

and of

his

four cavalry

23 redoubts, remains of only 5 could be traced. It is likely that the rest were mostly of wood, so that they soon crumbled entirely away. The trench 20 ft. wide (f f) remains in its

camps (G

K).

Of

the

Of the pits (lilid) in which the sharp stakes were buried, more entirety. than 50 were discovered. They are all 3 ft. deep, 2 ft. wide at the top, and 1 ft. wide at the bottom. Of course they do not retain the original

212
dimensions.

Notes

Ccesar.

[B. G.

In the trenches was found a great number of coins,

Roman

and

Gallic, swords, daggers, spear-heads,

and the

like.

The

result of these

researches was a very striking corroboration of Caesar's narrative.

wise and

Close of the Campaign. If humane in victory. Even

Caesar
in the

was merciless

in
fall

war, he was
of Alesia, he

moment

of the

uses his prisoners to

make terms
to

?os,&c).

His aim was " not

with the more important states (si per enslave the Gauls, but to incorporate

the Empire; to extend the privileges of Roman citizens among them, and among all the undegenerate races of the European provinces.

them

in

He punished no one. He was gracious and considerate to all, and he so impressed the central tribes by his judgment and his moderation, that they served him faithfully in all his coming troubles, and never more, even in
the severest temptation, made an effort to recover their independence." * Caesar's own narrative closes with the great and decisive victory at
Alesia.

The

friend, Hirtius Pansa, in the

Bituriges in rapid winter march across the Loire. The Remi in the north, who alone of the Gauls had been steadily true to Rome, were attacked in retaliation by the

is told by his faithful officer and Eighth Book. A rising of the Carnutes and the west, undeterred by the fate of Avaricum, was crushed by a

short remainder of the story

fled to

Bellovaci under Commius, but were crushed in a single battle, and Commius Germany. The final rally of the patriot party was made at the

stronghold of Uxellodunum, on a branch of the Garonne, in the southwest; but this was also reduced by a siege of extreme difficulty, and the one act of vindictive barbarity which stains Caesar's record was inflicted
its fall by cutting off the hands of the desperate defenders who had held out to the last for the independence of Gaul. Caesar then " invited the chiefs of all the tribes to come to him. He spoke to them of the

after

which lay open to them as members of a splendid imperial state. gave them magnificent presents. He laid no impositions either on the leaders or their people; and they went to their homes personally devoted
future

He

to their conqueror, contented with their condition,

tain

the

peace which was

now

established,

and resolved

to

main-

unique experience in

political history."

The
I

Legions.

In

the operations of this year (52 B.C.) Caesar used

the 10 legions with

and
*

III

which the previous year saw him provided. Legions had been loaned him by Pompey (see note on Bk. VI. Chap. I 4 ).

The

condensed narrative given

student of Bk. VII. will do well to read, in connection with it, the admirable " in Froude's Caesar," from which the above extract is taken.

VII. 89.]

War

of Vercingetorix.

213

Legions VII, VIII, IX and X Caesar found stationed in his provinces when he assumed the proconsulship in the year 58. Legions XI and XII he enrolled in Hither Gaul in the spring of that year, to operate against the
Helvetians.

Legion XIII was raised

in 53.

in

Hither Gaul in 57.

was raised

The

previous (half) Legion

B.C.

XIV

Legion XIV and Legion XV had

perished with Sabinus in 54

MILITARY INDEX.
Numbers
refer to

Pages of Notes.

acies, 35, 87, 88, 185. acies duplex, 116.

clamor, 95.
cohors, 35, 49, 70, 97, 183.

acies triplex, 35, 123.

cohors praetoria, 48, 52.

IIO,
140,

agger, 57, 77, 79

et seq.,

comites, 48.

17. '73. 174, 181.

concilium, 43, 138.

agmen,

38,

86

et seq.

agmen extremum, 89. agmen novissimum, 28, 89. agmen quadratum, 87, 88, 91.
ala, 34, 92.
alarii, 63.

concursus, 35. consilium, 145.

contabulare, 147, 172. contravallare, 186.

contubernales, 48, 85.

convallis, 146.

amentum,
aquila, 39.

148.

cornu, 64, 94.

crista, 3.

aquilifer, 39.
aries, 101. ballista, 75.

cruralia, 3.

cuniculi, 115, 172

decuria, 34.
decurio, 34.
ephippiis, 119.
equitatus, 28, 34, 92.
equites, 34, 71, 155, 181.

balteus, 4.

hracca,

3.

buccina, 72, 94.

calceus,
3.

121,

134, 139, 152.

calo, 71, 86.

cassis, 3.

essedum, 130, 134.

essedarii, 130, 134. excubiae, 186.

castellum, 21, 74, 76, 161, 191.

castra, 56, 57, 70, 104, 177, 179, 186,

191.

expediti milites, 90.

catapulta, 75.
centuria, 17, 35, 70. centurio, 17, 35, 49.
cibaria, 15.
cippi, 189.

exploratores, 25, 71, 72, 77, 79.

fabri, 75, 141.

fakes, 112, 148.

feminalia,
3.

ferrum, 4.
fossa, 57, 74, 186, 188.

circumvallare, 189.

Military Index.
frumentum,
furca, 24.
29.

215
29, 68.

pabulum,

funditores, 73.

pagus, 26, 118.

passus, 10.

gaesum, 104.
galea,
3.

pedem

referre, 38.

pelles, 85, 104.

gladius, 4, 38.
hastati, 87.

phalanx, 37, 64.

pilani, 87.

hiberna, 67, 104.

pilum,

4, 35, 76.

impedimenta, 85, 88 et seq., 152. imperium, 17, 32, 115, 152.

insignia,
iter, 23.

pila muralia, 147. pinna, 60, 147, 188.

^,

96.

pluteus, 78 et seq., 188.

et seq.

itineris

consuetudo, 86

jugum, 19. latus apertum, 38, 97, 179.

legatus, 22, 27, 32, 62, 64.
legio, 17,

pons, 26, 125. porta, 57, 61, 62, 116, 162, 186. praefectus, 106.
praesidium, 21.
primipilus, 50, 98.

35, 52, 66, 68,

102,
x

117,

principes, 87.

130, I35 136, I45 149. 15

192.
librilia,

l6 5>

quaestor, 64.
sagittarii, 175.

190.

lilium, 191.
lituus, 94.

sagulum, 148. sagum, 3, 23.

sarcinae, 24, 35, 85 et seq.
scorpio, 75.

locus alienus, 28. locus superior, 35, 40, 57. locus suus, 28.
lorica, 3, 60, 147, 188.

scrobes, 189.

scutum, 3, 96. sectionem vendere, 102.

signa, 39, 163.

maceiia, 186.

manipulus,

17, 35, 70, 163.

manipulos laxare, 98.

matara, 40. muli Mariani, 24.

signa conferre, 97. signa convertere, 38, 98. signa inferre, 38, 98.
signifer, 39, 97.

munire castra,

57.

signum, 72.

munitio, 22, 186, 190, 191.

signum pugnae,
soldurii, 115.

95.

murus, 20, 172.

naves, 106, 11
1.

naves subducere, 137.

ocrea,
3.

speculatores, 71, 77, 79, 132. stationes, 71, 72, 143, 186.

stipendium,
14, 144.

4.

oppidum,
optio, 49.

tabernaculum, 71, 104.

terga vertere, 38.
testudo, 37, 78, 148.

oppugnatio, 73,

77.

opus dimetiri,
orbis, 98, 136.

71.

testudinem facere, 73, 140.

titulum, 57, 72.

ordo, 17, 35, 49.

tormenta, 75, 76, 78, 80, 107.

i6
tragula, 40. tribuni militum, 17, 62.

Military Index.
umbo,
4.

valli, 60.

tuba, 94.
tunica, 3.

vallum, 57, 105.

vexillarius, 39, 97.

turma, 34, 92.

turris, 78, 97, 107, 147, 172, 173, ii

vexillum, 39, 95.

vigilia, 72.

turris

ambulatoria, 79.

vinea, 78 et seq., 174

GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
PREPARED BY
H.
P.

JUDSON.

The approximate latitude and longitude refer to Map i. The figures next following show on what other map or maps the name is found. The book and chapter are then cited for each occurrence of the name in the Gallic War.

Aduatuca:Lat.50-52N., Long. we do not know any reason sufficient 4 -6 E.; 4; VI. 32, 35. A forti- to make so great a change in either fied town of the Eburones (probably of the two. Hence we can hardly the modern Tongres). To be distin- regard the precise situation of this guished from (Aduatucorum) op- Aduatuca as satisfactorily proven. On Map 1 the town is placed at pidum, q. v. Aduatuci: Lat.50-52N., Long. Falhize; on Plan VI. near Namur. 4-6 E.; 4; II. 4, 16, 29, 31; V. Thus the two situations are both
27. 38, 39, 5 6 5 VI. 2, ^. tribe of German descent.
:

Belgic

seen.

Age(n)dicum
Long. 2-4 E.;
:

Lat. 48-50 N.,

Aedui see Haedui. oppidum (Aduatucorum)

Lat. SO-52 N., Long. 4-6 E.; II. fortified town of the Adua29.

VI. 44; VII. IO > 57 59. 62 The chief town of the Senones, now Sens, in Cham4, 6;

pagne.

tuci.

Napoleon have been on the

del of

III. considers
hill

it

to

Alduasdubls
Alesia
4 -6 E.;
:

see

Dubis.

where the

cita-

Lat. 46-48 N., Long.

2,

Namur

is

now

situated (see

Plan VI.),

at the

confluence of the

77, 79, 80, 84.

6; VII. 68, 69, 75- 76, town of the Man-

Sambre with the Meuse. Goler places dubii, now Alise Ste. Reine. it at Mount Falhize, opposite Huy, Allobroges: Lat. 44-46 N, on the Meuse some distance below Long. 6 E.; 2, 6; I. 6, 10, II, 14, Namur. By the context (II. 29) the 28; III. 1, 6; VII. 64, 65. A powcircuit of the Gallic fortifications

was

erful Celtic tribe,

conquered by Fabius

= about 2| Lat. 44-46 N., Long. (sc. pedum) Alpes But the circuit of 6-8 E.; 2, 6; I. 10; III. 1, 2, (English) miles. 7; the Gallic fortifications on the plan IV. 10. The Alps, mountains dividof Napoleon III. is less than f of a ing Italy from Gaul and Germany. mile (English) ; and on the plan of Ambarri: Lat.46-48N.,
millia
:

15,000

(Roman)

feet;

quindecim Maximus,

121 B.C.

Long.

Goler about 5 miles.

Of

course in
hill

4-6 E.

2,

6;

I.

1,

14.

Gallic

the lapse of centuries the

may
but

tribe, clients

of the Haedui.
Lat. 50-52N., Long,

have changed

its

form and

size;

Ambiani:

2lS
2 E.;
4, 5;

Geographical
II. 4,

Index.

15;

VII. 75.

A
so

Belgic tribe.
rarobriva,
is

Their chief town, Samathe

modern Amiens,

4 6 - 5 oN., Long.o- 5 W.; V. 53; VII. 75. The Gallic states on the seacoast, between the Loire and the
Seine.

called from the

name
:

of the tribe.

Ambibarii

Lat.

48 -5o N.,

Arverni
2 E.;
6;

Lat. 44-46 N., Long.

31, 45;

Long. o-2 W.; VII. 75. A tribe of Aquitania. In some texts called

I.

VII.

3, 4, 5, 7,

8, 9, 34. 37.

Ambiliati.

38, 64, 66, 75, 76, 77, 83, 88, 89, 90. powerful Celtic

Ambilareti
the
:

VII. 90.

Probably

tribe.

same as the Ambarri, q. v. Ambiliati see Ambibarii. Ambivariti: Lat. 48-50

IV.
9.

Atrebates
N.,
II.

(or

Atrebati)

Lat.
3,

50- 5 2N., Long. 2- 4 E.;

Long. 6-8 E.;

tribe.

Belgic

4; 23; III. 27, 35; IV. 21; V. 22, 46; VI. 6; VII. 75, 76. A
4,
16,

Belgic tribe.
:

Ambluareti
the

VII. 75.

Probably
q. v.

Aulerci:
VII. 4, 57, 75. four tribes
:

II.

34;

III.

17,

29;

same

as the
:

Ambarri,

Anartes VI.
at the eastern
forest.

25. A Dacian tribe, end of the Hercynian

Gallic people in

The Aulerci Brannovices

Long. 4 E.
; ;

Lat. 46-48 N.,

2, 6.

Ancalites:
o-2 W.;
Britain.
5;

Lat. 5o -52N.,

Long

2.

Aulerci Cenomani:
4.

Lat. 48

VI. 21.

tribe of

N.,
3.

Long. o-2 E.

The Aulerci

Diablintres

Andes

Lat.
II.

46-48 N., Long.

III. 7;

Lat. 48-50 N., Long. o.

4.

o-2 W.J

35;
I.

VII. 75.

The Aulerci Eburovices

:

Celtic tribe.

Lat.
10.

Aquileia:

A city of Hither
42-46 N.,
1;

48-50N., Long. o-2 E.; 4. Ausci Lat. 42-44 N., Long.

III. 27.

Gaul, near the modern Trieste.

o;
II.

tribe of Aquitania.

Aquitania Long. 2 W.-2

:

Lat.

Axona:
4
E.;
2,

Lat. 48-50 N., Long.

6;
II.
5,

E;

I.

III.

9.

The River

VII. 31. The southwestern part of Gaul, inhabited principally by people of Iberian
20,
21, 23, 26, 27;

Aisne, a confluent of the Isara,

the Oise.

now

stock.

Arar
VII. 90.

(-aris)

Lat. 46-48 N.,

I.

Long. 4-6 E.; 2,6;

12, 13, 16;

Bacenis (silva) Lat. 5o -52 VI. 10. A N., Long. 8-io E. forest of Germany.
:

The River Saone.

(Silva)
:

Baleares:
Balearic

II. 7.

People of the

Arduenna

Lat. 50 N.,

Islands, in the Mediterra-

Long. 4 -6 E.; V. 3; VI. 29,31, A mountainous region covered 33. with forest, in the N.E. part of Gaul; the modern Ardennes.

nean, east of Spain.

Batavorum

Insula
is

Lat. 50 -

52 passage (IV. 10)

It

N., Long. 6 E.

IV. 10.

The

rather obscure.

Arecomici:
4 E.; 6; VII.
7,

Lat. 44
64.

N Long. See Voleae.

:

Armoricae

(civitates)

Lat.

seems to mean that the Waal (Vacalus), a branch of the Rhine, falls into the Meuse; that the island

Geographical ludt x.
is formed by the Waal, the Meuse, and the Rhine; and that then at a distance of 80

219

of the Batavians

2E.;6;

1.

15, 21, 29, 75, 90.

18; VII. 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, Celtic tribe.

Boii
-4
E.,

miles
finally

from the ocean, the Meuse empties into the Rhine. At

46-48 N., Long. 2 also 8-lO E.; 6; I. 5, 25,

:

Lat.

28, 29;
tribe.

VII. 10, 17, 75.

Celtic

present the Meuse, empties into the ocean. There is no doubt that the
shifting sands of these oozy lowlands have made and unmade many river

part of

them accompanied

the

Helvetii

in their migration, and,

at the request of the

Haedui, were
settle

allowed by Caesar to

in

HaeSee

channels in the

nineteen centuries
so that
his
it

duan

territory.
:

since Cfesar's day;

is

per-

Brannovices
Aulerci.

VII.
Lat.
2,

75.

haps not unlikely that

was substantially correct. be remembered, however,

account It must that he

Brannovii

46-48 N.,
VII. 75.

Long. 2-4 E.;

6;

wrote only from hearsay; and that such topographical information as

Celtic tribe, clients of the

Haedui.
;

Bratuspantium
N.,

he could gather in that way would perhaps be quite as vague as the rumors of rivers and lakes that came
in our

Lat. 48-50 Long. 2-4E.; 3, 4, 5 II. 13. fortified town of the Bellovaci.
:

own day
I.

to

Livingstone in the
II. 1, 2,

heart of Africa.

Belgae:
14, 15,

I;

17,

19;

III. 7, 11;

3,4, 5, 6, IV. 38;

1, 4, 5; II. 4, IV. 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 3o, 37, 38; V. 2, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, The Island of 22; VI. 13; VII. 76.

Britannia: maps
III. 8, 9;

14;

Britain.

V. 24.

general name given to the tribes of the northern part of Gaul.

Cabilldnum
E.;

Lat.
2,

46-48 N.,
VII. 42, 90. now Chalons-

Many

of

them were

of

German Long. 4-6

6;

descent.

A town of the
sur-Sabne.

Haedui,

Bellovaci: Lat.48-50N., Long.

2E.; 3,4,5,6; 11.4,5,10,13,14; V. 24,46; VII. 59, 75,90. A Belgic tribe.

Cadurci:

Lat. 44-46N.,
4,
5.

Long.

o-2E.; VII.

7>

64,

75-

Bibracte
55> 63, 90.

(-is)

Lat. 46-48 N.,

6;
I.

tribe of Aquitania.

Long. 4-6 E.;

2,

The chief town Haedni, now Antun.

23; VII. of the

Caeroesi
6 E.; 4;

Lat. 48-50 N.,

Long.

II. 4.

Belgic tribe of
Lat. 4S -

German

descent.
(or Caleti)
:

Bibrax

(-ctis)

Lat. 48-50 N.,

II. 6.

Caletes

Long. 4-6 E.; 3,4; of the Remi.

A town

50 N., Long. o-2 E.; 4, 5; II. 4; VII. 75. A tribe near the mouth
of the Seine.

Bibroci
o-2 E.;
Britain.

5;

Lat. 50-52 N., Long. V. 21. tribe of

Cantabri:
2-4 W.j
of Spain.

Lat. 42-44N., Long.

III. 26.

warlike tribe

Bigerriones

Long. o-2 E.; the Pyrenees. Bituriges: Lat. 46-48N., Long.

Lat. 42-44 N., III. 27. tribe of

Cantium
o-2 E.;

4, 5;

Lat. 50-52N., Long. V. 13, 14, 22. The

S.E. part of Britain,

now Kent.

220
Carcasso
:

Geographical Index.
Lat. 42-44 N., Long.
p.

Belgic tribe of

German

descent,

2-4 E.; Notes,

114, chap. 20-.

clients of the

town of the Velcae Tectosages,

:

Treveri. Curiosolites (Curiosolitae)

in the Province.

Lat.
34.

Carnutes Lat. 48-50N., Long. o-2 E.; 4; II. 35; V. 25, 29,56; VI. 2, 3, 4, 13, 44; VII. 2, 3, 1 1, 75.

48-50N., Long. 2 An Armoric tribe.

25.

W.;

II.

Daci: VI.
:

The Dacians,
25.

Cassi: Lat. 5o-52 N., Long. people of Thrace. A tribe of o-2 W.; 5; V. 21. Danubius VI. Danube. Britain.

The River

Caturiges:

Lat.
2,

44-46
6;
I.

N.,

Decetia
2-4 E.;
the

Lat. 46-48 N., Long.

Long. 6-8 E.;

10.

6;

tribe in the Province.

Haedui, on

VII. 33. A town of the Loire.

:

Cenimagni
of Britain.

Lat.

52-54 N.,
21.

Diablintres
lerei.
:

III.

9.

See

Au-

Long. 0-2 E.; 5; V.

A
See

tribe

Cenomani:
lerci.

VII. 75.
Lat.
2,

Centrones

Dubis Lat. 46-48N., Long. 6 Au- -8E.; 2,6; I. 38. The River Doubs, a confluent of the Arar (the Sabne). Durocortorum Lat.48-50N., 44-46 N.,
:

Long. 6-8 E.;

6;

I.

10.

A
N., Bel-

tribe of the Province.

Ceutrones
gic tribe.

Lat.

50^5 2
39.

Long. 4 -6 E.; 3, 4. 6; VI. 44. The chief town of the Remi, near Rheims.

Long. 2-4 E.; 4; V.

Eburones
:

Lat.
II.

Cevenna (Mods)
Long. 2-4 E.;
2,

Lat.

44 N.,
8,

Long. 6 E.; 4;

4;

50-52 N., IV. 6; V.

5,

6;

VII.

56.

24, 28, 29, 39, 47, 58;

VI.

31, 32,
tribe,

The Cevennes Cherusci

:

Mts.
Lat. 52 ~54 N.,

Long.

Belgic 34, 35; VII. 75. clients of the Treveri.

:

A German tribe. Elaver (-eris) Lat. 46-48 N., Cimbri: I. 33, 40; II. 4; VII. Long. 2- 4 E.; VII. 34, 35, 53. A German tribe, cut to pieces The Allier, an affluent of the Liger 77. (the Loire). by the Romans in 103 and 102 B.C.
io E.; VI. 10.

Cisalpina Gallia (Gallia Citerior)

on

Gallic province the Italian side of the Alps.

:

VI.

1.

The

A name given
:

Eleutheri (Cadurci) VII. 75. to the Cadurci, q. v. Elusates Lat. 44 N., Long. o
: ;

Cisrheuani

Lat.

48-52 N.,

III. 27.

A
:

tribe of Aquitania.

The GerEsuvii Lat. 48-50 N., Long. Long. 4-6 E.; VI. 2. A man tribes living on the Gallic side O 4; II. 34; III. 7; V. 24.
;

of the Rhine.

Celtic tribe.
:

Cocosates
Long. o-2
of Aquitania.

Lat.
;

44-46 N.,
27.

Gabali
4
E.;
6;

W.

III.

tribe

VII.

Lat. 44-46 N., Long. Gallic 7, 64, 75.

tribe, clients

of the
I.

Arverni.
7,

Condrusi:
4-6E.;
4;

Lat. 50-52N., Long.

II.

Gallia:

I,

2, 3,

10,

16,

17,

4;

IV. 6; VI. 32.

19, 20, 24, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37,

Geographical Index.
43. 44, 45 46, 53. 545

221

H.
3,

i,

2, 3, 4,

35; III.

7,

11,

17, 20, 28;

IV.

6, 8,

The

Long. 2 E.; 6; VII. II, 14, 17. chief town of the Carnutes,
Orleans.
:

16, 19, 20, 29;

V. 1,2,

5,6,8, 12,
12, 13, 29,

now

13, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 41, 53, 54, 55,

Genava
6-8 E.;

56, 58;

VI.

1,
1,

3,

5,

11,
6,

2,

Lat. 46-48 N., Long. The chief 6; I. 6, 7.

31,44; VII.
71, 76, 77.

3, 4,

10,

15, 20,

25. 29, 31, 34, 37. 43. 55. 59, 63, 66,

In general, the whole of

France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Northern Italy. In particular, the two

Roman provinces, Gallia Cisalpina, reaching from the River Po to

the Alps; andGalliaTransalpina, a strip of France along the coast of

town of the Allobroges, now Geneva. Gergovia: Lat. 44-46N., Long. 2-4E.; 6; VII. 4, 34, 36, 37, 38, A town of 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 59. the Arverni. The plateau on which it was built is level, almost quite rectangular, and, being at an elevation of 761 metres above the
sea,
is

visible

at

considerable

the

Mediterranean.

Also applied

distance.

(at the

beginning of Caesar's procon-

Germani

I.

1, 2,

27, 28, 31,

n,

sulate) to the country extending from the Pyrenees and the Roman prov-

36, 39. 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 5, 5 J 5 2 ; II. 1, 3, 4; III. 7, 11; IV. 1, 2, 3,
4, 6, 7, 13, 14,

ince

to to

the the

Rhine, and from the

ocean.

15, 16, 19;

V.

2, 27,

This, at that time, was independent of the Roman power, and was divided loosely into

Alps

28, 29,41, 55;

VI.

2, 5, 7, 8,

9, 12,

21, 24, 29, 32, 35, 37, 41, 42; VII. The people 13, 63, 65, 67, 70, 80.

three parts, Belgic and Celtic Gaul

of

and Aquitania,

q. v.

I.

1.

Germania, q. v. Germania: maps

1,

4;

IV. 4;

V. 13; VI. 11, 24, 25,31; VII. 65.

Gallia (Transalpina) (Gallia The Romans applied the name GerUlterior) VII. 1,6. Gaul on the mania to the whole country between French side of the Alps. Before the Rhine, the Danube, the Vistula, Gesar's conquests it was merely a and the North Sea.
:

strip of

land along the coast of the Mediterranean.

Germani (Transrhenani)

IV.

Gates
o;

Lat.

42-^
Lat.

N., Long.

The Germans 16; V. 2; VI. 5. the German side of the Rhine.

:

on

III. 27.

A
:

tribe of Aquitania.

Garumna
Long. o;
I. 1.
:

44-46 N., The River Garonne.

Lat.
;

Garumni

42-44

N.,

Lat. 46-48 N., Gorgobina Long. 2-4 E. 6; VII. 9. A town of the Boii, in the land of the Haedui, founded by the Boii who
;

Long. o-2 E.
:

III. 27.

A A
11.

people
N.,

emigrated with the Helvetians.

of Aquitania, in the Pyrenees. Geidumni Lat. 5O-52

Graioceli: Lat. 44-46N., Long.

6-8 E.;
the
2,

6;

I.

10.

tribe in

Long. 2-4E.; 4; V.
tribe, clients of the

39.

Belgic

Alps.

Their chief town was

Nervii.
VII.

Ocelum.
The
N.,

Genabenses
people of

Genabum.
:

Genabum

Lat.

46-48

Grudii: Lat. 5O -52 N., Long. 2-4E.; 4; V. 29. A Belgic tribe, clients of the Nervii.

222
Haedni
4 E.;
:

Geographical Index.
Lat. 46-48 N., Long.
I.

III. 1}
I- 6,

V. 1,29; VI. 1,32,44; VII.

Italy.

2, 6;

3, 9,

10,

II,

14,

15,

7, 55, 57, 65.

16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 28, 31, 32, 11, 35,

Itius

Portus

Lat. 5O -52 N.,

36, 37. 43. 44. 48;

II. 5, 10, 14, 15;

V.

6,

7,

54; VI. 4,

n,

12; VII.

5,

Long. o-2 E.; 4, 5; V. 2, 5. The port in Gaul from which Caesar sailed

9, 10, 17, 32, S3, 34, 37, 38,

39, 40,

41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 53, 54, ss, 58, 61, 63, 64, 67, 76, 77, 89, 90.

powerful

Celtic

tribe

allied

his second expedition to Britain. According to Napoleon III. it was A the port of Boulogne. Goler thinks with it was Calais.

on

Rome.

Harudes
8-io E.;

man

tribe,

Lat.48-50N., Long. A Ger31, 37, 51. the remnant of the great

:

I.

Cimbric migration of the close of the second century B.C.

Jura (3Ions) Lat. 46-48 N., Long. 6 E.; 2, 6; I. 2, 6, 8. Mount Jura, the mountain chain dividing the Sequani from the Helvetians.
:

6-8E.; 2,6;

Helvetii: Lat. 46-48 N., Long. I. 1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,

Latobrigi
Long. 8 E.;

Lat. 4;
I.

48-50
5,

N.

28, 29.

8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,

German
N.,

tribe.
:

19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,

Lemanus Lacus
Long. 6-8 E.;
:

Lat. 46-48
2, 6;
I.

31,40; IV. 10; VI. 25; VII. 75. The Helvetians, a tribe between Lake

2,

8;

III. 1.

Leman (Geneva),
Helvii
4 -6E.;
:

the

Rhone and

the

Lake Leman, or Geneva. Leinovices Lat. 44-46 N.,

4,

Rhine; the ancient Swiss.

Lat. 44-46 N.,

Long. o-2 E.; VII.

Long.

1.

2), 88.

Celtic tribe.

75 (p. 180, Also Lat.

2, 6; VII. 7, 8, 64, 65. Gallic tribe in the Province.

:

46-48 N., Long. o-2 W.: VII. 75 (p. 180, 1. 10). An Armoric tribe.
This latter
is

Lat. 48-50 Long. 8-io E.; VI. 24, 25. The great Hercynian forest in Germany.

Hercynia (Silva)

a doubtful reading.
Lat. 46-48N., Long. 10. Celtic tribe.

N.,

Lepontii:

8-io E.; IV.

Leuci:
6 E.;
tribe.
2,

Lat. 48 -5o N.,

4,

Long.
Celtic

Hibernia:
1
1

Ireland.

6;

I.

40.

ispani

V. 26.
I.

The

Hispania:
13. 2 7> 55-

I;
-

Spaniards. III. 23; V. 1,

s P ain

Levaci Lat. 5o-52 N., Long. 2-4 E.; 4; V. 39. A Belgic tribe, clients of the Nervii.
:

Illyricum:
Illyria, atic,

II. 35; III. 7; V. 1. the country east of the Adriand west of Macedonia and

Lexovii
o; 4;

Lat.

48 ~5o N., Long.

VII. 75.

III. 9,

An Armoric

II, 17, 29; tribe.

Thrace.

It reached to Gallia CisLiger: Lat. 46-48 N., Long. alpina, and was one of Csesar's o-2 W.; 2, 6; III. 9; VII. 5, 11,

provinces.

55> 5^> 59:

Insula Batavoruni

see

Bata35;

The River Loire. Lingones: Lat. 46-48N., Long.

9,

vorum

Insula.
I.

4-6E.; 2,4,6; 1.26,40; IV. 10;

40;
II. 29,

Italia:

10, 33,

VI. 44; VII.

63,66.

A Celtic tribe.

Geographical Index.
Lutetia
2-4E.;
58.
:

223
:

Lat. 48-50 N.,

4,

Long.

Namnetes
tribe.

Lat.

46-48 N.,

now

6; VI. 3; VII. 57, The chief town of the Parisii; Paris.

3,

Long. o-2 W.;

III. 9.

A
N.,

Celtic

Nautuates
Celtic tribe.

Lat. 46
1,

Long.

6-8 E.; 2; III.

6;

IV. 10.

A
Lat.

Magetobri(g)a:
tic

I.

31.

Cel-

town,

at

which Ariovistus defeated

Lat. 46-48N., Long.

Narbo (Narbo Martius)

now Narbonne.

the Gauls.

Mandubii:
4
E.;
2,

42-44 N., Long. 2-4 E.; III. A Roman colony in 20; VII. 7.
the Province;

6;

VII. 68, 71, 78.

:

Celtic tribe.

Nemetes
Lat. 48-5o N.,

Lat. 48-50N., Long.

Marcomanni
Long. 8 E.;
I.

8 E.;

4;

I.

51;

VI. 25.

Ger-

51. tribe with Ariovistus.

A German man

tribe.

Nervii: Lat. 50-52 N., Long.

Matisco
4-6 E.;
of the

Lat. 46-48 N., Long.

6;

4 E.;

3,

4;

II. 4, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23,

2,

VII. 90.

town

Haedui, now Macon. Matrona: Lat. 48-50N., Long. A powerful Belgic 4 E.; 3, 4, 6; I. I. The River Nitrobriges
:

V. 24, 38, 39, 41, 42, 45, 46,48,56,58; VI. 2, 3, 29; VII. 75.
28, 29, 32;
tribe.

Lat. 44-46 N.,

7,

Marne.

Long. o-2 E.; VII.

:

31, 46, 75. in Styria.

I.

Mediomatrici
Long. 6-8 E.;
75.

2,

Lat. 48-50 N., 4; IV. 10; VII.

tribe of Aquitania.

Noreia:

I.

5.

town
:

Gallic tribe.

Noricum (Agrum)
territory of Noreia, q. v.

5.

The

Meldi:
2-4 E.;
tribe.

Lat. 48-50 N., Long. Celtic 3, 4, 6; V. 5.

Noviodununi
(Haeduorum).

1.

Noviodunum
46-48 N.,
VII. 55.
2.

Lat.

Meloduuum:

Lat. 48-50 N.,

Long. 2-4 E.; 4, 6; VII. 58, 60, 61. A town of the Senones, on an island in the Seine; now Melun.

Long. 2-4 E.; 6; town of the Haedui.

Noviodu-

num (Suessionum)

Lat. 48-50 N.,

II. 12.

Long. 4E.; 3,4,6;

of the Suessiones;
3.

A town
Lat.

Menapii
4, 22,

Lat. 50-52 N., Long.

II.

now

Soissons.

4-6E.; 4;
gic tribe.

4;
5,

III. 9, 28;

IV.
Bel-

Noviodunum (Biturigum).

38; VI. 2,

6,9, 33.

46-48 N., Long. 2-4 E.; VII. A town of the Bituriges. 12, 14.

Mona:
4-6 W.;
Anglesey,

Lat. 52-54 N.,

Long.
Isle

V.

13.

The

of
9;

Oceanus:
75.

off the coast of Britain.

:

I. 1; II. 34; III. 3, 7, IV. 10, 29; VI. 31, 33; VII. 4,

Morini
2E.;
76.

Lat. 50-52 N.,

Long.

The

Atlantic.
:

3, 4,

5;

II.

4;

III. 9, 28;

Ocelum
Graioceli.

IV. 21, 22,37,38;

V. 24; VII. 75,

6-8 E.; 2;

Lat. 44-46 N., Long. I. 10. town of the

Belgic tribe.
Lat. 50-52 N.,
9, 10,

Mosa:

Long.

Octodnrus

Lat.
2;

4 -6 E.; 4; IV.
V. 24; VI. 33.

12, 15, 16;

Long. 6-8E.;
of the Veragri.

III. I.

46-48 N., A town

The River Meuse.

224
Orcynia
: :

Geographical Index.

VI. 24. A Greek name Remi: Lat. 48-50 N., Long. 4-6 E.; 3, 4, 6; III. 13, 14; IV. Hercynian forest. Osismi Lat. 48-50 N., Long. 25; V. 8; VII. 60, 61, 90. A pow4 W.; II.34; HI- 95 VII. 75. An erful Belgic tribe. Armoric tribe. Rhenus Lat. 50-52 N., Long.
for the
:

6-8E.;

2,

3;

I.

1,2,5,27,28,31,

Padus:
in

V. 24.
Lat.

The River
50

Po,

33. 35, 37. 43, 44, 53, 54; 29, 35;

14,

Northern

Italy (Cisalpine Gaul).

:

H.

3, 4,

"J

IV.

1,

3, 4, 6,

10,

Paemani

N., Long.

15, 16, 17, 19;

V.

3, 24, 27, 29,

6 E.; 4; II. 4. German descent.

Belgic tribe of 4i,55; VI. 9, 24, 29, 32,35, 41,42; VII. 65. The River Rhine.

Parisii
2 E.;
57, 75.

Lat. 48-50 N., Long.

3. 4. 6;

VI. 3; VII. 4, 34, Celtic tribe. Their chief

town, Lutetia

{mud

town?), be-

Rhodanus Lat. 44-46 N., Long. 4-6 E.; 2, 6; I. 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12,33; HI- !; VII. 65. The River Rhone.
:

came the modern Paris, from the Roma: I. 31; VI. name of the tribe. The city of Rome. Petrocorii Lat. 44-46 N., Ruteni: Lat. 44
:

12;

VII. 90.

N., Long. 2
7,

Long. o-2 E.; VII.

of Aquitania.

75.

tribe

E.;

6;

I.

45; VII.
tribe

5,

64, 75, 90.

A A
V.

Celtic

bordering

on

the

Pictones
o
;

Lat. 46-48 N., Long. VII. 4, 75. Celtic tribe.

:

Province.

Pirustae
Illyria.

1.

tribe

of

Pleumoxii:
Long. 4
E.;

Lat.

50-52 N.,

Sabis: Lat. 50-52 N., Long. 4 E.; 3, 4; II. 16, 18. The River Sambre, an affluent of the Meuse.

4; V. 39. tribe, clients of the Nervii.

A
:

Belgic
I.
I, 2,

Provincia (Romana)
45, 53;
1;
II.

6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 28, 33, 35, 44,

Samarobriva Lat. 48-50 N., Long. 2-4 E.; 3, 4, 5; V. 24, 47, 53. The chief town of the Ambiaui; now Amiens.
:

29;

III. 2, 6, 9,
7,

20; V.

Santones
III. 11;

(or

Santoni)
I.

Lat.
1 1
;

VI. 24; VII. 1,6,

55, 56, 59,

46 N., Long. o-2 W.;

VII. 75.

10,

64, 65, 66, 77. Transalpine Gaul, especially as it was at the beginning

Celtic tribe.

of Csesar's proconsulate. modern Provence.

Hence
Lat.
I. 1.

the

Scaldis: Lat. 50-52 N., Long. 2-4E.; VI. 33. The River Scheldt. Sedan! Lat. 46-48 N., Long.
:

Pyrenaei Montes
44
N.,

42 -

Long. 2
:

W.;

The

8 E.; 2; III. the Alps.

1,

2,

7.

tribe of

Pyrenees.

Ptianii
-2E.;

Lat. 44-46 N.,

Long. o

Sedusii 8-ioE.
;

Lat. 48-5o N., Long.

I.

51.

A German

tribe.

III. 27.

A tribe of Aquitania.
I.

Lat. 5o-52 N., Long. 4-6E.; 4; VI. 32. Belgic tribe.

Segni:

Rauraci
6-8E.;
VII. 75.

Lat. 46-48 N., Long.

2,

4;

5,

29; VI. 25;

Lat. 50-52 N., Segontiaci Long. o-2 W.; V. 21. A tribe of

:

German

tribe.

Britain.

Geographical Index.
Segusiavi: 4E.; 2,6; I.
Celtic tribe.

225

Lat.
10;

46 N., Long. VII. 64,75.

55;

VI. 35.

A German
(or

tribe.

See
I.

Usipetes.

Teutones
:

Teutoni)
4;

33,

Senones
2-4 E.; 56; VI. 2,
56, 58, 75.

Lat. 48-50 N., Long.

6;
II. 2;

40;
great

II.

29;

III.

VII. 77.

2, 3, 4,

V. 54,
1 1,

3, 5,

A
:

44; VII. 4, 7, powerful Celtic

34,

German people who invaded Gaul in company with the Cimbri,

near the close of the second century B.C.; defeated by Marius, B.C. 102,
:

tribe.

Sequana
2E.;
58.

Lat. 48-50 N., Long.

at Aquae Sextiae (Aix). 2, 3, 4, 6; I. 1,9; VII. 57, The River Seine. Tolosa Lat. 42-44 N., Long. Sequani Lat. 46-48 N., Long. 0-2 E.; III. 20. A city of the 6 E.; 2, 6; I. I, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, Volcae Tectosages; now Toulouse. Tolosates: I. 10; VII. 7. The 11, 12, 19, 31, 32, S3, 35> 38, 40. 44, 48,54; IV. 10; VI. 12; VII. 66,67, people of Tolosa (Toulouse}. A Celtic tribe. Transalpina (Gallia) see Gal75, 90. Sibuzates: Lat. 42-44N., Long. lia Transalpina. o-2 W.; III. 27. A tribe of AquiTransrhenani (Germani) see tania. Germani Transrhenani. Treveri: Lat. 50 N., Long. 6 Sontiates: Lat. 44-46N., Long. o-2 E.; III. 20, 21. A tribe of -8E.; 4; I- 37; II. 24; HI. ii
: : :

Aquitania.

IV.
:

6,

10; V.

2, 3, 4,

24, 26, 47, 53,

Suessiones
13.

Lat.
3, 4, 6;

48-50 N.,
II. 3, 4, 12,

Long. 2-4 E.;

44.

55, 58; VI. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 29, 32, German tribe settled in Belgic

Belgic tribe.
Lat.
I.

Gaul.
IV.

Suevi:
8-io E.;
ful

50-52 N., Long.

1,

37, 51, 54;

3,

Triboci (or Triboces) Lat. 48 -50 N., Long. 8 E.; 4; I.51; IV.
:

4, 7, 8, 16, 19;

VI. 9,
;

10.

power-

10.

German people

the Suabians.

A German tribe. Trinobantes Lat. 52

:

N.,

Long.
tribe

Sugambri:
35.

Lat.

50-52 N.,
16, 18, 19;

o-2 E.; 5; V. 20, 21, 22.

in Britain.

Long. 8 E.; 4; IV.

VI.

German
:

tribe.

Tulingi
8 E.;
I.

Lat. 46-48 N., Long.

28, 29.

5, 25,

A German
:

Tamesis

Lat. 50-52 N.,

Long.

tribe.

o-2 W.; 4, 5; River Thames.

V.

11,

18.

The

Turones
75.

(or

Turoni)

Lat.

46
4,

-48 N., Long. 0;

II.35; VII.

Tarbelli

Lat.

44 N., Long. o-

Celtic tribe.

2W.; III. 27. A tribe of Aquitania. Tarusates: Lat.44-46N., Long.

o-2 W.; III. 23, 27.
Aquitania.

Ubii

Lat. 50-52 N.,

3, 8,

tribe of

8E;

4; I.54; IV.

Long. 611,16,19;

Tectosages
Tencteri
:

Lat.

Long. 2 E.; VI.

6-8 E.; 4;

24. Lat. 5o-52 N., Long.

42-44 N., See Volcae.

16,

V. 9; VI. 9, 10, 29. German tribe. Unelli Lat. 48-5o N., Long.
:

o-2W.; IL34; HI.11,17; VII.

75.

An Armoric
:

tribe.

IV.

I,

4,

18;

V.

Usipetes

Lat. 52-54 N., Long.

226
6-8E.;
35.

Geographical Index.
4;

IV.

1,

4,

[6,

18;

VI.

Verbigenus

I.

27.

canton

A German
(or

tribe.

of the Helvetii.

Veromandui
Vacalus
-52

Lat. 5o-52 N.,

II. 4,

Vahalis)

Lat. 50

Long. 4

E.;

4;

16,

23.

N., Long. 6 E.;

The Waal,

4; IV. 10. a branch from the Rhine,

Belgic tribe.

Vesontio

that empties into the Meuse. Vahalis: see Vacalus.

4 -6E.; 2,6; 1.38,39.

(Oll.

Lat. 46-48 N., Long. The chief

town of the Sequani; now Besan-

Vangiones
Long. 8 E.; 4;
N.,

Lat.
51.

48-50 N.,
Lat. 48-5o

I.

A German tribe.
:

Vienna
4-6 E.;
the

Vellaunodunum

2, 6;

Lat. 44-46 N., Long. VII. 9. town of

Long. 2-4 E.; 6; VII. 11, 14. town of the Senones. Vellavii (or Vellavi) Lat. 44
:

Allobroges.
:

Vocates Lat. 44-46 N., Long. o-2 W.; III. 23, 27. A tribe of
Aquitania.

-46
75.

N., Long. 4 E.; Celtic tribe. (or

2,

6;

VII.

Vocontii
:

Veliocasses) Lat. 48-50 N., Long. 2 E.; 4; II. 4; VII. 75. An Armoric tribe.

Vellocasses

4-6 E.;

2,

6;

Lat. 44-46 N., Long. I. 10. tribe of

the Province.

Volcae
4
E.;
6;

Lat. 44

Veneti:
W.;
18.
II.

Lat. 48

N.,

Long. 4
11, 16, 17,
tribe.

VI. 24;

N., Long. 2 VII. 7, 64. A

34; III. 7,8,9, powerful Armoric

:

powerful tribe in the Province. There I. The Volcae were two divisions
:

Venetia
the Veneti.

III. 9.

The

country of Tectosages.

2.

The Volcae Are-

comici.
:

Veragri
6-8 E.;

Lat. 46-48 N., Long. Celtic 2; III. 1, 2.

Vosegus
6-8 E.; Vosges Mts.

Lat. 48-50 N., Long.

4,

2,

6;

IV.

10.

The

tribe of the Alps.

A SPECIAL

Vocabulary to C^sar.

COVERING SEVEN BOOKS.

By

J.

B.

GREENOUGR

BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY
1889.
Copyright by
J.

B.

Greenough, 1885.

SIGNS
a

AND ABBREVIATIONS.
active.
lit

abbrev
abl

abbreviation.
ablative. accusative.
active.

loc
M.,
N.,

literal, literally. locative.

masc
neut

masculine.
neuter.

ace
act

adj

adjective.

nom num
opp
orig

nominative.

numeral.
opposed.

adv
borr
cf.

adverb. borrowed.

originally.

compare.
cognate. composition.

p
pass
perf.

present participle.
passive.
perfect.

cog

comp
comp., compar
conj

comparative. conjunction.
connection.
dative.
definite.

perh
PI.,

plur

perhaps. plural.
possibly.

conn
dat
def. def.

poss prep
pres

defective.

dep
dim., dimin

deponent. diminutive.

prob pron reduced

preposition. present. probably.

pronoun.
indicates the loss of a syllable in derivation or composition.

emph Eng
esp
F.,

emphatic. English.
especially.

fem

feminine.
figuratively.

reflex
rel

rig
fr

reflexive. relative.

from.
frequentative.
genitive.

sing

freq

Sk
subst
sup., superl.
. . .

singular. Sanskrit.
substantive.

gen Gr
imp., impers
ind., indeel indef.

Greek.

superlative.

impersonal.
indeclinable.
indefinite.

term
transf

termination.
transferred (i.e. fr. a proper to a forced

insep.
instr
inter.,

inseparable.

meaning).

instrumental.
interrog
interrogative. intensive.

unc
v

uncertain.

intens
irr

wh

zw3. which or whence.

irregular.
is

A plus sign indicates derivation by means of a derivative suffix (-f ). following the sign. y/, the radical sign, means a root, which is generally given in small CAPITALS. t, the dagger, denotes a word not found, but assumed as having once
existed.
(?).

A hyphen at the end of a word means that the word (-). between two words it means composition.

a stem;

Full-faced type same word.

I,

query denotes a doubtful etymology or meaning. in parentheses denotes other spellings or forms of the
refer to conjugations of verbs.

2, 3, 4,

VOCABULARY.
A., Aulus (wh. see). a. d., ante diem (wh. see).
a, see
p.p. of abdo. abdo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [ab-do (put)\ 3. v. a., put away, re?nove, of hide. With reflex., conceal one's self,

abditus,

ab.

abs), [reduced case With in and ace, hide in, airS, Eng. off, hide. in comp.), and prep, withdraw to (lake reftige among), of~\, adv. (only abdiwith abl., away from, from (cf. ex, withdraw and hide away. out of). Of place, with idea of tus, -a, -um, p.p., hidden, remote: motion, from : ab Arare iter con- abditi in tabernaculis (secluding
(a,

ab

unc. stem akin to Gr.

abduco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, ab cohortatione [ab-duco], 3. v. a., lead away, draw profectus temper are ab injuriis atvay, take away, lead off, carry tutus ab ; ab ramis {from the away (of persons or things which branches, as far as where they be- move of themselves). With expressions of measabeo, -iT, -iturus, -ire, [ab-eo], irr. gin).
Fig.,
less feel-

vertere. Of time, ab hora quarta. from, with more or

ing of motion
; :

themselves, etc.).

away, at a distance of: v. n., go away, go off, retire, go (out off, a milibus passuum duobus {two of sight or away). miles off). With different notion in abicio, -jeci, -jectus, -icere, [abEng., ortum est ab (began with) jacio], 3. v. a., throw away, throtv vacuum ab (destitute of) capit down, throw (away from one's self). initium a (begin at); ab tanto abies, -ietis (-jetis), [?], F., fir
ure,

spatio (so far off)

ab
;

officio disce-

dere (forsake, etc.) a quibus decedere (abandon, etc.) gratiam

;

or spruce (tree or wood), (prob. including all short-leaved coniferse).

abjectus,

p.p. of

abicio.

(secure gratitude from, win favor with). Esp. with passives and similar notions, by : accidere a

inire

ab

abjicio, see better spelling abicio. abjunctus, p.p. of abjungo.

abjungo,

-junxi,

-junctus,

-jun-

showing gere, [ab-jungo], 3. v. a., disjoin, the origin of this meaning). Esp. detach : abjuncto Labieno. also (prob. as the place whence the abripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, impression comes), on the side of, [ab-rapio], 3. v. a., carry ^(with on, at, on the part of: a dextro violence), drag away. cornu; a re frumentaria (in reabs, see ab. intritus ab labore (by) abscido, -cidi, -clsus, -cidere, spect to)
of,

Caesare (at

the

hands

In comp., away,
;

off,

apart.

Also

with negative force, not, un-.

tear

[abs-caedo], 3. v. a., cut tear away. off,

off,

lop

off,

Vocabulary.
abscisus, p.p. of absoido. absens, see absum. absimilis, -e, [ab-similis]
unlike.
7vas also the fad that, there

was

also

the reason that, or simply moreover,

,

adj.,

then again).

accelero,
-stiti,

-avi,

-atus,
n.,

-are,

[ad-

absisto,
[ab-sisto],

draw.

3. v. n.,

no p.p., -sistere, stand away, withoff,

celero],

1. v. a.

and

hasten.

Fig., leave
-tinul,
v. n.,

keep aloof.

abstineo,

-tentus, -tin ere,

[abs-teneo],2.
off.

hold (one's self)

acceptus, p.p. of accipio, aecerso, see arcesso. accessus, p.p. of accedo. accido, -cidi, no p.p., -cidere
[ad-cado],
3. v. n.,

Fig., refrain,

spare
;

proelio

fall upon, fall

.

(refrain
(spare).

from giving)

mulieribus tela gravius

{strike)

Fig.,

hap-

abstraetus, p.p. of abstraho. abstraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, [abs-traho], 3. v. a., drag off, drag away.

pen, occur, present itself, turn out, arise. Often euphemistically for

si quid Romadeath, defeat, etc. nis ; gravius a Caesare {be done,

:

sei'er e

measures be taken).
-cidi, -clsus, cidere,
a.,

absum,
[ab-sum],

-fui (afui), -futurus, -esse,

irr. v. n.,

accido,

be

away,
;

sent, be off (at a

distance).

be abFig.,

caedo], 3. v. accipio,
[ad-capio],

[adcut into, partly cut.

-ceptus,
-cipere, take, receive :

-cepi,

suspicio (be wanting)

;

nomen

(be

3. v. a.,

ab eo quin exercitum {take command of). far from helping) {be far from being); multum quin Less exactly, volnus incommodum Fig., accept, longius quin (suffer, meet -with). {lack much of, etc.) that) a bello (keep learn, hear, get, take : excusation{be farther off. ab hoc consilio {not be con- em; usus {acquire); aliquid fama aloof) cerned in). acceptus, -a, -um, p.p. absens, p. as adj., ab- {hear of).
;

sent, in one^s absence.

as adj., acceptable.

abundo,
undo-], abound.

-avi, -aturus, -are,

n.,

Transf. (of the

abound
in.

1. v.

overflow.

[fabFig.,

acclivis,
ened)],
adj.,
;

-e,

[ad-clivus (weak-

rising, sloping, ascend-

place, etc.,

containing the thing), be strong in,

be rich in,

ing : collis aditus. acclivitas, -tatis, [acclivi

F., slope,

ac, shorter form for atque (wh.

see).

+ tas], inclination: par {steepness). Acco, -onis, [Celtic], M., one of

aecedo,
[ad-cedo],

-cessi, -cessurus, -cedere,

3. v. n.,

the Senones, who stirred up his people against the Romans. The revolt was

move

lozuards,

suppressed by Caesar's sudden

val,

arri-

draw
come

near, approach, come up, come Fig., (to), advance to, advance.

and Acco was

to death.

tried

and con-

demned

to :

Remis studium

Esp., be spired in, cf. discedo). added, where often an explanatory word is necessary in Eng. hue acce:

(be

in-

accommodatus, p.p. of aeon modo. accommodo, -avi, -atus, -are,

[ac-commodo-, or ad-commodo], dere (be in addition to this) hue 1. v. a., fit on, ft : insignia {put on, accommodatus, -a, -um, aecedebat ut {there was also this adjust).
;

disadvantage)

so with

quod

{there

p.p.,y?///, adapted.

Vocabulary.
accurate
[abl.

of acctiratiis],

of -terus reduced,
sharply.

adv., with care, carefully. accurro, -currl (-cucurri),

p.p.,

cf.

alter)], adv.,
violently,

Fig.,

fiercely,

-currerc,
to,

[ad-curro],

3. v.

no hotly (of fighting), with spirit. actuarius, -a, -um, [actu n.,

-)

run

run up (on

foot), rush

up arius],
with

adj.,

[adfcauso(cf. causor)], accuse, blame,

-are,

(on horseback), ride up. acciiso, -avl, -atus,

sails

fast sailing (provided and oars both).

p.p. of

actus,

ago.
[acu- (stem

acuo,

-ui, -utus, -uere,

of acus)], 3. v. a., sharpen. aciifind fault with. acer, -cris, -ere, [-^/AC (cf. acus) tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., sharpened, + ris (cf. -rus in purus)], adj., sharp. acutus, p.p. of acuo. Fig., keen, active, violent. sharp. ad [?], adv. (only in comp.), and acerbe [abl. of acerbus], adv.,
Utterly.

Fig. (of the mind), ferre

{suffer severely from, etc.).

prep, with ace.

to,

With idea of motion,

inopiam
F.,

tozaards,

against.

Where

the

acerbitas,
bitterness.

-tatis,

[acerbo + tas], idea of motion is more or less oblitConcrete in plur., erated, to, toivards,for, at, on, against,

sufferings (with a view in Eng.).

as

change of point of

in, in

on.

Of time, regard With numerals, about. Esp.,

to.
till,

at,

acerbus, -a, -um, [acer (treated deferre ad {lay before) recepti ad stem)+ bus (cf. superbus)], adj., se {among) ad fortunam Caesari
;

bitter (to the taste)

mind),

bitter,

acerrime
acriter.

Fig. (to the bear, cruel. (acerrume),superl. of

.

defuit {Ccesar lacked

etc.)
{to),
;

to

complete,

hard to

contendere ad occupandam (and often with the gerund con;

struction)

ad certum pondus

{of)

acervus, -i, [acer (as stem)-f vus ad modum {in) ; commeare ad a {visit) ad impedimenta {by) ad (cf. torvus)], M., {pointed!'), auxilium {to give assistance); ad heap, a pile. acies, -ei,[y'AC+ies (cf. series)], arbitrium {according to) ; proficisci ad {for) ad unum {to a man) F., point, sharp edge, edge : oculorum
;

{keen glance, glare).

battle line,

Esp.,

line,

ad celeritatem {in
In comp.,
to,

the

way

of).

array,
.

army

(in battle

in, by, towards.

array, cf. agmen), rank (of an army The battle array of in several ranks)

adactus,

p.p. of

adigo.
-are,

a. d., see ante.

the

Romans

in Cnesar's time

was gen-

adaequo,
aequo],
1.

-avl, -atus,
a.,

[ad-

erally in three lines, though each line was about ten soldiers deep. The
line

was not continuous, but the

co-

make equal to : moles moenibus {make as high as). More commonly with the verb
v.

to,

horts were separated by a space equal to their front, and behind these spaces

neuter and the ace. or dat. depending on combined idea, become equal

stood the cohorts of the next line

equal : altitudinem muri {reach

to)
;

acie instructa

depugnare
adquiro.

{ftght a

up
1
.

cursum

{keep up with)

pitched battle)

adamo, -avl, -atus, -are, [ad-amo]

v. a.,

acquiro,

see

fall in love with, take a fancy

acriter [acr5

ter (prob. neut.

to,

covet.

Vocabulary
adangeo,
[ad-angeo],
-anxi, -anctus, -angere, increase.

[ad-fingo],
dition.

2. v. a.,

Of rumors, inventupmore.
(aflf-),
-tatis,
F.,

3. v. a.,

make

in ad-

addo,
1

-didi, -ditus, -dere,

3. v. a.,

and 2)],
to,

give

to.

[ad-do Also,
.

adfinitas
-f

tas],

nearness.

Of

[adfini
relation

^lace

add (with ace.

-duxi,
3. v. a.,

or absolutely)

addiico,
ad-duco],

-ductus, -diicere,

lead

/ring in (of persons), in (towards one), drive, force. Fig., induce, drive.

draw to, bring, draw

to,

by marriage, relationship, alliance, connection. Concretely, a connection : adfinitatibus coniuncti {mar-

riages)

adfirmatio
firmatio
ance.

(aflf-),

-onis,

[ad-

adductus,

p.p. of
p.p. of
(-ivi),
a.

adduce
adiino.
-iturus,
-Ire,

adfirmo)], f., assurConcretely, an assertion.

(cf.
(aflf-), p.p.

ademptus,
1.

adfixus
adflicto

of adfigo.
-atus,
-are,

adeo,

-ii

(aflf-),

-avi,

and n.,go to, visit, [ad-flicto, cf. adfligo], 1. v. a., dash get at, come to, come up, go to (a against, dash upon, dash to the Hence, overthrow, overplace), get in (to a place), advance ground. (somewhere), attack, approach{spea.k whelm, wreck. adflictus (aflf-), p.p. of adfligo. ad {come into the presence with)
[ad-eo],
irr. v.
:

of).
2.

adfligo

(aflf-), -flixi, -flictus,

-fli-

adeo

point.
so

[ad-eo], adv., to that geie, [ad-fligo], 3. v. a., dash upon. Less exactly, to that degree, Hence, overthrow, wreck, overturn :
so
:

much,

discessisse adeo ut

{so speedily that).

Weakened,

naves

{shatter,

damage)
see

arbores

in

{throw down).

fact, at all, exactly.

adfore

(aflf-),

adsum.

adeptus, p.p. of adipiscor. adgredior(agg-), -gressus, -gredi, adequito, -avi, no p.p., -are, [ad- [ad-gradior], 3. v. dep., go towards, equito], i.v. a. and n., ride up, ride go to, march against, attack.
against, skirmish with (of cavalry). adfectus, p.p. of adficio.

adgrego (agg-),
[ad-grego],
1. v. a.,

-avi, -atus, -are,

unite in a flock,

adfero
[ad-fero],
litteras.

(afF-), -tali, -latus, -ferre,

irr. v. a.,

Fig.,

bring to, bring : cause, bring for-

gather: se {gather around, flock to) ; se ad amicitiam {attach one's self

to).

-ward, allege, report,

announce

for-

adhaereo,
rere,

-haesi, -haesurus, -hae2. v. n., stick (to),

tuna casus {bring about).

adficio
re,

[ad-haereo],

(aflf-), -feci, -fectus, -fice3. v. a.,

cling (to), get caught (in).

3. v. n.,

[ad-facio], With ace. and

inflict

do

to,

affect.

abl.,

affect with,

upon, produce

In passive, visit with, fill with. suffer, receive, be in (a condition),

be afflicted by, stiffer from : beneficio adfectus {having received favors).

in,

cause

to,

adhaeresco, -ere, [ad-haeresco] same as adhaereo. adhibeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [ad,

habeo],

2. v. a.,

call in, admit,

have in. Hence, bring with (one).

Fig., employ, use.

adf igo,
figo]
,

-fixi, -fixus, -figere,

[ad.

adhibitus, p.p. of adhibeo. adhortor, -atus, -arI,[ad-hortor],

1. v.

3. v. a.,

fasten
-finxi,

to

(by insertion)

dep., encourage, address, urge,

adlingo,

-rictus,

-fingere,

rally (soldiers).

Vocabulary.

adhOc
(of place).
time,
till

[ad-hucj, adv., hitherto gere, [ad-jungo],

Of

3. v.

a.,

join

to,

time,

up

to

this

unite

to,

attach, unite with.

now,

to this
-I,

day.

Adiatunnus,
of the Sontiates.

[Celtic], M., chief

adjQtor, -toris, [ad-fjutor, cf. adjuvo], M., helper, assistant, abettor. adjutus, p.p. of adjuvo.

adicio
-icere,
to :

adjuvo, -juvi, -jutus, -juvare, [ad(adjic-), -jecl, -jectus, [ad-jacio], 3. v. a., throw juvo], 1. v. a., assist, help, help ontelum adici {reach) ; agger em be of advantage, be an assistance to

Fig., add: adjecta ad spem {encourage). {throw up). adlatus (all-), p.p. of adfero. planities {with the addition of). adlicio (all-), -lexi, -lectus, -li adigo, -egi, -actus, -igere, [adago], 3. v. a., drive to, drive up (of cere, [ad-lacio], 3. v. a., allure to,
cattle).

Less exactly, drive in

(of

invite, entice, attract.

piles),

move up (of towers), shoot (of Admagetobriga, -ae, [Celtic], F., Fig., force, bind (by a town in Gaul where Ariovistus deweapons).oath).
feated the Gauls.
-emi,

Position uncertain.
-atus, -are,

-emptus, -imere, [ad-emo {take)~\, 3. v. a., take away (the action being looked upon as

adimo,

admaturo,
:

-avi,

[ad-

done

to

somebody)
;
.

Fig., destroy,

maturo], 1. v. a., hasten (cf. matudefectionem {bring to a head ro) more quickly).

cut off: spem cept, cut off)

prospectum

{inter-

administer,
{priest).

-tri,

[ad-minister],

m., servant, minister:

-ipisci,

ad

sacrificia

adipiscor, -eptus,
apiscor],
3. v.

[ad:

dep., obtain, secure

cf.

administro,
[ad-ministro]
,

-avi,
1.

-atus,
a.,

-are,

victoriam {win, gain). aditus, -us, [ad-itus,

access
:

adeo
inter-

(l)],M., approach, arrival, coming,

course).

defugere {contact, Concretely, an avenue

access

carry into execution, perforni, execute, carry out, carry on (war), attend to (duimperia {give, carry out the ties)
v.
:

duties of a

commander).

(of

approach),
access,

(excuse

for

approaching),

means of approach,

admiratus, p.p. of admiror. admiror, -atus, -an, [ad-miror],

1.

means of
approach
tercourse)
;

way of

approach,
sense).

(in

military

v.

admire.
adj.,

Phrases: sermonis {occasion for in-

admiraiidus, -um, as admiratus, surprising.

-a,

dep., be surprised,

wonder

at,

-a,

a,duxovem{intercozirse)
-jacui,

-um, p.p. in pres. sense, being surprised.

adjaceo,
[ad-jaceo],

no

p.p.,

-jacere,

2. v. n., lie

near, border

on, be adjacent.

admissus, admitto,
tere,

p.p. of
-misi,

admitto.
-missus,
-mit-

adjectus,

p.p. of

adicio.

[ad-mitto],
:

3. v. a., {let

go

to),

adjicio,seebetterspelling adicio.

adjudicatus, p.p. of adjudico. adjudico, -avi, -atus, -are, [adjudico],

1. v. a.,

go

let

admisso equo {at full speed). Fig., allow (cf. com- and per:

adjudge, assign (by

-iunctus,
-jun-

deliberation).

in se facinus {commit a crime); dedecus {permit to be inAlso pass, without in curred).

mitto)

adjungo,

-junxi,

se, be committed.

Vocabulary.

[ad modum] adv., to Hence, very, very much, so (very) much. greatly, exceedingly,
,

admodum
admoneo,

-ripere,

[ad-rapio],

3. v. a.,

snatch

a degree.

up, seize.

-ui,

-itus,

-ere,

[ad-

p.

adroganter [adrogant- (stem of of adrogo) -f ter], adv., with

presumption, presumingly, with inmoneo], 2. v. a., warn, urge. solence. adolescens, see adulescens. adrogantia, -ae, [adrogant- (sec adolesceutia,see adulescentia. adolesco, -olevi, -ultus, -olescere, preceding) + ia], F., insolence, insoup (to lent conduct, presumption. [ad-olesco], 3. v. n., adscendo (asc-), -scendi, -scenSee also adumaturity), mature.
lescens.
sus, -scendere,

[ad-scando],

3. v. a.

4.

adorior, -ortus, -orlri, [ad-orior], and n., climb up, climb, ascend : vallum (mount). v. dep., (rise up against), attach,

assail.

adscensus
-a,

(asc-), -us, [ad-fscanm., a

adortus,
rior.

-um, p.p. of ado-

sus, up,

cf.

ascendo],

Concr., going up. adparo (app-), -avi, -atus, -are, a way up, a means of ascent : proliibere ascensu (from climbing tip)[ad-paro], 1. v. a. and n., prepare, adscisco, -scivi, -scitus, -sciscere, get ready, make preparations.

an

ascent, a

climbing

adpello (app-),
-pellere, [ad-pello],

-pull,
3. v. a.

-pulsus,

[ad-scisco],

and

n.,

mal decree)
to

Less
+

3. v. a.,

attach (by forexactly, attach

land

(ships), bring to land.

-petivi, -petitus,

(one's

self),

unite with (one's

adpeto (app-),

self).

v. a. -petere, [ad-peto], 3. seek to gain, desire, aim at.

Abs.,

and

n.,

adsiduus
fsiduus
us)],
(

(ass-),

-a,

-um, [adcf.

^/sed

uus,

residu-

approach.

conadj., (silting by), constant,

adplico (app-),
1.

-avi (-ui),-plica-

tinued, incessant.

tus (-plicitus), -plicare,

v. a.,

[ad-plico],
reflex.,

adsisto (ass-),
tere,

-stiti,

no

p.p., -sis-

{bend toivards). With

-avi,

lean against.

[ad-sisto], 3. v. n., stand by, attend, assist: in conspectu patris

adporto,
porto],

-atus,

-are,

[ad-

(appear).

1. v. a.,

bring

in,

bring (to
-are,
of,

adspectus
fspectus ing at.
aspect.

(asp-),

-us,

[ad-

some place).

adprobo,
1.
v,

avi,
a.,

-atus,

[adagree
-are,

(cf.

adspicio)], M., a lookTransf., an appearance,

(ass-), -feci, -factus,
to
3. v.

probo], with (an opinion or action). adpropinquo, -avi, no p.p.,

approve

adsuefacio
-facere,

[fadsue- (unc. case, akin

a.,

[ad-propinquo], 1. v. n., approach, come nearer, come near.

suesco) -facio],
train.

accustom, Pass., be accustomed.

-a,

adpulsus,
tus,

p.p. of

1.

adpello.
-quisiv.
a.,

adquiro (acq-),
-quirere,

-quisivi,
3.

adsuefactus, adsuefacio.

-um,

p.p.

of

[ad-quiro],

adsuesco
n.,

(ass-), -suevi, -suetus,

3. v.

(gel in addition), acquire: aliquid

-suescere, [ad-suesco],

a.

and
be-

(gain some advantage).

accustom, become accustomed,

adripio (arr-),

-ripui,

-reptus,

come wonted (of animals).

Vocabulary.
adsuetus,
esco.
-a,

-um, pp. of adsu- favorable);

-fui,

hostibus adversis occurrebant {right against, in their

;
;

adsum
-esse,

(assum),

-futurus,
be near,

[ad-sum],

irr. v. n.,

front) in adversum os {right in) flumine {up, cf. secundo) res ad;

be by, be present, be at

hand,

be there,

versae {adversity, want of

appear.

adversus
advoco,
voco],
I. v.

[petrified

success). as adv., cf.

adtexo, see attexo. adtingo, see attingo. adtribuo, see attribuo.

versus], against.
-avi,
a.,

-atus,

-are,

[ad-

call (to one),

sum-

fortress of the

-ae, [Celtic], F., a mon. Eburones (prob. Tonadvolo, gres), near the Meuse. volo], 1. v.

Aduatuca,

-avi,
n.,

-aturus, -are,
to,

fly

fly

at.

[ad Less
.

Aduatuci, -oruni, [Celtic], M. pi., a tribe of the Belgse (originally Germans) living on the west bank of the
Meuse (later, Tongri). adulescens, -entis,
lesco],
youth,
adj.,

exactly, of cavalry, rush at, {fly at)

aedificium, -I, artifex) + ium],

lages,

[faedific-

(cf.

N., building. Esp. standing singly, opposed to vil-

young.

young names, the younger

adulescentia,

As noun, a man. With proper

(Jr.,

[p. of

ado-

farm

houses.
-atus, -are, [faedific-

aediflco, -avi,
(cf.

to

distin-

artifex)], 1. v. a., build (of Less exactly, of ships. houses).

guish one from his father).

-ae,

Aeduus,
aeger,
(

etc.,

see

Haeduus.
[unc.
root
adj., sick, dis-

[adulescent-

-gra,

-grum,
rus],

ia]

F.,

youth.

-i, [adulescentaegerrime, superl. of aegre. adulescento-) -f lus], M. (often as adj.), a fnere boy, very aegre [abl. of aeger], adv., young. feebly. Hence, with diffictelty, hardly, adventus, -us, [ad-fventus (cf. scarcely. advenio and eventus)], m., a comAemilius, -i, [? aemulo- (re-

adulescentalus,
if

Py'lG, shake) abled.

(as

ing, arrival.

adversarius,
(reduced)
adj.,

-a,

-um, [adversS-

+ ius], m., (Lucius), a Gaul, a subaltern in Caesar's Gallic cavalry.

duced)
Prob.

+ arius, cf. onerarius)], {turned towards), opposed. As noun, opponent.

p.p. of rious uses, wh. see.

named from some

Roman

Aemilius from

whom

he had received

the citizenship.

adversus,

adverto,

in va-

aequaliter [aequali + ter (cf. acriter)], adv., evenly, uniformly.

-i,
-f-

adversus, prep., see adverto. aequinoctium, adverto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, noct- (as adj. stem)
[ad-verto],
3. v.
a.,

[as if aequi-

ium

(cf.

bien-

turn towards

nium)],

N., the

time of the equinox,

animum
see

{turn

the attention, notice,

the equinox.

animadverto), turn against, turn (to anything) adversus, -a,

.

-um, p.p.
opposite,

[aequo + tas], (cf. aequus), as adj., in front, opposed, fairness, justice. Esp., aequitas in opposition, adverse : animi {evenness of mind, content-

aequitas,
evenness.

-tatis,

F.,

Hence

proelium {unsuccessful) ; nox {un- ment, resignation).

Vocabulary,
aequo, -avi, -atus, -are, [aequo-], aevum) +tas], f., age (of old or v. a., make equal, equalize. aetate confectus (opyoung)
:

I.

aequus, to unus],

-a,

-urn,

[?,

peril,

adj.,

even,

level,

Hence, fair, just,

equitable.

akin pressed with years) aeternus, -a, -um, [aevo- (stem equal. Esp., of aevum) + ternus (cf. hester.

aequus animus (equanimity, con- nus)], aflf-, tentment, resignation) aequo ani;

adj., eternal, lasting.

see adf-.

mo

aliquid facere (be resigned to, be satisfied to, be content to) con;
;
.

Africus, -a, -um, [Afro- (stem of Afer)-f cus], adj., of Africa. Esp., tentio (on equal terms) aequo sc. ventus, the S. IV. 'wind (blowing from Africa to Italy). Marte (on equal terms) afuisse, affiturus, see absuni. aerarius, -a, -um, [aer- (as stem

of aes)
adj.,

+ arius

(cf.

cmerarius) ]

(liaving to do with copper).

Agedi(n)eum
tic],

N.,

(Agend-), -i, [Celchief town of the Senones,

Fern, as noun, a mine.

aereus, -a, -um, [aer- (as stem of aes) + eus (for -ayas)], adj., of
copper, copper (as adj.).

on the Yonne (now Sens). ager, agri, [ ^/ag (drive ?) + rus, cf. Gr. hypos, acre], M., land (cultivated), fields, country (opposed to city), territory (country), cultivated
lands, fields (as opposed to woods).

aes, aeris,
iron'],
N.,

[perh. akin

to

Eng.

copper (for ships, or as

Hence, money. money). Esp., alienum(W/, another man's money).

aestas,
-tatis,

agger, -eris, [ad-ger (for GES, root of gero, as stem)], M., earth
(for a wall), earth of a wall, a mound of earth, a Tuall, a mole, a dyke (either the regular earthwork of the Romans for an entrenched camp or

[stem akin to aedes

+ +

tas, or perh. aesta- (cf. juventa) tis (cf. virtus)], F., (heat), sum-

mer

(the season for military opera-

line of circumvallation, or the dyke aestimatio, -onis, [aestima-(stem of approach, a long sloping mound of aestimo) + tio], F., valuation. leading up to the height of the walls) aestimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [aesti- cotidianus (daily addition to the m5- (aes + tumus, cf. aeditumus)], walls) I. v. a., value, estimate. Less exagg- (except agger), see adg-. agito, -avi, -atus, -are, [agito- (as actly, regard: gravius (consider if stem of p.p. of ago)], I. v. a., drive, more serious, of calamities). aestlvus, -a, -um, [faestu- (re- chase. Hence, vex, trouble. Fig., duced) + ivus], adj., hot. Hence, turn over (in mind), propose, dissummer (as adj.) tempus. cuss, purpose. aestuarius, -a, -um, [aestu + agmen, -minis, [ ^/At; (in ago) + arius (cf. onerarius)], adj., (re- men], n., a moving, a march. lating to the tide) Only in neuter, Concretely (of bodies in motion), a as noun, creek, estuary, marsh. body in motion, a column, a fleet, an aestus, -tus, [root of aedes -f army, a line (of troops in march), a Less exactly, an army (not tus], M., heat (plur. in same sense). train.

tions).

Hence, boiling, tide. aetas, -tatis, [aevo-

(stem

Phrases: march). of van) novissimum

in
;

primum
(the

(the
;

rear)

Vocabulary.
claudere {firing up
ferto
the rear)
;

con;

alias
but
cf.

[unc. case-form of alius,

agmine (in
ike
(the

close
:

order)

aglegi-

mine (on

march)

agmen

onum
ago,
3. v. a.,

agmine

main body); (in the rear).

actus,

extremo
[>/AG ]>

Of foras], adv., elsewhere. time, at another time : alias alias (now now, cf. alius .alius).
.

egi,

agerc,

alienatus, p.p. of alieno. alieno, -avi, -atus, -are, [alieno- J.

1.

hind,

drive (apparently from becf. sublicas duco, lead)

:

v.

a.,

nus).

Also, make strange, alienate,

(cf.
:

make

another's

alie-

vineas, turres, etc. (drive down) (set in motion, move on, advance) ; ac portare (of live stock as booty, " drive off). Loosely, do (cf. carry
;

estrange

alienata

mente

(in

frenzy).
to

on"),

act,
:

treat,

discuss,

plead.
;

alienus, -a, -um, [unc. stem akin alius (prob. imitated from verbstems of second conjugation) -f nus
(cf.

(hold) gratias (render, give, express, cf. ha-

Phrases

conventum
;

egenus)],

adj.,
:

others, other people's

bere and referre)

is
is

another's, of fines (others');

one about ?)

going on ?)

quid agit (what aes (debt). Hence, strange, foreign, quid agitur (what unfavorable (cf. suus), foreign to de obsessione agere the purpose. Superb, masc. plur. as

(do anything about).

agricultura,-ae, [agro-cultura],
F.,

noun, perfect strangers. alio [dat. of alius], adv.,

else-

/arming, agricul- whither, elsewhere (o( end of motion). ture : prohibere (from cultivating aliquamdiu [aliquam diu, cf. the land). quamdiu], adv., for some time, alacer, -cris, -ere, [?], adj., active, some time, a considerable time.
tillage,

laud

eager, spirited.

aliquando
-tatis,

alacritas,
F.,

[alacri

-f

tas]

do and

[unc. form, cf. quanaliquis], at some time.

eagerness, readiness, spirit.

alarius,

-a, -urn,

[alari- (stem of

Emphatically, at last (at some time, though not before).

ala
the

aliquis)], adj., considerable. Neut., -um, [?, cf. Alpes and as noun, a good deal, a considerable Gr. aA<os], adj., white (pale, opposed part. aliquanto (as abl. of measto ater, cf. candidus, shining ure), by considerable, considerably.

Masc.

(belonging to Hence, of the allies wings). (who held the wings of the army).
adj.

+ ris) + ius],

aliquanto, see aliquantus. aliquantus, -a, -um, [aliduced stem of alius) -quantus

(re(cf.

plur., allies, auxiliaries.

-a,

albus,

white,

opposed

to
.

niger)

plum-

bum album
alces,
the elk

(tin)

[ali-

aliquis (-qui) -qua, -quid (-quod ) (reduced stem of alius) -quis],

,

-is, [Teutonic, cf. elk'], f., (a large beast of the deer kind, resembling the moose).

pron. (more forcible than quis; not

Alduasdubis,
Dubis,
I.

various reading for

quisquam), some, Emphatic, some (considerable), any (important). As noun,

universal,

like

any.

38, a tributary of the Saone.

-ae, [Gallic], F.,

some one, any one, something, any-

Alesia,

a city of thing.

the Mandubii, west of Dijon

(now

4 Use)

aliquot [ali- (reduced stem of alius) -quot], pron. indecl., several,

IO

Vocabulary.

some (more than one, but not conalter, -era, -erum, [-y/AL- (in ceived as many). alius) + ter (for -terus, comparaaliter [ali- (reduced stem of tive suffix)], pron. adj., the other (of
alius)

ter

(cf.

otherzvise,

differently.

acriter)], adv., Often ren-

two).

dered by a noun or adjective implied in the context, aliter se habere ac

(be different

from what,

etc.)

nee

In Also,

party. alius), one the other, one another (of two), one the other.

In

plur., the other

Repeated

(cf.

plur.,

one party the other. the second (of more than

.
. . .

aliter sentire quin (have no other idea but to or that).

alius, -a, -ud, [unc. root (cf. else) ius (-y/YA)], adj. pron., another

two), another (the second of three) dies (the second) Also (esp. with negatives), another (beside one's

self,

where

all

are conceived as two

(any one, not all), other, different, else, another (of the second of three
or more). Repeated (either in separate clauses or in same), one
. .
.

parties, one's self

and

all

the rest).
[alter(as

alternus,
stem)
alt

-a,

-um,

nus], adj., alternate, reciprocal, mutual, alternating.

it

another, one another, one one (thing), another another : alius alia causa
illata

u< Id, -inis, [alto -f

height,

depth

(cf.

tudo], F., altus), thickness

(alleging different reasons) ; alius ex alio (from different, etc.,

(of a timber).

altus,

-a,

one from one, another from another). Esp. in a partitive use, ex aliis

adj.], high.

(with sup., most of all others, cf. " the fairest of her daughters, Eve ") ; alius atque (see atque).

the sea, view, deep. the deep : in alto (in deep water) ; ex alto (from the sea).

From another of Neut, as noun,point

[?, cf.

-um, [p.p. of alo as

alQta,

-ae,

alumen],

F.,
.

allatus, see adfero. allicio, see adlicio.

leather (of a fine sort, like

morocco ?)

ambactus,

-i,

[prob. German,

cf.

Allobroges, -um,

[Celtic], M. pi.,

A.S.ambeht],M., a retainer, a vassal.

a Celtic people (of Gaul), living between the Rhone, the Isere, the Lake

Anibarri, -orum,
of
adj.,

[Celtic],

plur.

of Geneva, and the Alps (in Dau- They phiny and Savoy). They were con- the Hsedui, and are quered in 121 B.C. byFabiusMaximus. reading is correct in alo, alui, altus, alere, [^/pcl, cf. Ambani.

a tribe of Gaul, on the Saone. seem to have been clients of

called (if the
i.

11),

Haedui

adolesco],
feed,

3. v. a.,

cause

to

grozu,

Ambiani,
of
adj.,

support (supply with food), foster, raise (of animals)

nurse,

-5rum,[Celtic],M.plur. a Belgian tribe, whose chief

is

staturam

(increase).

to\vn,Samarobriva,
their

now called from

Fig., foster,

name, Amiens.

foment, feed.

Ambibarri (Ambibari),-orum,
[Celtic], M. plur. of adj., an Armorican tribe living in a part of Normandy.

Alpes, -ium, [y'ALP (Celtic form of albh, cf. albus) + is], f. pi., the Alps, more or less loosely used of the whole mass of mountains between Italy (Cisalpine Gaul) Gaul, and Ger,

Ambilareti, see Ambivareti. Ambiliati, -orum, [Celtic], M.

plur. of adj., a tribe

on the

Somme
.

many.

(possibly part of the preceding)

Vocabulary.

II

Ambiorix, -igis, [Celtic], M., an ample [abl. of amplus], adv., able prince of the Eburones. He widely, largely. amplius, compar., caused a revolt of his nation against farther, more, longer; amplius quin-

Caesar,

which was

partially

(and came

near being entirely) successful. He caused Ccesar uneasiness for several

years, and eluded every effort to ture him.

genti (five hundred and more) ne quis, etc., amplius (any more) amplius obsidum (see amplus) cap- numera amplissime missa (gener;

ous gifts).

Ambivareti (Ambila-),
[Celtic], M. plur.

-orum,

amplificatus,
amplified",
plified-],
1. v. a.,

p.p. of

of adj., a Gallic tribe, dependents of the Hsedui. Ambivariti, -orum, [Celtic], M.

plur. of adj., a Belgic tribe

-avi, -atus, -are,

amplifico. [am-

increase, enlarge,

extend, heighten.

on the

a 11 pi
1

lido, -inis, [amplo+tudo]

west bank of the Meuse.

F., size, extent,

greatness

cornuum

Ambluareti,

see

Ambivareti.
cf.

(spread).

umbo,

-ae, -o

(-orum), [akin to

amplus,

amb-], num. adj., both (together, uterque, both separately).

{having the

-a, -um, [?, perh. amb stem akin to plus, plenus], adj.

Of size and
wide, great.

extent,

anitiis, -entis, [ab-mens], adj.,

large, Esp., prominent, of

fig.,

lit.

and

mind away), mad, crazy.

-ae,

consequence, splendid, noble, distin-

amentia,

[ament

+ ya],

f.,

madness, frenzy, (mad)

folly.

guished : munera (lavish, valuable) dimissis amplioribus copiis (the

;

amentum, -I, [ ?, ^/ap (in apiseor) or ^/ag (in ago) + mentum], comp. as noun (cf. plus), more, a N., a thong (attached to a javelin, greater number : amplius obsidum. and wound around it to give it a an [?], conj. introducing the sectwisting motion in throwing, as with ond member of a double question,
rifle

amplius, neut. greater part of).

missiles).

or,

or rather.

Often with
:

the

first

a in tract us, see anfractus.

amicitia,

-ae,

[amico

-f

tia], F.,

friendship, friendly relations, alli-

quid venirent, an speculandi causa (or zvas it, was it).

member

only implied, or

ance (opposed to hospitium, wh. see) personal friendship. amicus, -a, -um, [unc. stem from Vam (in amo) -f cus (cf. pudicus,
,

Anartes, -ium, [?], M. plur., a people in Dacia (Transylvania) on

,

the river Theiss, at the eastern end of the Ilercynian forest.

posticus)],

Sid].,

friendly, well dis-

posed : praesidium (devoted). noun, M., a friend, an ally.

As

Ancalites, -um, [Celtic], M. a nation of Britain.

plur.,

anceps,
adj.,

amissus, p.p. of amitto. amitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere,

[ab-mitto],
let slip, let
3. v.

-cipitis, [amb-caput], (having a head on both sides),

double-headed.
fold,

Less

exactly,

two-

a.,

let

go (away),
lose (esp.

pass.

Hence,

proelium (on both fronts, of an army facing in two

:

double

of military losses).

ways).
(in

amor,

-oris,

[^/AM

amo) +

ancora,

-ae,

[Gr.

&jKvpa],

f.,

or (for -OS)],

F., love, affection.

anchor: in ancoris (at anchor).

12

Vocabulary
-ium, [Celtic], M. plur., a
in

Andes,
tribe of

animal,
of adj.],

-alis,

Gaul north of the Loire,

the

N.,

(a

[aninia + lis, N. creature endowed

modern Anjon. Audi, -orum,

same
-i,

as

the

with life), an animal (including man) a living creature (opposed to

,

Andes, wh. see. Andociimborius,

a chief

booty).
[Celtic], m.,
fr.

animus,

-i,

man

of the Remi.

y'AN, blow)

+ mus

[ani- (stem as root, (cf. Gr. avibreath,

life,

anfractus (ainf-), -us, [amffractus], M., a bending round. Hence, a "winding, a circuit, a deviation (from a straight line).

sos, wind)~\,
(vital).

M., Usually (the above mean-

soul

ings being appropriated to aninia, wh. see), soul (as thinking, feeling),

angulus,

-i,

[prob. anco- (stem

mind,
cf.

feelings, feeling, intellect (but

mens), spirit : effeminare; levitas animi (disposition, nature, or anguste [abl. of angnstus], together, want of constancy) aniadv., narrowly, in narrow quar- mus relinquit aliquem (one faints); ters (closely). Fig., sparingly (cf. animi mollitia (want of energy or endurance); animo paratus (resoample), in small quantity.
of anctis, bent) hook), a corner.
lus], M., (a
little
;

angustiae, -arum,
crete, narrcnos)
;

[angusto

lute)

animum
.

ia], F. plur., narrozvness (prop, con-

madverto)

Esp.
;

advertere (see ani(in a good sense,

itinerum {a nar- often in plur.), spirit, constancy, row pass); propter angustias {nar- courage, resolution : confirmare (enrowness of the passage). Fig., courage any one) relanguescere straits (difficult position, etc.), hard promptus paratus ad aliquid. Also (as opposed to mens, which straits, difficulties : angustiis premi see), the moral poivers, will, desires, {to be hard pushed).

angustiis,

-a,

-urn,

[angor
(less

(for

angos)
tensive)

+
;

tus], adj., narrow, conex-

the heart, the feelings, affections, etc., the disposition : bono animo esse

fined : angustiora castra

montes
is

(confining,

which one

hemmed in).
(the

by Fig., in
is

(be well disposed) ; esse in animo alicui (to have in mind, as a purpose) ; offendere or avertere (feel-

angusto res est

critical).

position

ings);
bition).

magni animi (of great amAlso, animus magnus

(courage, magnanimity, lofty spirit); animi magnitudo (lofty spirit); animus], F., breath. Hence, soul. permulcere (angry spirit) mentes the sottl riur., (of man, ab- animosque perturbare (minds, as thinking, and hearts, as feeling, etc.); stractly). animadverto, -verti, -versus, -ver- animi virtus (nobleness of soul) tere, (also aiiimum adverto un- animi causa (for pleasure). aiiiiotinus, -a, -urn, [some form contracted), [animum adverto],
fr.

aninia,

-ae, [ani- (treated as root,

V/AN

'

blow)

+ ma

(v.

of mus),

cf.

3. v.

a.,

turn

the

mind

to,

attend

to

of

anno + tinus

(cf.

diutiuus)],

in aliquem (punish, cf. the domes" attend to Less exactly, obtic ").

adj., last year's,

old (of ships

M., a

made

the year before).

serve, notice, learn.

annus,

-i,

[?],

year (as a

Vocabulary.
point of time, or as the course of the year, or as a period).

13

ant i quit us [antiquo +tus], adv.,

from ancient

animus, -a, -um, [anno + us], adj., annual: magistrates creatur

{annually).
iinser,
-eris,

Less

times, from early times.

exactly,

long ago, in early

times, anciently.

[for

hanser, akin

to

goose], M.,

a goose.

antiquus, -a, -um, [anti- (cf. ante) + cus (cf. porticus)], adj., old (existing from early times, not so

ante [old ant id, abl. of fanti- much in reference to present age as to former origin, cf. vetus), ancient. (cf. post and postis)], adv., before
(of place and time), in front
:

ante
;

dictum

{above, before, previously}

before

antequam,

(with

clause)

Esp.,
family

Antistius,-i, [antisti- (antistes) ius], M., a Roman gentile name.

Gaius Antistius Reginus, a

[?], M., Esp.
-I,
:

iam ante {already

fore).

before, already')

legatus of Caesar.

paucis ante diebus {a few days

Prep., ante se time) In

:

be-

Antonius,
name.

a
.

Roman
Marcus

before (of place or

(Mark Antony), the famous trivimvir, ante diem (a. d.) a legatus of Csesar in Gaul ; also, In comp., 2, his brother, Gaius, a legatus of {on such a day before). Caesar. before{o( place, time, and succession). an tea [ante ea (prob. abl. or Ap., Appius (wh. see). aperio, -perul, -pertus, -perire, instr., cf. ea, qua,)], adv. (of time), [ab-pario {get off), cf. operio, before, previously, once. antecedo, -cessi, -cessus, -cedere, cover], 4. v. a., uncover, open. [ante-cedo], 3. v. n. and a. (fr. force apertus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., open,
mittit {in advance
of).
dates,

pass (in size, go in advance

M.,

of prep.), go forward, advance, sur- exposed, uncovered, unobstructed, unnot etc.), exceed, precede, protected : latus {the right side, covered by the shield) ; collis {withof.

antecursor, -oris, [ante-cursor], out

a courier.
-tuli,

trees)

impetus

maris {unadv.,

broken).
-latus,

antefero,
.

-ferie,

aperte
openly.

[abl. of

apertus],

[ante-fero], irr. vance, prefer)

be the first,

v. a.,

{place in ad-

Pass., be preferred,

have

antemna,
Gr.

the superiority. -ae,[perh. borr. fr. some

Jupiter

Apollo, -inis, [?], M., the son of and Latona and twin brother

word

fr.

South Italy akin to ava-

of Diana, god of the sun, of divination, of poetry and music, and presi-

Ttivu>], F.,

a yard (for sails). antenna, see antemna. antepono, -posui, -positus,

dent of the Muses.

He was

also

god

-po-

of archery, of pestilence, and, on the other hand, of healing. He is identified

[ante-pono], 3. v. a., {place in advance, cf. antefero), think of more importance. antequam, see ante.
nere,

by Csesar with some Celtic

see

di-

vinity.

apparo,
1.

adparo.

anteverto,
tere,

-verti,

-versus,

-ver-

2.

appello, see adpello. appello, -avi, -atus, -are, [fadcf.

[ante-verto],
cf.

3. v. a.,

{turn in

pello-,

compello],

1. v. a.,

call.

font,

antepono),

prefer.

name, address,

call upon, style (de

14
clare

Vocabulary,
one something or address
in a

certain character). appeto, see adpeto.

of Gaul between the Province, the Pyrenees, the Garumna, and the

ocean (see
?],

I.

1).
-a,

Appius,
M., a

-i,

[?, a

Sabine word

Roman pramomen.

Aquitania.
of Aquitania.

Aquitanus,

-um, [?],

adj.,

of
the

Plur.,

applico, see adplico.

people of Aquitania.

as

subst.,

Sing., a

man

apporto, see adporto.

approbo, see adprobo. appropinquo, see adpropinquo. Apr., abbrev.

see).
for

Arar,
river of

-aris,

Gaul rising

[?], M., the Saone, a in the Vosges and

Aprilis (wh.
,

Aprilis, -e, [prob. akin to aperio]

adj., Oj

Rhone at Lyons. arbiter, -tri, [ad-fbiter ( y^l, in bito, + trus, cf. -trum)], m., a witLess exactly, a referee, an ness.
flowing into the

April. aptus, -a, -um, [ -y/AP (in apiscor)

arbitrator.

-f

tus], adj., {fitted to), suited, adaptai)iul [akin to

(cf.

arbitrium, -i, [arbitro -f ium judicium)], N., judgment, will,

ed, fit, apt.

ab and

Gr. cbro],

pleasure (what one sees fit to do). arbitror, -atus, -ari, [arbitro-],
1. v. a.

prep., at, among, with, before, on one's part, in relation to (a person), in one's house (company, possession)
.

and

n.,

think, suppose (judge).

aqua,
course
the

-ae, [?], F., 'water,

a zvater-

arbor, -oris, [?], F., a tree. arcesso, -sivi, -situs, -sere, [akin to accedo, but the exact relation uncertain],
3.

: aqua atque igni interdicere (a form of banishment among

v.

a.,

summon,
call

invite,
:

send for (persons),

in

ali-

Romans)

mensurae ex aqua, quem mercede

{call in to serve for

by the water-clock (a contrivance like pay). an hour-glass for telling time by the ardeo, arsi, arsus, ardere, [prob. arido-, cf. ardifer], 2. v. n., be hot, running of water). aquatio, -onis, [aqua- (stem of be on fire. Fig., be excited, be in a

aquor)

tio],
.

F.,

getting water

(cf.

blaze,

burn.
-ae, [?], F., the

pabulatio)
aquila,

Arduenna,

Ar-

aquilus, dark dennes (a very large gray, perh. remotely akin to aqua], N.E. Gaul).
-ae, [f. of
F.,

forest region in

an

eagle.

Esp., the standard

-ae,

of

arduus,
ascent).

-a,

-um, [?, perh.

Gr.

the

Romans,
staff.

consisting of an eagle

bpQ6s~], adj., high, sleep,

difficult (of

on a

Aquileja,
l'.,

[Aquila

ius],

Arecomici, -orum,
See Volcae.

[?], m. plur.

a city of Cisalpine Gaul (Venelia), founded by a Roman colony in 182

B.C. as

an outpost on the north-east.

-eri,

Aremoricus, see Armoricus. argentum, -i, [akin to arguo,

the

aquilifer,

[aquila-fer

(re-

shining metal~\,

N., silver

duced from -ferus, -^fer

us)] m.,

metal).

Also, of things

made of

(the the

a standard-bearer (of the eagle).

metal, silver ware, silver.

to
i\,

argilla, -ae, [diminutive, akin Aquitania, -ae, [f. of adj. developed from Aquitanus], F., the part arguo, originally white clay],

Vocabulary.
clay
:

15

fusilis

(some

vitrifying earth,

such as porcelain is made of). aridus, -a, -um, [faro- (whence Neut. as areo) -f dus], adj., dry.

adj., only F. plur., Armorican (of the states of Gaul near the ocean, in

Normandy and
Arpinejus,

-i,

Brittany; see V. 53). [Arpino- (stem of

subst, dry land.

aries,-ietis(-jetis),[?],M.,rtrrtw.
Fig., a battering

(a long timber armed at the end with metal for deLess exactly, a molishing walls).

ram

Arpinum) -f eius], m., a Roman gentile name. Esp., Gaius, a Roman knight in Coesar's army, possibly of Gallic origin, of a family enfran-

buttress

stream

down (piles driven to brace a bridge).

-i,

in

chised by Marius, who came from a Arpinum. a r rip id, see adripio.

Ariovistus,

[?], m., a chief of

the Germans, called in by the Gauls in their domestic quarrels, who con-

arroganter, see adroganter. arrogantia, see adrogantia.

ars,
F.,

artis,

[yAR -ftis (reduced)],

quered and ruled them until he was himself crushed by the Romans.

skill,

art.

Plur., the arts,

the

useful arts.

Aristius,
M., a

-I,

[?,

Arista

Roman

Marcus,

gentile name. Esp., a tribune of the soldiers in

ius ?],

arte
tightly.

[abl. of

artus], adv.,

closely,

Cassar's army.

-i, [artific- (stem of arms, equipment : armis artifex) -f ium], N., a skilful conjus exsequi {by force of arms); in trivance, an artifice, a trick. Also, armis esse {to be under arms, to be a trade (opposed to ars, a higher ready for service, to be in service); art). artus, -a, -um, [p.p. of arceo, parati in armis {armed for war);

arma, -orum, [-y/AR {Jit, cf. armus, the shoulder joint) + mus],
N. plur.,

Less

articulus, -i, [artu- (stem of artus) -f cuius], M., a little joint.

exactly, a joint.

artificium,

in armis

(in battle) ; armis congressi {in battle), and the like.

but poss. -y/AR (cf. ars)+tus], as adj., tightly bound, close : silva {thick).

of

Arvernus, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., armamenta,-orum, [arma- (stem armo) + mentum], n. plur., im- of the Arverni (a powerful Gallic

plements.

tribe west of the Cevennes in modMasc. plur., the [arma- (stem of ern Auvergne). armo)+ tura], F., equipment .levis people. armaturae Numidae {light armed, arx, arcis, [-y/arc (in arceo, without the heavy defensive armor of area) + is (reduced)], F., a strong-

Esp., rigging, ladle.

-ae,

armatara,

the legionary).

hold, a fortress.

armatus, -a, -um, p.p. of anno. armo, -avi, -atus, -are, [armo(stem of arma)], 1. v. a., equip, arm. Pass., in middle sense, arm armatus, -a, -um, (one's self).

ascendo, see adscendo. ascensus, see adscensus. aspectus, see adspectus.

asper,
-era,

rough, harsh.

-erum,

[?],

adj.

Fig., violent.

p.p. as adj.,

armed, in arms, equipped.

-a,

asslduus, see adsiduus.

assisto, see adsisto.

Armoricus (Arem-),
[Celtic are, near,

-um,

and mor,

the sea~],

assuefaeio, see adsuefacio.

i6
assuefactus,

Vocabulary.
authority (not political nor military,
cf.

see adsuefactus. assuesco, see adsuesco. assuetus, see adsuetus. at [prob. form of ad], conj., but,
at least.

imperium and
auctus,

potestas).
of

-a, -urn, p.p.

augeo.
F.,

auctumnus,
audacia,

see

autumnus.

-ae,

[audac+ia],
ter],

atque

(ac-), [ad-quej, conj.,

and
es-

daring, boldness, effrontery.

(generally

introducing some

more

audacter [audac +
:

adv.,

important idea),
pecially.
{the

as, than ; par atque simul atque (as soon greatest daring). similis atque (Just like) audax, -acis, [auda- (as if stem as) aliter ac (otherwise than, different of audeo) + cus (reduced)], adj.,

Also,
;

and

even,

and

with daring, boldly, fearlessly (but of an enemy) audacissime (with the

same as)

from what,

etc.)

aliud atque (dif[Celtic],

adj.,

daring.

ferent from, etc.).

audeo,
and
n.,

ausus,

audere,

[prob.
2. v. a. to

Atrebas,

-atis,

avido- (stem of avidus)],

try (or do).

Atrebatian, of the Atrebates (a people of Belgic Gaul), rarely sing, of one. Plur., the nation itself. Also,

dare, venture, risk, dare

ausus,

-a,

-um, p.p.

in pres. sense, daring.

audio, -divi, -ditus, -dire, [prob. Atrebatis, ablative plur., as if from Atrebati, -orum (cf. the declension akin to auris], 4. v. a., hear, hear of poema). audiens, -ntis, p. as adj., of. Atrius, -i, [atro- (stem of ater) obedient (with dicto). + ius], M., a Roman gentile name. audltio, -dnis, [audi- (stem of Esp., Quintus, a soldier in Gesar's audio) + tio], F., a hearing, hear-

army.

say, report.
-texui,

attexo,

-textus,

-texere,

[ad-texo], 3. v. a., weave on, make on (by weaving).

augeo, auxi, auctus, augere, [y'AUG (causative or fr. unc. nounstem)],

2. v. a.,

increase, magnify, en-

Pass., attingo (adt-), -tigi, -tactus, -tin- hance, add to (something). gere, [ad -tango], 3. v. a., touch upon, increase. touch, reach, join (of a nation's bounAulercus, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj.,

daries).

attribuo

(adt-),

-bui,

-biitus,

of the Aulerci (a wide-spread people of several tribes in the interior of

Gaul).
selves.

[ad-tribuo], 3. v. a., assign. attuli, see adfero.

-oris, [^/aug (in augeo) tor], M., a voucher (for any act or statement), an authority, an ad-

Flur.,

the

people

them-

auctor,

Aulus,
nomen.

-i,

[?], M., a

Roman

prce-

defectionis (leader) ; auctor esse (approve, advise) eis auctoribus (with their approval) ; auctore hoste (on the authority of the enviser
:
;

auriga, -ae, [poss. akin to auris and ago, cf. aurea, headstall~\, c, a charioteer, a driver.
auris,
(cf.
-is,

[akin to ear, stem fauri-

emy) auctoritas,
.

-tatis,
P.,

[auctor- (as

if

F., an ear. Aurunculejus, -i, [AurunculS(dim. of A 11 1-11 in- us, name of an

audio)],

i-stem)

-f

tas],

influence, prestige,

Italian tribe)

eius], M., a

Roman

Vocabulary,
gentile name. Esp., Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta, a legatus of Caesar.

17

Ausci, -orum,
of
adj.,

[Celtic], M. plur.

aversus, -a, -um, p.p. of "verto. averto, -verti, -versus, -vertere, [ab-verto], 3. v. a., turn aside, turn
off,

a tribe of Aquitania. ansus, -a, -urn, p.p. of audeo.

push

aut

[?, but

cf.

(regularly exclusive, cf. vel). or. peated, either

. . .

auteni], conj., or Re-

estrange. aversus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., turned away. Hence, flying, or, with a change of point of

aside.

Fig.,

alienate,

akin to aut], conj., but (the weakest degree of oppo[?,

sition, cf.

aut em

view in translation, in the rear (of

seel), 07i the other

hand,
to

which the word is applied) ne aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur (by the enemy getting in their
that to
:

then

again,
(in

now
slight

(explanatory),
opposition

rear, etc.).

whereas

avis,
bird.

-is,

[unc. root

is], f.,

something preceding).

allium mis (auct-), -I, [forfaucavus, -i, [?], m., a grandfather. tominus, faucto- (cf. augeo) + Axona, -ae, [Celtic], F., a river minus (cf. Vertumnus)], m., au- of Gaul (now Aisne), a tributary of tumn (the season of increase). the Isara ( Oise)
.

auxiliaris,
auxilia)
aries,

-e,

[auxilio- (as

if

auxiliary.

ris

(cf.

alaris)],

adj.,

Plur. as noun, auxili-

B.
Bacenis, -is, [Celtic], f., with silva, a forest of Germany between the Cherusci and the Suebi.

auxiliary troops (not

Roman

legionaries).

auxilior,
1.

-atus, -ari, [fauxilio-],

v.

dep., give assistance.

-i,

an xil in m,
augeo,
cf.

[tauxili- (akin to
N., assist-

fusilis)+ium],
;

Baculus, lum, staff],

-i,

[bacillus

bacu-

M.,

agnomen

of Pub-

ance, aid, remedy, relief: extremum ferre (to assist, {the last resource)

lius Sextius Baculus, a centurion in Cesar's army.

auxilio (as a reinforceaid) ment) quos auxili causa habebat

to
; ;

(as auxiliaries, etc.). Plur., auxiliaries (as opposed to the regular

Balearis, -e, [?], adj., Balearic (belonging to the Baleares insulae in

the Mediterranean,

now Majorca and

for their slingers).

heavy-armed infantry) reinforcements : auxilia tardare (hinder

;

Minorca, famous
baltens,
-i,

Plur., the islands themselves.

[?], m., a belt (for the

sword, passing over the shoulder, but from rendering assistance). Avaricensis, -e, [Avarico + sometimes also encircling the waist). Plur., ensis], adj., of Avaricum. Balventius, -I, [?], M.,a Roman

the people

of Avaricum.
[Celtic], N., a

Avaricum, -T,
uf the Bituriges

town
F.,

gentile name, only with Titus, a centurion in Caesar's army.

(now Bourges).
[avaro

barbarus,
tation

avaritia,

-ae,

tia],

-a, -um, [prob. fr. imiof unintelligible speech, cf.

covelousness, greed, avarice.

balbus],

adj.,

foreign (not Greek

aveho, -vexl,
veho],
3. v. a.,

-vectus, -vehere, [aboff,

or Latin), uncivilized, savage, bar-

carry

carry away.

barian, of /he barbarians.

Plur.,

18
the

Vocabulary.
bas&trians or savages (used of
to the lot)
;

beneficio suo adductus

.

the Gauls).

(by gratitude for his favors)

Basilns, -I, [?], M., agnomen of Lucius Minucius Bast/us, an officer

in Coesar's

benevolentia,
-f

-ae,

[benevolent

ia],

v.,

good-will, kindness.

army.
[Celtic], M.plur.,

Batavians (a nation occupying tun, from the region about the mouths of the num).
:he

Batavi, -orum,

Bibracte, -is, [Celtic], N., the chief town of the Hcedui (now Auits

later

name Augustoduword],
F.,

Rhine).

Bibrax,
[?], M. plur.,
tJte

-ctis, [cf. last

Belgae, -arum,

a town of the
identified.

Remi not

satisfactorily

Belgians (a nation occupying the northern part of Gaul). Perhaps also a small tribe of the nation with

Bibroci, -orum, [Celtic], M.plur., a tribe of south-east Britain.

this special

name.
-i,

biduum,

-i,

[fdvi-duum (akin
1

Belgium,

[Belga
-a,

to

ium],

N.,

dies)],

N., tivo

days'

time, two

the country of the Belgians.

days.

bellicosus,
osus],
adj.,

-urn,

[bellico

+ +

warlike.

-a, -um, [bello + cus], Bigerriones, -um, [Celtic], m. of war, in war. plur., a tribe of the Pyrenees (Bibello, -avl, -atus, -are, [bello-], gorre). I v. n., fight, ?nake war : studium bini, -ae, -a, [fdvi -f nus], adj. bellandi (a passion for war). two (of plur., two each, two sets of,

-i, [bienni- (bi-anno) two years' time, the space of tivo years, two years.

biennium,
ium],
N.,

bellicus,

adj.,

Bellocassi,
easses.
a Gallic

-orum,

see

Velo- things in pairs or sets). bipartito [abl. of bipartitus],

Bellovaci, -orum, [?], m. plur., adv., in two divisions : bipartito coltribe between the Seine, locatis insidiis (in two places). Somme, and Oise, about modern bipedalis, -e, [biped + alis] adj
,

.,

Beauvais.

of two feet (measure),

tivo feet (long,

bellum, -i, [old duellum, from wide, etc.). bis [for dvis, duo, a strife between two], N., war,
a war:

unc. case-form of

arms) ;

bello persequi, etc. (in bellum inferre (make war,

;

duo

offensive)

parare bellum (make

uls)], adv., twice. Bituriges, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Celtic Gaul, in two branches,
(cf. cis,

warlike preparations).

Vibisci (around

bonus], adv., well : bene gerere negotium (be success[abl. of

bene

Bordeaux) and Cubi (around Bourges).

Boduognatus,
Boja,

-i,

[Celtic], M., a

ful

in, etc.).
-I,

leader of the Nervii.

beneficium,
duced)

[benefico- (recf.

+ ium

(but

offleium)],

N., well-doing, a service, a favor, often rendered by Eng. plur., services, favors shown, services ren-

F. sing, of Boji, Boian. Boji, -orum, [Celtic], M. plur., a Celtic nation, of which a part occu-

dered :

8ortium beneficio (thanks

pied lands in Cisalpine Gaul, a part settled in Pannonia, and a part were with the Helvetii in their emigration.

Vocabulary.
bonitas,
goodness:
-tatis,

T9

[fbono

tas],

f.,

self in

command

of Caesar's

fleet off

agrorum

(fertility).

bonus, -a, -um, bono animo esse

posed)
;

[?], adj., good:

{to

the coast of Gaul, and afterwards in the civil war on the side of Caesar.

be well disis

But he joined the conspiracy against

optimum est (it optimum iudicium facere

so

vest)

high

an

opinion).

subst. , good, advantage.

Neut. goods,
Ylur.,

(express
as

Marcus Brutus, and was one of Caesar's assassins. He was afterwards killed in Gaul by order of
Caesar with

Antony.

property, estate.

bos,
bull,

bovis,
coxa,

[akin to cow], C, a
ox.

an

C.
C, 100.

Plur., cattle.
-i,

bracchium (brach-),
N.,

[?],

an arm. Brannoviees, -um,

C,
[Celtic],

see

Gajus.

M.

a division of the Aulerci living near the Haedui.

plur.,

-i, [Celtic], N., a town of the Haedui on the Saone

Cabillonum,

Chalons-sur- Saone).

Brannovii, -orum,
plur., a Cejtic tribe,

[Celtic],

M.

Caburns,
nts, a Gaul,

-I,

[Celtic], M., the per-

dependents of sonal name of Caius Valerius Cab ti-

the Hsedui.

made

Roman

citizen

Bratuspantium,
certainly identified.

-i,

[Celtic], N.,

by C. Valerius Flaccus, and father

of C. Valerius Procillus and C. Valerius
<

a fortified town of the Bellovaci, not

Donnotaurus.
a < union,
-inis,

brevis, -e,[for fbregus, ^/bragh

short (of space or time) brevi ( a short space).
-f-

[?], N., the top

us],

adj.,

(of trees, mountains, etc.).

cadaver,
N.,

-eris,

[akin to cado],
casurus, cadere, be tilled.

brevitas,
F.,

[fbrevi 4- tas], shortness, short stature : brevitas

-tatis,

corpse,

a body (dead).

cado,
[^/CAD],

cecidi,

temporis {want of time). breviter [fbrevi + ter],

briefly.

3. v. n.,fall,

adv.,

Britanni,
plur.,

the

-orum, [Celtic], Britons (including

-ae,

M.
all

Cadurcus, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., of the Cadurci (a tribe of Aquitania). Plur., the people themselves.

tribes of Britain).

caedes, -is, [fcaed (as root of caedo) -f- is], F., a murder, a massacre, slaughter.

Britannia,
(f.

[fBritanno

ia

of ius)],

F.,

Britain.
:

caedo,
[prob.

Britannicus, -a, -um,[ fBritanno

cecidi, caesus, caedere, causative of cado, cf. fall,

a., strike,

cus],

adj.,

of Britain, Briton
Britain).

fell], 3.V.

strike

down, fell,

bellum (with

cut down, slay.

bruma,
perb),
slice.

-ae,

[fbrevi
v.,

+ ma
winter

(susol-

sc.

dies],

the

caelestis, -e, [fcaelit- (stem of caeles) + tis (cf. agrestis and moPlur., the destus)],adj., heavenly.

Brutus, -i, [brutus, heavy], a family name at Rome. Esp., Deci-

gods.

caelum,
gods).

-i,

[?], n., the sky, the

mus yunius Brutus

tus of Caesar.

He

Albinus, a legadistinguished him-

heavens, heaven (as the abode of the

20
eaerimonia,
a ceremony.
-ae, [?], v.,

Vocabulary
a
rite,

[-y/CAN], 3. v. a. and n., sing, (with voice or instrument)

.

sound

Caeroesi, -orum, [?], M.

tribe of Belgic Gaul.

plur., a

eaeruleus,
oaesius],
adj.,

-a,

-um, [perh. akin to

blue.

dark

-bra, -brum, [Celtic], of the Canlabri (a warlike people in the north of Spain, allied with the Gauls of Aquitania). Plur.,
adj.,

Cantaber,

Caesar, -aris, [?], name in the gens Iulia.

I.

M., a family

Esp.

the people.

Julius Caesar, the conqueror of Gaul and the author of the ComC.

Cantium,-!, [Celtic], N.,AV/ (the south-east corner of Great Britain).

caper,
-prl, [?], m.,
-T,

L. Julius Caesar, a kinsman of the former, acting as his legatus in Gaul.

mentaries.
2.

capillus,

[adj.

a goat. form akin

to

caput],
capio,

M., the

hair (collective).
captus,

cepi,

capere,

caespes, see cespcs. caesus, -a, -um, p.p. of caedo. Caius, see Gajus.
Cal., see

[y/CAl'], 3. v. a., take, capture, take get, acquire, seize : stipossession

of,

Calendae.
-tatis,

pendium nomen arma (lake tip) Less exactly, choose, semontem.

calamitas,

[?],

v.,

disaster

lect :

locum.
reach
:

by

Fig., lake in (deceive), captivate, be(also guile, experience : dolorem ; conejus (any accident to hint). Calendae, -arum, [akin to calo, jecturam (make); quietem (lake, to flight). call, the day when the phases of the enjoy); fugam (lake caprea, -ae, [fcapro- (reduced) moon were announced to the people the Kalends -f ea (f. of -eus)], f., a roe (a small F. the

(orig. to crops?), defeat, misfortune euphemistically for death) :

sels),

So also (esp. of ves portus (arrive at).

priests],

plur.,

of the deer kind, with branchday of the Roman month). animal horns and a dappled skin). Caleti, -orum, and Caletes, -um, ing tribe in Norcaptivus, -a, -um, [as if fcapti[Celtic], M. plur., a (imaginary stem of capto) + vusj, mandy, on the Seine. Masc. as noun, a eallidus, -a, -um, [fcallo- (cf. adj., captive. a prisoner. captive, + ?), adj., (tough dus], callum) captus, -a, -um, p.p. of capio. shrewd, cunning, skilful. captus, -us, [ 'cap -f tus] M., a ealo, -onis, [?], M., a servant (of seizing. Hence, what one can grasp. a soldier), a camp follower. (the
first

campester,

-tris,

-tre,

[fcampo
tris (cf.
:

Fig., capacity, character, nature.

caput,
-itis,

ster,

as

if

fcampet +
adj.,

[?,

akin to head'],

N.,

equestris)],

of the plain

(level plains').

campus, -T, [?], M., a plain. Camulogenus, -I, [Celtic], M.,

chief of the Aulerci.

loca the head: capite demisso; capite solo ex aqua exstare (have only Less exthe head above water)
.

actly,

person

(cf.

"head

mouth (of a

river).

of cattle"),
Fig.,
;

life:

Caninius,
gentile

name.

-I,

[?], M., a Roman Esp., C. Caninius

poenam

capitis (of death)

capitis
2. v. *>-

periculo (of life).

Rebilus, a legatus of Caesar. cano, cecini, cantus,

careo, -ui,
canere,

-iturus, -ere, [ ?]

be without, go without.

Vocabulary.
carina,
(of a ship).
-ae, [?], v., keel, bottom

21
[Celtic], M., a chief

Castieus,

-I,

of the Sequani.
-urn, [Celtic],

Carnutes,

M. plur.,

a Gallic people between the Loire and the Seine, about Orleans.

castigo, -avi, -atus,-are,[tcastigo(stem of lost adj. fcastigus, castoigus,

cf.

caro, carnis, [akin to crudus and raw"], v., flesh, meat.

pure,
prove.

reform.

prodigus)], 1. Hence,

v. a.,

make
re-

chide,

earpo,
fault with

-psi, -ptus, -pere,

a.,

harvest], 3. v.
(cf.

pluck.

[akin Y\g.,flnd
N.,

to

trum],

"pick at").
[Celtic],

carrum,
carrus,

-1,

a cart

-i, [y/sKAD (cover) + a fortress. Plur., a camp (fortified, as was the manner of the Romans) in castris [in camp, also

castrum,
N.,

(of the Gauls).

-i,

M.,

another form for

carrum. cams,

-a,

-urn,

[?],

adj.,

castra ponere (pitch castra movere (break camp, move) ; quintis castris (after dear, five days' journey, as the Romans
in service);

camp)

precious, valuable.

encamped every

night).

(what befalls), an accident, a chance of Kent. (good or bad), a mischance : hoc casa, -ae, [?], f., a cottage, a hut. ipso tempore et casu (emergency) casu (by accident, by chance) casu easeus, -I, [?], m., cheese. CassI, -orum, [Celtic, cf. Velo- devenit (chanced to, etc.); quarum casses and Cassivellaunus], M. rerum casus (the occurrence, the plur., a British tribe. happening) eundem casum ferre Cassianus, -a, -um, [fCassio- (fate) belli casum sustinere (take (reduced) + anus (cf. Romanus)], the chances) ; in eiusmodi casu (a ad extremum casum (to the adj., of Cassius : bellum (the war in case) B.C. 107, in which L. Cassius Longi- most critical position) ad omnes nus was defeated by the Tigurini, casus (against all accidents) in near Lake Geneva, and killed). eum casum deduci (that pass).
; ; ; ; ; ; ;

Carvilius, gentile name.

Also, a king of part

-i,

[?], M., a

Roman

CaSUS,

-US,

[y'CAD

-f-

tus],

M.,

cassis,

-idis,

[?],

f.,

a helmet (of

Catamantaloedes,

-is,

[Celtic],

metal, for horsemen,

cf.

galea).
a L.

M., a chief of the Sequani.

gentile

Cassius, -I, name.

[?],
B.C.

M.,

Roman
Cassius

Esp.,

catena, -ae, [?], f., a chain (for prisoners), a cable : in catenas con;

Longinus, consul sianus).

107 (see Cas- jecit (into prison) nere.

[Celtic], m.,

in catenis te-

Cassivellaunus,

-1,

Caturiges, -um,
a people in

[Celtic], M. plur.

a British chief ruling north of the Thames, who took command of the

Roman

Gaul (Provincia).
M.,

general resistance of his countrymen to Caesar, but was finally reduced to

submission.

Catuvolcus, -I, [Celtic], chief of the Eburones.

Caurus,
causa,
reason,

see
-ae,

Corus.

castellum,

-I,

[fcastro

+ lum

an

[?], f., a cause, a excuse, grounds, a motive

an outwork, a

(n. of -las)], N., a fortress, a fort, redoubt.

(for an act), a right (to anything) : satis causae (sufficient reason).

22

Vocabulary
of,

Abl- after a genitive, for the sake

for the purpose

{to

of,
;

for, on behalf of:

celeriter [celeri -f ter], adv., quickly, speedily, very soon, soon.

libertatis causa

potentiae causa
etc.);

celo,

-avi, -atus, -are, [?,

akin to
conceal,

gain); praedandi causa (7<?,

clam and

caligo],

insidiarum causa (for an ambus- hide : arma. Pass., pass unnoticed. animi causa (for amuseCeltae, -arum, [Celtic], M. plur., Also, a cause (in law), a a great race in Gaul and Britain. ment). case : causa cognita More particularly, the Celts (in a (after trial) causa indicta (unheard) ; causam narrower sense, occupying the intedicere (plead one's cause, stand a rior of Gaul) trial, be tried); causae dictio (a Celtillus, -i, [Celtic], m., one of
cade);

I. v. a.,

trial).

Hence,
:

also,

situation,

the Arverni, father of Vercingetorix.

a case

Cenabenses, -ium, [Cenabo + causam (the case the same) in ensis], m. plur., the people of Cenaeadem causa (in the same situation, bum.
.

Germanorum unam
. .

esse

also,

on the same
[abl.

side).

Cenabum
adv.,
n.,

(Gen-),
its

-i,

[Celtic],

caute
cautes,
stone^,
F.,

of cautus],

the

chief city of the Castrates,

later

with caution.
[akin to cos, wheta rock (sharp or jagged),
-is,

now Orleans (from

name,

urbs Aurelianensis).

Cenimagnl, -oium,
plur.,

[Celtic], M.

reef.

a British tribe. M.

cautus, p.p. of caveo. Cavarillus, -i, [Celtic],

prince of the Haedui.

m.,

CenomanI, -orum, [Celtic], plur., a division of the Aulerci.

censeo,
[?],
2. v. a.,

censui, census,

[Celtic], m., one of the Senones, made their king by Caesar.

Cavarinus,

-i,

Less exactly, give one's opinion, advise, decree (of the Senate),
mate.

censere, (perh. _/?/), reckon, esti-

caveo,

cavl, cautus, cavere, [perh.

determine.

y/skv?], 2. v. n. and a., be on one's guard, guard against (something),

take security (intense).

M.,

census, -us, [akin to censeo], a numbering, a census. Centrones, see Ceutrones.

(C), [akin tohund-red], a hundred.

cedo,
3. v. n.,

cessi, cessurus,

cedere, [?],

(giving place). Esp., give way, retreat, retire : ce(the flying)

;

make way

centum
indecl.,

dentes
Fig.,

cedere loco

(abandon position, military term). yield: fortunae.

celer, -eris^ere^-y/CEL (in cello)

-onis, [fcenturia + o], a centurion. A subaltern officer from the ranks, commanding a century, originally a hundred men.

centurio,

M.,

There were two

in

a maniple, and

+ ris]

adj., swift,

quick, speedy, fast

motus (sudden).
celeritas,
F.,

sixty in a legion, ranking according to the numbers of the cohorts from 1

-tatis,

[fceleri

tas],

swiftness, activity, speed, promptness : ad celeritatem onerandi

(to secure

being centuriones primorum ordinum, and the one of the first century
the
in that cohort being

to 10, the six of the first cohort

quick loading) (quick marching).

itineris

primus

pilus.

cerno,

crevi,

cretus,

cernere,

Vocabulary.
[y/cer],
3. v. a.,
see,

23

separate.
behold,

Hence,

distinguish,

descry.

Also, determine.

eerto)

certamen, -inis, + men], n.,

[fcerta- (in a struggle, a

cibus, -i, [?], u.,food. Cicero, -onis, [cicer + o, orig. a nickname, possibly from excrescences on the nose], M., a name of a Roman family from Arpinum. Esp.

contest, rivalry.

certe [abl. of certus], adv., certainly, surely, at least (surely what is

nothing more). certus, -a, -um, p.p. of cerno as adj., determined, fixed, certain (of
the thing as well as
sure, established
:
;

1.

Marcus
2.

Tullius, the great orator. Quint us (Tullius), his brother,

in Caesar's service in

Gaul

as legatus.

mentioned,

if

Cimberius,

-1,

[akin to

Cimbri],

M., a prince of the Suevi.

Cimbri, -orum, [?], M. plur., a German tribe living in Jutland, who certiorem facere overran Gaul and made a successful
the person),

certissimae res ; dies certa (an appointed day); certa subsidia

(inform, order)
(absolutely certain/acts)

inroad into the

Roman dominions

in

the second century B.C.

celli

They were

(regular, as organized beforehand)

certum in locum (particular).

m.,

conquered at Aquae Sextiae and Verby Marius and Catulus, B.C. 103 and 102.

cervus, a slag.

-i,

[root of cornu

-f vus], 1.

Cingetorix,

-igis,

[Celtic],

m.

cespes (caesp-), -itis, [?], m., a sod (used in fortification). (ceterus), -ia, -rum, [-^/CE (in ecce, hie) + terus (cf. alter)], adj.,
the rest 0/ (cf. alius, other, not inPlui\, the rest, the cluding all).

leader of the Treviri, brotherin-law of his rival, Indutiomarus.

2.

British prince in Kent.

eiugo, cinxi, cinctus, cingere, [?], surround, encircle : flumen Less exoppidum (run around). actly, man (occupy in a circuit, of
3. v. a.,

remaining, the others: frumento ceterisque rebus (everything else

necessary, where aliis would mean some other things). Ceutrones (Cent-) -um, [Celtic] M. plur. 1. A tribe in the Graian
, ,
:

walls)

cippus, -i, [?], M., a stake, a pillar, a post. Apparently jocosely used of a peculiar form of palisades,

boundary-posts

( ?).

Alps

(in

modern
-ae,

Savoy).
[Celtic],

circa [case-form

(instr.?) of cir-

2.

A
the

cus

(cf.

circum)], adv. and

-i,

prep.,

Belgic tribe.

about, around.
f.,

Cevenna,

circinus,

[circo- (cf.

circum)

Cevennes (a woody mountain region on the west side of the lower Rhone
valley).

+ nus],
adv.
time,

M.,

a pair of compasses, a

compass. circiter [circo -fter(cf.aliter)],

number, and quantity), about (in the neighborhood of), near, not cibarins, -a, -um, [cibo- (re- far from. duced) + arius], adj., pertaining to circueo, see circumeo. Neut. plur. as subst., profood. circuitus, -a, -um, p.p. of cirvisions : molita (ground corn) cumeo.
tribe

Cherusci, -drum, [?], M. plur., a of the Germans between the Weser and the Elbe.

and

prep.,

about.

Fig.

(of

24

Vocabulary.

circuitus, -tus, [circum- itus], around, throw around: circuma circuit (a going round), a cir- jecta multitudine {assailing on all cuitous route, a circumference : in sides)
M.,
.

circuitu {all around). circum [ace. of circo- (-^KAR-f

cus,
cf.

circumjectus, circumicio.
tere,

-a,

-um, p.p. of

curvus)], adv. and

prep.,

circummitto, -misi, -missus, -mit[circum-mitto] around.

,

about, around.

3. v. a.,

lead

circumcido,
[circum-caedo],

-cidi, -cisus, -cidere,

3. v. a.,

cut around,

circummunio,
[circum-munio]
,

-ivi,

-Itus,
a.,

-ire,

cut (the idea of around being imcircumplied in the context).

cisus,
collis.

-a,

-um, p.p.

4.

v.

fortify

Fig., isolated:

around, throw fortifications around, a fortification). fortify, protect (by

circumcludo,
-cludere,
enclose

-clusi,
,

-clusus,
a.,

circummunitus, circummunio.
circumplector,

-a,

-um, p.p. of

[circum-claudo] 3. v. around, encircle, place band around.

-plexus, -plecti,

[circum-plector (cf. amplector)], 3. v. dep., embrace.

circumsisto, -steti, no p.p., -siscireumdatus, -a, -um, p.p. of circumdo. tere, [circum-sisto], 3. v. a., stand circumdo, -dedi, -datus, -dare, around, Jlock around, rally around, [circum- 2. do], 1. v. a., put around: surround, hem in. murus cireumdatus {encircling, circumspicio, -spexi, -spectus, thrown around). By a confusion -spicere, [circum-specio], 3. v. a.,

of ideas, surround, encircle rhedis.

aciem

look about for. Fig., think over, consider, cast about for : animo con-

-duxi, -ductus, -du- silia (by way of investigating or [circum-duco], 3. v. a., lead divining). Less exactly, of a line, around. circumsto, -steti, no p.p., -stare, draw around. [circum-sto] 1. v. a., surround.

circumduct),

cere,

circumductus,
circumdiico.

-a,

-um, p.p. of

circu(m)eo,
cum-eo],

-ii,

-itus, -ire,

irr. v. n.,

coming

active,

go around. visit, make a tour of:

-fiidT, -fusus,
,

circumvallatus, -a, -um, p.p. of circumvallo. circumvallo, -avi, -atus, -are, [cirBe- [circum-vallo], 1. v. a., surround
with walls, invest.

hiberna.

circumfundo,
dere,

-fun-

circumvectus, veho.

p.p. of

circum-ve-

circumveho, -vexi, -vectus, [circum-fundo] 3. v. a., pour Pass, (as reflexive), pour here, [circum-veho] 3. v. a., carry around. Esp. pass, as dep., ride in, rush around, rush in on all around. Also (cf. circumdo) sur- around. sides.

round: multitudine praesidia {sur-

circumvenio,
nire,

-voni, -ventus, -ve-

round with a swarming multitude).

[circum-ve:ib], 4. v. a., surFig. {ci."get around"), circumicio, -jeci, -jectus, -icere, >ound. cir[circum-jacio],3.v.a., throw around. impose upon, defraud, betray, Esp. in a military sense, hurl cumvent.

Vocabulary.
circumventus, circumvenio.
cis
-a,

25
citizen, a

-um, p.p. of

(weakening of -vus), C, a
fellozv-cilizen.

[case-form

obs,
adv.

etc.)

ofce

(cf.

(gen. ?, cf. uls, ec-ce, cetera)],

of.

civitas,
the stale
ship.

-tatis,

[civi

tas],

f.,

and
if

prep., this side, this side

-a,

Cisalpinus,
(as

-um, [cis Alpes

Esp., Roman citizenship, the Roman franchise. Less exactly, a

of being a

citizen, citizen-

cisalpi-) + nus], adj., being this side the Alps, Cisalpine : Gallia
(that part of Gaul side of the Alps).

body offellow-citizens, the citizens (as a body), one' s fellow-citizens, a stale

on the

Italian

(composed of

citizens), a city (be-

Cisrhenanus,

-a,

-um, [cis Rhe-

cause the city was the state), a nation, a tribe (politically) expellit
:

cisrheno-) -f nus], adj., being this side the Rhine, this side
(as
the

num

if

ex civitate (from

Rhine
subst.,
(i.e.

as

Plur. (as adj. phrase). the people this side the

clam
go,

the country). [case of stem akin to cali-

etc.], adv.

and

prep., secretly.

clamito,
I. v. a.,

-avi, -atus, -are, [freq. of

(cf.

Rhine

towards Gaul).

clamo, perh.fclamita
cry out.

nauta)],

Cita, -ae, [peih. y'ci (in cieo) + ta (cf. nauta)], m., a Roman family name. Only, C. Fufius, a

keep crying out, vociferate,

oris,

clamor,
of
shout,

Roman

knight
-a,

doing business in

clamo) +

[clam (as if root or], M., a shouting, a

Cenabum.
citatus,
citer, -ra,

a cry, an outcry.

-um, p.p. of cito. -rum, \_y/c\ (cf. cis)

cf.

clandestinus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (perh. manufactured from clam) -f

tinus],
adj., secret, clandestine.
-a,

+
on

terus (reduced,
this side (rare

alter)],

adj.,

and antiquated).
:

Usually citerior (compar.), nearer, hither (as adj.) provincia (Gaul

+ rus], adj., bright, clear. Fig., fa7)ious. Also (of sound), loud, distinct.

clarus,

-um,[y/CLA (in

clamo)

on the

Italian side of the Alps as

cf.

classis,
-f tis],
F.,

-is,

[yTjLA

(in

clamo)
out)
.

opposed to Farther Gaul, alpinus).

Cis-

(a summoning).

exactly,

cito, -avi, -atus, -are, [cito- (stem

Esp.,

army (called an army (called out

the

Less

for duty

urge on, hurry. at sea), a fleet (the most common -um, p.p. as adj., in later meaning). haste: citatus fertur {runs at full Claudius, -i, [claudo+ius (prop.

citus)], citatus,
speed)
.

of

I. v. a.,

-a,

of citus (from cieo)], adv., quickly : citissime (very rap[abl.

cito

gentile adj.)], Esp., Appius Claudius, consul

B.C. 54.

M.,

Roman

name.
in

idly).

claudo,
[abl. or instr.(?) of citer], prep., this side, within (as

clausi, clausus, claudere,

citra
adv.

[of
3.

unc.
a.,

form.,
close,

akin

to

clavis],

and

v.

opposed eitro
side:
forth).

to

beyond).

claudere
(bach

shut, fasten. Esp., agmen (close the line of

[dat. of citer], adv., to this

ultro

citroque

and

march, bring up the rear). clausus, -a, -um, p.p. of clando. clavus, -i, [y'CLAU- (cf. claudo)

civis,

-is,

[y'ci (in quies)

vis

us], M., a nail, spike.

26
clemens,
clarus)
-entis, [peih.
(cf.

Vocabulary.
y/CLA (in
coelestis, see caelestis.

+ mens

vehemens)],

eoemo,

-emi,

-emptus,

-emere,

v.,

adj., {bright 1),

gentle (of weather).

Fig., gentle, kind, merciful.

dementia,
clemency.
I

-ae,

[clement

ia]

[con-emo], 3. v. a., buy up. coeo, -ivl, no p.p., -ire, [con-eo], irr. v. n., come together, unite.
eoepi,
-isse,

kindness, gentleness, humanity,

[con-fapi (perf. of

r ic ns, -entis, [pres. p. of clueo], C, (a hearer'), a dependant, a vassal, a retainer. clientela, -ae, [client + ela (imi- passive

fapo, cf. apiscor)], def. v. a., (have taken hold of), began, undertook, started. coeptus, -a, -um, p.p. used in same sense as active with

infinitives.
-a,

tating

suadela,

etc.)], F., vassalage

Hence (as condition of a cliens). (viewed fr. the other side), protection.

coeptus, coerceo,

-um, p.p. of coepi.

a.,

-ercui, -ercitus, -ercere,

2. v.

Phrases: magnae clientelae

vassals, extensive relations of
;

[con-arceo], in check.

confine, keep

"

(many

cogito,
I.

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[con-

clientage ")

Remis in clientelam agito

se dicaverunt {surrendered themselves as vassals to, etc.).

(in sense of revolve, discuss)'], v. a., consider, think over. Esp.

(as to

some plan of

action), think

clivus, -i, [y/c\A (in clino) + vus], M., a slope, a declivity, an acclivity
:

about, discuss (what to do), have an idea of, intend, consider (that some-

ad molliendum clivum

(to

thing

make

the ascent easier) .

Clodius, -I, [the popular form of Claudius], M., a Roman gentile to prevent) nihil cogitare de bello name, belonging to the plebeian (have no thought of, etc.). eognatio, -onis, [con-(g)natio], branch of the gens Claudia. Esp., P. Clodius, a most bitter enemy of F., connection by birth. Concretely, He was killed in a fray by a family, a clan : magnae cognaCicero. T. Annius Milo, who was defended tiones (extensive connections, by by Cicero in a famous oration still blood). extant. cognitus, -a, -um, p.p. of cognosco. Cn., abbreviation for Cnaeus.
;

may happen), expect (contemcogitare ne plate the possibility) (see that not, think how not, plan
:

cognosco, -gnovi, -gnitus, -gnosCnaeus, see Gnaeus. eoacervo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- cere, [con(g)nosco], 3. v. a., learn, become aware. Esp., acervo], I. v. a., heap up, mass to- find out, find,

gether,

heap on top (of others) coactus, -a, -urn, p.p. of eogo. coactus, -tus, [con-actus (cf.
.

investigate, inquire into, learn about,

study.

In

perfect tenses (cf. nos-

eogo)],

M., compulsion.
-avi,
I.

coagmento,
[coagmento-],
gether.

-atus,

-are,
to-

co), know, be aware: cognitum est de aliqua re (something was known); causa cognita (upon a
full
investigation,

v. a.,

fasten

after

trial)

Coeosates, -urn, [Celtic],

a people of Aquitania.

M.plur.,

egregia virtute erant cogniti (had been found to be of, etc.); ad cogno-

scendum

(for inquiry).

Vocabulary.
eogo,
collect,

27
-iissi,

coegi,
3. v.

coactus,
a.,

cogere,

comburo,

-iistus,

-urere,

[con-ago],

bring together,
.

[con-fburo(?), relation

to tiro very
3. v. a.,

assemble, get together

oblige
:

force, compel,
compttlsioit).

Hence, uncertain, cf. bustum], coactus {by up, consume.

conies,
-itis,

burn

[con-fmitis (-^ma seinita)], c, a comduced), akin to hortus], F., an en- panion (esp. an inferior as attendant closure. Hence, a body of troops, a or follower).

cohors,

-hortis.

[con-fhortis

(re-

in

ineo +

tis, cf.

cohort (the tenth part of a legion, corresponding as a unit of formation

to the company of modern tactics, and containing from 300 to 600 men). combat, at short range. cohortatio, -onis, [con-hortatio comitatus, -a, -urn, (cf. cohortor)], f., an encoura- in itor.

cominus [formed by some false analogy from con manus], adv., hand to hand (cf. eminus), in close
p.p. of

co-

ging, encouragement.

Esp.

(to sol-

comitium,
(see conies)

-i,

[?,

perh. comit-

diers), an address (almost invariably a preliminary to an engagement).

cohortor,
tor],
1.

-atus,

-an, [con-horrally,

offollowers (cf. part of the Forum at

ium, the assemblage servitium)], N., a

Rome.

Plur.,

v.

dep.,

encourage,

an

election

(assembly of the people

-atus,

address (esp. of a commander). collatus, see conlatus.

for voting).

eomitor,
1. v.

-an,

collaudatio, see conlaudatio. collaudo, see eonlaudo. collectus, see conlectus. eolligo, see conligo, 1 and 2. eollis, -is, [?], m., a kill. collocatus, see conlocatus. colloco, see conloco.

dep.,

accompany.

[comit-], comitatus,

-a,

-um, p.p. in pres. sense, accom-

panying.
cf.

commeatus, -tus, [con-meatus, commeo], M., a going to and

fro,

colloquium,
colo,
colui,

see

conloquium.

an expedition (back and forth), a trip. Hence, communications (of an army). So also, supplies (of an

colloquor, see conloquor.

cultus,
3. v. a., till,

army) provisions.
,

cultivate.

colere,
Fig.,

[?],

commemoro,
[con-memoro], 1. Hence, speak of.
(in a narrative).

-avi,
v. a.,
of,

-atus,

-are,

attend

remind one

pay court
{state

upon, court, cultivate (as a friend), to, worship (of divinities).

mention, stale

colonia, -ae, [colono + ia], F., commendo, -avi, -atus, -are,[conConcretely, mando], 1. v. a., intrust, recommend, of a colonist).

a colony (both of the establishment

surrender.

and the persons sent). The Roman commeo, -avi, -aturus, -are, [concolonists were and continued to be meo], 1. v. n., go back and forth. Roman citizens, and served as armed With ad, visit, resort to. occupants of the soil where they were commissura, -ae,[con-fmissura sent in the interests of the mother (cf. committo)], F., a joint.

country.

commissus, -a,
-oris,

-um, p.p. of com-missus, -mit-

color,

[prob. akin to ca-

mitto.

ligo, as opposed to while'], M., color.

committo,

-misi,

28
tere,

Vocabulary,
(Jet

[con-mitto], 3. v. a., (send) together or altogether).

.

go

commotus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of

com-

Hence moveo.

join, unite, attach : proelium {enAlso, gage, begin the engagement)

[conmoveo], 2. v. a., move, With reflex., or in trust: sebarbaris committere {put stir, agitate. nihil pass., be moved, move (intrans.), stir. one's self in the hands of, etc.) his committere {place no confidence Fig., disturb, agitate, affect, alarm,
vere,

commoveo,

-movi, -motus, -mo-

admit, allow (to happen), commit (suffer to be done,

in, etc.).
cf.

Also,

influence (with idea of violent feeling)-

communicatus, -a, -um, p.p. of admitto), perpetrate: neque se {nothing had been communico. done by them) committere ut poscommunico, -avi, -atus, -are, nihil com- [fcommunico- (stem of fcommuset {leave it possible) mittebant {did nothing). nicus, communi + cus)], 1. v. a., Commius, -1, [Celtic] M., a leader {make common), share, communi-

commissum a
;

of the Atrebates.

cate, consult

(with a person about a

it

commode
adv.,

[abl. of

commodus],

thing,

and so make

conveniently, to advantage : satis fitly, readily,

advantageously,

(a thing to another),

common), add put in along

with (something else).

commode {to much advantage) non communio, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [consatis commode {not very easily) munio], 4. v. a., fortify, intrench, commodum, see commodus. build (make by fortification). communis, -e, [con + munis (cf. commodus, -a, -um, [con-modus, see A. & G., 168^/], adj., {hav- munia, duties)^, adj., {having shares
;
.

ing

the

same meastire with)

est {it

fitting,
:

together),

common, general, in com{by

;

suitable, convenient,

advantageous

mon: ex communi consensu

commodissimum

is the best

thing, most advantageous). as subst., convenience, comfort, ad-

general agreement) consilium {genNeut. eral plan, concerted action^).

tio

vantage, interest: commodo reipublicae {without prejudice to the public

commutatio, -onis, [con-muta: (cf. commuto)], f., change

aestus {turn).

interests);

omnibus in vita
;

commutatus,

-a,

-um, p.p.

of

commodis
terests

{all the blessings of life) rei familiaris commodum {the in;

commuto. commuto,

-avi, -atus, -are,

[con-

1. v. a., change, exchange: of one's property) quas sui muto], quisque commodi fecerat {for his studium belli agricultura {exown convenience), see A. & G., 214 c. change the pursuits of war for agri-

commonefacio,
-facere,

-feci,

-factus,

culture)
1.

[unc.

case-form
-facio],

(of

stem

comparatus,

-a,

-um, p.p.

of

akin to

moneo)

3. v. a., re-

compare
1.

mind.

comparo,
1.

-avi, -atus, -are,

[con-

commoratus, commoror.
cominoror,
ror],
1. v.

-a,

-um,

p.p.

of

paro],

v. a.,

get ready, prepare,

-atus, -ari,

[con-mo- for (with a

ject

procure, gain, get together, prepare different view of the obin

dep., delay, stay.

English)

omnibus rebus

Vocabulary.
comparatis [having made
rangements).
2.

29
-i,

all ar-

eonatum,
as pass.], N.,

[n. p.p. of

conor

an attempt, an under-

comparo, -avi, -atus, -are,

1. v. a.,

[con-

taking.

paro], pare.

{pair together), com-

conatus, -tus, [cona- (stem of conor) + tus], M., an attempt, an

effort.

compello,
Vcon-pello],

-pull, -pulsus, -pellere,

3. v. a.,

drive together

(or altogether), drive in, force, drive.

conatus, concedo,
[con-cedo],
to

-a,

-um, p.p. of conor.

-cessl, -cessus, -cedere,

3. v. a.

compendium,

-I,

[com

+
cf.

pen-

and

n.,

{give up

dium], N., (a weighing in, pendo), a saving, profit.

ex- a thing
(leave,

one), allow, grant, assign where the rest is taken

eomperio,
[con-pario],

-peri, -pevtus, -perlre,

4. v. a., {get together),

find out (by inquiry),

discover.

away), permit, yield the palm ^to a superior), yield, make a concession.

concerto,
certo],

-avi, -aturus, -are,

[con-

compertus,
certain
(cf.

-a,

-urn,

p.p. as adj.,

1. v. n.,

contejid.

exploratus).
-a, -urn, p.p.

compertus,
perio.

of

eom-

(cf.

concessus, -sus, [con-fcessus concedo)], M., a concession, a

permission.

eomplector, -plexus, -plectl, [conplector],

3.

concido,
[con-cado],

-cidi,

-casurus, -cidere,

v.

dep.,

embrace,

in-

3. v. n.,

fall down, fall.

-cisus,

clude, enclose.

concido,
-plevi,

-cidi,

-cidere,

compleo,
[con-pleoj,

-pletus,

-plere,

With
walls)

2. v. a., fill up, fill. a different conception of the

[con-caedo],
aries)
cilio.

3. v. a.,

cut to pieces,

cut doivn (kill), cut up (land by estu-

action from
.

Eng., cover,
-a,

man

(of

concilio,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[con1. v. a.,

(stem of concilium)],
together
(cf.

complexus,
plector.

-um, p.p. of

eom- bring

concilium).

Hence, win over

(originally by per-

complfires, -plura (-ia), [conplus], adj. plur., very many, a great

suasion in council ?), secure (even

by force), win, gain.

many, a great number

of.

concilium,
[con-

-I,

[con-fcilium

comporto,
porto],

-avi, -atus, -are,

(y'CAL

ium,

1. v. a.,

bring

together.

a meeting.

Calendae)], n., Esp., an assembly (of

a council, a confer-

cf.

comprehendo,

-hendi,

-hensus,
3. v. a.,

war or
ence
:

state),

per concilium {in council). seize, catch, arrest, capture, grasp concio, see contio. (one by the hand or clothing). concisus, -a, -um, p.p. of concido. Fig., take, catch (of fire).
-hendere, [con-prehendo],

comprehensus, -a, -um, p.p. of comprehendo. eomprobo, -avi, -atus, -are, [conprobo], 1. v. a., prove, approve: consilium fortuna {justify).

concitatus,
cito.

-a,

-um, p.p. of con-atus,

concito,
cito],

-avi,

-are,

[con-

1. v. a.,

arouse, stir up, call

.

out (and so set in motion)

compulsus,
pello.

-a,

-um, p.p. of com-

conclamatus, conclamo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of

30
conclamo,

Vocabulary.
-avi, -atus, -are,

[con-

dono],

1. v. a.,

give up, pardon for

clamo], i. v. n., cry out, shout: victoriam (cogn. ace), shout victory.

the sake of.

[con-claudo],
close :

conclGdo,-clusi, -clusus, -cludere, 3. v. a., shut up, en-

Condrusi, -orum, [Celtic], M. pi., a Belgic tribe on the Meuse, clients of the Treveri.

conduco,

-duxi, -ductus, -ducere,

mare conclusum
-a,

(enclosed,

inland).

[con-duco], 3. v. a., bring together, bring up (soldiers), hire : manus

conelQsus,

-um, p.p. of consee

clude Conconetodumnus,
toduninus. concrepo,

conducta (a band of mercenaries). Conetodumnus (Conconet-),

-i,

Cone-

[Celtic], M., a leader of the Carnutes.

confectus, -a, -um, p.p. of con-crepui, -crepiturus, ficio. -crepare, [con-crepo], 1. v. n., rattle, clash: armis (clash their arms, of confercio, -fersi, -fertus, -fercire,
soldiers).

concurro,

-curri (-cucurri), -cur-

[con-farcio], confertus,
close,

4. v. a.,
-a,

crowd together.
adj.,

-um, p.p. as

surus, -currere, [con-curro], 3. v. n.,

run

together,

(advance), flock

rush up, rush in, rush to, hasie?i in: con.

crowded, dense, closely crozvded, in close order, in a solid body.

confero,
fero],
irr.

-tuli, -latus, -ferre,

a.,

[con-

cursum est (there ivas a rush) concurso, -avi,-aturus,-are, [concurso],

1. v.

v.

bring together, get

collect.

together,

bring in, gather,

n.,

rush

to

and

fro

concursari iubet (orders a noise running to and fro to be made). concursus, -a, -um, p.p. of con-

With or without culpam, lay the With reflexive, of blame on, charge.
;

betake one's

remove, take refuge. So with other words, fortunas

self,
.

curro. Also, postpone, delay. (remove) confertus, -a, -um, p.p. of conconcursus, -sus,[con-cursus (cf. concurro)], M., a rushing to and fercio. confestim [ace. of fcon-festis fro, a dashing together (collision). a crowd run- (cf. festino)], adv., in haste, immeEsp., a charge, onset,

ning, a crowd.

diately, at once.

condemnatus, -a, -um, p.p. of condemno. condemno, -avi, -atus, -are, [condamno],
guilty.
1.

conflcio,
[con-facio],

-feci,
3. v.

-fectus,
a.,

-ficere,

(do

up), ac-

v.

a.,

condemn, find
[con-dicio
(cf.

complish, complete, finish up, carry Also, make out, finish, perform. up, write up (of a document), work

Also (cf. up (of skins tanned). " Eng. done up "), finish up, exhaust, condico)], confecta hieme of agreement, terms (of fighting), wear out : nondum ad iniquam con- (when the winter 70a s not yet spent, state (of slavery) See also dicionem pugnandi (to fight on un- before the end of, etc.) conno. equal terms). confido, -fisus sum, -fidere, [conconditio, see condicio.

condicio,

-onis,

F.,

terms, condition, terms

condono,

-avi, -atus, -are,

[con-

fido],

3.

v.

n.,

be

confident,

trust,

Vocabulary.
trust to, have confidence in, rely on, conflsus, -a, -um, feel -assured. p.p. in active sense, trusting in.

31

confluens, -entis, [pies. p. of confluo], M., a meeting of two rivers, confluence.

configo,
[con-figo],
fasten.

-fixi,
3. v.
a.,

-fixus,

-figere,

confluo,

-fluxi,

no

p.p., -ere,

fasten together,

fluo], 3. v. n.,fiow together.

[conLess

exactly (of persons), flock together.

confinis, -e, [con-finis], adj., {having boundaries together, see A.

confugio,
[con-fugio],

-fugi,

no

p.p., -fugere,

&

3. v. n.,flee,

take refuge.

168 d), adjacent; confines Senonibus {neighbors of).

G.,

confundo,
[con-fundo], Less
tion.

-fudi, -fusus, -fundere,

3. v.
a..,

confinium,
N.,

-i,

[confini

ium],

exactly, mingle,

pour together. mix indisdistinc-

neighborhood, confines

{common criminately, unite without

boundaries).

-fieri, -fectus, [con-no], congero, -gessi, -gestus, -gerere, (used rarely as pass, of [con-gero], 3. v. a., bring together, conficio), be accomplished, etc. (see heap together. conficio). congredior, -gressus, -gredi, [conirr.

confio,
v.

n.

confirmatio, -onis, [con-firma- gradior], 3. v. dep., come together. cf. In peace, unite with. conflrmo], F., assurance, Esp. in confirmation. war, come in contact with, engage, confirmatns, -a, -um, p.p. of fight. conflrmo. congressus, -a, -um, p.p. of contio,

confirmo,
flrmo],
1.

-avi, -atus, -are,

a.,

v.

strengthen.

[conFig.,

gredior. cougressus,
cf.

-sus,

[con-gressus,

strengthen, establish

(pacem),

reas-

sure, encourage, confirm, assure (by

congredior], m., an engagement. conicio (-jicio), -jeci, -jectus,

[con-iacio], hurl, cast,
3.
v.
a.,

oath): se {resolve).

Hence (of things

-icere,

throw
:

and statements), confirm, declare. conflsus, -a, -um, p.p. of con-

together,

discharge

fide
confiteor, -fessus, -fiteii, [confateor], 2. v. dep., confess, acknowledge, admit.

conicere {throw one's self, rush). Less exactly (esp. in a military sense),

se

throw (into prison), put, place, station (cf. military throw troops into,
etc.), force.

Fig.,

confIxus, -a, -um, p.p. of configo.

conflagro,
flagro],
-avi, -atus, -are,

put

together (of

ideas).

[con-

1. v. n.,

be

on fire, burn.
-um,
p.p.

conflictatus, conflicto.

-a,

-ae, [con-iactura, conicio], f., a guess ("putting of two and two together "), a conjecture.
cf.

conjectura,

conjectus,
icio.

-a,

-um, p.p. of con-

conflict*), -avi, -atus, -are, [confflicto, cf. confligo], 1. v. a., dash against (one thing against another),

conjicio, see conicio.

conjunctim[acc.oftconjunctis + tis, cf. conjungo)], confligo, -flixi, -flictus, -fligere, adv., unitedly, in common, altogether. [con-fligo], 3. v. a. and n-. dash conjunctus, -a, -um, p.p. of conagainst, contend, fight. jungo.
assail.

(jung as root

32
conjungo,
gere,
-junxT,

Vocabulary
-junctus,
3. v.

-jun-

conloquium
floquium,
cf.

(coll-),

-i,

[concon-

[con-jungo],

In pass., ference, an interview, parley. lonnect, fasten together. or with reflexive, unite (neuter), conconloquor (coll-), -locutus, -lo-

a.,

unite,

conloquor], N., a
a

nect one's
-a,

self,

join.

conjunctus,

-um, p.p. as

adj.,

united, closely

qui, [con-loquor], 3. v. dep., confer, hold an inlervieiu {or parley), parley,

onnecled.

converse.
-ari,
I. v.

conor, -atus, conjunXj-jugis^con-tjuxCVJ. as stem, with intrusive n from jun- akin to onus],
go)], c, a spouse.
cf.

[? con-, stem
dep., attempt,

Esp., F., wife.

conjQratio, conjuro],

-onis,
F.,

[conjuratio,

try, endeavor : idem the same attempt).

conari {make
-quieturus,
3. v.

a conspiracy, a
[con-

conquiesco,
-quiescere,
rest, repose.

-quievi,

confederacy.

[con-quiesco],

nv

conjuro,

-avl,

-atus, -are,

iuro], 1. v. n., swear together, take an oath (together), swear mutual

oaths.

conquiro,
rere,

-quisivi, -quisitus, -qui3. v. a.,

[con-quaero],

search

Hence, conspire.
(coll-), -a, -um, p.p. of

for, seek for,

hunt up.

conlatus
eonfero.
p.p. of

conlaudatus (coll-), -a, conlaudo. conlaudo (coll-), -avl, -atus,

1. v. a.,

consanguineus, -a, -um, [consanguin + eus], adj., akin (by As subst., a kinsman. -um, blood). conscendo, -scendl, -scensus,

-are,

-scendere,
climb,

[con-laudo],
terms).

praise

(in set

[con-scando], 3. v. a., climb upon ; naves (in

conlectus
of conligo.

(coll-), -a, -um, p.p.

-lectus,

conligo
-ligere,

(coll-),

-legi,
3. v.
a.,

naves) {go on board) ; vallum {man). conscientia, -ae, [con-scientia, cf. consciens], f., consciousness,
conscisco, -scivi,
-scitus, -sciscere,

[con-lego],
reflexive,

gather, privity, conscience.

With acquire
colled,

(by accumulation).
collect one's
self,

recover.

conligo
[con-ligo],

(coll-), -avl, -atus, -are,

1. v.

[con-scisco], 3. v. a., resolve (a political term, cf. pleblscitum). Less exactly, with dat. of reflex., take

a.,

fasten
gether)
.

together:

bind together, scuta {lock to-

to

one's self:

mortem
-a,

{comtnit sui-

cide).

conscius,

-um, [con-fscius,

conlocatus (coll-), -a, -um, p.p. of conloco. conloco, -avi, -atus, -are, [conloco],
troops,
1. v. a.,

y'sci (in scio) + us], adj., knowing con(with one's self or another),
scious.

place,

set,

station (of

conscribo, -scrips!, -scriptus, -scribere,

Esp. (with or without nuptum),^/'w in marriage, marry (of a father or guardian). rebus conlocandis
(stotu, in

etc.)

angustius

milites

a vessel).

doiun.

[con-scribo], Esp., enrol, conscribe,

-a,

3. v.

a.,

"write
levy.

conscriptus, conscribo.

-um,

p.p.

of

Fig.,

settle :

{making

dispositions') .

consecratus, consecro.

-a,

-um,

p.p.

of

Vocabulary.
eonsecro,
sacro],
I.

33

-avi,

consecratus,
consector,
tor, cf. take.

v. a.,

-atus, -are, [conhallow, consecrate.

-a, -urn, p.p.

as adj.,

consecrated, sacred.
-atus,

quasi consilii sit res were a matter for consulcommune consilium (contation) certed action); publicum consilium
to

decide");
it
;

(as if

coiisequor],

-an, [con-secI. v. dep., over-

(action of the state, official action) barbaris consilium non defuit (an
;
.

intelligent plan of action) eonsimilis, -e,[con-similis],adj., consecutus, -a, -um, p.p. of coiisequor. very like, just like. consensio, -orris, [con-fsensio, consisto, -stiti, no p.p., -sistere, cf. consentio], f., agreement, una- [con-sisto], 3. v. n., take a stand,

nimity.

take a position, stand, keep one's posi-sus,

consensus,

[con-sensus,

cf.

tion,

consentio], M., agreement, consent, harmonious (or concerted'') action.

tenses,
stop,

In perf. (of troops). have a position, stand. Hence, halt, make a stand, hold one's

form

consentio,
tire,

-sensi, -sensurus, -sen4. v. n.,

ground, run aground (of ships),

[con-sentio],

conspire,

make common

agree, cause, act

main,
on.

stay.

With

re-

Fig.,

depend

in, occupy, rest on, rest on.

with (some one).

consobrinus, -I,[con-sobrinus],
M., first
side).

consequor,
sequor],

-secutus, -sequi, [con-

3. v. dep.,

follow (and stay

Less

cousin

exactly,

(on the mother's (any) cousin

-um, p.p. of con-ari,

Hence, obtain, sewith), overtake. cure, attain, succeed in (some pur-

Also, follow pose).

ceed, ensue.

german. consolatus,
solor.

-a,

close

upon, suc[con-

consolor, -atus,
-avi, -atus, -are,
1.

conservo,

v.

dep.,

console.

[con-solor], consolatus,

servo], preserve, spare. Also, observe (law, regard. Considius, [con-fsidius (akin sedeo)], a Roman name. Esp.,
save,
right),
-i,

1. v. a.,

-um, p.p. as pres., consoling. -a, -um, p.p. of eonspicio.

-a,

conspectus,

to

conspectus,
cf.

-tus,

[con-spectus,

Publitts, a

Roman

soldier.

consido,
[con-sido],
place).
tion, halt,

-sedi, -sessurus, -sidere,

3. v. n., sit

Less

down

(in a

in conconspicio], m., sight. spectu (in one's presence); in conspectum proferre (display).

exactly, take
settle.

a posi(cf.

encamp,
-i,

consilium,
consul, akin
lier

[con-fsilium

conspicatus, -a, -um, p.p. of conspicor. conspicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spicere,

to salio, in

some

ear-

[con-specio],
of,

3.

v.

a.,

catch

unc. meaning)], N., deliberation,

sight
cf.

espy.
-atus, -ari, [fconspic-,
1.

a council (of war, more commonly concilium). Esp., wise counsel,

conspicor, auspex],

v. dep.,

catch sight

prudence, discretion.
counsel,

Hence, apian,

design, purpose.

And

of, espy, see.

so

conspiro,
spiro],
Fig.,
I.

-avi,
n.,

-atus, -are,

[con-

(design carried out), course, measPhrases ure, conduct. ipsorum

v.

harmonize.

Also,

sound

together.

conspire,

esse consilium (a matter for them

league together.

34

Vocabulary.

constanter [constant ter], adv., consistently, uniformly, steadily,

habit,

custom, habits (collectively),

const a nt ia,
F.,

with constancy, firmly. -ae, [constant

constancy,

manners, customs : victus {customary mode of living) itineris {usual

;

-f ia]

manner of marching).
consuetus, suesco.
consul,
-a,

firmness,

undaunted

-um, p.p. of con(cf.

courage.

consternatus, consterno.

-a,

-um, p.p. of

-ulis,

[con-sul

prae-

consterno, -avi, -atus, -are, [confsterno (cf. sternax)], I. v. a., overwhelm. -Fig., dismay. consternatus, -a, -um, p.p., stricken with fear.

sul, exsul), root of salio in some earlier unc. meaning], M., a consul
(the
title

of the chief magistrate of

consterno,
nere,

-stravi, -stratus, -ster-

Rome, cf. consilium). With proper names in abl., the usual way of indicating dates: M. Messala et M.
;

consul[con-sterno], 3. v. a., strew Pisone consulibus (in the se consule {in his over (both of the thing thrown and ship of, etc.) navis constrata consulship, as a date or occasion). that over which)
:

{decked, full decked, as opposed to ships only covered at the ends).

consulatus, -tus, [fconsula- (cf. exsulo) + tus], M., consulship (cf. constipo, -avi, -atus, -are, [con- consul). In cram. consulo, -sului, -sultus, -sulere, stipo], 1. v. a., crowd, crowd together. [prob. consul, though poss. a kinpass, or with reflexive, constituo, -stitui, -stitutus, -stitu- dred or independent verb], 3. v. a. take coun3. v. a. and n., and n., deliberate, consult, ere, [con-statuo] With ace, consult, take set up, raise, put together, make up. sel, decide. With dat., take counHence, establish, station, arrange, the advice of.

draw up (aciem)

Fig., determine,

sel for, consult the interests of, con-

appoint, agree upon, determine upon, : praemia {offer). fix, decide upon

sult

for the welfare of, look out for, do a service to: vitae {spare).
Phrase: sortibus consultum (est),
{lots

consto,
[con-sto],

-stiti,
1.

-staturus,

-stare,

v. n.,

stand

together.
:

be

were drawn
1.

to decide).

Fig., agree (esp. of

accounts)

nu-

consulto,
sults-],
v.

-avi,

merus

{be

complete).

Hence,

n.,

-atus, -are, [conconsult: de bello

established, appear, be

agreed upon, (from accounts), Also (with in), depend upon. cost. constratus, -a, -um, p.p. of consterno.
be evident.

Also

{take measures for).

consulto

[prob. like abl. absolute

used impersonally, cf. auspicato], adv., with deliberation, purposely, designedly.

consuesco, -suevi, -suetus, -suesce[con-suesco], In perf. tenses, be accusconsuetus, -a, tomed, be wont.
re,

consultum,
sulo],
decree.

-i,

[n. p.p. of

con-

customed.

3. v. n.,

become ac-

Esp., senatus consultum {an order of the senate).

N.,

a decision, an order, a

-um, p.p., accustomed, wont, used. consuetudo, -inis, [eon-fsuetudo (prob. fsuetu + do, as in gra-

consumo,

-sumpsi, -sumptus, -su3. v. a.,

.

mere, [con-sumo],

{take out

vedo, libido),

cf.

consuesco],

F.,

Hence, waste, of the general store) consume, destroy, spend, exhaust.

Vocabulary.
consfimptns,
-a,

35
:

-um,

p.p.

of

hasten, march, start to go (in haste)

consumo.
consnrgo,
-surrexi,

vi contendere {to force a passage)

-suirectus,

-surgere, [con-surgo], 3. v. n., rise, rise up. Esp. of a session, break

petere contendit {seek earnestly). contentio, -onis, [con-ftenti >.

cf.

contendo],
contentus,

F.,

struggle, efforts.

"A
contabulo, -avl,
tabulo],
ries).

Esp., contest, fighting.

1. v. a.,

Also,

-atus, -are, [conbuild up (in sto-

-a,

-um, p.p. of

con

tendo and contineo.

contestatus,
testor.
-a,

buildup

(generally,

-um, p.p. of con-

as of a wall with towers).

contestor, -atus, -an, [con-tescontagio, -onis, [con-ftagio, cf. Esp. with tor], 1. v. dep., call to witness. contingo], F., contact. contexo, -texiu, -textum, -texere, something noxious, implying con-

tagion.

[con-texo],

3.

contaminatus, a, -um, p.p. of weave together. contamino. by weaving). contextus, eontamino, -avl, -atus, -are, [contaniin- (stem of con-tamen,
-f
i.e.

interweave, Also, weave (make

a.,

v.

-a,

-um, p.p. of conp.

tag texo.
continens,-entis, pres. tineo, which see.
of con-

men)],

unite.

Esp.

1. v. a.,

bring into contact,

with notion of con-

continenter [continent + ter], tagion (cf. contagio), contaminate : facinore contaminatus {implicated adv., continually, without slopping,
in)-.

continuously.
-texi,

eontego,
[con-tego],

-tectus,

-tegere,

continentia,

-ae,

[continent

3. v. a.,

cover up.
-temptus,

ia], F., self-restraint.

contenino,

-tempsi,

contineo,

-tinui,

-tentus, -tinere,

-temnere, [con-temno], 3. v. a., despise, disregard, hold in contempt.

[con-teneo], 2. v. a., hold together, hold in. Hence, in many fig. mean-

tio,

[con-ftemp- ings, restrain, hold in check, keep contempt: (within bounds), hem in, retain (in Pass, or with reflex., in contemptionem venire {incur something). the contempt, etc.). keep within, remain, be included in, conteniptus, -tus, [con-ftemp- be bounded, consist in (be contained conAlso, hold on to, join. tus, cf. contenino], M., contempt, in).

eontemptio,
cf.

-onis,

contenino],

f.,

scorn

contemptui
.

est {is a matter

-tentus,

tinens,

-entis, pres. p. as adj., {hold-

ing together), continual, contiguous, continuous : continenti impetu As dere, [con-tendo], 3. v. n., strain, {with one conlitiuous rush). struggle, strive, try, endeavor, exert subst., the continuous land, the conof ridicule)

contendo,

-tendi,

-ten-

one's

self,

attempt,

be

zealous

id

tinent.

Also, restraining one's

-tigi,

self,

contendere et laborare
.

exert one's selffor that) Esp. with verbs of motion, press on, hasten.
Also, fight, contend,

{strive

and

continent.

wage

war.

contingo,
[con-tango],
reach, join.

-tactus, -tingere,

With dat, happen.

-onis,

3. v. a.

and

n.,

touch,

With ad and

in like constructions,

continuatio,

[continua-

Vocabulary.
(see continuo) -f tio], v., continuation : continuatio imbrium {inces-

convallis,

-is,

[con-vallis],

on all sides). Less sant rains). exactly, a defile, a valley (of any kind). continuo [abl. of continuus], convectus, -a, -um, p.p. of conadv., immediately, straightway, forth- veho.
valley (enclosed

f.,

conveho, -vexi, -vectus, -vehere, continuus, -a, -um,[con-ttenuus [con-veho], 3. v. a., bring together, (y'TKN in teneo + uus)], adj., con- bring in. tinuous, successive: dies {successive). convenio, -venl, -ventus, -venire, contio, -orris, [prob. for conven- [con-venio], 4. v. a. and n., come Less exactly, together, meet, assemble, come in, artio], I'., an assembly. an address (to an assembly or to rive, agree upon, agree. With ace,

with.

soldiers).

meet,
-a,

come

to.

Also,

of things, be

contionatus,
tionor.

-um, p.p. of con-

agreed upon, be fitting, be necessary

(in a loose sense in Eng.).

contionor,
I.

v.

[contion-], dep., harangue, address (an

[unc. case-form (instr.?)

-atus, -ari,

assembly or an army).

conventus, -tiis, [con-fventus convenio and adventus)], M., an assembly, a meeting. Esp., an
(cf.

contra
of

t<*onterus (con + terus), cf. superus, supra], adv. and prep.,

contrary to, agaitist, in opposition, on the other hand : contra atque {contrary to what, etc.).
opposite,

assize (the regular assembly of Roman citizens in a provincial town on

stated occasions, at which justice was

dispensed).

conversus,
verto.

-a,

-um, p.p. of con-

contraho, -traxi,
[con-traho],

-tractus,-trahere,

converto,

-verti, -versus, -vertere,

a.,
:

3. v. a.,

draiu together,

signa {change con versa signa gether, contract, narrow, make small- front, wheel) ; er, bring into smaller compass. bipartio intulerunt {-wheeled and
in,

draw

bring

together,

gather

to-

[con-verto], 3. v. turn. Fig., change

turn about,

contrarius, -a, -um, [fcontero- charged the enemy in two direcconversa signa in hostes contra) + arius], adj., oppo- tions) site (lit. and fig.), contrary: ex inferre {face about and charge, etc.) contrario {on the contrary) in con- in fugam conversa {put to flight) trariam partem {in the opposite conversant [materiam] ad hostem
(see
;
;

direction)

[controverso + ia], F., a dispute, a quarrel. Flur., grounds of quarrel.

-ae,

controversia,

collocabat {placed fallen trees'] with their tops towards the enemy) contra vim fluminis {against the
\_
;

current)

itinere converso {alter;

contumelia, -ae, [unc. form., akin ing his course) mentes conversae to contumax and tumeo], r., {snivell- sunt {their state of mind was ing pride?), an outrage, an insult, an changed)
affront.

Fig., violence (of

-valul,

waves)

convalesco,
lescere,

no
,

p.p., -va-

Convictolitavis, -is, [Celtic], a young Hseduan nobleman.

M.,

[con-fvalesco]

3. v. n., re-

cover, get well.

convictus, vinco.

-a,

-um, p.p. of

con

Vocabulary
convineo,
[con-vinco],
-vici,

37
-oris,

-victus, -vincere,

corpus,
N.,

[unc. root

3. v. a.,

prove,
:

make

Ike body,

avaritia body (dead). Less exactly, extent good (a charge, etc.) convicta {found guilty of avarice, (of a camp). Phrase magnitudo changing the point of view for the corporis (size). corrumpo, -riipl, -ruptus, -rumEng. idiom). convoco, -iivi, -atus, -are, [con- pere, [con-rumpo], 3. v. a., spoil,
:

the person.

us], Also, a

voco], i.v.

a..,

call together,

summon, ruin.

call (a council).

cortex, -icis,[?],M. (also v.), bark. Corus (Caurus), -1, [?], m., the north-west wind. 3. v. dep., arise, spring up, break out (of a war). cotidianus (quo-), -a, -um, coortus, -a, -um, p.p. of coorior. [cotidie + anus], adj., daily : coticopia, -ae, [tcopi- (con-ops) + diano labore. cotidie (quot-), [quot-die, loc ia, cf. inopia, inops], f., abundance, plenty, supply (both great and of dies], adv., daily, every day. Cotta, -ae, [?], m., a Roman famsmall), quantity, number. Esp., luxury (abundance of everything). ily name. Esp., Lucius AuruncuPlur. (esp. of forces), forces, re- leius Cotta, one of Caesar's legati in
coorior,
-ortus, -oriri,[con-orior],

sources, supplies.

Phrases

facere {afford a supply, give an opportunity') magna copia locorum

;

copiam Gaul. Cotuatus,

(choice) copia atque usus (necessary supplies) copiosus, -a, -um, [copia (reduced) + osus], adj., zoell supplied,
;
.

-1, [?], m., (a doubtful reading), a chief of the Carnutes. Cotus, -T, [Celtic], M., a young

Haeduan nobleman.
crassitudo,
(as
if

-inis,

[crasso
cf.

crassitu

do),

+ tudo consue-

wealthy.
1

tudo], F., thickness. copula, -ae, [con-fapula (from Crassus, -1, [crassus,/^], m., a cf. ^/Ai querulus)], f., (holding Roman family name. Esp. I. Mar,

a grappling-hook. cor, cordis, [root as stem (akin to Phrase Eng. heart)"], N., the heart. cordi esse (be dear). coram [unc. case, formed from con and os], adv. and prep.,/r^st7//,
together) ,

cus (Licinius) Crassus, consul with Pompey, B.C. 55; one (with Caesar

and Pompey)
Crassus

of

the

called the Triumvirate.

combination
2.

Publius
the

(called

Adulescens,

in person.

corium,
skin.

-i,

[?],

N.,

a hide,

Younger, only as distinguished from his father), son of the Triumvir, serving with Caesar in Gaul as com-

army. a hurdle, a circle (line, of soldiers). Fig., fascine (a hurdle used to hold up sub corona (at auction, earthworks in fortification). Also, the garland being the symbol of a wicker (for hurdles). captive for sale at auction). creatus, -a, -um, p.p. of creo.

a Phrase:

cornn, -us, [?], n., a horn. Pig., a whig (of an army). corona, -ae, [?], f., a garland.

mander

of

cavalry.

3.

Marcus

Crassus, another son of the Triumvir,

quaestor, B.C. 54, in Caesar's

crates,

-is,

[?],

f.,

38

Vocabulary.
crus, cruris, [?], n., the leg. cubile, -is, [fcubl- (stem akin

creber, -bra, -brum, [ere- (in creo) ber (cf. saluber)], adj., thick, close, numerous, frequent: arbores

to

cumbo) +
adj.], N.,
bed,

{thickly

growing)
.

praesidia {conat short in-

crudelis), n. of a couch, a resting-place, <:

see

lis (cf.

tinuous, not
tervals')

far apart,

a lair.

cujusque modi,

quisque

[prob. abl. of creber], and modus. culmen, -inis, [unc. root (in celadv., frequently, constantly, in rapid succession, at short intervals. lo?) + men], n., a height, a top, a

crebro

credo,

credidi, creditus, credere,

[fcred {faith, of unc. formation)

summit, a roof. culpa, -ae, [?],

cultus,
-tus,

v.,

a fault, blame,
(in

do

{place)~\, 3. v. a.

and

n., trust,

en- guilt.

trust, believe, suppose.

[^/COL

eremo, -avi, -atus, -are,

[?], i.v.

a.,

burn, consume. creo, -avi, -atus, -are, [unc. form., akin to cresco], 1. v. a., {cause to
Esp., grow), create. Cres, Cretis, [Gr.

tus], M., cultivation. self, care (corporis).

lization,
lization.

+ Esp.colo) of one's
Hence,
state
civi-

manner of life,

of civi-

elect, choose.

cum
a

[? another form of con-],

Kpvjs], M.,

prep., with.

Cretan.

cum (quom),
crevi,

[case-form (prob.

cresco,
3. v. n.,

cretus,

crescere,

[stem ere (also in creo) with -sco], grow, increase, swell (of a

acc.)of qui], conj., when, while, whenever. Often rendered by a different

construction in Eng.

river), be swelled, increase in influ-

sent {not being able)

cal relations

cum non poscum prohi-

ence (of a man).

bent {while defending).

[crin.,

Of

logi-

Less
crime.

crimen, -minis, to cerno) + men],

exactly,

(stem akin

(usually
since,

with

subj.),
as,

{a decision).

when, while,
.
. .

inasmtich
.

a charge, a fault, a

though, although
so also)
.

;
. .

cum cum
:
.

turn {while turn maxime

. .

crlnis,

-is,

[?], M., the hair.

-I,

{not only of

but especially).
-onis,

Critognatus,

[Celtic], M., a

cunctatio,

[cuncta (stem
F.,

chief of the Arverni.

cunctor)

tio],

hesitation,

cruciatus, -tus, [crucia- (stem reluctance, indisposition to fight. of crucio) + tus], m., crucifying. cunctor, -atus, -ari, [?], 1. v. dep., With a change of hesitate, hang bach, be reluctant : non Hence, torture. relation, suffering (of the person quin {have no hesitation in, etc.). cunctus, -a, -um, [for coniunctortured). crndelis, -es, [fcrude- (in cru- tus ?], adj., all.

desco, akin to crudus) + lis, cf. Aprilis, edulis, animalis], adj.,

{bloody}), cruel.

cuneatim [cuneo- (reduced) + atim, as if ace. of fcuneatis], adv., in the shape of a wedge. Esp. of

crudelitas,
F.,

-tatis,

[crudeli+tas]
,

soldiers,

in{a peculiar wedge-shaped)

to

cruelly.

crudeliter [crudeli + ter]

cruelly,

adv.,

column of attack. cuneus, -I, [akin

a wedge.

conus],

M.,

with cruelty.

Vocabulary,
cuniculus,
{a cony).
sense).

39

[Gr. koVikAos], Transferred, a burrow.

-i,

m.,

speed)

eodem cursu {with the same ; impetus, without stopping); in hoc

this pas-

Hence, a mine

(esp. in a military

medio cursu {midway of

sage,

cupide

[abl. of

cupidus],

adv.,

eagerly, zealously, earnestly.

from Britain to Ireland). custodia, -ae, [custod -f- ia], ., custody, guard (state of being guard1

Plur. (concretely), guards, [cupido + tas], ed). F., desire, eagerness, greed : cupidikeepers. tate adductus {through over zeal) custodio, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [custod-, cupidus, -a, -urn, [noun stem as if custodi-], 4. v. a., keep under akin to cupio+dus], adj., eager, guard, guard. desirous, longing {for) fond of, amcustos, -t5dis, [unc. stem + dis bitious {for), with a passion {for). (cf. merces-edis, palus-udis)], c, cupio, -pivi, -pitus, -pere, [partly a guard, a watchman, a keeper. root verb, partly from fcupi- (cf. cupidus)], 3. (and 4.) v. a. and n.,

cupiditas,

-tatis,

be

eager

{for), be

anxious, desire

With dat, (stronger than volo). wish well to, be zealous for. Phrase

D.
(I.,

see a. d. [half of *,

cupientibus signum dat {gives the signal to his impatient soldiers). cur (quor), [perh. for qua re], adv., why (rel. and interr.).

D., abbrev. for

Dacus,

-a,

CI3 = M], 500. Decimus. -um, [?], adj., Dacian

cura, -ae, [for fcavira, akin to caveo], F., care, anxiety, attention : pying parts of Hungary, curae alicui esse {be one's care, Wallachia, etc.). Plur.,

(of the Dacians, a people of Thrace, north of the Carpathian Mts., occu-

Gallicia,

the

Da-

object

of one's attention). Curiosolitae, -arum, reading for

:

cians (the people).

the following

damnatus,-a,-um,p.p.ofdamno. danino, -avi, -atus, -are, [damno-],

1. v.

Curiosolites,
plur.,

-turn,

[Celtic], M.

a.,

{fine) , find guilty condemn.

,

a people of Armoric Gaul.

-avi,

damnum,
(cf.

-i,

[ ?,

^da + menus
-T,

euro,
I.

-atus,
n.,

-are,

[cura],

v.

a.

and

take care.

With

alumnus)],

N., {fine), loss.

Danubius
the

(-vius),

[?], M.,

gerundive, cause (to be done), have

Danube, the great

river flowing

(done).

curro,

cucurri, cursurus, currere,

3. v. n.,

[? for fcurso],

run.

currus, -us, [y/CUR (?) + us, cf. curro], M., a chariot (= essedum). DA (in idem, diim)], prep, with cursus, -sus, [-y/CUR (?) + tus, abl., {down, only in comp. as adv.), cf. curro], M., a running, running, down from, off from, from, away Hence, qua de causa {for speed, a run (in concrete sense), a from. course (space or direction run) cur- which reason); de populo mereor sum adaequare {keep up with) {deserve well or /// of, properly win cursu incitato or magno {at full from) de consilio {by, cf. ex)
:

from the mountains of Germany eastward to the Black Sea. datus, -a, -um, p.p. of do. de [unc. case-form of pron. stem

40

Vocabulary.

In expressions of time, just about de tertia vigilia. Often with verbs of sense which may take ace. sentio de {learn, discover). Phrases de improviso {of a sud In comp., doivn, away, den).
after,
:
:

Esp. in partitive sense, out of of: decido, -cidi, no p.p., -cidere, Also (cf. Eng. [de-cado], 3. v. n.,fall off (or down), pauci de nostris. of), about, of (about), in regard to, fall (from one's horse). concerning, for : de regno despedecimanus, see deciimanus. rare nihil de bello timere {have decimus, -a, -um, [fdeci- (as no fear of war'); de potentatu con- stem of decern) -f mus], adj., tenth. Masc. as subst., a Roman pr?etendere; de injuriis satisfacere.

nomen

(see

Brutus).
-cepi,
3. v. a.,

decipio,
[de-capio],

-ceptus,

-cipere,

{take

off,

catch),

beguile, deceive.

declaro,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[de-

off,

through

(cf.

debeo, decerto).
-bitus,
a.,

claro], 1. v. a., {clear off), 7?iake plain, declare (decide and state).

-bere, [dedeclivis, -es, [de-clivis (or clivus {have off of one's weakened)], adj., sloping down, inPlur. as subst., slopes. possessions), owe, be bound, ought, clined. cannot help : judicari debere {might declivitas, -tatis, [declivi-f tas], well be, etc.). Tass., be due, be f., slope: ad declivitatem {doivn-bui,

debeo,

habeo],

2. v.

owing.

decedo,
[de-cedo],
cf.

-cessi, -cessurus, -cedere,

3. v. n.,

ward) decretum,
.

{?nake

way

off,

cretus],

cedo),

retire,

drawfrom,
die.

shun.

withdraiv, Esp. (from

withlife),

-I, [prop. n. of dea decree, a decision. deeretus, -a, -um, p.p. of de-

N.,

cerno.

deciimanus,
(reduced)

-a,

-um, [decumo-

[?], indecl. adj., ten. deceptus,-a,-um, p.p. of decipio.

decern

decerno,
[de-cerno],
off,

-crevi, -cretus, -cernere,

anus], adj., belonging to the tenth : porta {the rear gate, of a camp, where the tenth cohort

-onis, [decuria- (retermine, decree, order (as a result of duced) + o], M., a commander (of a decuria of cavalry, a small squaddetermination).

3. v. a. and n., {decide so as to clear away), decide, de-

was posted). decurio,

decerto, -avi, -atus, -are, [decerto], I. v. a. and n., contend (so as to close the contest), decide the
war), carry on war, fight (a general engagement) pugna {risk a decisive bat:

ron).

decurro,
rus,

-curri (cucurri), -cursu-

-currere,

[de-curro],
[unc. root

3.

v.
off.

n.,

issue, try the issue (of

run down, run away, hurry

decus,
-oris,
(cf.

decet)
n.,

us], N., honor, glory.

tle).

dedecus,

-oris,

[de-decus],

decessus, -sus, [de-fcessus, cf. decedo and incessus], m., withdrawal,

fall).

disgrace, dishonor.

dediticius,

-a,

-um, [dedito- (re-

departure

aestus
a

{ebb,

duced)

cius], adj., surrendered. Plur. as subst., prisoners (taken

Decetia,

-ae, [Celtic], f.,

city

of the Haedui,

on the

Loire.

by surrender), subjects, persons surrendered.

Vocabulary.
deditio,
-onis,

41

[de-datio,

cf.

ships), turn aside

dedo],

F.,

surrender: in deditio(receive one's

bes (falling).

delati in scro-

Fig., confer upon,

nem

accipere
.

sur-

put in

one's hands, report, lay before.

-a,

render)

defessus,
-a, -urn, p.p.

-um,
-onis,

p.p.

of

de

deditus,

of

dedo.

fetiscor.

dedo,
3. v.

up.

a.,

-didi, -ditus, -dere, [de-do], give over, surrender, give In pass, or with reflex., surself,

defetigatio,
tio],
F.,

[de-fatiga

exhaustion.
-a,

defetigatus,
fetigo.

-um, p.p. of do
-are,

render one's

submit.
-ductus,
diicere,

deduco,

-diixi,

defetigo,
fatigo],

-avi,

-atus,

[de-

[de-duco], 3. v. a., lead dotvn or off, lead away, -withdraw, draw off (praesidia), take

1. v. a.,

wear

out, exhaust,

'worry, tire out.

defetiscor, -fessus, -fetisci, [de(of men), bring aivay, lead (from one place to an- fatiscor], 3. v. dep., crack open. defesFig., become exhausted. other), bring (into a situation).
Fig., induce, bring, lead.

away

Esp. of
;

sus,

-a,

-um, p.p. as

adj.,

exhausted :

of defesso (an exhausted man). down) deficio, -feci, -fectus, -ricere, women, marry (used of the man);
ships,

launch

(draw

[de-

of things, bring, draw, turn.

raise (a

man to fortune). Also, in periculum (cause a perilous situation) ; re in controversiam rem

deducta (coming to, etc.) ; deduci milites (march out, led by their commander). deductus,-a, -um, p.p. of deduco.
defatigatio, see defetigatio. defatigo, see defetigo. defeetio, -onis, [de-factio, cf.
deficio],
F., falling falling away, revolt.
off,

So,

facio],
revolt,

and n., fail, fall away, fall off, abandon (with ab)
3. v. a.
:

animo (despond).
defigo,
figo],
3. v. -fixi, -fixus,
a..,

-figere, [de-

fix (in or down), plant, set, fasten, drive dotvn. def i n id, -ivi, -itus, -ire, [de-finio]
,

4. v. a., set limits to, fix,

defixus,
defluo,

appoint. -a, -um, p.p. of defigo.

-fluxurus,
-fluere,

-fluxi,

defection,

[de-fluo], 3. v. n., flow down, fioic apart, divide (of a river). defore, see desum.

defendo, -fendi,
[de-fendo],

-fensus, -fendere,

deformis,
ened and

-e,

[de-forma, weakas
adj.], adj.,

3. v. a.,

ward

fend

one's self against.

Also, with
off,

de-

decl.

un

comely, unshapely, ugly, bad-looking

changed relation, defend, protect. defensio, -onis, [de-ffensio,

defugio,
cf.

-fugi, -fugiturus, -fugere,

3. v. a.

[de-fugio],

and

n.,fiy from,

avoid, fly. defendo], f., a defence. deicio (dejic-), -jeci, -jectus, defensor, -5ris, [de-ffensor, cf. Also, a -icere, [de-jacio], 3. v. a., cast down, defendo], m., a defender. means of defence. Phrase speciem throw down, drive off, drive out, disdefensorum (a show of defence). lodge, kill (pass, fall), overthrow,

defero,
fero],

-tuli,

-latus,

-ferre,

[de-

throw on shore (of ships), deprive,

reduce.

irr. v. a.,

carry down, carry

(of ships). or on, drift (of

away, bring,
Pass., be

land

deinceps [dein- + ceps,

ceps], adv., in succession.

cf.

prin-

borne

down

42

Vocabulary
adv.,

deinde (dein) [de-inde],

(hen, next.

migro],

1. v. n.,

move away (change

one's
effects.

residence),
-tus,

move
-ui,

dejectus,

[de-jactus], m., a

deminuo,
minuo],
3. v.

-utus, -uere, [de-

declivity, a slope. dejicio, see deicio.

a.

and
:

n.,

diminish,

curtail, lessen, detract

-are,

de voluptate

delecto,
flecto],

-avi,

-atus,

[de-

quicquam {make any diminution

quid de legibus {disregard in any manner) de sua benevolentia
:

i. v. a.,

delight. Tass., take of)

[de-lectus,
cf.

delight, delight.

delectus,

-tus,

{lessen his good-zvill).

deligo], M., a levy, a conscription. delectus, -a, -um, p.p. of deligo. deleo, -levi, -letus, -lere, [de-fleo
(akin to lino)], 2. v. a., {smear out), blot out, wipe out (of a disgrace).
Fig., annihilate, destroy.

deminutus, deminuo.
demitto,
[de-mitto],

-a,

-um,

p.p.

of

-misi, -missus, -mittere,

3. v. a., let

go down (cf. mitto), let down, stick dozon (at the bottom of a ditch). In pass, or

with reflex., let one's self dozon, dedeletus, -a, -um, p.p. of deleo. delibero, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- scend, set one's self down. Fig.,

flibero, perh. akin to libra], I. v. a. and n., discuss, consult, deliberate :

despond (se animo), be discouraged. demissus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,

re deliberata {after discussing the

matter).

delibro,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[fdepeel,

libro- (adj. de-liber)],

strip (of bark).

i. v. a.,

lozo-hanging {bozved, of the head). demo, dempsi, demptus, demere, [de-emo, lake'], 3. v. a., take down, take off.

delictum,
quo],
offence.
N.,

-i,

[n. p.p. of delin-

thing

left

undone, failure,

demonstratus, -a, -um, p.p. of demonstro. demonstro, -avi, -atus, -are, [demonstro],
1. v. a.,

point

out, shozv,
of.

deligatus,
ligo (-are).

-a,

-um, p.p. of de[de-

represent, mention, state, speak

demoror,
choose out, select. -um, p.p. as adj., -a,

deligo,
lego],

-legi, -lectus, -ligere,

3. v. a.,

1.

v.

[de-mororj, dep., delay, retard (interfere

[ace. of

-atus, -an,

with).

delectus,
deligo,
1.

demum
denego,

fdemus (superl.

chosen, picked.
-avi, -atus, -are,

[de-ligo],
-litesce-

of de), nethermost, last], adv., at last, at length (not before).

-avi,

down, moor, tie. delitesco, -litui, no p.p.,

v. a., tie

-atus,
n.,

-are,

[de-

nego],
say not.

1. v. a.

and

deny, refuse,

re,

[de-latesco],

3. v. n.,

hide away,

hide, skulk.

dementia,
F.,

-ae,

[dement

ia],

madness,

folly.

deni, -ae, -a, [for decni, decern reduced + nus], adj. plur., ten each, len{on each side), ten (ir sets often).

denique [fdeno- (de + nus, cf. demessus, -a, -um, p.p. of demeto. demum) que], adv., at last : multo demeto, -messui, -messus, -metere, denique die {not till late, etc.). Of order, finally. Of preference, [de-meto], 3. v. a., reap, cut down. demigro, -avi, -aturus, -are, [de- at any rate (if no better, etc.).

Vocabulary.
dens,
dentis,
[?,
cf.

43
-um,
p.p.

tooth

(for

\tonthy\, M., a tooth.

densus,

-a,

-um, [?],
-avi,

adj., thick,

deprehensus, -a, deprehendo. deprimo, -pressi,

mere,

of

-pressus,
3. v.
a.,

-pri-

crowded, dense.

[de-premo],
-a,

press of de-

denuntio,
nuntio],
i.

-atus,

-are,

[de-

down, sink.

announce (with notion of threat), declare, warn. depello, -puli, -pulsus, -pellere,
v.

a.,

depulsus,
pello.

-um,

p.p.

derivatus,
rivo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of de[perh. im-

[de-pello],

3. v. a.,

drive

off,

drive

(away), dislodge, avert.

derivo,
[de-

-avi, -atus, -are,

deperdo,
perdo],

-didi, -ditus, -dere,

mediately
adj.-stem], divert.

fr.

de-rivus, prob. through

3. v. a., lose,

be

deprived of :
p.p., -perire,
lost.

1. v. a.,

draw

off (water),

tantum opinionis
depereo,
[de-pereo],
-peril,
irr. v.

{forfeit).

no
n.,

derogo,
in
its

-avi, -atus, -are,

[de-rogo,
a.,

be

political sense],

1. v.

take

depono,
[de-pono],

-posui, -positus, -ponere,

3. v.

away, withdraw.

aside, deposit. Fig., lose, aba?idon (hope), blot out (memory), resign.

a.,

lay down, lay

descendo, -scendi, -scensurus, -scendere, [de-scando], 3. v. n., climb down, descend. Fig., resort to, have

depopulates, -a, -um, p.p. of depopulor. depopulor, -atus, -an, [de-populor],

1.

recourse

to,

adopt (with ad).

-secui,
1. v.

deseco,
[de-seco],

-sectus,

-secare,

a.,

cut

off.

v. dep.,

ravage, lay waste.

-atus,
off,

desero,
[de-sero],

-serut,
3. v. a.,

-sertus,

deporto,
porto] remove.
,

-avi,

-are,

[de-

disunite.

Esp.,

-serere,

v. a.,

carry

carry away,

abandon, forsake, give up, leave in the lurch. desertus, -a, -um, p.p.

deposco, -poposci, no p.p., -poscere, [de-posco], 3. v. a., demand, call

for, claim.

as adj., deserted, solitary.

depositus,

-a,

-um, pp. of de-

pono. deprecator, cf. deprecor],

desertor, -oris, [de-fsertor, cf. desero], m., a deserter. desertus, -a, -um, p.p. of desero.

[de-precator, a mediator (to beg off something for somebody) eo

-oris,

desideratus,
sidero.

-a,

-um, p.p. of de-

m.,

deprecatore (by

his mediation).

desidero, considero],
,

-avi, -atus, -are, [?, cf.

1. v.

a.,

feel the

want
,

deprecor, -atus, -Sri, [deprecor], of, desire, miss, need, desire (jvanl to 1. v. dep., pray to avert Pass. be something, see) lose (of soldiers) pray (with accessory notion of re- missing (lost) perpauci desiderati lief), beg, beg off, pray for pardon, quin cuncti, etc. (all with very few pray to be spared, resort to prayers. exceptions)
.

deprehendo,
-hendere,
capture, catch,
of.

-hendl,

-hensus,
3.

[de-prehendo],
seize,

v.

a.,

desidla, -ae, [desid- (stem of deses, de^SED as stem)], F., idleness, sloth.

As

take possession

in Eng., catch (come upon),

designatus,
slgno.

-a,

-um, p.p. of de-

surprise.

44
desigiio,
signo],
-avi,

Vocabulary
-atus,
-are,

[de-

destitutu8,
stituo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of de-

I. v. a.,

mark

out, indicate,

mean.
desilio,
salio],
4.
-silui, -sultus, -silire,

[deleap

destrictus, stringo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of de-strictus,

a.,

v.

n.,

leap

doivn,

destringo,
off.

-strinxi,

(down), jump overboard. desisto, -stiti, -stituius, -sistere, [de-sisto], 3. v. n., stand off, cease, stop, desist from, abandon : fuga
{cease flying).

-stringere, [de-stringo],3.v.

Also

strip
strip,

(cf.

despolio),

draw

(of swords, stripping

them

of

their scabbards).

desum,
-a,

-fui,

despectus,
spicio.

-um, p.p. of de-

sum],

irr. v. n.,

{be

-futurus, -esse, [deaway), be 'want-

despectus,

-tus,

[de-fspectus,

cf.

ing, be lacking, fail. do one's duty by, etc.

Esp., fail Often, lack

adv.,

to

despieio], M., a view down, view oppidum haberet (from a height)

:

(changing relation of subj. and following dat.), be without, not have.

despectum {a
cf.despero]
,

precipice).

desuper [de super],

above.

from

desperatio, -onis, [de-fsperatio,

F., despair, desperation. deterior, -us, [compar. of fdeter desperatus, -a, -um, p.p. of (de + terus, cf. interior)], adj., despero. {farther down), inferior, worse: despero, -avi, -atus, -are, [de- deteriora vectigalia facere {im-

spero],
to

1. v.

n. (but see

desperatus, -a, hope, despair. Also -um, as passive, despaired of. as adj., {Jwpeless ?, perh. orig. de-

below), cease pair)

deterreo,
rer<_,
off,

-terrui,

-territus,
a.,

-ter-

[de-terreo],

2. v.

frighten
threats,

deter,

prevent (esp. by
-a,

spaired of), hence desperate.

but also generally).

despieio,
[de-specio],

-spexi, -spectus, -spicere,

3.
v.

detestatus,
testor.

-um, p.p. of de-

a.

and

down, look down upon.

despise.

Fig.
-are,

n.,

look
(cf.

detestor,
1. v.

-atus, -ari, [de-testor],

Eng. equivalent), look doivn upon,

a.,

prevent
-avi,

despolio,

-atus,

spolio], 1. v. a., strip off. change of relation, strip (also

in

With
fig.,

[de-

thing).

Also, curse.
-tinui,
2. v. a.,

{call the gods to witness to sojnething), entreat (from a

detineo,
[de-teneo],
delay.

-tentus,

-tinere,

as

hold

off,

detain,

Eng.).

destinatus,
stiuo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of de-

detracto (-trecto),
-are,

-avi,

-atus,

{hold off destino, -avi, -atus, -are, [perh. from one's self), avoid, shun. destina- (a prop, de-^STA-nus)], detractus, -a, -um, p.p. of de-

[de-tracto],

1.

v. a.,

1. v. a..,

fasten,
of,

gel fast hold

tig.,f.v

make fast, make firm, traho. catch firmly. Hence, detraho,

[de-traho],
-tuere, [de-

-traxi, -tractus, -trahere,

3. v. a.,

upon, appoint, choose, destine.

-tui, -tutus, v.
a.,

destituo,
statuo],
3.

(away).

With
off,

drag

off,

snatch

less

violence, take

set

apart (from

away, take
violence at

withdraw (with no

one's self), abandon, desert.

all).

Vocabulary,
detrecto, see detracto.

45
-vovi,

devoveo,
adj.,

-votus,

-vovere,

detrimentosus, mento- (reduced)

detrimental.

-a,

-um, [detriosus],

[de-voveo], 2. v. a., vow (away). Less exactly, devote. devotus, -a,

-um,

p.p.

detrimentum, -i, [de-ftriinen- lower (sworn tum (tri- in tefo + mentum), cf. panion).
detero],
injury.

as subst., a devoted folto die with his com-

(a Esp.,
N.,

rubbing off), loss, defeat, disaster.

-trudere,
off,

detrudo,
[de-trudo],
off,

-trusi, -trusus,
3. v. a.,

dexter, -era, -erum, [unc. stem (perh. akin to digitus?) + terus], adj., right (in the right hand).

shove

strip

dextra,

f.,

(sc.

manus),

the right

thrust off :

scutis

tegumenta hand
in

which the metal shields of the Romans were

(remove the coverings
kept).

(esp. used as a pledge of faith, as with us).

Diablintres
M.
plur.,

(-tes), -um, [Celtic], a Gallic tribe, a branch of

deturbatus, tnrbo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of de-atus,

the Aulerci.

dicio
[dedrive off (in confu-are,
F.,

(less correctly dit-), -onis,

-f-

deturbo,
turbo],
sion).

-avi,

[stem akin to dico

0, cf.

1. v. a.,

(command,

cf.

Eng.

"

legio],

say "), do-

deuro,
uro],

-ussi,

-ustum, -urere, [deoff.

minion, sway. dieo, -avi, -atus,

causi-dicus)],
sign (in
exactly
1.

-are, [fdico- (cf.

3. v. a.,
-i,

burn

v. a.,

deus,

[akin to divus, Jovis,

-a,

some
(esp.
:

legal

manner)

adjudge, asLess
.

dies], ML, a god.

with

reflex.),

assign,

deustus,

-um, p.p. of deuro.

-vectus,
a.,

?nake over
one's
self,

deveho,
[de-veho],

-vexi,
3.

-vehere,

se in clientelam (bind attach one's self) ; se in

.

v.

bring (away,

e.g.

carry away, on horseback).

devenio,
[de-venio],

-veni, -ventiirus, -venire,

4. v. n.,

servitutem (surrender) dico, dixi, dictus, dicere, [^/dic, in dico and -dicus], 3. v. a. and n.,

come away, land (point out?, cf. Gr. SeinM/xi), say, (come down from the sea), come speak, name. Esp., with authority, (from one place to another). name, appoint, fix : jus (administer, sententiam (give) devexus, -a, -um, [prop, a p.p. cf. dico) of deveho], adj., sloping. Neut. Special uses dicunt (they say)

plur. as subst., slopes, hillsides.

causam dicere (plead

hence
be tried, be

one's cause,
to trial).

devietus, vineo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of de-victus,

brought See also dictum.

devinco,
[de-vinco],
to prostrate),

-vici,

-vincere,

dictio,

-onis,

[die

(as

root

of

3. v. a.,

conquer (so as
-are,

subdue (entirely).
-atus,

dico) + tio], F., a speaking, a pleadcausae (pleading ing (cf. dico)

:

devoco,
voco],
in

-avi,
a.,

[de-

one's cause, trial).

Esp.,

1. v.

call

fig.,

invite,

down (oxaivay). bring: fortunas

p.p.

dictum,

-i,

[n. p.p. of dico], N.,

dubium.
-a,

a thing said, a statement, a remark, a command: dicto audiens esse

alicui (be obedient, obey).

devotus, voveo.

-um,

of de-

diduco,

-diixi,

-ductus,

-ducerc,

46
[dis-duco], 3. v. a., draw lead apart, separate, divide.

Vocabulary.
apart,

diligenter [diligent + ter], adv., carefully, with care, with exactness,

exactly,

+ as],

dies, -el, [prob. for dives, v /dvu m. (rarely F. in some uses), a

with pains
to

conservavit

all Eng. senses). Also, diligentia, -ae, [diligent -f ia], time: in dies {from day to day, F., care, pains, painstaking, diliwith idea of increase or diminution): gence: remittere {cease to take pains, diem ex die ducere {put off a thing take less care).

day (in

{took

pains

save).

day after day)

time).
diflfero,

dies longior (a later

dilatus,
a.

diligo,
lego],

-lexi, -lectus, -ligere,

[dis-

3. v. a.,

distuli,
irr.

differre,
n.,

[dis-fero],

apart, spread.
fer, differ.
diffieilis,

Also, postpone,

v.

and

bear
de-

fond of. dimensus,

inetior.

{choose out), See also diligens.

-a,

love, be

-um, p.p. of di-metiri, [dis-

dimetior, -mensus,
-e,

[dis-facilis], adj.,

metior],
parts),

4.

v.

dep.,

measure

(in

not easy, difficult. diffieultas,

-tatis,
F.,

[difficili-

dimensus,

measure out
-a,

(esp. of

camp).

-um, p.p. in pass,

(vveakened) + tas], magna difncultate

difficulty

sense, measured, proportioned.

amciebatur dimico, -avi, -aturus, -are, [disrei fru- mico], 1. v. n., {brandish swords to {was much troubled) mentariae {difficulty of supplying decide a contest 1), fight (a decisive
;

grain).
diflficulter [difficili-f

battle), risk

an engagement.

(weakened)

dimidius,
adj.,

ter], adv., with difficulty.

difFido,
fido],

-fisus

3. v. n.,

distrust, not

sum, -fidere, [dishave con-fusus, -fundere,

-a, -um, [dis-medius], {divided in the middle), half. Neut. as subst, the half

dlmitto,
[dis-mitto],
slip, let

-misi, -missus, -mittere,

3. v. a., let
let go,
:

fidence.

go away,

let

diflfundo,

-fiidi,

pass,

give up, relin-

[dis-fundo],

3. v. a.,

digitus,

in Eng., pollex {the a fingers breadth, a finger (as a measure). dignitas, -tatis, [digno -f tas]
,

As thumb}.

-i,

[?],

spread out. M., a finger

quish,
:

abandon

oppugnationem

{raise); victoriam {let go, on purAlso, send in different dipose)

.

rections,

send about, despatch,

[abl. of

detail,

disband, dismiss.

directe
straight:

directus],

adv.,

F.,

worthiness, worth, dignity, pres-

ad perpendiculum {per-

tige,

position (superior) ; tribuere pendicularly). directus, -a, -um, p.p. of di{have respect for) dignus, -a, -um, [?, perh. root of rigo. dieo + nus], adj., worthy. direptus, -a, -um, p.p. of didijHdico, -avi, -atus, -are, [dis- ripio.
.

iudico], 1. v. a. and n., decide (between two). dilectus, -a, -um, p.p. of diligo. diligens, -entis, [pres. p. of diligo], adj., careful, diligent.

dirigo,
rego],

-rexi, -rectus, -rigere, [dis-

3. v. a.,

straighten out, direct

;

aciem {form)
arrange).

opera {set in order, directus, -a, um, p.p.

as adj., straight.

Vocabulary.
dirimo, -emi, -emptus, -emere, [dis-emo, take], 3. v. a., take apart, break up (a conference).
-ripere, -reptus, [dis-rapio], 3. v. a., seize (in differ-ripui,

47
-inis,

diserimen,

[dis-crimen,

cf.

discerno], N., a separation, a cision. Hence, a moment of

cision,

dede-

diripio,

crisis,

critical condition,

danger.

ent directions), plunder, pillage. dis-, di- (dir-), [akin to duo?],

insep. prep, (adv.), in comp., asunder, in different directions. Cf. dis-

discussus, cutio.
[dis-quatio],

-a,

-um, p.p. of dis-

discutio, -cussL -cussus, -cutere,

3.

v.

a.,

strike

(or

cedo, discerno, dirimo, difTundo. shake) apart, beat away, drive away,
Dis,
earth
Ditis,

[akin to dives, as the

dislodge, shatter.

the source of riches], M., Pluto (the god of the under world,
is

and so of death). discedo, -cessi,

[dis-cedo],
part,
3. v.

-cessurus, -cedere,
n.,

[dishtirl apart, break up dis(a phalanx), tear off (yards). jectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., scat-

disicio,

-jeci, -jectus, -icere,

iacio], 3.

v. a.,

withdraw, de(with

retire,

leave

away: locus unde

{the place
officio

tered, broken, in disorder : pabulaab), go tio {in widely scattered places). discesserant disjectus, -a, -um, p.p. of disicio. left);
;

which they had

ab

disjicio, see disicio.

{fail in one's duty)

spes

hostibus {forsake, fail); ab signis

{leave the ranks).

dispar, -paris, [dis-par], unequal, inferior, ill-matched.

adj.,

disparo, -avi, -atus, -are, [disdisceptator, -toris, [discepta- paro], r. v. a., scatter (cf. dis(stem of discepto) + tor], m., a iungo). dispergo, -spersi, -spersus, -sperjudge, an arbiter. discerno, -crevi, -cretus, -cernere, gere, [dis-spargo], 3. v. a., scatter,
[dis-cerno],
tinguish.
3. v.
a.,

separate, dis-

disperse.

[dis-tcessus, cf. discedo], M., a departure, a with-

discessus,

-sus,

dispersus, -a, -um, p.p. of dispergo. dispono, -posui, -positus, -ponere,

[dis-pono],
3. v. a.,

drawal.

place about (in

disciplina,

-ae,
cf.

[discipulo- (ref.,

duced)

-f

ina,

rapina],

{pu-

various places), station (variously), array (at several posts).

pillage ?), discipline, instruction, a system (of doctrine, etc.), a course

dispositus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of dis[dis-putatio,

pono.
disputatio,
-onis,

of instruction.
disci piil us,
M.,
-i,

[?,

akin to disco],

a pupil.
-cliisi,

discludo,
[dis-claudo],

-clusus, -cludere,
a.,

disputo], F., discussion. disputo, -avi, -atus, -are, [disputo], 1. v. n. and a., discuss (cf.
cf.

3.

v.

shut apart,
discere,
3. v. a.

keep apart, separate, divide.

puto). disseusio,
dissentio)],

-onis,
F.,

[dis-fsensio

(cf.

disco,
[for

didici,

disciturus,

tdicsco
n.,

( -y/uic-l;

sco)],

difference of opinion, disagreement, dissension.

and

learn
.

discendi causa {for

dissentio,
tire,

-sensi, -sensurus, -sen1. v. n.,

instruction)

[dis-sentio],

differ in

48
opinion
(cf.

Vocabulary
sentio), be at variance,
-avi, -atus, -are, [disa.
cf.

crastinus],

adj.,

{long in time),

disagree (ab, with).

long continued.
n.,

diuturnitas, -tatis, [diuturno + {pretend tas], V., length of time, long continusomething is not), conceal (what is), ance, length (in time). dissemble. difit urn us, -a, -um,[diu+turnus, dissipatus, -a, -um, p.p. of dis- cf. hesternus], adj., long continued,

dissimnlo,
i.

simulo],

v.

and

sipo.

long (in time).

-avi,

dissipo,
perse
:

-atus,

-are,

[dis-

fsupo, throw'],

I. v. a.,

scatter, dis-

diversus, verto.
diverto,

-a,

-um, p.p. of di-versus, -vertere,

dissipati {straggling troops).

-suasi,

-verti,

dissuadeo,
to the

-suasus, -sua-

dere, [dis-suadeo], 2. v. a., advise

[dis-verto], 3. v. a. and aside (or apart), separate.

diverseparate,

n.,

turn

contrary, oppose (in argument), dissuade.

sus,

-a,

-um, p.p. as

adj.,

distineo,

-tinui,

-tentus, -tinere,

distant, diverse, different. dives, -itis, [?], adj., rich.

Divico, -onis, [Celtic], M., a leader [dis-teneo], 2. v. a., keep apart, hold asunder, keep from uniting, cut off of the Helvetii.
(in military sense), isolate.

divido,

-visi, -visus, -videre,

[dis-

disto, -stare, [dis-sto], 1. v. n., stand apart: quantum junctura

distabat {as far as the distance

tween, etc.)
;

be-

cf.viduus] 3.V. a., di visus, -a, -um, divide, separate. p.p. as adj., divided: Gallia divisa

f vido, v/vidh( ?),

quantum summa

la-

est.

Also, spread
-a,

out.
if

bra distabant
ditch] at the top).

{the width [of the

-tra-

divinus,
divi)

-um, [divo- (as

distraho,
here,

-traxi,

-tractus,

vine
ters

nus], adj., of the gods, dires divinae {religion, mat:

[dis-traho], 3. v. a., drag Hence, distract. asunder, separate.

of religion). Divitiacus, -I, [Celtic], M.

1.

distribuo,
[dis-tribuo],

-bui,
3. v. a.,

-butus,

-buere,

assign (to several), distribute, divide. ditio, less correct for dicio.

leader of the Hoedui, brother of Dum2. A leader of the Suesnorix.

siones.

divulgo (-volgo),
[dis-vulgo],
I.

-avi, -atus, -are,

ditissimus, -a, -um, superl. of dives. diu [prob. ace. of stem akin to dies], adv., for a tune, a long time, for some time, long: tarn diu {so quam diu {how long, as long) diutius {any longer). long)
; ;

spread abroad. 1. do, dedi, datus, dare, [^/da, give, cf. 2. do], I. v. a., give, afford,
v. a.,

offer,

allow, concede, assign, grant

responsum {answer, reply); sibi minus dubitationis dari {that he had less hesitation) filiam in matri;

diurnus, -a, -um, [fdius, akin to monium {marry) se vento {run diu and dies, + nus], adj., of the before the wind) manus {submit, yield, from holding out the hands to day, daily (as opposed to nightly)
;

noctumis diurnisque itineribus {by be bound) hostes in fugam {put to flight); operam {take pains, exert night and day).
;

diutiuus,

-a,

-urn,

[diu

tinus,

one's self, see to it that, etc.)

nego-

Vocabulary.
tium uti {employ one to, etc., engage one to, etc.) suspicionem {afford, make a show, but also have an ap;

49
M., a

gentile ius], Esp., Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul in B.C. 54.

Roman

name.

pearance)

arbitros

{assign

ref-

domus,

-i

(-us),

[y'DOM {build?)

and -us)], F., a house, a 2. do [s/DHA, place}, confounded home : doml {at home) ; domum with i. do, but appearing in comp., {home, to one's home); domo {from place, put, as abdo, condo. home) domo exire {go away, emidoceo, docul, doctus, docere, [unc. grate) formation akin to dico and disco], donatus, -a, -um, p.p. of dono.
erees, a judicial function).

+ us

(-os

2. v. a.,

teach, shore,

sent, state (in the text of the

inform, reprebook).

Donnotaurus,
Gallic

name.

[Celtic], Esp., Gains Valei ius

-I,

m., a

stem of doceo)

[docu-(?) (as N., a means of teaching, a proof, a warning, an example. doleo, dolui, doliturus, dolere,
-i,

documentuni,

Donnotaurus, a chief of the

first

Helvetii,

+ mentum],

brother of C. Valerius Procillus.

The

two names of these persons are Roman, taken from the name of

their patron.

[perh. dolo-(stem of dolus)], 2.v. n.,

feel pain, suffer.

Esp. mentally,
[dol(as

dono,
1. v.

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[dono-],

be

a.,

present, give (as a gift).

pained, grieve. dolor, -oris,

Also, honor with a gift, present (one

root

of

with a thing)
zenship).

civitate aliquem
the rights

doleo)

or],

M.,pain (physical or donare {give one

of

citi-

mental), distress, indignation, chagrin, vexation: magno dolore ferre

{be very indignant, feel
;

donum,
gift.

-I,

[^/DA

nus],

n.,

much

cha-

grin) magno esse dolori {to be a great annoyance or sorrow). dolus, -i, [perh. akin to doleo,
originally stroke?},
deceit, tricks,

dorsum (-us), -i, [?], n. (and Less exactly, a sumM.), the back.

M.,

an

artifice,

a stratagem.
-a, -urn,

domesticus,
if

[domo-f

(as

domes-,

cf.

modestus)
:

ticus],

mit (a long ridge). dorsus, -I, see dorsum. dos, d5tis, [v/ DA + tis (reduced) ] F., {a gift). Esp., a marriage gift, a dowry, a portion (given at mar-

adj.,

{of the house), of one's home,

riage).

one's
tic,

own, at home

bellum {domes[perh.

Druides, -um,
ligion.

[Celtic],

the
re-

internal, intestine).
-i,

Druids, the priests of the Gallic

domicilium,
fcilium
(fr.

domo +
an

root of colo)], N.,

abode, a house, a

dwelling-place, a

house (as a permanent home).

Dubis, -is, [Celtic], M., the Doubs (a river of Gaul, flowing from the Jura into the SaSne).
dubitatio,
of
-onis,

dominor,
I.

-atus, -ari,

[domino-],
cf.

[dubita- (stem

v.

dep., rule, be master.

-i,

dubito)
:

tio], F., doubt, hesita-

domiuus,
Gr. -Safxus)

[fdomo- {ruling,

tion

alicui

minus dubitationis
doubt or hesitation).
-aturus, -are,

nus], m., a master, an

-i,

dari

{to feel less

-avi,

owner.

dubito,
[domito- (reduced)

[fducf.

Domitius,

bito- (partic. of lost verb

dubo?,

5o
dubius)],
I. v. n.,

Vocabulary

feci doubtful.

Also (absolutely, or

doubt, have doubt,

duritia,

-ae,

[duro

tia],

F.,

hardness, hardship.

with inf., rarely quin), hesitate, feel hesitation, vacillate.

cf.

duro,
I. v. a.,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[duro-],

harden, toughen, make hardy.

-i,

dubius, -a, -um, [duo + bius, superbus and dubito], adj.,

est

Durocortorum,
the

[Celtic], N.,

chief

city

of the

Remi, now
adj.,
:

doubtful:

dubium

{there

is

Rheims.

doubt, it is doubtful).

dnrus,
Fig.,

-a,

-um, [?],

hard.
si

[duo-centi (plur. of centum)], adj., two hundred.

-ae, -a,

ducenti,

hard, severe,

difficult

quid

duco, duxi, ductus, ducere.fJ-^/DUC si nil esset durius (in dux)], 3. v. a., lead, draw, bring happened).
eral, lead,

erat durius {any severe contest) {if no accident

(of living things). inarch.

Esp. of a gen With (or with-

Dfirus,

-1,

As

out) in matrimonium, marry (of the man). Fig., prolong, drag out.

family name. Esp., Quintus Laberius Durus, a military tribune in

Caesar's

[durus],

M.,

Roman

army, killed in Britain.

ducis, [-^/duc as stem],

mercantile word, and so fig., consider : fossam {run, reckon,

dux,

c,

a leader, a guide, a commander.

make).
lead,

ductus, -tus, [-^Duc command.

tus], M.,
e, see

E.
ex.
of is], adv., this
[Celtic], M.plur.,
thus.

[pron. -y/ prob. ace, cf. Also, turn], conj., at that time.

dum

ea

[instr. or abl.

while, so long as.

Hence,

till,

until.

way, that way,

a Belgian
Treviri.

Duinnorix, -igis, [Celtic], M., a leader of the Hsedui, brother of Divitiacus.

Eburones, -um,
tribe,

dependents of the
[Celtic],

duo,
cf.

-ae, -o, [dual,

adj., two.

of stem fdvo-,
indecl.

Eburovices, -um,
plur.,

M.

bis],

duodecim [duo-decem],
adj., twelve.
< I

a Gallic tribe, a branch of the Aulerci living in the region of mod-

ern Perche.
1

in

xlcc in us,

-a,

-um, [duo-de-

cimus],
adj.,

adj., twelfth.

ecfero, see efTero. edico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [ex3. v.

a.,

duodeni,

-ae,

-a,

[duo deni], dico],

issue

an

edict,

pro-

twelve (in a set).

claim, order.

duodeviginti [duo de viginti],

indecl. adj., eighteen.

edisco,
[ex-diseo],

-didici,

no

p.p., -discere,
off,

3. v. a.,

learn

learn

duplex, simplex],

-plicis,

adj.,

[duo-tplex, cf. two-fold, double:

by heart, commit to memory. editus, -a, -um, p.p. of edo.

acies {in two divisions, arranged for successive attacks in the same direction,

edo,
3.

-didi, -ditus, -dere,

v.

a.,

put

forth, give forth

[ex-do], : ex-

or for the

same

tactical pur-

pose).

empla cruciatusque {make an example by inflicting severe torture).

duplico, -avi, -atus,

I. v. a.,

-are,

[duplic-]

editus,

-a,

-um, p.p. as adj.,

ele-

double, increase two-fold.

vated, raised, high.

Vocabulary.
edoceo,
-docui, -doctus, -docere, v. a., show forth, ex-

5i

egent-)
tion.

tas],

f.,

poverty, destitu-

[ex-doceo], 2. plain, inform.

ego, mei,
-ductus,
a.,

educo,
[ex-duco],
forth,

-duxl,
3. v.

-ducere,

(me, etc.).

[cf.

Plur.,

Eng. /], pron., / nos, we, us, etc.

-gredi,

lead out, lead

egredior, -gressus,
gradior],
3. v.

[ex-

draw

(a sword), bring out

-a, -urn,

out, move navi (land, disembark) educo. yond) effarcio, -farsi, -fertus, -farcire, unde erant egressi (the place they ex oppido (evacuate). [ex-farcio], 4. v. a., stuff out, fill in had left)

(baggage-train).

dep., march out, go beyond : fines (pass be;

eductus,

p.p. of

(solid).

egregie
-avi,

[abl. of

egregius], adv.,

[exffemino, or perhaps feffemino- (or -i), in either case from femina],

-atus,
-are,
1. v. a.,

effemino,

remarkably, finely, extremely well. egregius, -a, -um, [e grege (out

of the herd)

common, remarkable, superior, exexactly, (make like a womati), ener- cellent, uncommon, special. vate, weaken : animos {enfeeble, deegressus, -a, -um, p.p. of egrebauch). effero,
fero],

make

into a

woman.

Less

ius], adj., out of the

dior.
extuli, elatus, efferre,

[ex-

irr. v. a.,

landing. carry away. eicio, -jeci, -jectus, -icere, [exspread abroad, make known, publish " abroad, puff up, elate (cf. Eng. car- jacio], 3. v. a., cast out, drive out, Also (cf. edo), raise cast tip (cf. edo). With reflex., ried away."). rush out, rush. up.

carry out, bring out, Less exactly and fig.,

egressus, -sus, [e-gressus, cf. ingressus and egredior], m., a

eflicio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, [ex-

ejectus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of eicio.

facio],
enable,

3. v.

a.,

make

out,

make,

ejicio, see eicio.

cause
nish)

to be,
:

accomplish, cause, produce, make into, make out (fur-

ut praeberent (make them ut sint laboris (make capaut posset (make possible) ble of) classem (get together)
afford)
;

ejusmodi [eius modi], as adj. phrase, of this kind, of such a kind, such, of such a nature, of this nature.
elabor,
3. v.

-lapsus, -labi, [ex-labor],

dep., slip out, escape.

eflfodio,

-fodi,

-fossus,

-fodere,

elapsus, -a, -um, p.p. of elabor. elatus, -a, -um, p.p. of eflfero.

[ex-fodio], 3.V.
eflfossus,
-a,

a., dig out, gouge out. -um, p.p. of eflfodio.

Elaver, -veris, [Celtic], N., a tributary of the Loire, now Allier.

electus,
-a,

eflFugio, -fugi, -fugiturus, -fugere,

-um, p.p. of eligo.

-T,

[ex-fugio],

3. v. a., escape,

flee (ab-

elephantus,

[Gr.

ace.

e'Ae-

solutely), fly from.

<pavTa, declined], M.,

an

elephant.

egens, pres. p. of egeo. egeo, egui, no p.p., egere, [fego(cf. indigus)], 2. v. n., want, need, be in tvant. egens, -entis, pres. p.

Eleuteti, -orum, [Celtic], m. plur.,

(a doubtful reading), a people dependent on the Arverni.

Eleutherl, -orum,
plur.,

[Celtic],

M. sup-

as adj., needy, destitute.

egestas,

-tatis,

[unc. stem (perh.

(a doubtful reading), a posed name of the Cadurci.

52
elieio,
lacio]
,

Vocabulary.
-licui, -licitus,
a.,

-licere,

[ex-

translated by
in

more

def. expressions

3. v.

entice out, draiv out.

-lectus, -ligere,

Eng.,

to the

eligo,
lego],
3.

-legi,
v.

electus,
(troops).

-a,

[ex- on them (it, eo, see is. pick out, select. eodem [old -um, p.p. as ad)., picked
a.,

place (where, etc.), him, etc.).

dat. of

idem,

cf.

eo,

Klusates, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a people of Aquitania.

thither], adv., to the same place, in the same place (cf. eo), there also :

eodem conduxit
[as
;

(to the

same place

emigro,
migro],
ly),
1. v.

-avi,
n.,

-atmus.

-are,

[ex-

emigrate.

(permanent With domo same

(in

remove

eodem pertinere himself]) (look in the same direction, tend the

same way) eodem illo pertinere ut (favored the same idea
; . . .
. . .

sense).

emineo,
mineo],

-nui,

2. v. n.,

no p.p., -nere, [exstand out, project.

cf.

that)

ephippiatus,
(as
if

-a,

-um, [ephippia-

minus

[ex maim,

comi-

stem of verb)

tus,

cf.

aura

nus], adv., at a distance, at long tus], adj., caparisoned : equites (riding on saddles, as a less manly range. emitto, -misi, -missus, -mittere, form of horsemanship).

send

[ex-mitto], 3. v. a., let go, drop, out, throw, hurl, discharge. Pass., or with reflex., rush out.

?,

ephippium,
upon;
cloth,
'Iwiry,

-i,

a horse)],

[Gr. efirnnov (n, N., a horse-

caparison, housing.
-ae,

emo,
orig.

emi, emptus, emere,

3. v.

-y/EM

epistula (epistola),
eVio-ToATj], F.,

[Gr.

take],

compounds).
sell,

Esp.,
,

a.,

(take,

only in

letter,

a note, a mes[Celtic], M., a

buy

(cf.

Eng.
[ex-

sage (in writing), a despatch.

orig. give)

purchase.
-nasci,
out,

Eporedorix,
grow

-igis,

enascor,
nascor]
out.
,

-natus,

nobleman of the Hsedui.

epnluni, -i; plur. -ae, -arum, [?], N.(sing.), F.(plur v\ a feast, a banquet. eques, -itis, [equo f tis (reduced)], M., a horseman, a rider.
Plur.,

3. v. dep.,

spring

enatus,

-a,

enim
nam],

[prob. e

-um, p.p. of enascor. (in en, eeee) -f

adv.,

really.
but,

Esp.,
. .

as ex-

Esp. cavalry.
class at

planatory,

for,

now : neque
not).
-niti,

ing on horseback), a
the

(as orig. servknight (one of

enim (/or of course

nitor],
3. v.

moneyed
to

enitor, -nisus (-nixus),

[ex-

dep., struggle out (ox up).

-a,

So also, a the senate). knight (of Gaul, of a corresponding

rank

Rome,

next in

enuntiatus, emintio.
eniintio,
-avi,
v. a.,

-um,

p.p.

of class).

equester,
-atus,

-tris, -tie,

[equit +tris]

nuntio],
eo,
el/xt,

1.

make

[exkno'wn, re-are,

adj.,

of knights, of cavalry. equidem [e (in en, ecce) -qui-

port, disclose.
ivi (ii),

dem],
itum,
ire, [-y/i, cf.

Gr.

for

ay ami],
dat.

irr. v. n.,

go, pass,

adv., (particle of asseveraOften untion), surely, at least. translatable in Eng. exc. by emphasis,

march.
of is], adv., thither, there (in sense of thither). Often

change of order of words, or some

eo [old

similar device.

equitatus,

-tus,

[equita- (as stem

Vocabulary.
of equito") + tus], M., cavalry, horse (troops serving on horseback).
a Gallic tribe in

53
the region of Nor-

mandy.
et [akin to Gr.
et
. . .

equus,
M.,

-i,

v/ak

vus, swift],

trt],
.

conj.,

and

a horse.

et (both

and).

etiam [et jam], conj., also, even Kratosthenes, -is, [Greek], M., dreek philosopher and mathema- quin etiam (nay more). tician of Alexandria, born at Cyrene etsi [et si], conj., even if alHe was famous for his though, though. B.C. 276. evado, -vasi, -vasurus, -vadere, investigations in geography and asa

-um, p.p. of erigo. ereptus, -a, -um, p.p. of eripio. erga [prob. instr. of same stem as ergo], prep., to-wards (of feeling
-a,

tronomy. ereetus,

[ex-vado], 3. v. n., escape. evello, -velli (-vulsi),-vulsus,

lere,

-vel-

[ex-vello],

3. v. a.,

pull
out,

out.

evenio,
out,

-veni, -venturus, -venire,

4. v. n.,

[ex-venio],

come

turn
cf.

and conduct)
aliquem.

benevolentia erga

happen.
-tus,

eventus,
rarely) [unc. form, perh. erga], adv. with gen., for

[ex-fventus,
M.,

ergo (-0
dat, cf. the sake
of.

eonventus and evenio],

sult, issue, fate, success.

re-

evoeatus, -a, -um, p.p. of evoeo. evoeo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex-voco], rego], 3. v. a., set up straight (cf. 1. v. a., call out, call forth, summon, With reflex., get challenge (ad pugnam), carry away rego), raise up. ereetus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., (cupiditas longius), inviie (omnes up. ad se spe praedae). evoeatus, high, high and straight. eripio, -ripui, -reptus, -ripere, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. and subst, -vetthen.

Alone, therefore,

erigo,

-rexi, -rectus, -rigere,

[ex-

[ex-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away, wrest (a thing from), deprive (one of a thing, changing the relation in
Eng.), take from, rescue
:

eran (of soldiers who have served their time and are only called out in
emergencies), veterans (almost equal
volunteers).

se eripere

ne{sa7'e one's selffrom doing a thing).

evolo,
volo],

-avi,

-aturus,

-are,

[ex-

erro, -avi, -aturus,-are, [?], i.v. n., wander, go astray, err, be mistaken.

ex

n.,fly out, rusk out. (e) [?], adv. (in comp.)

1. v.

and

erumpo,

-rupl, -ruptus,
3. v. a.

[ex-rumpo],
out, sally out,

-rumpere, prep., out of (cf. ab, away from), Less exactly, from (lit. and and n., burst out.

make a
-onis,

sally.
cf.

fig.),

^/"(made of)

ernptio,

[ex-ruptio,

cillimis redegerat

facilia ex diffi(had made easy

erumpo],
sally.

F.,

breaking

out,

F.

esseda, -ae (-um, -i), [Celtic], (and N.), a -war-chariot (of the
essedarius,
[essedo(-a) (rearius], M., a charioteer (a
-i,

Also,

instead of most difficult, as they were). Hence, after. Also, on account of in accordance with, by means of

abcrve (raised from).

Also

Gauls).

duced)

warrior fighting from an essedum). Esuvii, -orum, [Celtic], M. plur.,

(cf. ab), in, on : una ex parte (on one side) ex itinere (on the march, ex vinculis (in starting from it) chains, doing something from them);
;
;

so,

ex equis (on horseback)

ex

54
eorum corporibus
;

Vocabulary.
ex ea
civi-

excedo,
[ex-cedo],

-cessi, -cessurus, -cedere,

3.
v.

tate {from that nation, belonging there); ex fuga (in their flight). Other phrases: ex commutatione

n.,

go

out,

(with abl.), withdraw, retire. solutely, leave the fight.

Ab-

leave

dolere

the change); excelsus, -a, -um, [p.p. of ex{suffer from diem ex die {day after day) magna cello], as adj., high, elevated. ex parte (in a great degree, for the excepto, -avi, -atus, -are, [excatch most part) quaerere ex (ask of, capto, cf. excipio], 1. v. a., ex eo plus doloris up. ask, cf. ab); exceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of excapere (on this account, etc.); ex cratibus (of, made of); unus e cipio. ex communi excido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [exfiliis (one of, etc.); consensu (by common consent) ex caedo], 3. v. a., cut out, cut off, break down (gates). percontatione (by inquiry, from excipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, one which was made) ex Hispania v. a., take off, take up, (a man from); ex eo die quintus [ex-capio], 3. the ad- pick up, receive, catch (of animals). (from, after) ex usu (for come after, come next: vantage, cf. "of use"); ex planitie Hence, follow, editus (above, raised out of); e re- vada (stand, of vessels) vim fluex litteris (in minis (break) alios alii (succeed) gione (opposite) accordance with, from facts stated hunc alii (follow, take up the cry ex tertia parte aesti- in shouting). in, etc.)
;

mare

cf. heres ex asse), excitatus, -a, -um, p.p. of excito. excito, -avi, -atus, -are, [excito, ex contrario (on the contrary). exactus, -a, -urn, p.p. of exigo. cf. excieo], 1. v. a., call out, rouse, Also, raise exagito, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- stimulate (induce).

(as a third,

agito],

I. v. a.,

pursue, drive, har-

(towers), kindle (fire).

ass, persecute.

exclfido,

-clusi, -clusus,

-cludere,

examinatus, -a, -um, p.p. of [ex-claudo], 3. v. a., shut out, cutoff examino. (from doing a thing), prevent. exclBsus, -a, -um, p.p. of exexamino, -avi, -atus, -are, [examin- (stem of examen, tongue of cludo.
the balance)],
I. v. a.,

weigh.

excogito,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[exof

exanimatus, -a, -um, p.p. of ex- cogito], 1. v. a., think out, exeruciatus, -a, -um, animo. exanimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- excrucio.
animo-],
(life),
I. v.

devise.
p.p.

kill.

deprive of exanimatus,
a.,

breath

excrucio,
crucio],
bitor,
cf.

-avi, -atus,

-are,

[ex-

p.p. as adj.,

-um, out of breath, exhausted.

-a,

1. v. a.,

torture, torment.

excubitor,

-toris,

[as

if

ex-fcu-

exardesco,
scere,

up. excited.

excubo], M., a sentinel of the camp or tent). out blaze v. n., lying (as [ex-ardesco], 3. become excubo, -cubui, -cubiturus, -cuFig., become enraged,
-arsi,

no

p.p.,

arde-

exaudio,

-ivi,

-itus,

-ire,

[ex-

bare, [ex-cubo], 1. v. n., lie outside. Esp. of camp, stand guard, keep

audio], 4. v. &.,hear (from a distance).

a night-watch, watch.

Vocabulary.
exeulco,
calco],
dcnuii.
I. v.

55

-avi,
a.,

-atus, -are, [ex- ago], 3. v. a., (lead out), pass, spend, tread down, trample finish, complete : exacta hiems (the end of winter)\ aestas exacta erat

Also

exigue [abl. of exiguus], adv., run out, make a sally. scantily, meagrely : exigue habere excursio, -orris, [ex-cursio, cf. frumentum {have a scanty supply excurro], v., a sally. of, etc.). excusatio, -onis, [ex-fcausatio, exiguitas, -tatis, [exiguo +tas], cf. excuso], F., an excuse. F., scantiness, meagreness: temporis excuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [ex- {short time, want of time) pellium fcauso], 1. v. a., give as an excuse. {small size); castrorum {narrow;

excurro, -curri (-cucurri), -cursurus, -currere, [ex-curro], 3. v. n.,

(rvas ended).

(with

change of relation),

ness,

small

size)
-a,

excuse, exculpate.

exiguus,
(y/AG
-f

-um,
cf.

[ex-faguus
adj.,

exemplum, -i, [ex-templum, y/EM (in emo) + lus (cf. querulus), with parasitic p], precedent,
N., (something taken out), a sample, a copy, a

uus),

exigo],
scanty,

{exact ?),

narrow,
-a,

small,

meagre.

an

See example.

eximius,
^/em
out),

-um,

[ex-femius

also

+ ius), cf. eximo], ady, {taken

exceptional, remarkable, very

edo {put forth).

exeo,
irr. v. n.,

-ivi(-ii), -itum, -ire,

[ex-eo],

high (opinio).
tio,

go forth, go

out, emigrate,

march

out, remove.
-ercui, -ercitus, -ercere,
2. v. a.,

existimatio, -onis, [ex-aestimacf. existimo], f., estimate,

exerceo,
[ex-arceo],
exercise.

opinion.

train, practise,

existimo,
aestimo],

-avi,
a.

-atus, -are,

[ex-

1. v.

and

n.,

estimate,

exercitatio, -onis, [exercita(stem of exercito) + tioj, f., practice, exercise.

believe, think, suppose,

imagine.
cf.

exitus,
M.,

-tus,

[ex-itus,

exeo],

{a going out), a passage (out,

exercitatus,
ercito.

-a,

-um, p.p. of ex-are,

a.,

concretely). Hence, an end, the last part: quern habere exitum {what
is

exercito,
cito-,
cf.

-avi, -atus,

[exertrain,

the result of, etc.).

Fig-,

a reof

practise.

exerceo], 1. v. exercitatus,

sult,

a turn (of fortune), an

S-,

issue.

p.p. as adj., trained.

Superl., -um, very

-a,

expecto and compounds

with
see exs-.
-ivi,

ex

well trained.

expedio,

-itus,

-ire,

[prob.

exercitus, -tus, [as if ex-arcitus, cf. exerceo], m., (a training). Concretely, (a body trained or in
training),

fexpedi-(stem of adj. from ex-pes)], 4. v. a. and n., disentangle, disencumber, set free Less exactly and
get ready,
(cf.
rig.,

impedio).
set

an army

(large or small,

in order,
(of

acting independently), a force.

exhaurio,
rire,

-hausi, -haustus, -hau4. v. a.,

[ex-haurio], Less exactly, carry off (earth).

drain

off.

expeditus, -a, -um, p.p. troops). as adj., unincumbered, easy (iter), not difficult, quick, active, light-

arrange,

station

exigo,

-egi,

-actus,

-igere,

[ex-

arm ed

(of troops), in light march-

56

Vocabulary.
exports,
porto],
1.

ing order (of troops without baggage), mobile (of troops). expeditio, -onis, [as if ex-fpedi-

-avi,
a.,

-atus,

-are,

[ex-

v.

carry out, carry

away, export.

tio, cf.

expedio],

F.,

{light-armed

exposco,
cere,

-poposci,
3.

no
v.

p.p., -posa.,

service ?),

a getting

ready,

de-

[ex-posco],

demand

spatching.

Hence, an expedition: (with eagerness). misit in expeditionem (detached"). exprimo, -press!, -pressus, -priexpello, -puli, -pulsus, -pellere, mere, [ex-premo], 3. v. a., press out,
[ex-pello],
dispel.
3. v. a.,

drive out.

Fig.,

force out
one).

Also

vocem
(cf.

{elicit,

get out of edo), raise up:

experior,
tperior,

-pertus,

-perirl,
cf.

[ex-

pass,
4. v.

of

pario,

op-

turres agger (as the mound of circumvallation rose with the towers on
it

perior],
self?),

dep.,

(get for one's

as

it

approached the

city).

experience, try:

fortunam

{risk, try, bear, endure).

expugnatio, -onis, [ex-pugnatio, cf. expugno], F., a storming (of

a city), taking (of a city by storm). exppgnatus, -a, -um, p.p. of

expertus,
perior.

-a,

-um, p.p. of exp.p. of

-are,

[ex-pio], Trans1. v. a., {purify), expiate. ferred to the signs of divine wrath,

expiatus, -a, -um, expio, -avi, -atus,

expio. expugno.

expugno,
pugno],
capture
1.

-avi,
a.,

-atus,

-are,

[ex:

(by storm), sti(by storming a city)

cities

v.

lake

expiate:
i.e.

incommodum
retrieve).

{wipe out,
[ex-

pendiariis expugnatis {the

their tributaries sacked).

of

make good,
2. v.
a..,

expleo,
pleo],

-plevi, -pletus, -plere,

fill out, fill up,

make

expulsus, exquiro,
rere,

-a,

-um, p.p. of expello.

-quisitus,
v.
a.,

-quisivi,
3.

-qui-

up

required measure). explorator, -toris, [as if ex-

(filling the

[ex-quaero],

search
of ex-

fplorator, cf. exploro] , M., a scout, a pioneer (as a means of reconnoitring, cf. speculator, a spy).

out, inquire, ask for. exquisitus, -a -um, p.p.

quiro.

exsequor,
sequor],

-secutus, -sequi,

exploratus,
ploro. exploro,
ploro,

-a,

-um, p.p. of ex-atus,

-are,

3. v. dep.,

[exfollow out, follow

-sertus,

up: jus
-avi,

{enforce).
-serere,

[ex-

exsero, -semi,

prob.

search

by calling or

crying], I. v. a., investigate, expire, exsearch, examine, reconnoitre.

[ex-sero], 3. v. a., thrust out, uncover.

{disentangle),

exsertus,
exsisto,
rise up,

-a,

-um, p.p. of exsero.

-stiturus( ?),
-sis-

ploratus, -a, -um, p.p., assured, certain : explorata victoria {being

assured of victory)
;

-stiti,

tere, [ex-sisto], 3. v. n.,

stand

out,

habere omnia

come out : malaria {ensue);

out);

explorata {know certainly).

motus {break
out)
.

cornu {grmu
-are,

expono,
[ex-pono],
out
:

-posui, -positus, -ponere,

3. v.
a.,

place out,
Fig., set

set

exspecto,
specto],
1.

-avi,

-atus,

[ex-

exercitum {disembark,
tip,

draw

array)

and n., look out forth for, wail for, wait, wait to see (si,
also
v.
a.

(in speech).

whether, etc.), expect, anticipate.

Vocabulary.
exspolio,
spolio],
strip
I.

57
-torsi,

-avi,
a.,

-atus,

-are,
off.

v.

strip
.

of

(cf.

despolio)

[ex Also,

extorqueo,

-tortus,
2. v. a.,

-tor-

quere, [ex-torqueo],

wrench

Fig., de-

prive, rob (of, abl.).

from, wrest from, force from. extortus, -a, -um, p.p. of extor-

exstinctus, -a, -urn, p.p. of ex- queo. extra [abl. or instr.(?) of exter, stinguo. exstinguo, -stinxi, -stinctus, -stin- cf. supra], adv. and prep., outside, guere, [ex-stinguo], 3. v. a., (punch out of. cut, as a fire in the woods?), extinextractus, -a, -um, p.p. of exguish (lit. and fig.), destroy, put an traho. end to. extraho, -traxi, -tractus, -trahere, exsto, -stiti, -staturus(P), -stare, [ex-traho] , 3. v. a., drag out : mul[ex-sto], 1. v. n., stand out: ex tum aestatis (drag out, waste)
.

aqua

(be above).
-a,

extrudo,
-um, p.p. of ex-structus, -struv.
a.,

-trusi,

-tiusus, -trudere,

exstructus, struo.

[ex-trudo],
out.

3. v. a.,

thrust out, push

exstruo,
ere,

-struxi,

exuo,
verb,
cf.

-ui,

-utus, -uere,
3. v. a.,

[ex- unc.
strip off:

[ex-struo], 3. build up, pile tip.

heap up,

Induo],

armis exutis (deprived of arms).

Also
(cf.

ex siil,
cf.

-ulis,

[ex-y/sAL (of salio,

praesul)

as stem, with
cf.

some

lost

despoil :

despolio), strip, deprive, Romanos impedimentis.

-ussi,

connection of meaning,

consul],

exuro,
uro],

-ustus, -urere,

[ex-

C,

an

exile.
-tera, -terum,
adj.,

3. v. a.,
-a,

bum

up.

exter,

[ex

terus

(reduced)],

outer,

outside.

exutus,

-um, p.p. of exuo.

extremus, -a, -um, super]., farthest, extreme, last : extremi, as subst. (the rear); in extremis lingulis (at
the extremity of, etc.,
this sense)
;

F.

and often in faber, -bri, [V FA (dha? in faeio) ad extremum (till the f ber (for brus)], (m. of faber, ad extremum pro- skilful), a mechanic, an engineer last, at last) ducta casum (to the last extremity) (in an army). ab extrema parte (at t/ie very end); Fabius, -I, [? faba- (beau)+ ius, in extrema spe (almost in despair); cf. Cicero], M., a Roman gentile
;

in extremis suis rebus (in the last

name.

Esp.

I.

Quint us Fabius

extremity);

extrema fames
-terrui,

(the last

Maximus

(Allobrogicus),

who

con-

extremity of hunger).

exterreo,
rere,

-territus,

-ter-

quered the Arverni in B.C. 121 on the Rhone. 2. Gains Fabius, a legatus
of Caesar in Gaul.
facilis,
-e,

[ex-terreo],

2. v. a.,

frighten

away, frighten greatly, terrify. exterritus, -a, -um, p.p. of exterreo.

[ffacoadj.,

(cf.

benefi-

easy (to do, cf. habilis), convenient, zvithout diffi-

cus)

lis],

extimesco,
n.,

-timui,

no

p.p.,

-ti-

mescere, [ex-timesco],

3. v. a.

and

facile, N. culty, easy (generally). as adv., easily, conveniently, without

difficulty.

fear greatly, fear (much), dread.

58

Vocabulary.

facinus, -oris, [ffacin- (as if root of ffacino, longer form of facio,

cf.

factum,
and half

-i,

participle,

N. of p.p., half noun and to be trans:

prodino)+ us], N., a deed {pi lated by either, act, thing done, etc. tulit {took this Esp. (as in English), a id factum graviter any kind). deed (of crime), a misdeed, a crime, action much to heart); recte fac-

act),

guilt (referring to some particular criminal conduct.

tum {good
adverb);
si

conduct, but notice the

facio,

feci, factus, facere,

k) + io (ya)], irr. Used in a great n., make, do, act. conjuvariety of senses as in Eng.

(dha+

quid opus facto {if [-^FAC anything was necessary to be done). v. a. and fio, fieri, as pass, in all senses.

factio,

-onis,
V/

[prob. ffacti

-\-

o,

but treated as
f.,

FAC

^>

c^

co "

rationem {form}
planting)
ceed)
; ;

sementes {do hortatio],

ment.

iter {march, travel, pro-

employ Also, a party, a faction.

a business,

an

vim
;

{use violence, force a

resistance)
;

passage,

offer

rates
;

{build)

testudinem {form)

ea
cf.

-i, see facio. factus, -a, -um, p.p. of facio. facultas, -tatis, [facul (for facili,

factum,

{perform); pacem (as in Eng.); finem orandi {put an end to, stop,
etc., cease, tic^);
;

simul) tas], So, chance, power,

F.,

ease, facility.

opportunity

quantum facultatis dari potuit {so phalangem(yor;) sui fidem {give assurance, also gain be- far as opportunity was offered gratum {do a colligendi {chance to, etc.). Hence, lief, gain credence) favor) senatus consultum {make, concretely, means, resources, supply: verba {speak, act as spokes- navium; facultates ad largienpass) man); potestatem {give an oppor- dum.
)
;

tunity, permit, allow)

Esp. with {do enough, satisfy). clause of result, cause (to), do (omitand ting in Eng. the connective that,
inexpressing the thing done in the So in pass., be done, be dicative).

satisfacere

fagus,

-I,

[prob. y'BHAG, eat,

fruit], F.,

as (-us), from the

fallo,
fefelli,

a beech,
fallere,

beech (of the timber).

falsus,

[? sphal, trip uf\, 3. v. a. and n., deceive : spes aliquem {disappoint)

caused, happen, result, ensue, occur, turn out, be: non sine causa fit {it
is

fallendo {by deceit). -um, p.p., deceived.

falsus,
-a,

falsus, Also (trans-a,

not without reason)

;

fit

ut

{the

ferred to things), false, unfounded.

result is)

quid

fit

posse {be possible) ; {-what is going on); fit

fieri

falx,

falcis,

-um, p.p. of fallo. a [?], F., a sickle,

Also, a hook (of gratulatio {one is congratulated). pruning-hook. Often with two aces, (or with adj. similar form for demolishing walls). fa a, -ae, [V FA ( in for ) + MA 1> corresponding to second ace), make, render: vectigalia deteriora {make F., speech, common talk, reputation. Concretely, a rumor, a story. less, diminish). Esp.: certiorem

facere {inform).
gen.
:

So
;

with

nihil reliqui

ad

pred. celerita-

fames,
vation
:

-is,

[?],

famem

F., hunger, startolerare {keep from

tem

{leave nothing undone, leave no starving, appease hunger). sui commodi familia, -ae, [famulo- (reduced, further possibility) naves {make for his convenience) cf. famul) + ia], f., a collection of
.

Vocabulary
attendants,
to Gaul,

59
cf.

a household. a clan, retainers.

Applied

cis

(reduced),

opacus],

adj.,

fertile.

ris,

farailiaris, -e, [prob. familia + but treated as famili + aris (cf.

fere [?, abl. of stem ffero- (akin to fero, cf. Lucifer)], adv., almost,
about.

alaris, animalis)], adj., of the household: res {estate, property*). Esp. as subst., a friend.
tas],
-tatis, [familiari + intimacy {with, genitive). fas [y/FA (in for) + as], indecl.

Also,
tuli,

erally, usually,

almost ahvays, genfor the most part.

With negatives, hardly.

fero,
tollo],
latus (for tlatus), ferre,

familiaritas,
i-\,

[y'BHAR, bear, and -y/TOL (tla) in

irr.

a.

and

n.,

bear, carry,

right (in conscience, or by divine non est fas {permitted, allaw)

N.,
:

endure, tolerate, stand, "withstand, Often in a loose carry off, win.

sense, translated by various special lowed) fastigate [abl. of p.p. of fasti- words in Eng., commit, offer, etc. With reflex, or in pass., rush, pass, go], adv., sloping. With fastigatus,-a,-um, p.p.offastigo. proceed, roll (of a river).
.

fastigium,
form akin
tigo)
to

-I,

[ffastigScf.

(unc.

advs. indicating

manner of receiving

fastus, scorn,
cf.

cas-

ium,

tion, slope,

fastigo], n., elevadescent (of a slope).

-avT, -atus, -are,
i. v. a.,

anything, suffer, bear, take it, feel : acerbius ferre inopiam {suffer severely from) ; ferre {be much
at)
;

magno cum
pained

dolore

fastigo,
(cf.

[ffastigo-

or indignant

moleste (graviter) ferre {be at, take hard, be indignant at). Special uses responsa {carry auxilium {carry away, receive) arma {bear arms, for], N., {what is spoken, cf. fas), aid, assist) fate, lot. fight) ; signa (bear on the standards, faveo, favi, fauturus, favere, [?], march); ventus ferebat (carried 2. v. n., the ships, blew) consuetudo fert favor. fax, facis, [?], F., a torch, a fire- (is) ; opinio fert (goes) ut natura

fastigium)],

point. Esp. fastigatus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj., inclined, sloping. frit urn, -I, [n. of i'atus, p.p. of

bring

to

annoyed

montis ferebat (according to the brand, fire (lighted missiles). felicitas, -tatis, [felic- (as if outline of the mountain). felici-) + tas] F., good fortune, good ferramentum, -I, [as if ferraluck, lucky star: summa {perfect (stem of verb from ferrum) + mensuccess) turn], N., a tool (of iron). feliciter [felic- (as if felici-) + ferraria, -ae, [f. of ferrarius],
,
.

ter], adv., happily, fortunately, luckily, successfully.

F.,

an iron mine.
ferreus,
-a,

femina,

-ae,

[fe-

(stem of feo)
v.,

(-YAS)],
iron).

adj.,

-um, [ferro + eus of iron, iron (made of

[?], N., iron,
steel.

+ mina, cf. alumna], a female.

femur,
ferax,
fera, see ferus.
-acis,

a woman,

ferrum,

-I,

-oris, [?], N., the thigh.

fertilis, -e,
y'FER-l- tilis)
]
,

[fferti
adj
.

lis,

(as

if

fertile, fruitful.

(akin to fero)

[reduced noun-stem ax, as if ffera +

fertilitas,
F.,

-tatis,

[fertili

tas],

fertility.

6o
ferus,
rusk)
beast,
-a,

Vocabulary.
-um, [^/fer (dhvar,
cf.

finio,
4. v. a.,

-ivi

(-ii), -itus, -ire, [fini-],

us,

ferocious.

deer], adj., wild, Fern, as subst., wild

set

bounds

to,

limit, bound,

measure (ending a

division).

game. fervefacio,

-feci, -factus, -facere,

[fferve- (case-form akin toferveo) -|-facio], irr. v. a., heat, heat red boundaries, limits, territories, counhot (jacula).
try.
-a,

finis, -is, [?], M., a limit, an end : finem facere {put an end to, cease); Plur., quern ad finem {as far as).

fervefactus, fervefacio.
ferveo,
fervere,
2. v. n.,

-um,

p.p.

of

f initimus,
adj.,

-a,

-um,[fini-|-timus]

on the borders, neighboring, adneighbors

ferbui

[noun-stem akin
-ae,

(fervi), no p.p., to febris],

jacent,

subst., neighbors.

(of). Also,
+

Plur.
it 11

as

fin

m us
adv.,

be hot, be red-hot.

fio

[V FU m

fl"]> as passive of
ter],

[-y/FiG (in bula], F., a clasp, a buckle.

fibula,

Ago)

facio, which see.

finniter

[firmo
-inis,

Actus,

-um, p.p. of fingo. fidelis, -e, [fide- (stem of fides)

-a,

firmly, stoutly, steadily.

firmitudo,
F., solidity,

[firmo

tudo],

lis], adj., faithful.

strength (of resistance).

-atus,

es],

-ei, [-y/FiD (bhid, bind) + a promise, a pledge : laedere fidem facere {give {break faith)

fides,
F.,

firmo,
I .v.a.,

-avi,

-are, [firmo-],

Esp. of promised
tection,

Also, good faith, fidelassurance) Transferred, confidence, faith ity. (in); fidem facere {ga i n credence).

make strong, strengthen, fortify. firmus, -a, -um, [ ^/dhar + mus]

adj.,

strong (for resistance), firm,

steady: pars
{weakest).

hostium minime firma

a pile-driver.

protection, pro-

fistuca,

-ae, [?], F.,

rum
. .

dependence, alliance : in fide erat civitas (to

subject,

quo-

whom

flagito, -avi, -atus, -are, [as if fflagito-, p.p. of ffl^go, akin to

under whose protec- flagrum], 1. v. a., ask (in heat ?), tion) in fidem se permittere {place demand earnestly : Haeduos fruthemselves under protection of, etc.). mentum {grain of the ALduans). fidacia, -ae, [ffiduc- (ffidu + flamma, -ae, [-y/FLAG-f ma], F., cus, reduced, cf. ferax) + ia], F., flame, fire.
.

was
;

confidence, reliance.

fleeto,

flexi,

fiexus, flectere,

[?],

figura,
fingo,
shape,

-ae,

[ffigura,
f.

(VFIG

>

in
f.,

3. v. a.,

bend, turn.
fie vi, fletus, flere,

+ us) form.
-ae,

of rus],
F.,

fleo,

and
[f.

n.,

weep

filia,

of filius],

fletus,

[?], 2. v. a. flentes {in tears) -tus, [fie- (stem of fleo

:
.

daughter.
filius,
-I,

[?], M., a son.

3. v. a.,

as root) -f tus], M., weeping, lamentation : magno fletu {with many

fingo,
cf.

finxi, fietus, fingere, [-^/fig,

figura],

invent, contrive.
p.p. as adj.

fietus,

mould.

tears)

Fig.,

flo, flavi, flatus, flare, [?],

1.

v. n.

-a,

-um,

and
as

a.,

blow.

ficta

and subst., N. pi., fictions: respondeant {make up an.

florens, -entis,[pres.p. offloreo],

adj.,

blooming.

Fig., flourish-

swers)

ing, prosperous, influential

(juve-

Vocabulary.
nis)
:

61
suc:

florentissimis rebus (in inost

.

resources, chances
cess.

prosperous circumstances) flos, floris, [?], M., a flower.

Fig., the flotoer (of troops).

(means) of Esp., good fortune, success

fortunam
chances).

temptare

(try

one's

fluctus,
cf.

-tus,

[-^/flu(g) (influo,

fluxi) + tus], M., a wave. flurnen, -inis, [y'FLU(G) (influo,

fortunatus, -a, -um, [p-pfortuno], as adj., fortunate.

of

cf.

frumentum)+men],

N.,

a river.

forum, -1, [akin to fora], open place), a market-place.

the

(an Esp.,
N.,

lino, fluxi, fluxus (fluxurus, flucturus, fluiturus), fluere, [ x/flu(g), cf.

Forum
Rome).

(the great market-place

of

fruor], 3. v. n., flow. fodio, fodi, fossus, fodere, [?],

3. v. a.,

fossa,

-ae,

[f.

of fossus, p.p. of

fodio],

F.,

ditch,
?,

a trench. a pitfall.
frangere,

dig.
-eris,

fovea,
us],

-ae, [

perh. akin to foveo,

F.,

cf.

foedus, fidus)

[y'FlD (in fides, N., a treaty.

M.,

as a pit for storage],

fraotus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of frango.

fractus,

tons, fontis, [?], a spring.

fore, see

a fountain,

frango,

fregi,
3. v. a.,

[yTRAG],

forem,

see

sum. sum.

body). Esp. Fig., break doivn, crush.

break (as a solid of ships, wreck.

out of doors.

forls [abl. plur. of fora], as adv., Less exactly, outside

(beyond the siege

lines).

forma, -ae, [dhar (in firmus) + ma], F., shape, form.

fors,
fortis,
f.,

duced)],

[-y/FER + tis (rechance. forte, abl. as

-tris, [prob. ^/fer + ter, pater], m., a brother. fraternus, -a, -um, [frater + nus], adj., of a brother, fraternal : nomen (the name of brothers). fraus, fraudis,[ ?, akin tofrustra],

frater,

cf.

F., loss.

adv., by chance, perchance, accidentally, as it happened.

Hence, treachery, deceit. fremitus, -tus, [fremi- (stem of

tus], m., a

fremo) +

murmur,

forte, see fors.

fortis,
strong,
-e,

confused noise, a roar.

brave
.

[akin to firmus], adj., : vir fortis (a man

frequens,

-entis,

[orig. pres. p.

of courage) fortiter [forti+ter], adv., bravefretns, -a, -um, [root akin to ly, stoutly, undauntedly : fortius firmus + tus], adj., relying on, confactum (any deed of prowess). fident in (on account of). fortitudo, -inis, [forti + tudo], frigidus, -a, -um, [ffrigo- (whence F., bravery, prowess. frigeo) + dus], adj., cold. fortuito [abl. of ffortuitus, p.p. frigus, -oris, [y'FRiG (in frigeo, of verb in -uo, cf. fortuna], adv., etc.) + us], n., cold. Plur., cold by chance, accidentally, fortuitously. (cold "snaps," frosts). fortuna, -ae, [ffortu- (y'FER-|frons, frontis, [?, akin to brow~\, tus, cf. fortuito) + na, F. of -nus], f., brow, face : a media fronte F., fortune, chance, fate, lot (one's (from the middle of the forehead). Less exactly, front, broiv : a fronte fortune), chances (belli), success

akin to farcio], adj., crowded, numerous, in great numbers.

(good or bad).

Plur.,

fortunes,

(in front).

62
fructuosus,
osus],
adj.,
-a,

Vocabulary.
-um, [fructu
-f
I
.

fugo,
v. a.,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[fuga-],

fruitful.
-tus, [

put

to flight, rout.

fructus,

M., enjoyment.

a/fru(g) + tus], Hence, (what one

fumo,
1.

-avi, -atus, -are,

[fumo- J,

v. n.,
1

smoke.
1 1

I'u n s, -1, [ y'FU (dhu) enjoys), fruit (of the earth, or of any kind of labor), crops, income: akin to dust\ M., smoke. victoriae {advantages of victory). smoke (in several columns).

+ mus,
Plur.,

frumentarius, -a, -um, [fi'umento- (reduced) + arius], adj., of

grain : loca (fruitful in grain) res (grain supply, provisions); in;

funda,
Gr.,
cf.

-ae,

<T(pevj6vri~], v.,

[akin to fiindo, perh. a sling.

funditor,
verb-stem)
stinger.
-f

-toris,

[funda (as
viator],

if

tor,

cf.

M., a

opia (scarcity of grain).

frumentatio, -onis, [frumenta(stem of frumentor) + tio], f.,

foraging, gathering grain, harvesting.

fundo,
[y'FUD],
rout, rout.

fiidi,

fusus,

3. v.

actly, scatter.

Esp. of
[?], M.,

a.,

pour.

fundere, Less

exto

battle,

put

frumentor,
mento-],
grain.
I.

-tatus,

-tari,

[fru-

fungor,
funis,

functus, fungi, [?],

3. v.

v.

dep., forage, gather

dep., perforin (abl.).

-is,

a rope.
N.,

frumentum,
turn], N.,

[fru(g) + mengrain (cf. fructus).

-I,

funus,
Gr.

-eris,

[unc. root (akin to

<p6vos ?)

us],

(murder?),
(cf.

fruor,
cf.

fructus,
3. v.

frui,

[^/FRu(r,),

death, a funeral.

fruges],

frustra
without

[abl.

dep., enjoy. or instr. of

to

furor,
stem
4-

-oris,

[y'FUR

furo)

akin to fraus], adv.,

effect.

no purpose,

or], M., madness, frenzy, fury. furtuin, -i, [n. p.p. of lost verb

akin to fur, thief ~\, N., theft, a theft. Rofusil is, -e, [fuso- (p.p. of fundo) man gentile name. Esp., Gains + lis, cf. flexilis], adj., (capable of Fufus Cita, a Roman knight doing being poured), molten (of metals). business at Cenabum, killed by the Fusius, -i, [perh. akin to fundo], Gauls. See m., a Roman gentile name. fuga, -ae, [ FUG + a], F., flight : Fufius.

Fnflus

(-sius),

-i,

[?], M., a

fit

fuga (a rout ensues)

se (take
to flight)

fugae

In turns, see

sum.

mandare

fugam
;

petere (seek safety by flight, escape) ex fuga evaserat (had escaped from
the flying

crowd). fugatus, -a, -um,

fugi,

G.
Gabali, -orum, [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic people, dependants of the Arverni.

p.p. of

fugo.
fugere,

fugio,
fly, fly

fugiturus,
3. v. a.

[-^/FUG (in fuga)],

from. fugitivus,

and

n.,

Fig.,

shun, avoid.

-a,

-um, [fugi- (stem

adj.,

of

fugio?)

way.

tivus],
as

runa-

Plur.

subst.,

runaway

Gabinius,-i,[Gabino-(cf.Gabii) ius], M., a Roman gentile name. Esp., Aulus Gabinius, consul with
B.C. 58.

slaves.

Lucius Piso in

Vocabulary.

63

gaesum,

-I,

[Celtic], N., a javelin.

-I,

of the Allobroges, at the outlet of

Gil jus (Cajus, C.)>

[?], M., a

Roman pnsnomen.
Galba,
-ae, [Celtic,

Lake Leman, now Geneva. gener, -eri, [?], M., a son-in-law.

Esp.

M., a Gallic
:

1.

generatim [as if ace. of fgenemeaning^/], and Roman family name. ratis (genera -f tis)], adv., by tribes. Servius Sulpicius Galba, gens, gentis, [^/gen -f tis (re-

a legatus of Cresar. the Suessiones.

2.

king of duced)],

F.,

tribe,

a clan, a people.

galea,
v.,

-ae, [?,

akin to

Genua, -ae, a galerus], ing for Genava.

by

less correct spell-

a helmet (of leather, worn

cavalry).

Gallia, -ae, [f. of adj. in -ius, Gallo + ius], F., Gaul, including all the country bounded by the Po, the
the Rhine, the ocean, the Pyrenees, and the Mediterranean, thus occupying all northern Italy,

genus, -eris, [^/gen + us], N., a generation, a race, a fa??iily (stock), a nation, a tribe. Less exactly, a

kind,

sort,

class.

Also,

ab-

stractly,

kind,

character,
:

nature,

Alps,

method (pugnae) genus hominum (the character of the inhabitants).

France, and Belgium. Gallicus, -a, -um, [Gallo adj., of the Gauls, Gallic.

Gergovia, -ae, [Celtic], F., a city in the lands of the Arverni.

+ cusj,
+

Germain, see Germanus. Germania, -ae, [f. of adj.

-ius, cf.

in

gallina, -ae, [gallo- (a cock) ina], F., a hen.

Gallia], f., Germany, the whole country between the Rhine, the

Gal Ius, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., of Danube, the Vistula, and the sea. As subst., a Gaul, Gaid, Gallic. Germanieus, -a, -um, [Germano the Gauls. Also, as a Roman family + cus], adj., of the Germans, Gername. Esp., Marcus Trebius Gal- man, Germanic.

lus,

a military tribune in Caesar's army. Garumna, -ae, [Celtic], c, a

Germanus,
German
or
is
its

river of

S.W. Gaul, now the Garonne.

-orum, [Celtic], M.
pi.,

-a, -um, [?], adj., (of the country of Germany people. The name of the people

Garumni,

the original, but as usual

.

a Gallic tribe in the Pyrenees, on the head waters of the Garonne.

tive)

is

an adjec-

Plur. as subst., the

Germans.

Gates, -um,

[Celtic], m. plur., a

Gallic people of Aquitania.

gero, gessi, gestus, gerere, [ -^/ges, of unc. kin.], 3. v. a., carry (indicating a more lively action than fero),
carry on, manage, wage (war), hold (a magistracy), do (any business). Pass., be done, go on (of opera-

gaudeo,
vido(?,

cf.

gavisus, gaudere, [tgaaudeo)], 2. v. n., be

delighted, rejoice.

gavisus,
of

-a,

-um, p.p. (neut. pass.)

gaudeo.

rem bene (male) (operate tions) successfully or otherwise, carry on

:

(-duni), -orum, [CelM. plur., a Belgian tribe, dependants of the Nervii.

tic],

Geidumni

operations,

succeed

well

or

ill);

negoti bene gerendi (of successful his rebus gestis (after action)
;

Genabensis,

see

Cenabensis.
f.,

these

operations)

Genabum,
Genava,

see

Cenabuni.
a city

ploits, operations,

-ae,

[Celtic],

gestus,

-a,

res gestae (exa campaign). -um, p.p. of gero.

;

64
gladius,
-i,

Vocabulary.
[?], M., a sword.
F.,

gratulatiS,
cf.

-onis,

[gratula+tio,

glaeba

(gle-), -ae, [?],

a clod

frumentatio],
(of others or

f.,

(of earth), a lump.

tion
F.,

a congratulaone's self), re{there

is

glans, glandis, [?],

acorn.

Also, a ball
-ae, [
F.,
?,

a nut, an

(for shooting).

joicing : fit gratulatio great rejoicing).

gleba, see glaeba.

gloria,
for

gratulor,
cf.

-atus, -ari,
I. v.

[fgratulo-

fclovosia,

(grato
late.

lus)],
-a,

dep., congratu-

inclutus], glorior,
I. v.

fame, glory.
-an,

-atus,

[gloria-],

gratus,

-um,

[p.p.

of lost
:

dep., glory in, boast <?/"(abl.).

-I,

Gnaeus (Cnejus, Cn.), [akin to gnavus], M., a Roman prcenomen.

Gobannitio,
getorix.
-onis,

verb], adj., pleasing, grateful

graf r

turn facere {do a favor).

[Celtic], M.,

one of the Arverni, uncle of Vercin-

si

gravis, -e, fgarus, cf. Gr.

[for

fS arv i s >
adj.,

fiapvs],

heavy.

Fig., serious, severe,

hard : gravi;

oris aetatis {more

advanced years)
;

Gorgobina
[Celtic],
F.,

(Gergovia),

-ae,

gravius quid acciderit {if anycaeri-

a city in the territory of

thing serious should occur)

the Haedui, founded by the Boii emigrating from Cisalpine Gaul.

monia

{solemn, binding}

-um, [Gr. TpamSs'], As subst., adj., ofthe Greeks, Greek. a Greek, the Greeks. Cf. Germanus
-a,

Graecus,

for relation of

noun and

adj.

gravius statueret {that not pass any very severe judgment). gravitas, -tatis, [gravi + tas], F., weight. Fig., importance, power. graviter [gravi + ter], adv.,

ne quid he woidd

Grajoceli, -orum, [?], m. plur., a people of the Alps, near Mont Cenis.

heavily,
force.

with greater weight, with

Fig.,

severely,
to

seriously

grandis,
great size. gratia,
ia],
F.,

-e,

[?], adj., large, of

graviter ferre {take

heart, suffer

[grato- (reduced) + "gratefulness'''' (in both Eng.

-ae,

from); premere {press hard); multo gravius exarsit {more violently)

.

grava-)], I. v. a., make heavy Pass, as dep., {make Hence, in- (cf. levo). ers), good-will, favor. fluence, friendship, source of influ- heavy for one's self), be reluctant, be ence, ground of friendship. Esp. unwilling, object. Grudii, -orum, [Celtic], M. plur., gratias agere ( express gratitude, render thanks, thank) gratias ha- a Belgian people, dependants of the bere {feel gratitude, be grateful ) Nervii.
(as
if

senses of grateful), gratitude (that one has from others or towards oth-

gravo,

-avi,

-atus, -are,

[gi'avi-

gubernator, -toris, [guberna + pay off an obliga- tor], M., a pilot, a helmsman. tion, requite) gusto, -avi, -atus, -are, [fgustSgratiam inire {secure the gratitude of any one, con- (stem akin to gustus, Gr. ytvov, With gen., for the sake of, Eng. choose)'], I. v. a., taste, eat. ciliate) on account of for, to (for the purpose Gutruatus, -i, [Celtic], M., a of) purgandi gratia {to excuse leader of the Carnutes.
gratias [gratiam] referre {make a
grateful return,
;
.

one's self).

Vocabulary.

65

H.
habeo,
[?,

land, remaining from the great expedition of the Cimbri.

habui,
(cf.

habitus,

habere,
2. v.
a.

haud

[?], adv., not (negativing

fhabdn.,
:

habilis)],

single words).

and
sess

sedes

have, hold, keep, occupy, pos; equitatum circum se

;

Helvetieus,
( reduced)

-a,

cus],

-um, [Helvetioadj., Helvetian

and so offer} (see Helvetius). habere (be) Helvetius, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., quantum in se habet (as much as of the Helvetii (a tribe between the there is in, etc.) secum habere Lake Leman, the Rhone, and the
itself,
;

aditum {have in castra {occupy')

se

apud se (have with him, also de- Rhine). Cf. Germanus censum and the like {hold, form. As subst. plur., the tain)
or
;

for

the

Helvetii,

conduct)

contentiones {carry on)

(deliver). Esp. with p.p. as a sort of continued perfect

orationem

the people.

Helvii, -orum, [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic tribe in the Roman province.

(wh. the perf. of modern languages),

have, hold, keep
:

redempta habere
;
;

Hercynius (Oreyn-), -a, -um, [Teutonic], adj. (only with silva),

Hercynian (the great forest embracing all the mountain country of

(buy up
strictas

and

(keep
:

civitates obhold) tinder obligation)

equitatum Also, treat

consider
(cf.

coactum
:

(get and keep). Germany). hereditas, -tatis, [hered- (as if pro amico. Hence, hold) pro explorato heredi-) -f tas], v., inheritance, an

{consider certain).

Esp.

rationem inheritance.

habere, keep an account, take an account of, have regard for, consider,
regard, act in view of: satis habere {be satisfied, be content) habere
;

hibernaeulum,
(stem of hiberno)

-I,

[hiberna-

quemadmodum oppida defenderent {have any means of, etc.). Haeduus (Aed-), -a, -um, [Celtic],

{place to quarters (esp. of the tents or camp, cf. hiberna, the general word). Hibernia, -ae, [?], F., Ireland.
cf.

winter).

culum], n., Plur., winter

of the Htedui, a powerful Gallic tribe between the Loire and

adj.,

hibernus, -a, -um, [hiem+ernus, nocturnus], adj., of winter, win-

the Saone.
the

As
if

ter (as adj.).

subst.,

a Hceduan,

Neut.pl. (sc. castra), winter quarters, a winter encamp-

Hadui.
-avi, -aturus, -are, [as if

ment.

haesito,

fhaesitd- (as
.

haeseo, cf. reo] 1 v. n.,gel caught,

,

hie [fb-i- (loc. of hi-c) ce], haereo, for here (cf. hlc), in this place, dictito), freq. of hae- (of a place just mentioned).
p.p. of
slick, struggle

adv.,

there

(caught in a marsh).

ham us,

stem)

-i,

[?], m.,
-inis,

a hook.

hie, haec, hoc, hujus, [hi- (pron. + ce, cf. ecee, cetera], pron., (pointing to something near the

harpago,

inized) +0], like a fire-hook), a grappling-iron.

[Gr. apirdyr) (latm., a hook (esp. for walls,

speaker in place, time, or interest),

this, these, he, they, this

or thing).
fore

Referring
:

man {woman
to things be-

Harades, -um, [Teutonic], M. pi., a German tribe originally from Jut-

mentioned (but with more emhie

phasis than is)

pagus unus

66
{this

Vocabulary.
one canton)
;

ex his qui arma hours from

ferre possent {of these [before enu-

merated], those who, etc.). commonly, of what follows

sunrise to sunset, which were not of equal length at all times Less of the year, but were always so many

his

twelfths of the solar day.

mandatis
these).

Esp.

{the following, as follows,

:

horreo,

horrui,

no

p.p., horrere,

haec memoria
:

{the

tempus {the present generation) present) ; his paucis diebus(Ti'///// a feiv days). hoc, neut. abl., used

[fhorro- (y'HORR, orig. hors) +us, prob. used orig. of the sensation
called
hair seems to stand

"goose pimples," where the on end. In Sk.

is

adverbially, in this respect, on this

account, by so much. a more definite word

Often
is

the root

used of intense delight,

where
:

which

used in Eng.
. . .

his ita respondit {to this embassy). the Often hie . . . ille, the one

sometimes accompanied by the same sensation], 2. v. n. and a., bristle (see above). Hence, shudder
is

at,

other,

this

(near by)

the other

page)

(farther off), this last (nearer the other, the latter

. . .

on the
.
. .

dread. horribilis, -e, [horro- (as if stem of horreo, but prob. stem of fhor-

the

former.

rus, see above) +bilis], adj., to be shuddered at, frightful, dreadful.

hiemo,
(as
if

-avi, -aturus, -are,

I.

[hiem-

hiema-)],

v. n.

horridus, -a, -um, [fhorro- (wh. horreo)+dus], adj., horrible, dreadful.

hiemps, -emis, F., winter. hinc [fhim (loc. of fhi) + ce], adv., from here, hence. ispania, -ae, [Hispand + ia (f.
1 1

hortatus, -a, -um, p.p. of hortor. hortor, -tatus, -tan, [for horitor,
freq. of old

fhorior],

I. v.

dep., en-

of-ius)], F.(of adj., cLGoIIva), Spain.

Hispanus,
Spanish.

-a,

-um,

[?],

adj.,

Less courage, urge on, urge, address. exactly, of things, urge, move, prompt.

hospes,
wh. see)

-itis,

[prob. ghas-patis,

(abl. of hi-c, die], adv., to-day, notv.

hodie [ho

orig. host

homo, -inis, [prob. humo + o], C, a human being (cf. vir, a man, as a male), a man (including women).

{lord of eating)'], M., a host. Also, a guest, a stranger. Hence, a guest friend (in the peculiar relation of hospitium, which was a

kind of hereditary friendship between

honest us, -a, -um, [honos (orig. persons of different countries, not stem of honor) +tus], adj., esteemed, personal, but of a family or state), a friend (of the kind above menworthy, honorable.
respected,

honor(-os),

-oris,

[unc. root

-\

or],

tioned)

familiaris et hospes {a

M., honor, respect:

hospitium, -i, [hospit + ium], of respect). Also, honorable position. honorificus, -a, -um, [honor (as N., the relation of host (or guest). Hence (cf. hospes), friendship : if honori) -fficus (cf. benefieus)], hospitium atque amicitia {alliance adj., honorable {giving honor). and friendship, family and personal honos, see honor. hospitio Ariovisti hora, -ae, [Gr. Spa, orig. season'], friendship)
.,

honoris

ca,u.sa,{oitt

personal

and family friend).

The utebatur {was an hour (of the day). Romans divided their day into twelve tions with, etc.).

in

friendly rela-

Vocabulary.
host is,
f tis],
-is,

67
[is

[^/ghas

(cf.

hospes)

idem, eadem, idem,

dem,

C, (orig. guest), a stranger,

(of the state), the enemy either sing, or plur.).

dum],

adj. pron., the

same.

Often

cf.

an enemy

(collectively,

hfie [ho- (dat. of hi-, see hie) + ce], adv., hither, here (in sense of hither), to this {place, and so forth,
cf.

same thing {things), the same : eadem quaerit {makes the same inquiries) idem castellum
as subst., the
;

{this

very fort).

eo)

hue accedebant
;

{to

these

[ships
cf.

lie fore

mentioned] were added,

identidem [prob. iden-ftadem (case-form of ^/ta, in tarn + dem)], adv., repeatedly, again and again.
ideo [id
eo, this for this reason],
adv., therefore,

accedo)

accedebat hue (in

fact there was,
-tatis,

addition

to this

etc.).

for

this reason.

hiijusmodi, see hie and modus.

humanitas,
tas],
F.,
,

[humano
opposed

-f

humanity

(as

tu

idoneus, -a, -um, [?, akin to idem?], adj., fit, suitable, adapted: homo {capable) tempestas {fav;

brutishness) civilization, cultivation,

orable)

refinement, courtesy.

Idus,
aestus],
the lunar

-uum,
F. plur.,

[?,

perh.

akin

to

hiimanus,

-a,

-um, [stem akin to

homo

and humus(?)
see
-e,

nus],

adj.,

month

the Ides (a day of falling at the full

civilized, cultivated, refined.

humerus,
humilis,
low, shallow
loiv,

umerus.

[humo+lis],
altus, deep).

(cf.

adj.,

moon, conventionally on the 15th of March, May, July, October, and the 13th of the other months, and used
by the Romans to reckon dates). ignis, -is, [unc, same word as
Sk. agnis, the God offire], M.,fire: igni necari {to be burned to death)
.

Fig.,

humble, poor: Ubios humiliores redegerunt {humbled, rendered less

important).
h
F.,
11

militils,

-tatis,

[humili

lowness, shallowness.

+ tas],
hum-

Plur., camp-fires.

Fig.,

ignobilis,
adj.,

ble position.

-e, [in-(g)nobilis], not famous, obscure.

I.

ignominia, -ae, [fignomin- (in(g)nomen) + ia], f., want of fame,

disgrace.

Almost
-avi,

concretely, dis-

I.,

sign for

11

nus,

etc., one.

graceful defeat.

ibi [old case-form of is

(cf.

tibi)],

ignoro,

-atus, -are,

[igna-

adv., there (in a place before

men-

tioned).

ro-], 1. v. a., fail to notice, not know, be ignorant of. Pass., be unob-

Iceius,
the Remi.

-i,

[?], M., a

nobleman of served : non ignorans {not unaware of).

ignoseo, -novi, -notus, -noscere, which meaning) (g)nosco], 3 v. n. and a., pardon.
[in- (unc.

M.,

n i l> o)+ tus], ietus, -tus, [-v/ IC a stroke : ictus scorpionis {a

Id., abbrev. for

shot of, etc.).

Idus.

ignotus,
adj.,
il lit tus,

-a,

-um, [in- (g) notus],

idcirco [id

(n. ace. of is) -circo

unknown,

(case-form of same stem as circa,

strange. see inlatus.

circum)],
this reason.

%.<$.\.,for

that reason, for

ille, -a, -ud, [old

ollus, fr. -y/AN lus(?)], pron., that (of some-

68
thing remote,
subst.
cf.

Vocabulary.
hie).
to

Often
they
:

as

immortalis,
adj.,

-e,

(opposed phatic word), he,

ille {this
.

some other emit,

[in-mortalis],
cf.

immortal.
-e,

she,

hie

immunis,

[in-fmunis,
adj.,

that, the other, the latter

communis

and munia],
-tatis,

the former}.

free

illic [loc. adv.,

to

of ille

ce,

cf.

hie],

from tribute. immunitas,

tas]
adj.,
,

[immuni +
,

(more remote, opposed hie, near by), in that place (na:

.

there

f.,

freedom from public burdens.

imparatus, -a, -urn, [in-paratus]

unprepared, not ready.
-i,

illic tion, country, etc.) the place to which, but

quo (in with more

.

impedimenta in,

emphasis than ibi

illigatus,
illo
[dat.

[impedi

quo).
attached.

-a, -urn., p.p.,

of ille, cf. eo], adv., thither, there (in sense of thither).

illustris, see inlustris.

mentum], n., a hindrance: esse impedimento (to hinder). Esp. in

a baggage train (including the beasts of burden), packplur., baggage,

horses.

Illyrieiim,

-i,

[?, n. of adj.], n.,

impedio,
(in-pes, as

-ivi, -itus, -ire,

if

Illyria (the country east of Venetia and the Adriatic, and west of Mace-

[fimped4. v.

impedi-)],

donia and Thrace.

Gauls).

It

Caesar's province along with the

belonged to two

entangle, hamper, interfere 'with. Fig., hinder, embarrass, impede : in

a.,

iura (hinder in exercise of).

hn-

imbecillitas,
tas],
F. ,

-tatis, [imbecillo + weakness, feebleness : animi

hampered, entangled, occupied, difficult (navip.p.,

peditus,

-a,

-urn,

(feebleness of purpose, pusillanimity).

gatio), impassable (loca) esse victoribus nihil impeditum (there is no obstacle in the way ;
:

of,

etc.)

imber,
M.,

imbris, [?,cf. Gr. oyufyws],

a rain-storm, a rain.
-tatus, -tari, [fimito-, p.p.
(cf.

prospectus (interrupted). impello, -puli, -pulsus,

[in-pello],
instigate.
3. v. a.,

-pellere,

imitor,
of

drive on.

Fig.,

fimo

imago)],

i. v.

dep.,

imitate, copy. i id a 11 i s, -e, [in- fmanus, good ?] , " adj.,(" uncanny ?), monstrous, huge,

impendeo,
2. v. n.,

-ere,

[in-pendeo],
[p.p. of

overhang.
-a,

impensus,
pendo],
(of price).
M.,

-urn,

im-

enormous.

adj., expensive,

immineo
p.p.,

very high

-minere,

(inm-), no perf., no [in-mineo], 2. v. n.,

overhang, project.

Fig., threaten.

immissus,
mitto.

-a,

-urn,

p.p.

immitto (inm-),
-mittere,
in,
let

-misi,
3. v.

[in-mitto],

imperator, -toris,[impera+tor], commander (in chief). of imimperatum, -i, [n. p.p. of impero], N., an order, a command: -missus, ad imperatum (at one's command). let a., imperatus, -a, -um, p.p. of imthrozv

down

(into),

insert,

(upon).

pero. imperfectus,
fectus],
adj.,

immolo,

-avi, -atus,

-are,

[fim-

mola- (in-mola)], 1. v. a., (sprinkle with the sacred meal), sacrifice. purpose, unsuccessful.)

-a, -um, [in-perunfinished : re imperfecta (without accomplishing one's

Vocabulary.
Imperitus,
adj.,
a, -um, [in-peritus], ignorant, unacquainted with,

69
-a,

iniplioatus, plico.

-um, p.p. of im-atus (-itus),

a.,

unversed

in.

implico,
-are,

-avi (-ui),
I.

imperiuni, -I, [fimpero- (whence impero, cf. opiparus) + ium], n., command, supreme authority, control, supremacy, supreme power, power (military), rule, sway (both sing, and plur.). Concrete, an novis order, a command. Esp.

[in-plico],

v.

entangle,

interweave, entwine.

imploro,
ploro],

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[in-

I. v. a.,

implore, beseech.
v.

Impono,
[in-pono],

-posui, -positus, -ponere,

3.
a.,

place

upon,

mount (men on

horses), place, im-

imperiis studere (new forms of pose (fig.) L government); nullo certo imperio importatus,

-a,

-um,

p.p.

of

(command of any particular

per.

son); imperii aut potestatis (military or civil authority).

importo. importo,
porto],

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[in-

1. v. a.,

import.

-are, [fimimpositus, -a, -um, p.p. of imopiparus)], pono. I. v. a. and n., demand imprimis [in primis], adv., (make requisition for, prob. orig. meaning), reamong the first, especially, particuquire (in same sense). Hence, order larly (more than anything else)
-avi,

impero,

-atus,
cf.

pero- (in-fparus,

(in military sense), ride,

give orders :
his

illo

command, imperante (under

-atus,
-are,

command). impetro, -avl,

,

-um, [in-probusj, adj., bad, wicked, unprincipled. improvisus, -a, -um, [in-pro-a,

improbus,

[in-

visus],

patro], i. v. a., accomplish (anything by a request) succeed in (obtaining),

obtain (a request) impetro a (prevail upon, persuade) ; ab iis impe:

adj., unforeseen : improviso (de improviso) (on a sudden, un-

expectedly,

unawares).

trari ut (they be persuaded to)

si non impetraret (if was not complied with)

ea

re impetrata (this being granted);

his request
;

-entis,[in-prudens], not expecting, incautious, unsuspecting, off one 's guard, unguarded, not being a%vare.
adj.,

imprudens,

imprudentia,
eration,

-ae,

[imprudent

impetro
;

-l-iaj, F., ignorance,

want of consid-

ut, etc. (obtain a request, be allowed

to, etc.,

succeed in having)

impe-

want of forethought. impubes, -eris (-is), [in-pubes],

adj., beardless, immature. Hence, impetus, -tus, [in-fpetus (y/VKX chaste, unmarried. + us), cf. impeto], m., a rush, an impugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [inattack, an onset, a charge, an assault, pugno], 1. v. a. and n., attack, infacere (inroad, vade, charge, violence, fury : fight (in an offensive is impetus (such charge, invasion) warfare). impetus gladiorum fury, etc.) impulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of imexceperunt (received the charge of pello. the enemy with drawn swords) impulsus, -sus, [in-pulsus, cf. impius, -a, -um, [in-pius], adj., impello], M., impulse. Fig., in;
;
.

trari posse (could be granted).

impious (offending divine law).

stigation.

70
impfine
[n.

Vocabulary.
of

impunis

poena, weakened and

adv., with impunity.

(indecl. as adj.)],

P. R. (when the R. people had such Often, in the case of, dominion). in respect to : in eo (in his case, in

impunitas, -talis, [impuni-ftas], regard to him). F., freedom from punishment, im(in the country
punity. imits,

Esp.
;

in Meldis

of)

in ancoris (a/

anchor)
-a,

-um, sup. of inferus.

etc.);

in eo manere {abide by, ; in praesentia (for the pres-

1. iu- [cf. Or. a-, av-, Eng. -], neg. particle, only in composition. 2. in [?, cf. Gr. ava, Eng. on; cf.

also inde], prep.

motion, having
or

its

in potestate (under tinpower) in opere esse (to be engaged in the 7uork) ; in illo vestigio a. With ace, of temporis positum (depending on, terminus within etc.); in eo constare (depend upon,
ent)
;
;

on

(cf.

ad, with terminus

to,

at

or

etc.).

In comp.
and the
-e,

as adv., in, upon,

near), into, upon, within,

among
for,

in volgus {spread abroad among').

:

against, elatum est

toivards,

like. adj.,

to,

tilt.

Of time,

mains,
incaute

[?],

Pig., empty, vain,

idle,

empty. mere, bare.

Fig.,

without actual

[abl. of

incautus],

adv.,

motion, but only direction, towards, against, upon : in eos exempla

incautiously, carelessly.

incautus,
adj.,

-a,

-um, [in-cautus],

edere

{visit

upon)

in se voluntas

Often where {goodwill towards). Eng. has a different conception, in, on

:

incautious, off one \y guard.

N.,

incendium,
incendo],

[in-fcandium, cf. a burning, afire:

-i,

abdere in silvas {hide in

;

the

woods')

in

civitates
iu, etc.)
;

collocasse

incendia aedificiorum (the burning of buildings, each one being conceived as a separate burning, as usual in Latin).
is

{had married

in

utram

partem
etc.)
;

tight"),

expressions m here no motion appears, in, accordto,

In
with,

fluat {in which direction, in conspectum venire (in

incendo,

-cendi,
cf.

-census,
,

-cen3.V. a.,

adverbial

dere,[in-fcando, set fire to, burn.

fire.

Fig., rouse, excite,

-um,
p.p.

candeo]

ing
(cf.

mirum in modum quem ad modum) in earn

to :
;

ineensus,

-a,

of in-

in cendo. purport) inceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of inspeciem (with the appearance) in altitudinem (in height, cf. to the cipio. in Caesarem ineertus, -a, -um, [in-certus], height of). Esp. incidit (happened to meet Casar, adj., uncertain, dubious, untrustitinera (obin worthy (rumores) etc.) ; in perpetuum (for ever)

sententiam

(to

this

Morinos
in

(into the country

of, etc.)

scure, blind).

catenas conicere

(throiv

into
to

incido,

-cidi,

-casurus,
n.,
fig.,

-cidere,

prison); in
fight).
b.

fugam conicere (put

[in-cado], 3. v. Less exactly and

fall

upon. fall in with,

abl., of rest (lit. and fig.), meet, occur, happen. incido, -cidi, -cisus, -cidere, [inamong, within : in tanta propinquitate (under circumstances caedo], 3. v. a., cut into, half cut down (trees). of, in a case of) ; in tanto imperio

With

in,

on,

Vocabulary.
incipio,
[in-capioj, undertake.
-cepi,
3. v.

7*

-ceptus,
a.

-cipere,

and

n.,

begin,

incursio, -onis, [in-fcursio, cf. incurro], v., an inroad, an attack, an invasion, a raid.

incitatus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of in-

cite
incito,
1. v. a.,

-avi, -atus, -are, [in-cito],

incursus, -sus, [in-cursus, cf. incurro], M., an inroad, an attack. incuso, -avi, -atus, -are, [infcauso,
cf.

set

in motion (in
(lit.

some
fig.),

par-

excuso],

1. v.

a.,

up-

ticular direction)

and

on, drive, impel, excite, rouse.

in-

urge

citatus,

-a,

-um,

p.p.,

excited to

anger, angered, spurred on : incitato equo {at full gallop); incitato

cf. interim, nine) -de (form akin to -dem, dum, cf. indu, old form of in)], adv.,

braid, rebuke, chide. inde [fim (loc. of is,

cursu {at full speed).

Esp.

from

there,

thence,

from
-f

the place

se

(which, etc.).

aestus incitare {rush in) ; se maior vis aquae incitare {rush more violently)
.

indicium,

-i,

[indie

ium],

n.,

incognitus,
tus],
adj.,

-a,

-um, [in-cogni-

information : per indicium {through an informer). indico, -dixi, -dictus, -dicere, [indico],3.v.a., order, proclaim, appoint.
1.

unknown.
-colui,
3. v.
:

incolo,
[in-colo],
live,

no

p.p.,

-colere,

indictus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of in-um, [1. indiccf.

dwell

and n., inhabit, dico. incolendi causa {for a 2. indictus,

a.

-a,

permanent abode). incolumis, -e,

harmed,
safe

tus],
[?],
adj.,

unsafe,

impleaded (causa, dico), untried, unheard.

adj.,

unhurt,

preserved,

indigne

[abl.of indignus], adv.,

and sound, uninjured.

[abl. of

incommode
nately, badly,
ill.

ineommo-

unworthily, shamefully (unworthily of one's self or of the circumstances).

dus], adv., inconveniently, unfortu-

indignitas,
tas],
F.,

-tatis,

[indigno

+
(cf.

unworthiness, disgrace

incommodus,
modus],

-a,

-um, [in-com-

nate. Esp., incomniodum, N. as subst., disadvantage, misfortune (euphemism for defeat, loss, disaster),

adj.,

inconvenient, unfortu-

indigne), outrage, an indignity. indignor, -atus, -ari, [indigno-],

1. v. dep., be indignant (deem unworthy of one's self).

indignus,
adj.,

-a,

-um, [1. in-dignus],

.

harm.
-e,

umvorthy.

incredibilis,
adj.,

incredible,

[in-credibilis] marvellous, extra-

indiligens,-entis, [ 1 in-diligens],
adj., negligent, careless, heedless.

ordinary.

indiligenter [in-diligenter,
-avi,

cf.

increpito,

-atus, -are, [as if

i.v. a.,

indiligens], adv., carelessly, negligently.

increpito-(p.p. ofincrepo)],

upbraid, taunt, revile.

indiligentia,
-cubiturus,
v.
to,

-ae,

[indiligent

incumbo,

-cubui,

ia],

F.,

carelessness,

want of

care,

-cumbere, [in-cumbo], 3. upon. Esp., fig., bend

n.,

lie

want of energy

(application).

exert

one's self : animo et opibus in one's mind and energies to).

{bend

induciae, -arum, see indutiae. induco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere,

[in-duco],
3. v. a.,

draw on. Hence,

72
cover
on.
:

Vocabulary.
scuta pellibus.

Also, lead

infero,

-tuli,

-latus,

-ferre,

[in-

Hence, induce, instigate, impel. fero], irr. v. a., bring in, import, inductus, -a, -uin, p.p. of iuduco. put upon : in equum (mount one on indulgentia, -ae, [indulgent- horseback) ; bellum (make, of offen(pres. p. of indulgeo) -f ia], F., sive war) ; signa (make a charge, indulgence, favor, clemency. advance) vulnera (inflict). Fig., indulgeo, -dulsi, -dultus, -dul- cause, inflict, commit: periculum gere, [?, perh. stem compounded of (create, cause) spem (inspire)
;

in-dulcis, pleasant towards"], favor, treat with indulgoue.

i

2. v. n.,

nd no,

-dui, -diitus, -duere, [?, cf.

(adduce, assign, allege). inferus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (akin to Sk. adhas, down) -f rus (cf. su-

causam

exuo],
with
self):

3. v. a.,

put

on.

Hence,

fig.

per us)],
(the

reflex., pierce,

se vallis;
.

impale (one's se stimulis (be

pierced by)

adj., lo7u : inferior pars lower end) ab inferiore parte (down below, of a river). Superl., 11 111 us (iinus), lowest, the bottom
;

1 i

Industrie

[abl. of

industrius],
[?],

of,

at

the

bottom

infimus collis

adv., actively, promptly, with energy.

F. plur.,

indutiae (indnc-), -arum, a truce, an armistice.

(the foot of the hill) ; ad infimum Neut. as subst, (at the bottom).

the bottom.

Indutiomarus,
chief of the Treviri.

-1,

[Celtic], M., a

infestus,

-a,

-um, [in-festus,

fr.

fendo], adj., hostile, in hostile arineo, -ivl (-ii), -itus, -ire, [in-eo], ray : infestis signis (arrayed for irr. v. a., enter upon, go into. Pig., fight, in a charge, in order of attack) adopt, make, begin, gain, secure.

inita aestate (at the beginning of summer) ; inire rationem (take an account).

Esp.

inficio,
'

-feci,

-fectus,

-ficeie,

[?, in-facio], 3. v. a.,

(work into}),

dye, stain.

inermis,-e (-us, etc.), [in-arma], adj., unarmed, defenceless.

iners,
less,

infidelis,
unfaithful,
figo], 3. v. on.

-e, [1.

in-fidelis], adj.,

wavering in
a.,

faith.

-ertis,

[in-ars], adj.,

shift-

inf igo, -fixi,

-fixus, -figere, [2. in-

cowardly, sluggish, unmanly.

-ae,

fasten in, fix in, fix

infamia,

[infami
:

ia], F.,

dishonor, disgrace

latrocinia nul-

infimus, see inferus.

adj.,

lam habent infamiam (bring no

dishonor, are not held dishonorable); infamia et indignitas (shame and
disgrace)
.

infinitus, -a, -um, [in-finitus], unbounded, countless, endless,

infans,

-antis,

[in-fans, pres. p.

numberless, infinite. infirmitas, -tatis,[innrm6+tas], unsteadiness, inconF., feebleness,

stancy.

of for], c, a

child,

an

infant,

an

infant child. infectus, -a, -um, [1. in-factus], Esp.: re infecta adj., not done.

infirmus,
adj.,

-a,

-um, [in-firmus],

(without success, cf. imperfectus) ; re infecta discedere (without ac-

weak, feeble : animus (feeble arbores courage, want of courage) (unsound, weakened); infirmior (less
;

complishing one's purpose)

powerful); naves (unseaworthy). infixus, -a, -um, p.p. of infigo.

Vocabulary.
inflecto,
-flexi,

n
;

-nexus, -flectere,

[in-flecto], 3. v. a., bend down. Pass., or with reflex., become bent.

(begin, start)

transeundi
steps,

itiate, the first

(the inthe first at-

tempt to, etc.) ; initium fit ab (the Inflexus, -a, -urn, p.p. of inflecto. start is first made) ; fugae factum influo, -fliixi, -fluxurus, -flueie, (the first tendency to fly was shown) sil[in-fluo], 3. v. n., flow into, empty retinendi (the first detention)
;

into.

varum (the edge) Remorum

;

infodio,
[in-fodio],

-fodi,
3. v. a.,

-fossum, -fodere,

dary)

(bounartificiorum initia (the first

dig in, bury.

Infra [instr.(?) of inferus], adv. and prep., below, farther down, less
than.

principles, thefirst knowledge of, etc.). injectus, -a, -um, p.p. of inicio.

injicio, see inicio.

injungo,
-a, -urn,

-junxi, -junctus, -jungere,

3. v. a.,
. .

Infumus,
ingens,

see infimus.

[in-iungo],

attach
.

to.

Fig.,

-entis,

[in-gens, not be-

longing to the kind(?)~], adj., huge, enormous, very large. jurius], F., injustice, outrage, wrong, ingratus, -a, -um, [in-gratus], violence (as opposed to right), abuse. injassu [in-jussu, abl. of jusadj., unpleasing. ingredior, -gressus, -gredi, [in- sus], adv., without orders.

servitutem). impose upon (his injuria, -ae, [in-jus + ia, cf. iu-

gradior],
enter,

3.

v.

dep.,

march
-jeci,

into,

innascor,
nascor],
3. v.

-natus,

-nasci,

[in-

march

in.
-jectus,

Inicio

(injicio),

up

in.

-icere, [in-jacio],3. v. a.,

Less exactly, place in, throw upon. Fig., inspire. put on, embark.

throw

into,

cited.

innatus,
-a,

dep., grow in, spring Fig., be inspired, be exp.p., natural, in-

nate.

inimlcitia,
F.,

-ae,

[inimico-f tia],

innatus, nascor.
nitor],

-um,

p.p.

of

in-

enmity.

inimicus,
adj.,

-a,

-um, [1. in-amicus],

an enemy
cf.

hostile. As subst, (personal, or not in war, hostis, an enemy of the state, or

unfriendly,

innitor, -nisus (-nixus), -niti, [in3. v. dep., lean upon, support

one's self on. ent sense.

innixus,
-entis,

p.p. in pres-

innocens,

[in-nocens, p.p.

an enemy at war), a
nent.

rival,

an

oppo-

of noceo], adj., harmless, guiltless, innocent.

iniquitas,
F.,

-tatis, [iniquo -f tas], inequality, irregularity, uneven-

innocentia,
F.,

-ae,

[innocent +ia],

ness.

blamelessness.

Fig.,

unfairness,
-a,

unequal

inopia,
city,

-ae,

[inop

+ ia],

f.,

scar-

nature.

dearth, destitution, want, priva-

iniquus,
adj.,

tmjust (of persons and things), unfavorable, unFig.,

uneven.

-um,

[in-aequus],

tion,

want of supplies.
-antis,

inopinans,
adj.,

[in-opinansj,

Comp., ininquam, [?], irr. v. n., say. iqnior locus, lessfavorable position. inrideo, -risi, -risum, -ridere, [ininitium, -i, [in-fitium (ito + rideo], 2. v. n., ridicule. inridicule [old abl. of inridicuium), cf. ineo], n., a beginning, the first of: initium capere, facere lus], adv., without humor.
fair, disadvantageous.

unsuspecting, not expecting.

74
inrumpo,
pere,
-rupi,

Vocabulary.
-ruptus,

-ruma.,

footing.

Fig.,

adopt

(rationem

[in-rumpo], 3. v. n. and break in, break into, storm.

inruptio,
-onis,

pugnae),

devote one's self (in bel-

[in-fruptio, cf. eruptio and inrumpo], F., a breaking in, an attack (on a fortified
place).

lum). Insolenter [insolent +ter], adv.,

(in

an unusual manner),
-avi,
a.

insult-

ingly.

Inspecto,
-entis, [in-sciens], adj.,

-atus,
n.,

insciens,

spects], i.v.
look on
:

and

-are, [inlook upon,

not knowing,

unaware
C.'s

insciente

inspectantibus nobis

(be-

Caesare (without
inscius,
-a,

knowledge).

-inn,

conscius], aware.

adj.,

[in-fscius, cf. not knowing, un-

fore our eyes). Instabilis, -e, [in-stabilis], adj., unsteady. Fig., changeable, uncer-

tain.
-a,

Insecutus, sequor. Insequor,

sequor],
sue.
3. v.

-um, p.p. of in-sequi,

N. indecl.,

instar [insta + ris ( ?, reduced) ] (an image), in the like,

-secutus,

[in-

ness of (with gen.), like, in the

man[fin-

dep., follow up,

pur-

ner

of.

instigo,
-serui,
3. v. a.,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

insero,
[in-sero],

-sertus,

-serere,

insert, stick in.

stigo- (v'stic, + us)], i.v. a.., goad, stimulate, drive on, urge on.

insidiae,

-arum,
i&]>
f.

[finsidplur.,

(cf.

Instituo,

-tui, -tutus, -tueie,

praeses)

an am- statuo],
array
:

3. v. a., set

[inup, set in order,

.

bush, a stratagem, a trick, a plot, a trap, treachery

:

opus (finish)

Also, pro-

per insidias (with

(cf.

vide, procure, get ready.

deception, treacherously

per)).

about, undertake,

Also, set begin to practise,

insidior,
1. v.

-atus,

-ari,

dep., lie in wait, erous attacks.

make

[insidia-], treach-

adopt (a plan, etc.), set on foot. So, teach, train, habituate. Jnstitutum, -i, [n. p.p. of in-

insignis,

-e,

[in-signo-, decl. as

stituo],
Iiisto,

N.,

a habit, a practice, an

adj.], adj., marked, memorable, signal. iiisigne, N. as subst., signal,

institution,

a/uslom.
-staturus, -stare, [in-

-stiti,

sign, decoration (of soldiers).

insilio,

-silui, -sultus, -silire,

a.,

[in-

salio], 4. v.

leap upon.
-a,

insimulatus, iusimulo.
insimulo,
simulo],
sinuo],
1.

-um, p.p.
-are,

hand, press on. impend, menace : tempus instantis belli (lime of of active immediate war).

sto],

1. v. n.,

be at

Fig., threaten,

-avi,

-atus,

[in-

instructus, struo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of in-

v. a.,

charge, accuse.
-atus,
n.,

Insinuo,
1.

-avi,
a.

-are,

[in-

v.

With

reflex.,

and work

one's

wind in. way into,

-sistere,

Instrumentum, -i, [instru + mentum], N., furniture, equipment,

tools

and stores

(of soldiers).
-structus,
a.,

instruo,
ere,

-struxi,

-stru-

slip in.

[in-struo],

3. v.

build, fit

insisto,
[in-sisto],

-stiti,
1.

no
a.

p.p.,

v.

and

n.,

stand

upon,

set

one's fool upon, stand, keep

(of troops). -um, [p.p. insuefacio], pp., trained.

up, array,

draw up

insuefactus,

-a,

of

Vocabulary.
Insuetus,
adj.,
-a, -um, [in-suetus], unaccustomed, unused.

75
-a,

intereeptus,
intercipio.
intereipio,
[inter-capio],

-um,

p.p.

of

insula,
F.,

-ae,

[akin to in-salio?],
adv.,

-cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,

3. v. a.,

an island. insuper [in-super],

intercept, cut

on the

off.

top, above,

at the top. intereludo, -clusi, -clusus, -cluinteger, -gia, -grum, [in-fteger dere, [inter-claudo] 3. v. a., cut off, fugam {stop, (y'TAG, in tango, + rus)], adj., shut off, block (roads) untouched, unimpaired, unwearied, cut off).
,
:

fresh

(as subst., fresh troops). Esp., not entered upon (of business)

interdict*,
[inter -dico],

-dixi,

-dictus, -dicere,

3. v. a.,

{intervene by

re

integra {before anything was an order), forbid, prohibit : Gallia done, before being committed to any Romanis interdici {exclude the Rocourse of action).

mans,

etc.,

by order);

aqua atque

intego,

-texi, -tectus, -tegere, [ina.,

tego], 3. v. res coriis).

cover over, face (tur-lexi,

3. v. a.,

igni {expel, by forbidding fire and water, the regular form of exile) ;

interdicere ne {forbid
-lectus,

to,

order not

intellego,
[inter-lego],

-legere,

to.)

{pick out [dis-

tinguish"] between), learn, know, find out, discover, see plainly, be aivare.

interdiu [inter-diu (ace. or abl. ?, akin to dies)], adv., in the daytime, by day.

intendo,

-tendi, -tentus, -tendere,

[in-tendo], 3. v. a., stretch, strain. Esp. of the mind or eyes, be intent, be absorbed : oculis intentis {with eyes

interdum
ace.)], adv.,

[inter

dum

(orig.

for a time, sometimes. interea [inter ea (prob. abl.)], adv., meanwhile, in the meantime.
intereo,
flcio)],
irr.

animis intentis in ea re intent) {with their minds absorbed in this

;

-ivi

(-ii),

-iturus,
?,

-Ire,

[inter-eo {go into pieces

v.

cf.

interdie,

business).

n.,

perish,

be

inter [in + ter, cf. alter], prep, killed. interfectus, (adv. in comp.), between, among: arbitros inter civitates dat {to de- interficio.
cide between)
.

-a,

-um,

p.p.

of

Of time, within, for. Often line) in a reciprocal sense inter se {with,

:

inter aciem {in the

interfieio,
[inter-facio],
cf.

-feci,

-fectus, -ficere,

3. v. a.,

{cut to pieces,
to death.

intereo),

kill,

put
of

to,

from,

etc.,

each other)

cohortati
;

interim

[loc.

finterus,

cf.

inter se {encouraging each other) obsides inter eos dandos curavit

inter, interior], adv., meanwhile. interior, -us, [comp. of finterus

(in-terus,
interior.

{caused them
dere,

to

exchange hostages).
-cessi,

intercedo,

-cessurus, -ce3.

alter)], Masc. as

cf.

adj.,
:

inner,
interi-

subst.

come ores {men in the interior, men in the town) interieio (-jieio), -jeci, -jectus, tervene, exist between, occur between, be, pass (of time) ipsis eum Hae- -icere, [inter-jacio], 3. v. a., throw duis intercedere {exist between in (between). Pass., lie between, them and the Hcedui). intervene: spatio interjecto {in[inter-cedo],
v.
n.,

between, go between, lie between, in-

76
tervening,

Vocabulary.

val)

i.e. leaving a short inter- tpello, cf. appello, -are], 1. v. a., portubus interjectis(/Wf at interrupt, interfere with. intervals) sagittariis (thrown in interpono, -posui, -positus, -poat intervals, intermixed). nere, [inter-pono], 3. v. a., put in interjectus, -a, -um, p.p. of iii- behveen (lit. and fig.), interpose, al; ;

tericio.

lege
-a,

intermissus, termitto.
intermittu,
tere,
(let

-um, p.p. of in-missus, -mit-

thing)

(an excuse to break off somenulla suspicione belli inter:

-misi,

[inter-mitto], 3. v. a. and n., go between), leave off, discon-

posita (no suspicion, etc., appearing to hinder) fidem reliquis interponere (give a promise not to do
;

something); decretum (put

in, in-

tinue, stop, interrupt, cease: neque diem neque noctem (not cease day
;

troduce, into the affairs of the Gauls);

nulla dubitatione interposita (with nor night) opus erat intermissum no hesitation to prevent, etc.). interpres, -pretis, [inter-fpres (was discontinued, leaving a gap); itinere intermisso (stopping their (akin to pretium?)], c, a mediamarch) spatiis intermissis (leav- tor, an interpreter. interpretor, -atus, -an, [intering intervals) brevi tempore intermisso (wailing a short time) pret-], 1. v. dep., interpret, explain. spatio intermisso (after a time) interrogatus, -a, -um, p.p. of triduo intermisso (leaving an in- interrogo. nocte intermissa terval of, etc.) interrogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [interflumen in- rogo], I. v. a., (ask at intervals), (a night intervening) termittit(discontinue, leave a vacant question, interrogate. subeuntes non intermiseinterrumpo, -rupi, -ruptus, -rumplace) runt (did not cease, etc.) dare (stop pere, [inter-rumpo], 3. v. a., break giving) ; intermissa profectione (^"(between two points), break down (delaying) vento intermisso (ceas- (bridges). nocturnis temporiinterscindo, -scidi, -scissus, -scining, failing) bus ad laborem intermissis (ceas- dere, [inter-scindo], 3. v. a., cut off ing their toil in the night lime) (between two points), break down, tempus ab opere (at any time cease tear dozvn. tlie intermittere nullum intersum, -fui, -futiirus, -esse, work) tempus quin, etc. (at no time cease) [inter-sum], irr. v. n., be between, diem quin, etc. (let a day pass with- be among, be in, be engaged in : non intermissae trabes (sep- amplius intersit (there is an interout, etc.) intermissis magistrati- val of not more than, etc.) proelio, arated) bus (passed over for a year); pars divinis rebus (be engaged in, take oppidi intermissa a flumine (left part in). Esp. in third person, it tmprotected) planities intermissa is of importance, it interests, it con;

collibus (broken

by,

lying between)
F.,

cerns.

internecio,

-onis, [inter-fnecio,

same root

as

neco],

extermina-

intervallum, -i, [inter-vallus, distance between stakes in a rampart],

N.,

tion, annihilation (exercitus).

distance

(between

two

iiiterpello, -avi, -atus, -are, [inter-

things), distance apart, interval.

Vocabulary.
intervenio,
nire,
-veni, -venturus, -vev.

77
-tuitus
2.

intueor,
[in-tueor],

(-tutus),

-tueri,

[inter- venio], 4.
(at

n.,

come

v.

dep., gaze upon,

between, come up juncture), arrive.

particular

gaze

at, cast one's eyes

upon.

intus [in + tus (an abl. ending, interventus, -tus, [inter-fven- cf. antiquitus)], adv., within. infisitatus, -a, -um,[in-usitatus], tus, cf. eventus and intervenio], unaccustomed : inM., a coming (to interrupt some- adj., unwonted,
thing).

usitatior
-texui,
3. v. a.,

(less familiar).
-e,

intexo,
[in-texo],
together.

-textus,

-texere,

inutilis,

[in-utilis], adj., of

weave

in,

weave

no

use, tinserviceable.

In a pregnant

sense, unfavorable (positively disad-

intextus, -a, -um, p.p. of intexo. vantageous). intoleranter [intolerant + ter] invenio, -veni, -ventus, -venire, adv., {with no patience or restraint [in-venio] 4. v. a., find (come upon,
,

over one's

self*), fiercely, violently.

cf.

reperio, find by search), learn.

intra [instr.(?) of finterus, cf. inter and extra], adv. and prep.,
into, within, inside.

intritus, -a, -um, [in-tritus (p.p. of tero)], adj., unworn. Fig., unexhausted.

inventor, -toris, [in-fventor, cf. invenio], m., a discoverer. inventus, -a, -um, p.p. of invenio.
inveterasco,
-ravi, -raturus, -ras-

[dat. of finterus, cf. intra], adv., inside.

intro

cere, [in-veterasco], 3. v. n., old in, become established in.

grow
in

invicem
turn.

[in vicem],
-a,

adv.,

intro,
I. v. a.,

-avi, -atus, -are,

[fintero-],

enter.

invictus,
adj.,
3. v. a.,

-um,

introdfico, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere, [intro-duco] ,

unconquered.

[in-victus], Also, uncon-

lead in,

querable, invincible.

bring in, march in (troops). introeo, -ivi (-ii), -itus,

[intro-eo],
irr. v.

invideo,
-ire,

-vidi, -visus, -videre,

[in-

video],
of,

2. v. n.

and

a.,

envy, be jealous
4-

a.

and

n.,

enter,

grudge.

come

in.
-tus,

introitus,
entrance).

an entrance, an
intromitto,

[intro-itus], M., approach (means of

-missus, -mit-

invidia, -ae, e?ivy, odium.

[invido
-a,

ia],

F.,

inviolatus,
tus],
adj.,

inviolate.

-um, [in-violaAlso (cf. in-

victus), inviolable. tere, [intro-mitto], 3. v. a., let go invisus, -a, -um, p.p. of invideo. With reflex, or in in, send in. invitatus, -a, -um, p.p. of inpass., rush in : intromissus (rush- vito.
-misi,

ing in). introrsus

fied

invito, -avi,
invite.

-atus, -are, [?], i.v. a.,

[intro-vorsus (petrinom., p.p. of verto)], adv., into

-rupi, -ruptiirus,
3.

invitus,
willing.

the interior, inside.

[?], Often-um, rendered

-a,

adj.,

un-

as adv.,

introrumpo,

-rumpere, [intro-rumpo], break in, burst in.

v.

n.,

against one's will. ipse, -a, -um, [is-potis( ?)], intens.

pron.,
self,

himself, etc. (as opp. to

78
some one

Vocabulary.
I

else, cf. sui, reflex, referring to the subject), //*>, etc. (emph.),
:

item

y'l-tem (ace.?, cf.idem)],

the

adv., in like

he himself, etc. hoc ipso tempore (at this very time) ipse per se (in and of itself) inter se (regular re; ;

manner, so also, in same way (before mentioned).

iter, itineris, [stem fr. ^/i (go) + unc. term.], N., a road, a march, a

ciprocal, each other, with each other,

by each other, etc.).

F.,
cf.

iracundia, -ae, [iracund5 + ia], wrath (as a permanent quality,

ira, a temporary feeling), irasci-

way, a route, a course, a journey : in itinere (on the road) ; in eo itinere (on the way); iter facere
to

(march, travel); iter dare (allow pass) itinere prohibere (forbid

;

bility,

anger.
-a, -urn,

to

pass, keep from passing)

magnis
;

Iracundus,
dus},
adj.,

[ira

cun-

itineribus

(by

forced

marches)

of a violent temper, pas-

sionate, irascible.

tutum iter (a safe passage). iterum [ y/i + terus, cf. alter],

adv., a second time,

irrideo, see inrideo. irridicule, see inridicule.

irrumpo,
is, ea, id,

see

inrumpo.
1

irruptio, see inruptio.

[pron. t/
]'

again : semel atque iterum (again and again). Itius [Celtic], adj. (with portus), the port where Caesar embarked for
,

(less

emph. than hie),

:

pron., this that (un-

Britain the second time; either Calais

or Boulogne.

emph.),
she, it

these, those, etc., the, a, he,

quae pars

which, etc.);
etc. (by the

ea, etc. (the part eo deceptus quod,

;

J.

fact that, etc.)

et id

(and that

too);

ea quae

(the things

jaceo,

-cui, -citurus, -cere, [?, cf.

which, what) ; Rhodanus influit et jaculum], 2. v. n., lie, lie dead : is transitur (and this river, etc.) ; jacentes (the slain). cum ea ita sint (since this is so) jacio, jecl, jactus, jacere, [?, cf. is locus quo (a place where) ; neque jaceo], 3. v. a., throw, hurl, cast :
;

very fill one)

etc.

earn plenissimam (and that not a manere in eo quod,

aggerem
jacto,
v.
a.,
1.

(throzv up).
-avi, -atus, -are,

(abide by what).
; ;

Abl., N., eo,

the (old

Eng. instrumental), so much, on that account, therefore : eo magis (all the more) eo gravius (so much rus)],
the

[jacto-], of jacio), toss, loss about, bandy about (of talk). jactura, -ae, [ jactu + ra (f. of
(freq.
F.,

a throwing away, a

loss,

more
so,

severely).
,

sacrifice (of

men

in war),

an

offer

+ ta (instr. ( ?) of y/TA) ] in such a way, in this way, ut ita, ita thus, as follows : ut
ita
[ y/i

(of reward).

adv.,

jactus,
N.,

-a,

-um, p.p. of jacio.

-i,

jaculum,
a javelin.
[ace.

[fjaco-

(cf.

iaceo)],

(in proportion as, as). Italia, -ae, [fltalo- (reduced) + ia (f. of ius)], f., Italy (not including the country north of the Rubicon)
.

jam
now
lime,

of pron.

-v/

(of progressive time,

at

YA ]> a dv., cf. nunc,

this
:

emphatic and instantaneous), by

last,

itaque

[ita que], adv.,

and

so,

already,

at

length

accordingly, therefore.

jam non

(no longer);

jam ante

Vocabulary.
(some lime before, even before)
;

79

jam

nius Brutus, see Brutus.

Also,
in

utebatur (was getting to use); jam reverti (was at last, etc.; was beginning to, etc.); nihil jam (no
longer).

Quintus

Junius,

Spaniard

Caesar's service.

juba, -ae, [?], F., the mane. jubeo, jussi, jussus, jubere, [prob. ius-habeo, cf. praebeo], 2. v. a., order, command, bid. judicium, -i, [judic + ium], N., a judgment (judicial), a trial, an an opinion (expressed officially)
;

Juppiter, Jovis, [Jovis-pater], the god of the visible heavens and the atmosphere, who was reM.,

garded as the supreme divinity of

the

Romans, Jura, -ae,

cf.

Zeis.

[Celtic], M., a chain of

mountains in Gaul, running N.E. from the Rhone to the Rhine, separating the Sequani

and the

Helvetii.

opinion (generally), advice : optijudicium facere (express [by

jiiro, -avi, -atus, -are, [jur- (stem

mum
some

of jus)], I.v.

n.,

swear; take an

oath.

act]

a very high opinion); juto

jus,

juris, [for

fjavas, -y/YU (akin

dicio (from design).

I
.

judico, -avi, -atus, -are, [judic-], v. a., formally decide, decide, judge,

us], N., justice, right, -v/JUG) rights (collectively), rights over (any-

thing, claims).

adjudge, think, consider : nihil gravius de civitate (think nothing

jusjurandum, juris jurandi,

[see the

two words],
[abl. of

N., ait oath.

harsh about,

etc.).

jussu
( in *

fjussus], used as

jugum,
um],
N.,

-i,

[VJ UG

un g) +

adv., by order.

a yoke. Hence, a ridge, a sub jugum crest (of a row of hills) mittere (an insult inflicted on a conquered army, consisting in making them pass under a horizontal bar set upon two uprights).
;

justitia, -ae, [justo tia], F., justice (just behavior), sense of justice.

Justus,

-a,

just, lawful.

-um, [jus + tus], Also, peradj.,

complete,

jumentum,
mentum],
N.,

fect, regular : populi Romani jus[VJ UG "( ? ) + tissimum esse imperium (that the a beast of burden, a Romans were best entitled to do-i,

pack-horse, a horse.

-e, [?], adj., young. a joining, a joint : As subst., a voting man (not over quantum distabat junctura (as 45), a youth : juniores (the younger far as the distance apart, of two soldiers)

junctura,

-ae,

[junctu

ra

(f.

minion). juvenis,

of -rus)],

F.,

things joined).

junctus, -a, -um, p.p. of jungo. jungo, junxi, junctus, jungere,

[y/JUG],
together.

Concretely,
men.

juventus, -tutis, [juven (orig. stem of juvenis) + tus], F., youth.

the youth, the

young
I
.

3. v. a.,

join, unite, attach In pass, or with reflex.,

juvo, juvi, jutus, juvare,

help, aid, assist.

[ ?],

v. a.,

unite with, attach one's self to. junior, comp. of juvenis.

juxta

[instr.(?) of

fjuxtus, sup.
a(^ v -

Junius,
ius,

-i,

[?,

prob. juveni -f
M., a

of fjugis

(VJ UG +

i a )]>

anc*

but

cf.

Juno],

gentile

name.

Esp., Decimus Ju-

Roman

prep., next, near,

near

by.

8o
K.
Kal., abbrev. for
its

Vocabulary.
exactly, the edge

(of a horn, of a
milk.
-cessitus,

Kalendae and

ditch).

lac,
sere,

lactis, [?], N.,

cases (wh. see).

(Cal-), -arum, [f. pi. of fcalendus, p. of verb akin to calo], F. plur., the Calends (the first

Kalendae

lacesso,

-cessivi,

-ces-

day of the Roman month, when, as it would seem, the times of the moon were announced to the assembled
people).

[stem akin to lacio -f unc. term.], 3. v. n., irritate, provoke. skirmish Esp., attack, harass, assail,
with
:

injuria

Haeduos

(ivantonly

harass).

L.
Ii.,

lacrima, -ae, [fdakru- (cf. Gr. + ma], F., a tear. lacrimo, -avi, -atus, -are, [lacrima-], 1. v. a. and n., weep.
SaKpv)
M.,

abbrev. for Lucius.

(d>), [a corrupt Greek letter ^ (prop. x)> originally

Li

form of the

lacus, -us, [ ?, cf. lacer, lacuna] a reservoir, a lake.

laedo,

laesi, laesus, laedere,

[perh.

used for 50, and retained in the later for lavido, y/LU (increased) + do v. a., wound, injure. notation], a sign for quinquaginta. (cf. tendo)], 3. Fig., esp., break (one's word, etc.), Laberius, -i, [?, cf. Labeo],
M., a

Roman

gentile

name.

Esp.,

violate.

Quintus Laberius Durus, a tribune

in Caesar's

laesus,

army.
-i,

-a, -um, p.p. of laedo. laetatio, -onis, [laeta + tio],

f.,

labia + name. enus], M., a Roman family a violent Esp., Titus Alius Labienus, of Caesar, a legatus under

Labienus,

[?, perh.

rejoicing laetitia,

-ae,

[laeto

tia],

F.,

partisan him in Gaul, but afterwards in the

civil

joy, gladness (cf. laetus). laetus, -a, -um, [unc. root (perh.

war on the
-oris,
toil,

side of

labor,
-os)], M.,
trouble.

Pompey. [^/kabh + or

akin to glad) + tus], adj., joyful (of the inner feeling), rejoicing.

(for

languide [old abl. of languidus]

adv., with little energy.

exertion (in its disagreeable aspect), labor (as painful),

labor, lapsus,
labes],

labi,

[una,

cf.

labo,

languidus, -a, -um, [flanguo(whence langueo) + dus], adj., : languispiritless, listless, languid
dior (with
less

Fig.,

3. v. dep.,

slip,

slide, fall.

spirit )

commit an imprudence, go

wrong, be disappointed. laboro, -avi, -atus, -are, [labor-],

1. v.

languor, -oris, [-y/LANG (in langueo) + or], M., want of spirit, listlessness.

n., toil,

exert one's self: id con-

lapis,

-idis,

Collectively, stone, tendere et laborare ne (strive and throw, etc.). animo stones. be anxious not to have, etc.) lapsus, -a, -um, p.p. of labor. laborare (contrive, revolve in one's laqueus, -i, [V LAC ( in la ci ) + mind anxiously). Also, suffer, laeus (? ayas)], M., a slip-noose. bor, be hard pressed.
;

[?], M.,

stone (to

labrum,
cf.

-i,

[V LAB
,

( in

lambo,

labia) + rum]

n., the lip.

Less

largior,

-itus,

-iri,

[largo-],

4. v.

bestow upon, supdep., give lavishly,

Vocabulary.
ply with.
presents.

81
I. v. a.,

Also,

give bribes, give

In
i.

lotus), -are (-ere), [?], pass., bathe.

wash.

largiter [largo + ter], adv., lav: largiter posse (possess abundant influence).
ishly

laxo,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[laxo-],
tio], F.,

v. a., loosen,

open out.

legatio,
bassy,

-onis,

[lega

largitio, -onis, [largi- (stem of

(a sending or commission),

an emof am-

largior)
bribery.

tio],

f.,

lavish giving,

an embassy (message
.

bassadors)
-dinis, [lassoF.,

lassitude,
cf.

+ tudo,
ex-

legatus,
bassador.

-i,

[prop. p.p. of lego,

fortitudo],
late

weariness,

commission, despatch'], M.,

haustion.
[old abl. of latus], latius {too far)
.

Also,
To
a

an ama

lieutenant,

adv.,

legatus.

Roman commander

widely

were assigned (legare) one or more

f.,

latebra,

-ae,

[late

bra],

subordinate officers capable of taking

in his absence or engaging independent operations under his These were the general direction. legati, and with the quaestor comin

a hiding-place.
2.

command

la too, latui, no p.p., latere, [?], v. n., lie concealed, lurk, be con-

cealed, pass unnoticed.

latitudo,
F.,

-dinis,

[latd

tudo],

posed a kind of

staff.

breadth, width.

Latobrigi, -orum, reading for Latovici, wh. see. Latovlci, -orum, [Teutonic], M.
plur.,

legio, -5nis, [-y/LEG + io], f., (a levy) ; hence, a legion (originally the whole levy, later the unit of army
organization,

numbering from 3000

German

tribe,

coneighbors of to 6000 men, divided into ten

the Helvetii.

horts).

legionarius, -a, -um, [legion + a mercenary (?), arius], adj., of a legion, of the line a robber. (the Roman heavy infantry of the of latrociniuin,-i,[latron+cinium, legion as opposed to all kinds
latro, -onis, [prob. stem borrowed
fr.

Greek

o], M.,

cf.

bery,

ratiocinor] N., freebooting, robhighway robbery. latus, -a, -um, [prob. for fplatus,
,

auxiliary troops).

Lemannus, -i, [ ?], m., (with lacus

either expressed or implied), the

Lake
:

cf.

Gr. itAotus],

adj.,

broad, wide, ex-

of Geneva, Lake Leman.

tensive.

Lemovices, -um,
lateris,

[Celtic], M. pi.

Also, generally, a
end (of a
latus,
hill).
-a,

rus [prob. latd (reduced)], N., the side (of the body).
latus,
side,

1.

sin.

Gallic tribe in
2.

modern Limou-

A
-e,

doubtful reading for the

a flank, an

name

of a tribe in Brittany.
[?], adj., gentle.

lenis,

Iv ni tas, -tatis, [leni + tas], f., TLA -um, [for tlatus, a (cf.tollo, tuli) -f tus], p.p. offero. gentleness, gentle current (of river)

laudo,
I.

-avi,

-atus, -are,

[laud-],

v. a.,

praise,

commend.

leniter [leni + ter], adv., gently: lenius {with less vigor).

Iiepontil, -orum,[Celtic],M.plur., a tribe of the Alps on the Italian
side of St. Gothard.

laus, laudis, [?], F., praise, credit, glory, merit (thing deserving praise).

lavo,

-avi

(lavi),

-atus

(lautus,

82
lepus,
M.
pi.,

Vocabulary,
-oris, [?], M.,

a hare.
[Celtic],

libero,
1. v.
a.,

Leuci (Levaci), -orum,

a Gallic tribe

-avi, -atus, -are, [libero-], free, set free, relieve (from

;

on the Moselle

some bond)
libertas,

liberare se (secure
[libero- (reduced) freedom, inde4- ilis],

Levaci, -orum,

[Celtic], M. plur.,

one's freedom).
-tatis,

a tribe of Belgian Gaul, dependents of the Nervii.

tas],

F.,

liberty,

levis,

-e,

[for fleghvis,
i,

y'LAGH pendence.
librilis,
-e,

+ us
cf.

(with inserted

cf.

brevis),

[libra

adj.,

Gr. iXaxvs, Eng. light], adj., light,

of a

slight,

unimportant, of no weight : auditio (mere hearsay without founAlso (cf. gravis), incondation').

pound weight : fundae (heavy missiles from slings).

licentia,
-ae,

[licent+ia],
liceri,

F.,

law-

lessness,

want of discipline.
licitus,
2. v.

stant, fickle,

wanting in character quid esset levius (less dignified').

levitas,

liceor,
of licet],
tion).

dep., bid (at

[prob. pass, an auc-

lightness.

Also

-tatis,

[levi
(cf.

tas], F., levis), incon[levi- (as

licet, licuit
[flico-,
cf.
2. v.

(licitum est), licere,

stancy, fickleness.

levo,
if

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

n.,

delicus, reliquus], be allowed : id sibi, etc.

;

levo-)],

i. v. a.,

free from a lex, legis, [^leg (in lego)], a statute, a law.

a Gallic tribe in

lighten. burden, relieve.

Hence,
f.,

(that they be allowed) (you do not hinder)

per te licet
licet conspi-

cari (one can see)

licet

quibus esse

(who may

be,

who have a chance

Lexovii, -orum, [Celtic], M. plur., to be). modern Normandy. Liger, -eris, [Celtic], M., a river libenter [libent + ter], adv., of Gaul between the Haedui and the With a Bituiiges, the Loire. 71'illingly, with pleasure.

verb, be

glad to,

etc.

lignatio,
[flibo-

-onis,

[ligna

tio],

f.,

liber,
(

-bera,

-berum,

getting wood.

whence libet)

rus (reduced)],

adj.,

free (of persons and things), unrestricted, undisturbed, unincumbered.

lignator, -toris, [ligna + tor], M., wood-forager, wood-cutter. lignum, -I, [?], N., wood.
ligula, see lingula.

liberalitas,
tas],
F.,

-tatis,

[liberali

Ldgures, -um,
the

[Celtic], M. plur.,
in the

generosity.

Ligurians, a people

north

liberaliter [liberali -f ter], adv., kindly (respondit) generously, oratione prosecutus (addressing in
:

of Italy, between the Apennines and the sea.

I

ilium,
is

-i,

[?], N., a

lily.

The

generous language). liberatus, -a, -um, p.p. of libero. libere [old abl. of liber], adv.,
freely, withotit restraint
:

applied jocosely to a peculiar kind of chevaux de frise.

K.,

name

liberius

linea, -ae, [lino-f ea a line.

(f.

of -eus)],

(with too little restraint). liberi, -orum, [prob. m. plur. of liber, the free members of the household], M. plur., children.

Lingones, -um,

[Celtic], M. plur.,

a Gallic tribe in the Vosges Mts.

lingua., -a.e,[?],F., tongue. Hence,

language.

Vocabulary.
lingula,
-ae,

*3
-i,

[lingua

la (r. of

longurius,
M., a long pole.

[longo

urius],

-lus)], F., a of land.

little

tongue, a tongue

linter (lunt-), -tris, [?], F.(?),a trough, a skiff, a boat.

li ii
1.1

longus, -a, -um, [?], adj., long (of space and time) ; in longiorem diem (to a more distant day) ; navis

mi,

-I,

[prob.

borr.

fr.

Gr

\1vov\, N., flax.

lis,
litis,

[for fstlis,
?,

V STLA + tis

(reduced)
strife'], v.,

cf.

locus and Eng.

a suit at law.

Also,

longa (a ship of war, a war galley, opposed to the broader naves onerariae); longum est exspectare would take (it is too long to wait, it
too

the

long

to,

etc.).
v.

amount in
Liscus,

dispute, damages.
-i,

[Celtic], M., a Hseduan, brother of Divitiacus.

lociitus, loqui, [?], 3. dep., speak, talk, converse.

loquor,
lorica,

-ae,

[lor5

ica],

F.,

Litavicus, duan chief.

-i,

[Celtic], M., a Hse-

coat of mail (orig. of leather thongs). Also, a breastwork, a rampart (0*1

litera (litt-), -ae, [?, akin to lino], F., a letter (of the alphabet).

a wall).

Lucanius,
M., a

-i,

[Lucano

Plur.,

letters,

writing,
-oris,

an alpha[?],
N.,

Roman

gentile name.

ius] Esp.,
,

bet,

letter

(an epistle).
a

Quintus Lucanius, a centurion

Caesar's army.

in

litus
shore.

(litt-),

Lucius,
-i,

-i,

[luc- (in

lux)

ius],

locus,

[for

tstlocus, ^/stla

M., a

Roman

prsenomen.

Lucterius, -I, [?, perh. Celtic], M., + cus], M. (sing.), N. (generally pi.), a place, a spot, a position, a region a Gallic name, perh. borrowed from the Romans. Esp., Lucterius Ca(esp. in plur.), a point, the ground a commander under Ver(in military language), space, extent durcus,

(of space),

room.

Fig., position,

cingetorix.

rank, a point, place

{light, position,

Lugotorix,
British prince.

-igis,

[Celtic], M., a
( in

character), an opportunity, a chance: obsidum loco (as hostages) locutus, -a, -urn, p.p. of loquor.
.

lima,

-ae,

\_yjwc

luceo)

longe

[old abl. of

longus],

adv.,

na], F., the moon. lunter, see linter.

far, too far, absent, far away, distant : non longius mille (not more

Lute tiu,
Parisii,

-ae, [?], F., a city of the

site

on the

of

modern

Paris.

than)

lux, lucis, [y/i.uc as stem], f., longe afuturum (zvould be far from helping); longius prodire light, daylight : prima luce (at day(any distance) ; longius aberat break) orta luce (at daybreak). luxuria, -ae, [fluxuro- (luxu + (was rather far away) longe no;
;

bilissimus (far, altogether). longinquus, -a, -um, [case-form

of

rus)
ing.

ia],

F.,

luxury, riotous

liv-

longus (perh. loc.) -f cus], adj., long (of time and space), distant,
long-continued.

M.
M., abbreviation of Marcus. [corruption of CI3 (orig.

longitndo, -dinis,[longo-ftudo],
F.,

$)

length.

through influence of mille], 1000.

u
maceria,
-ae,

Vocabulary.
majestas, -tatis, [majos- (orig. [fmacero- (wh. {mortar ?), a stem of major) + tas], F., (superiority), majesty, dignity.
-onis,

macerd) +
wall.

ia],

F.,

maehinatio,

[machina,

malacia,
F., (soft

-ae,

[borr.

fr.

Greek],

contrivance (mechanical). Concretely, a contrivance, an engine, a derrick. maestus, -a, -um, [p.p. of mae-

tioj,

K.,

weather), a calm. male [old abl. of malus], adv.,

ill.

badly,

See also pejus.

Roman

reo, ^/mis (in miser)

sail,

-f

tus],

adj.,

sorrowful, dejected. Magetobri(g)a, see Admageto(in

maleficium, -I, [malefico -fium], N., harm, mischief M a) lius (Manlius, Manilius),

briga.

[?], Esp.,
-I,

M., a

gentile name.

magis [^/mag
ius (n. rather.
also

magnus)

-f

proconsul, beaten by the Aquitani in

B.C. 78.

Lucius Mallius, as

adv., comparative)], See maxime.

-tus,

more,

magistrates,
(as
M.,
if

[magistrastem of fniagistro) + tus],

(office of a

maid, malui, no p.p., malle, [mage- (for magis) volo], irr. v. a.

and
for.
n.,

wish more, wish rather, pre-a,

a magistracy

trate).
(cf.

Concretely, a magistrate " the powers that be"). magnificus, -a, -um, [magno-

magis-

malus,

-um,
ill.

pessimus, superl.
malus,
-1,

(in all senses),

pejor, comp.
man-

[?],

adj.,

bad

ficus (y/FAC -f us)], adj., splendid,

[Gr. jUTJAos], M., (apple(upright). [n. p.p. of

grand, magnificent.

tree), mast,

beam

magnitudo,
tudo]
,

-dinis,

[magno

-f-

mandatum,
do],
N.,

-I,

a trust (given to one), instructions (given), a message (given silvarum {immense to some one to deliver). ity (supplici) in a n do, -avi, -atus, -are, [ ?, fmancorporum (size, stature) woods')
greatness, great size, size, extent, stature, force (venti), severF.,
:

do- (manu-do)], 1. v. a., put into one's hands, entrust, instruct (give instructions to), commit: se fugae cf. + nus, adj., magis], great crease) mandatum est (in any sense, of size, quantity, or (lake to) ; quibus degree), large, extensive, important, (who had been instructed). serious (motus), heavy (portoria), Mandubii, -orum, [Celtic], M. a tribe north of the Hsedui. habere (to plur., magni high (aestus) Mandubratius (-cius), -i, [Celvalue highly, make much account of ); Triinterest (it is great im- tic], M., a Briton, prince of the

magnopere, see opus. magnus, -a, -um, [-y/MAG

(in-

magni

major, comparative, portance). in usual sense. Also, major (with In or without natu), elder, older.

of

nobantes.

plur. as subst.,

elders,

ancestors.
largest,

nis, cf.

inane [abl. of fmanis ( ?, ma -f matuta, maturus)], adv.,

maximus,
large,

superl.,

very

greatest,

maximis
marches).

See also Maximus.

very great, etc.: itineribus (by forced

in the morning. maned, mansl, mansurus, manere, [unc. stem akin to Gr. yueWi],
2. v. n.,

stay,

remain, stay at home

to

(absolutely, opp.

proficiscor).

Vocabulary.

85

Fig.,

continue,

stand by (in eo
-is,

quod).
111a
11
i

Cimbri and Teutones (B.C. 101) and freed Rome from the fear of a

[manipulo + Northern invasion. comrade (of the Mars, Martis, [?, perh. ^/MAR (in same maniple or company). morior) + tis, the slayer, but more iiiaiiipiilus, -i, [manu-fpulus probably of wolves than of men in
pi
1

l;i

is,

aris, prop, adj.], M.,

(^/ple+ us)], M., {a handful, esp. of hay, used as an ensign), a maniple (two centuries, a third of a cohort).

Mars, originally probably a god of husbandry defending the sheep, but afterwards identified
battle], M.,

mansueTacio,
cere,

-feci,
(cf.

-factus, -fa-

[fmansue-

mansuesco,
3. v. a.,

with the Greek "ApTj j and worshipped Caesar again as the god of war.
identifies

and calefacio)-facio],
Pass.,

tame.

mansuef io,

be tamed.

Phrase
success).

him with the

:

Celtic Hesus.

aequo Marte {with equal

adj.,

mansuetudo,
(cf.

-dinis, [fmansuemansuefacio)+tudo], F., tame-

mas,
Subst.,

maris, [?],

male.

ness, gentle disposition.

a male.

maims,

-us, [?], F., the

hand: in

manibus nostris
within reach)
;

{just at

manu

hand, defendere {by

inatara, -ae, [Celtic], F., a javelin (of a peculiar kind, used by the
Gauls).

arms); dat manus {hold out the hands to be bound, acknowledge one's
self conquered, give in).

mater,
ate)

-tris, [?,
F.,

prob. -y/MA {cre[see the words]

Also

ter],

a mother, a matron.
,

(cf.
F.,

mater familias
a matron.

manipulus), a company, a band,

a
troop.

-orum, [Teutonic, akin to march and man, " the men of the marches"?], M. plur., a sup-

MarcomannI,

materia, mater + ia

-ae (-es, -ei), [?, prob.

(f.

(cut, for material),

of -ius)], timber

f.,

wood

(cf. lig-

num, wood for fuel).

materior,
I. v.

posed German
Ariovistus.

tribe in the

army of

-atus, -an,

[materia-],
F.,

dep., get timber, bring wood.

-onis,

3Iarcus,
etc.)

-i,

?,

^/mar (in morior,

Matisco,
city

[Celtic],

cus, the hammer'], M., a Ro-

of the Hsedui,

now Macon.
-i,

man

prsenomen.

matrimonium,

[mater- (as

mare, -is, [?], N., the sea : mare if matri) + monium], N., {motheroceanum {the ocean). hood), marriage, matrimony: in maritimus, -a, -urn, [mari -f matrimonium ducere {marry). Matrona, -ae, [Celtic], M., a river timus, cf. finitimus], adj., of the
sea, sea-,

maritime, naval, on the sea : aestus {in the sea); ora {the sea-

of Gaul, joining the Seine near Paris, the Afarne.

shore);

ranean).
tile

Also, maritumus. a Roman genMari us, [?], name. Esp., Gains Marins,
-i,

nostrum

{i.e.

the Mediter-

mature

[old abl. of

maturus],
p.p.,
-tii-

adv., early, speedily.

M.,

maturesco,
rescere,

-tiirui,

no

[mature-

(cf.

matureo) +

the opponent of Sulla and the champion of the popular against the aristocratic

sco],

3. v. n.,

get ripe, ripen.

mataro,
ro-]
,

party.

He

conquered the

v. a.

[matuand n., hasten, make haste.

-avi, -atus, -are,

86
matfirus,
in
-a,

Vocabulary.
-um^fmatu^-y/MA,
-f

with

suffix

-rum

Also
ripe,

mane, +

tus)

(by unc. mature.

in

rus], adj., early. conn, of ideas),

limb, a

part of

(n. of -rus)], n., a the body.

maxime
adv.,

[old abl.

memini, -isse, [perf. of y'MAN, in mens, etc.], def. verb a., remember. of maximus], memoria, -ae, [memor + ia], f.,
(mindfulness), memory, recollection, power of memory : memoria tenere

the greatest degree, most, very, in the highest degree, especially:

ea maxime ratione (in that way more than any other') maxime con;

(remember)

memoriam prodere
the

(hand dozun

memory, of some-

fidebat {had the greatest confidence). Maximus [sup. of maguus, as

thing just mentioned);

memoriam
;

deponere (cease to remember) memoria proditum (handed doivn by subst.], St., a Roman family name. medeor, -eri, no p.p., [fmedo- tradition) supra hance memoriam medicus, remedium), (beyond the memory this ( whence
;

root unc.,

cf.

Gr.

fji.av9a.yw,

meditor],
lieve.

2. v.

physician), heal.

dep.,

of generadignuni memoria (-worthy of attend (as a remembrance).

but also
tion)
;

Fig.,

remedy, re-

31 enapii, -orum, [Celtic], m. plur.,

a Gallic tribe

between the Meuse and

-I,

mediocris,
cf.

-ere,

[medio

cris,

the Scheldt.

ludicer],
:

adj.,

ate

spatium (a

little,

middling, moderno great) ;

little,

mendacium,
N., falsehood,

[mendac+ium],

a falsehood.

non mediocris (no

degree of).
adv., moderately

no small

mens,
duced)],
cf.

mentis,
F.,

[-^man

tis (re-

mediocriter [mediocri + ter], : non mediocriter

-orum
(-um),

(a thought?), the intellect (as opposed to the moral powers,

animus),
;

the

mind, a

state

(in no small degree).

Mediomatrici,

[Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic tribe be-

mind : mentes animosque (minds and hearts) oculis mentibusque (eyes and thoughts).
mensis,
(cf.
-is,

of

tween the Meuse and the about Metz.

terra

Rhine,

[unc. form

fr.

y'MA
m.,

Gr.

fx.T)v,

moon, month)],
-ae,

mediterraneus, -a, -um, [medio- month.

aneus],
-a,

adj.,

inland.

mensura,
(cf.

[fmensu- (y/MA,

medius, Eng. mid)

-um,

[y'MED

as
f.,

if

man, +

tu)

+ ra

(f.

of -rus)],
iti-

of (as noun medio (halfway up)

ius], adj., the middle in Eng.), mid- : in colle

;

measure: ex aqua mensurae

(accurate length).
-onis,

(measures by the water-clock);

locus medius
;

nerum

utriusque (half way between) media nocte (about midnight).

de
a
f.,

mentio,
mention.

[as

if

0ian

(in

memini) + tio
mercator,
M.,

(prob.

fmenti+o)],

Meldi, -orum, [Celtic], m. tribe of Gaul.

melior, see bonus.

plur.,

-toris,

[fmerca+tor],
his

Melodunum,
city

-I,

[Celtic],

n.,

a trader (who carries wares abroad).

own

of the Senones, on an island in

mercatura,
(f.

-ae,

the Seine,

now Mclun.
-i,

[fmercatu

+ ra

of rus)],

f.,

traffic,

trade, com-

membrum,

[ ?,

prob. formed

mercial enterprise.

Vocabulary.
merces,
duced)],
-edis,

7
messui,

[merce

dus

(re-

meto,
[?], 3.

messus,
root

metere,
(perh.

pay, wages. Mercurius, -I, [unc. form, akin to merces, etc.], M., Mercury, the
F., /lire,

v. a.,

cut, reap, gather.

met 11s,

-tus,

[unc.

Roman god

of

gain,

traffic,

etc.

y'MA, think) + tus], M., fear. Often superfluous with other words

Afterwards, identified with the Greek Hermes, he was considered also the

fearing Esp. hoc metu (fear of

:

of

metu territare

(terrify)
this).

meus, -a, -um, [^/ma (in me) + god of eloquence as well as of trade, the messenger of the gods, and the ius], adj. pron., my, mine. miles, -itis, [unc. stem akin to god of roads, etc. He is identified by Caesar with a Celtic divinity, prob- mille as root -f tis (reduced)], <:., a soldier, a common soldier (as opably Teutates.
mereor,
active),
po/xai)],
-itus, -eri, (also mereo, posed to officers), a legionary soldier [fmero- (akin to Gr. /xei- (heavy infantry, as opposed to other 2. v. dep., win, deserve, arms of the service). Collectively,

gain.
serve
of).

Also

(from earning pay),

the interests

the soldiers, the soldiery.

mereri de {serve

militaris,

-e,

of the
adj.,

soldiers,
.

military

[milit+ aris], adj., : signa (bat-

-a, -urn, [meridie + tle-standards) of midday: tempus militia, -ae, [milit +ia], f., mili(noon). tary service, service (in the army). merldies, -ei, [prob. medio- (remille, ind. mllia, -ium, [akin to duced) -dies], M., midday, noon. miles], adj. in sing., subst. in plur., a thousand : mille passuum (a thouAlso, the South. meritum, -I, [n. of p.p. of me- sand paces, a mile). merito reo], N., desert, service. Minerva, -ae, [unc. form akin

meridianus,

anus],

minus to memini, etc.], F., Minerva, the merito (without the fault) magis goddess of intellectual activity, and quam merito eorum (more than so of skill and the arts, identified merito ejus with the Greek Athene. by any act of theirs) a se fieri (that he deserved that he minime [old abl. of minimus],
(abl.

as

adv.), deservedly:

should do

it).

adv.,
-ae, [?],

in

the

smallest degree,
all.

least,

Messala,

family name. Esp., Marcus Valerius Messala, consul, B.C. 6l, with Marcus Piso.

M., a

Roman

very (wh.

little,

not at

minimus, -a, -um, [lost stem minuo) + imus (cf. iniimus,

parvus)], Neut.
very
little.

superl. of
least.

adj.,

smallest,
adv., the

metior, mensus, metiri, [fmeti(y'MA -f tis?)], 4. v. dep., measure, measure out, deal out (rations, distribute)
.

as subst.

and

least, least,

minor,

-us, [lost

stem

(cf.

mini-

mus) +
reading for Melo[?], m., a

ior (compar. ending)], adj.,

Metiosedum,

duuum.
Metius (Mettius),
hospes) with
-i,

smaller, less : dimidio minor (half as large). Neut. as subst. and adv.,

less,

not tnuch, not very, not so much,

.

Gaul in relations of hospitality (see

Ariovistus.

not so
si

: quo minus (in that. not) minus (if not) minus valebat
.

88
{not so strong,
less, etc.)
;

Vocabulary.
minus uti + bilis], adj., easily moved, minus magnus fluc- mobile, fickle, hasty.
smaller).
-i,

movable,

{not so well)

tus

{less violent,

mobilities,
[perh.
F.,

-tatis,

[mobili+tas],

Minucius (Minut-),
akin to minus], M., a

mobility, activity (of troops), in-

name.
silus,

Esp., Lucius Minucius Ba-ui, -utus, 3. v. a.

:

Roman gentile

constancy, fickleness.

mobiliter [mobili
terum, reduced)],
motion), readily.

ter (prob.
(of

a commander of cavalry under

adv., easily

Caesar.

minuo,
(cf.

minus)],

'weaken, diminish

[fminuand n., lessen, aestus {ebb) ;

-uere,

(akin to

moderor, -atus, -ari, [fmodermodus, cf. genus, gene1.

ro)],

v.

dep.,

control,

regulate,

vim

{break the force, etc.); controversias {settle); desidiam {cure,

correct)
;

restrain.

modestia,
F.,

-ae,

[modesto

ia],

ostentationem {humble)
-atus,
-ari,

miror,
dep.,

[miro-],
at,

1. v.

wonder, wonder

prised.

miratus,
-a,

be

sur-

moderation, self-control, subordination (of soldiers). modo [abl. of modus], adv.,(w*7/z

just

-a,

-um, p.p. in
-^/smi
(cf.

pres. sense, surprised.

minis,
smile) +
vellous,

-um,
adj.,

[?,

measure!), only, merely, just, evert, now, lately : paulum modo modo (not non (Just, a very)
;
.

rus],

surprising,

mar- only); aspectum modo

sight).
(cf.

{the

mere

wonderful. miser* -era, -erum, [-^/mis

modus,

-i,

[-,/mod

(cf.

mode-

maereo) +

rus], adj., pitiable, miserable, poor.

wretched,

ror)-!- us], M., measure, quantity.

Hence, manner, fashion,

style.

misericordia,

-ae,

[misericord

moenia, -ium, [ ^/mi

f nis
(cf.

{distribute!)
(orig. shares

+ ia],
1. v.

F.,

miseror,

mercy, pity, clemency. -atus, -ari, [fmisero-],

of.

communis)

of work done by citizens?)], N. plur.,

fortifications.

moestus, see spelling maestus. missus, -a, -um, p.p. of mitto. moles, -is, [?, cf. molestus], f., missus, -sus, [V MIT ( ? root of mass. a missu : a Esp., a dike, a dam. M., sending mitto) + tus] moleste [old abl. of molestus], Caesaris {despatched byCcesar, under severely: moleste adv., heavily, orders
>

dep., bewail, complain

of Ccesar).

mitissime

mus],

adv., superl. of

ferre {take hardly, be vexed at). [old abl. of mitissimolimentum, -i, [moli- (stem mite (n. of
of

mitis), very gently, very mildly, in

very gentle terms.

molior)
molitus,

+ mentum],
-a,

N., trouble,

difficulty.

mitto,
3. v.
a.,

misi, missus, mittere, [?],

-um, p.p. of

molo.
:

moll id, -ivi, omitto), send, : sub jugum 4. v. a., soften. despatch, discharge, shoot mittere {send under the yoke, an act clivum.
let

go

(cf.

-itus, -ire,

[molli-],

Fig.,

make easy

of humiliation inflicted

upon a con-

quered army.

See

jugum).

mollis, -e, [?], adj., soft, tender. not hard, not Fig., weak, feeble,
; .

resistendum mobilis, -e, [prob. movi- (as if firm : animus ad stem of moveo, or a kindred stem) litus {gently sloping)

Vocabulary.
mollities,
tia)],
-ei,

89
ingenium and

F., softness.

[molli

ties (cf.
:

sisting of habits, cf.

Fig.,

weakness

indoles, of native

animi

{feebleness of purpose,

want
v. a.,

Mosa,

qualities). -ae, [Celtic], M., a river in

of persistence).

molo,
grind.

-ui, -itus, -ere,

[?],

3.

Belgic Gaul, now the Meuse. mot us, -a, -um, p.p. of moveo. mot us, -tus, [movi- (as stem of

of

momentum, [movi- (as stem moveo) -f tus], M., a movement, a moveo) + mentum], n., means disturbance, an uprising: expeditior
-i,

of motion, cause of motion.

Fig.,

(movement of
instabilis

ships)

celer atque
ai-

weight, importance, influence:

ha-

(change, of the passage

;

bere

(be

of importance).
-ae,

of events in maritime warfare)

F.,

Mona,

[Celtic],

the Isle

der um (revolutions).

of Anglesey, off the coast of Britain.

moveo,
[?, prob.

m5vi,

motus,

movere,

moneo,

-ui, -itus, -ere,

of -y/MAN (in memini) native fr. a kindred stem],

[causative or denomi2. v. a.,

denominative], 2. v. a., set in motion, move, stir : castra (move from a place to another; also, absolutely,

remind, warn, advise, urge. moiis, montis, [ -^man (in mineo) + tis (reduced)], M., a mountain.

break camp).

mora,

-ae, [prob. root of

memor

mulcto, see multo. mulier, -eris, [?], F., a woman. mulio, -onis, [mulo-f-o], M., a
muleteer, a driver.

a],

F.,

delay,

grounds of delay.

moral us, -a, -um, p.p. of moror. morbus, -i, [^/mar (in inorior)

multatus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of

multo.

+ bus
ness.

(cf.

turba)],

M., sickness,

ill-

multitfido, -dinis, [multo + tudo], F., a great number, great numbers,

number

(generally).

Esp.,

Morini, -orum,
Picardy.

[Celtic], M. plur.,

the multitude, the

a tribe of the Belgae on the coast of

morior, mortuus (moriturus), mori (moriri), [^/mar (cf. mors),

but
3. v.

multo, see multo, -avi, -atus, -are, [for mulcto, freq. of mulceo, multa-],
v. a., punish (by fine), deprive (one of a thing as a punishment).
I.

common multus.

people.

prob. in
dep., die.

part

denominative],
[Celtic], M.,

multum,
-i,

see

multus.
[ ?,

Moritasgus,

multus,

-a,

-um,

poss. root of
adj.,

chief of the Senones.

mille, miles,

tus],

much,
;

moror,

-atus, -ari,

[mora-],
stay.

1. v.

dep., retard, kinder, check (the ad-

vance of), delay, wait,

many : multo die (late in the day) ad multam noctem (till late at multum, neut. as subst. night).

mors,
death
:

mortis, [ -y/MAR + tis], F., sibi mortem consciscere

and
ta,

adv.,

much. Also, plur., mulmuch. Abl., multo, much,

(commit suicide).

far : multo
-um, p.p. of

facilius.
N.

mortaus,
rior.

-a,

mo-

plus,

pluris,

subst.

plur. as adj.,

tnore,

As compar., and adv.; much, very.

quam

mos,

moris, [?], M., a custom, a

Plur., usage, a way (of acting). customs, habits, character (as con-

plnrimus, -a, -um, most, very many, very much : quam plusuperl.,

As

rimi (as

many

as possible);

9o

Vocabulary.

plurimos possunt (the most they (small, for covering besieging solcan) plurimum posse {have most diers). power, be very strong or influenmutilus, -a, -um, [?], adj., mutitial} plurimum valere (have very lated : cornibus (with short broken
;

great weight)

horns, of the elk).

miiliis, -I, [?, perh. akin to the mill-beast], M., a mule.

molo,

mil to,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[prob.
1. v. a.,

same

as

moto, for fmovito-],

Munatius,
nus],
M., a

-I,

[prob. akin to
gentile

mu-

Roman

name.

change, change for the better (remedy).

Esp., Lucius

Munatius Plancus, a
N.
nactus,
ciscor.
-a,

legatus in Caesar's army. mundus, -I, [?], M. (orig. adj., tuell ordered, a translation of Gr.
k6(t/jlos),
i

the universe, the world.

-um,

p.p.

of

nantarn,
a

in Tin in cut

ma,

-i,

[muni

turn], N., a fortification.

defence.

+ menPlur.,

nam
quam],

[case-form of y'NA,
con}., for.
-i,

cf.

manio,

-ivi

(-ii),

-itus,

-ire,

Nammejus,

[Celtic],

Mi,

[muni- (stem of moenia)], 4. v. a. Helvetian sent as ambassador to and n., fortify. Less exactly, pro- Caesar. Namnetes, -um, [Celtic], m. pi., tect, defend, furnish (by way of protection). Esp. (prob. original mean- a Gallic tribe on the Loire around

ing),
iter.

make(by embankment) castra; Nantes.

:

mnnitio,
F.,

-onis,

fortification

tio], Con(abstractly).

[muni

cretely, a fortification, works, forti-

[nam-que], conj., for more emphatic than nam). nanciscor, nactus (nanctus), -cisci, [-y/NAC, cf. nactus], 3. v.dep.,
(a
little

namque

fications, defences

: munitio operis find, get, procure, light upon, get {building works of defence') ; muni- hold of, obtain. tionis causa (to build works, etc.). nanctus, -a, -um, p.p. of nan111 il 111 1 us, -a, -um, p.p. of munio. ciscor.

of

munus, -eris, [min (as if us, orig. share moenia)

-f-

root
(cf.

Nantuates, -um, [Celtic], m. pi., a tribe of Gaul of uncertain position,

probably in Savoy.

moenia)],
task.

Also,
a
for

n.,

(a

a duty, a service, a contribution), a

Narbo,
of the
early

-onis, [Celtic], M.,

city

tribute,

gift,

a present.

Roman

province

of

Gaul,

muralis,
elins

-e,

[muro
:

alis], adj.,

made a Roman

colony,

now

of a wall, walltions).

pila (heavy javin

Narbonne.

service

siege

opera-

nascor,
gigno],

3. v.

natus, nasci, [^/gna, cf. dep., be bom, arise, be

mOrus,
itself

-I,

[?],

M.,

a wall (in
de-

produced, spring up, be raised (of

beasts),
be
p.p.,

considered,

cf.

moenia,

found (plumbum).
sprung, born.

fences).

natus,
-i,

musculus,
dimin.], M.,

[mus +

cuius,

(little

mouse), a shed

Nasua, -ae, [Celtic], man of the Treviri.

M., a noble-

Vocabulary.
natalis,
alis], adj.,
-e, [natu- (reduced) + of birth : dies (a birth-

9i

1.

navo,-avi, -atus, -are, [(g)navo-], v. a., do one's best : operam (do

day).
initio, -onis, [-v/gna

one's best).

tio, perh.

ne
lest,

[-y/NAj

through intermediate stem], F., (a birth), a race, a nation, a tribe, a

clan.

that

unc case-form], conj., not, not to (do any-

thing), that
.

from (doing anything),

.

not,

for fear
.

that.

After
.
.

so

quinativus, -a, -um, [natu- (re- verbs of fearing, that : ne even, not either) duced)+ ivus], adj., native, natural. dem (not natura, -ae, [natu + ra (f. of ne Vorenus quidem (nor Vorenus
.
. . .

-rus)], F., {birth), nature (of living creature), character, nature (of inanimate things) ; ea rerum natu-

ra (such
;

the stale

cundum naturam
;

of the case) ; sefluminis {down

Vorenus too did not, etc.). -ne (enclitic) [prob. same as ne, a orig. = nonne], conj., not ? (as did question, cf. nonne), whether,
either,

(as

question

in

Eng.), do,

etc.

natura triquetra (in See also necne, nee (see neque). stream) natura cogebat (must nee, see neque. form) de rerum natura necessarius, -a, -um, [fnecessonecessarily) eadem feminae (reduced) + arius], adj., (closely (physical science) bound 1), necessary : tempus (critimarisque (form, organization) causa (pressing, unavoidnaturam vincere (human nature) cal) res (absolutely necessary, natura loci (nature of the ground). able) Also, as natus, -tus, [-y/GNA-f- tus], m., needful, indispensable) birth: maj ores natu (elders). subst., a connection (a person bound
;
; ; ;

nauta,

-ae,

[perh. Gr. vo.vti){\,

M., a sailor, a

boatman.
,

by any tie), a close adv., necessario, of necessity, necessarily.

Abl. as friend.
.

adj.,

-a, -um, [nauta -feus] of a sailor (or sailors), naval. naval is, -e, [navi- (reduced) + alis], adj., of ships, naval.

nauticus,

necessary.

necesse[?,ne-cesso],indecl.adj., With est, one must, one

cannot
tas],

but, one

must
-tatis,

inevitably.

navicula,
boat,

-ae,

[navi-f cula],

F.,

necessitas,
F.,

[fnecesso
(exigency)

+
;

small

vessel.

necessity (constraint, com:

navigatio,
F.,

-onis,

[naviga-f tio],

pulsion)

temporis

a sailing, a voyage, travelling by

suarum necessitatum causa

(in-

sea,

a trip (by sea). terests). necessitudo, -dinis, [fnecesso + -i, [fnavigo- ( ?, navi vessel (gen- tudo], F., close connection (cf. neces-j- fagus) + ium], n., a sarius), intimacy (close relations). eral), "a craft." necne [nee ne], conj., or not (in navigo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fnavigSdouble questions). (see navigium)], I. v. n., sail.

navigium,

navis, -is, [\/( s ) NU (increased), with added i, cf. Gr. vavs], F., a ship, a vessel, a boat : oneraria (a transport); longa (a egredi (land).

neco,
to

[nee- (stem of nex)],

death,
kill,

-avi (-ui), -atus (-tus), -are, 1. v. a., put

murder

(in

cold

war galley); navi

blood).

necubl [ne cubi

(?, for

quobi,

92

Vocabulary.
[ne-quis], pron., that no, that nothing, lest any, etc. (see ne) .

see ubi)], conj., that nowhere, lest anywhere, that not anywhere.
. . .

adj.,

-a, -um, [nefas + ius] wicked, infamous, abominable. nefas [ne-fas], n. indecl., a crime

nefa r ius,

Nervicus,

-a,

duced) + cus], Nervian.

adj.,

-um, [Nervio- (reof the Nervii,

(against divine law).

neglego (necl-), -lexi, -legere, [nee (= ne) -lego],

-lectus,
3. v. a.,

Nervius, -a, -um, [Celtic], adj., Nervian. Plur., Nervii, the Nervii,

a powerful tribe of Belgic Gaul.

not regard, disregard, neglect : injurias {leave unavenged, leave unpunished);

nervus,
cf.

-i, [prob. for -fnevrus, Gr. vivpov\, M., a sinew. Fig.,

hac parte neglecta

;

{leave

in plur., strength, vigor.

unnoticed)

metu mortis neglecto

-are,
n.,

neuter,

-tra,

{careless of, etc.).

nego,
ne-aio],
.
.

-avi, -atus,
1. v. a.

[?, poss.

pron., neither. neither side.

-trum,

[ne-uter],

Plur., neither party,

and

say no, say

not, refuse.
-atus, -ari, [negotio-],

not,

neve (neu) [ne-ve], and not, nor.

nihil 11 in,
-i

conj.,

or

negotior,
1.

nex,
N.

necis, [?], f., death.

dep., do business (on a large scale, as in money, etc.).

v.

(nihil),

and

indecl.,

[ne-hilum?], nothing: nihil reli-

negotium,

-i,

[nec-otium], N.,

Less Also,

business, occupation,an undertaking.

definitely,
difficulty,

qui {nothing left); nihil respondere {make no answer). nihilo,

abl. as adv., none, no.

a matter, a thing. trouble : in ipso

;

nihil,

ace. as
.

negotio {at the moment of action) negotium conficere {make a thorough business of a thing, finish a thing up) quid negoti {what business? cf. Eng. "what business have you here ? ") dare negotium alicui {employ one, give in charge to)
; ;
.

adv., not at all: iioraa\\n\.{some-what) nimis [?], adv., loo, too much :

non nimis {not

niniius,
of
-a,

very).

-um, [nimi- (?, stem

nimis)

ius], adj., too muck, too

great.

unless, except:
case,

nisi [ne-si], conj., {not if), nisi si {except in

. .

Nemetes, -um, [Teutonic], German tribe on the Rhine.

M.pl.,

unless)

nisi

cum

{until)

nisi

rogatus {without being asked).

-a,

nemo,

fneminis, [ne-homo], C,
(cf.

no one, nobody.

nequaquam [ne-quaquam
neque (nee)
not,
.

-um, p.p. of nitor. -um, (-briges), [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Aqui-

nisus,

Nitiobroges

ea, qua)], adv., in no way, by no means.

tania,

on the Garonne.
3. v.

nitor, nisus, (nixus),

[ne-que], adv.,
. . .

and genu],

niti, [prob. dep., {strain with the

nor : neque
nor).

neque

{neither

knee against something),

{rely upon).

struggle,

strive, exert one's self: niti insidiis

ne ... quidem, see ne. nequi(d)quam (nequic-), [ne

.

nix,

nivis, [?], f.,

-e,

snow.

qui(d)quam],

adv., to

no pur-

nobilis,

[as

if

pose, in vain, not without reason.

noseo)

-f

bilis], adj.,
(cf.

(g)no (root of famous, noble,

nequis(-qui), -qua,-quid (-quod), well-born

"notable").

Vocabulary.
nobilitas,
F.,

93
-ae,

Noricus, -a, -um, [stem akin to Noreja + cus], adj., of the Norici nocens, see noceo. noceo, -ui, no p.p., nocere, [akin (see Noreja). to nex], 2.v. n., do harm to, injure, nosco, novi, notus, noscere, nocens, -entis, p.p. CV( G ) NA ] 3" v< a learn become harm, harass. In perfect tenses, as adj., hurtful, guilty (of some acquainted with.

Concretely, nobility. bility, the nobles.

-tatis,

[nobili

the

tas], no-

Noreja,

[Teutonic],

F.,

a city

of the Norici, in

modern

Styria.

harm)

noctu

[abl. of

fnoctus (noc

tus)], as adv., by night.

nus,

nocturnus, -a, -urn, [noc + cf. diuturnus], adj., of

nightly,

notus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., known, familiar, zuell-known : notis vadis (being acquainted with, etc.). turnoster, -tra, -trum, [prob. nos

know.

->

>

the the

(plur.

night,

nocturnal,

in

ours.

nom.) In

-f

ter], adj. pron., our,

plur.,

our men (the Ro-

night, by night.

nodus, -I, [?], M., a knot, a joint : nodi et a,Yticuli(proluberanljoints).

nolo, nolui, n511e, [ne-volo], irr. and n., not wish, be unwilling, wish not, not like to have. nomen, -minis, [V( G ) NO ( root f
v. a.

mans), our forces. notitia, -ae, [noto + tia], f., acquaintance with. novem [unc. reduced case-form],
ind.

num.

adj.,

,.

'ne.
-i,

Noviodunum,
I.

[Celtic],

n.

town of the Bituriges, on the 2. A town of the Hsedui. nosco) + men], n., a name (what Loire. one is known by), name (fame, pres- 3. A town of the Suessiones.

F.,

tige).

As
an

name
:
;

represents an

novitas,

-tatis,

[novo

tas],

account,
his

accouiit

(on account of, as)

own account)

nomine dotis suo nomine (on nomine obsidum

novelty, strangeness, strange character : rei (novelty, unexpected occur-

rence)

(tender pretence of hostages). nominatim [ace. of real or sup-

posed fnominatis (nomina+tis)],

adv., by

name (individually). nomino, -avi,-atus,-are, [nomin-],

v.
a.,

-a, -um, [?, cf. Eng. new\, new, novel, fresh : res novae (a change of government, revolunovissimus,' -a, -um, sup., tion).

novus,

adj.,

latest, last :

I.

name,

mention,

call

by

nox,
night.

agmen (the rear). noctis, [akin to noceo],

-ae,

F.,

name.

non [ne-oenum (unum)],

not:

adv.,
is

noxia,

[^/noc
F.,

(in

noceo)

non

est

dubium

(there

doubt); non mediocriter small degree).

(in

no no

+
to

unc. term.],

nubo, niipsi,
nubes],
the bride),

crime, guilt. nuptus, nubere, [akin

veil one's self(o(

3. v. n.,

nonaginta,

indecl., ninety.

nondum
nonnihil

(see

dum),

not yet.
I.

(see nihil), something. nonniillus (see nullus), some.

marry (of the woman). nudStus, -a, -um, p.p. of nudo. nndo, -avi, -atus, -are, [nudo-],
v.
a.,

nonnunquam,
nonus,
(mus)],
-a,

sometimes.

exactly,

lay clear

bare,

expose.

Less

(murum

defensori-

adj.,

-um, [fnovi-(?) ninth.

+ nus

bus).

n lid us,

-a,

-um, [?, root (akin to

94
naked)

Vocabulary.

dus],

adj.,

naked,

bare,

comer) a messenger.
,

Hence, news

:
;

unprotected, exposed. ii HI Ins, -a, -um, [ne-ullus], adj., not any, no. nonnullus, some.

nuntium mittere (send word) per eorum nuntios (agents). nuper [for novi-per, cf. parum
per], adv.,
ago.
lately, recently, not

As

subst., some,

some persons.
cf.

long
adv.,

mi in

[pron. -^/NA,
etc.,

turn], adv.,
is

interrog. part., suggesting a negative

nusquam
nowhere, in
never)
.

[ne-usquam],

answer, does,

is,
:

it

not

is

it,

no case (almost equal

and the like posse (in indirect discourse, could he, etc.).

num

nnmen,
men], Hence,
n.,

-inis,

(a

nuo) + [v/ NU ( nod), will, power.

NU -tus, [ tus], M., a nod, a sign : ad nutum (at one's beck, at one's command); nutu (by
nutus,
signs)
.

divinity.

numerus, -i, [fnumo- (cf. nummus, Numa, Gr. vofios) -f rus],M.,

number, number : in hostium numero habuit (in the place of, etc.,
a

O.

euphemism

for slaughtered)
(the

toti;

ob
ivi],

[unc. case-form akin to Gr.

prep.

dem numero
number

same number)
(quantity,
;

impedimentorum

i.

e.

of pack-horses)

ad nume;

rum

required number) quo numero (of some account).

(to the

ali-

(adv. in composition), (near), against Hence, on account : ob earn rem (for this reaof, for In comp., son, on this account).

towards,

to,

against.
-a,

Numida,
ace. of

-ae,

[perh. Gr. v6/xaSa,

obaeratus,

-um,

[ob-faera-

v6fj.as'],

M.,

ployed in the alry, cf. Zouave, Turco).

Numidian (emRoman army as cava

[akin to a coin :

tus, as if p.p. of faero], adj., bound As subst., in debt (to some one).

a debtor, a servant for

debt.

n minims (numus), -i, numerus, Gr. v6(ios~\, M.,

obduco,

-duxi,

-ductus, -ducere,

pro

nummo

(for coin).

go to, go about, attend to. etiam nunc (even then, obicio, -jeel, -jectus, -icere, [obtinuous) of the past considered as present). jacio], 3. v. a., throw against, throw uuiiquam [ne-unquam], adv., in the way, throw up (against the
v. a.,
:

nunc [num-ce, cf. hie], adv., now (emphatic, as an instantaneous now, cf. jam, unemphatic and con-

[ob-duco], 3. v. a., lead towards, lead against : fossam (throw out, in a military sense, carry along).

obeo,

-ii,

-itus,

-ire,

[ob-eo],

irr.

never.

Also,

numquam,

cf.

un- enemy,

etc.), set up, expose.

obob-

quam.
iiiintiatus,-a,-um, p.p. of nuntio.
I.

jectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., lying opposite, lying in the way.

nuntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [nuntio], make v. a., send news, report,
est
ei,

obitus,
to.

[ob-itus], Esp., a going death

-tus,

m.,

a going
(cf.

to

known: nuntiatum

etc.;

ire

mortem),

destruction, annihi-

ne (he was ordered not to, etc.). nuntius, -i, [fnovent- (p. of tnoveo, be new) + ius], M., (new-

lation.

objectus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of ob-

jicio, see obicio.

Vocabulary.
oblatus,
fer o.
-a,

95
abl. of

-um, p.p.

of

of-

obstinate [old

obsl ina-

oblique

[old abl. of

obliquus],

tus], adv., persistently. obstrietus, -a, -um, p.p. of ob-

adv., obliquely, slanting.

stringo.
gere,

obliquus, -a, -um, [ob-fliquus, cf. limus], adj., slanting.

obliviscor,
flivio,
cf.

-litus,
3. v.

-livisci,

[ob-

liveo],

dep.,

{grow

obstringo, -strinxi, -strictus, -strin[ob-stringo], 3. v. a., bind and fig.). (lit. obstructus, -a, -um, p.p. of ob-structus, -struv.

dark against ?), forget. struo. obsecro, -Sri, -atus, -are, [manuobstruo, -struxi, factured from ob sacrum {near or ere, [ob-struo], 3. by some sacred object}], I. v. a., en- barricade.
treat,

a.,

block up,

adjure.
F.,

obtempero,
-ae,

-avi,

-aturus,

-are,

obsequentia,
ia],

[obsequent -f compliance: obsequentia

ready compliance) -a, -um, p.p. of ob.

nimia

{too

observatus, servo.

[ob-tempero], 1. v. n., (conform to), comply with, submit to. obtestor, -atus, -an, [ob-testor], I. v. dep., implore (calling something to witness).

observo,
servo],
1.

-avi,
a.,

-atus,

-are,

[ob-

obtineo,
[ob-teneo].

-tinui,
2.

-tentus,
a.,

-tinere,

v.

(be on the

watch

v.

hold (against

lo7oards?), guard, maintain, keep:

judicium (follow)
(keep, celebrate).

dies natales

something or somebody), retain, maintain, occupy, possess : provinciam (have control of as praetor)
;

obses, -idis, [ob-fses, cf. praeses justissimam apud eum causam oband obsidio], C, (a person under tinere (be entirely free from obligation towards him, as having a perfect guard), a hostage. obsessio, -onis, [ob-fsessio], F., right to benefits conferred). a blockade, a siege, a state of siege obtuli, perf. of oflfero.
(cf.

oppugnatio,
.

of actual

siege

obvenio,
[ob-venio],
one's

-veni, -venturus, -venire,

4. v. n.,

operations)

come

to,

come in

way, fall to one (by lot). sldeo. obviam [ob-viam], adv., in the obsideo, -sedi, -sessus, -sidere, way of, to meet (any one) obviam dozvn venire (come to meet). [ob-sedeo], 2. v. a., (sit occasio, -onis, [ob-fcasio, cf. against), blockade, beset, guard. obsidio, -onis, [obsidio- (re- occido], F., opportunity : occasio duced) + o], F., a siege (cf. obses- brevis (a short lime).

obsessus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of ob-

sio), a blockade.
siege.

Also,

the art of

obsignatus,
siguo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of ob-atus,

occasus, -sus, [ob-casus, cf. occido], M., a falling, a selling (of the sun) solis (the sunset, the
:

7vest)
-avi,
a.,

obsigno,
signo], 1. v. obsisto,
[ob-sisto],

-are,

[ob-

occido,

-cidi,

-casurus,

-cidere,
:

seal up, seal.

-stiti,

no

p.p.,

-sistere,

[ob-cado], 3. v. n.,fall, set, be slain sol occidens (the west).

3. v. n.,

withstand.

occido,

-cidi, -cisus, -cidere,

[ob-

96
caedo],
3.

Vocabulary.
v.
a.,

kill,

massacre:

ociter [focuter], adv., siviftly.

swiftly.

occisi {the slain).

+ ocius, compar.,
(cf.

Gr.

iinli)

occultatio, -onis, [occulta +tio],

i<\,

concealment.
-a,

octavus,
-um, p.p. of oc(cf. adj., eighth.

occultatus, culto. occulte [old

adv., secretly.

-a, -um, [octo + vus Gr. 0780F0S?), poss. foctau-f us],

octingenti, -ae, -a, [stem akin octo + centum], num. adj., eight occulto, -avi, -atus, -are, [occul- hundred. octo [?], num. adj., eight. to-], I. v. a., conceal, hide. octodecim [octo-decem], num. occultus, -a, -um, [p.p. of occu-

abl. of

occultus],

to

lo], as adj., concealed : in occulto

adj., eighteen.

(in secret) ; ex occulto (from an in occulto ambush, in ambush) sese continere (keep themselves hid;

Octodurus,

-i.

[Celtic],

M.,

den); insidiandi ex occulto (of attaching from an ambuscade).

town of the Veragri, now Martigny. octoginta [octo +?], adj., eighty. octoni, -ae, -a, [octo + nus],
adj.,

eight at a

time,

eight

(at

a
the the

[occupa+tio], time, implied in English). F., occupation (engagement in busioculus, -I, [foco+lus], M., sub oculis (in sight, before ness), business, affairs (of business) eye
-onis,
: .

occupatio,

occupationes tantularum rerum (engagement in suck trifling matters)

.

eyes) .

odi, odisse,

[perf.

of lost verb

odium], occupatus, -a, -um, p.p. of oc- irr. v. a., hate, detest. cupo. odium, -i, [-^vadh (spurn) + occupo, -avi, -atus, -are,[foccup6- ium], N., hatred. or foccup- (cf. auceps), ob and offendo, -fendi, -fensus, -fendere, stem akin to capio], 1. v. a., seize, [ob-fendo], 3. v. a. and n., dash
take possession
of,

(with pres. sense), akin to

seize

upon, occupy
:

against,

hurt:

animum

(only

in

military

sense)

regna

feelings, alienate, shock).

lutely, suffer

(hurt the Abso-

(usurp); gaged).
siirus,

in opere occupati (en-curri (-cucurri?), -cur-

a mishap.
-onis,

offensio,
[ob-curro],
3. v. n.,

[ob-ffensio,

cf.

occurro,

-currere,

run

to meet,

meet, come upon, find,

:

defensio and ofFendere], f., striking against. Fig., offence: sine offensione animi ("without wound-

fall in with

eo (run, to meet an

ing one's feelings) .

ofFero,
obtuli,

enemy); ad animum (occur). oceurso, -avi, no p.p., -are, [occurso-, p.p. of occurro], 1. v. n.,
rush (to meet).

oblatus,

offerre,

[ob-fero], irr. v. a., (bring to), throw in one's way, offer : se hostibus (throw themselves upon) ; quos sibi
;

the ocean (with or without

oblatos (placed in his power) beneficium (confer, render). i, Ocelum, -i, [Celtic], N., a town oflficium, [ob-ffacium, cf. of the Graioceli in Cisalpine Gaul beneficium], N., (doing something to one), a service, performance of a ( Oulx in Piedmont)

Oceanus,

-i,

[Gr. 'n.Keav6s~\, M.,

mare).

Vocabulary.
duty.

97
{through
(cf.

Transf.,

a duty, allegiance,

rum opera

an

obligation : discedere {/ail of one's duty).

ab

officio

interfectus whose means, agency). opinio, -onis, [opino-

nec:

Ollovico,

-onis,

[Celtic],

M., a

opinus) + o]
celerius

P.,

notion, expectation

king of the Nitiobriges.

omni opinione {quicker

;

omitto, -misl, -missus, -mittere, than any one would suppose) ; opi[ob-mitto], 3. v. a., let go by : con- nio virtutis {reputation for, etc.) silium {leave untried); omnibus tanta opinio hujus belli {impresomissis rebus {leaving everything sion) ; tantam opinionem timoris
else)
.

praebuit {gave such an

idea, im-

of fomninus(omni pression) ; also, opinio timoris {dis+ nus)], adv., altogether, entirely, play, cause for an impression) ; spein at ciem all, all, any way, only, utterly, atque opinionem

omnino[abl.

pugnantium

only just, whatever (with negatives).

praebere {make a show and give an

impression

omnis,

-e,

[?], adj., all, the whole

cf.

of being combatants);
;

totus nomen atque opinio {reputation) as indivisible or not divided). In ut fert illorum opinio {as their ad opinionem Galliae sing., every (without emphasis on notion is)
of {as divisible or divided,

the individuals,

cf.

quisque,
;

each,

{for

an impression on

the Gauls)

omni opi- opinione praecipere {to anticipate) nione {of any one) omni tempore oportet, -uit, no p.p., -ere, [noun{on all occasions, always) omnes stem from ob and stem akin to
emphatically)
;

celerius

preces {every form of prayers) omnibus rebus {everything, every;

porto,
it

cf.

opportunus],
it

2. v.

imp.,

behooves,

ought :

poenam
to

sequi
;

thing

else)

per omnia,
etc.).

plur. short expression for, all others.

nothing but,

In

etc.

{through as a

{the

punishment was

follow)

frumentum metiri
alio
it

{he ought, etc.)

tempore atque oportuit {than

onerarius, -a, -um, [oner- (as stem of onus) + arius], adj., for burdens: naves {transports).

should have been).

onero, -avi, -atus, -are, [oner- (as stem of onus)], i.v. a., load: celeri- people. tas onerandi (of ships, facility of oppidum,
loading).

-a, -um, [oppido(reduced) + anus], adj., of a {the) town. Plur. as subst., the towns-

oppidanus,

onus, -eris, [unc. root + us], N., a burden, a load, a freight, a cargo.
Abstr.,

weight.

Esp.

{a (the fortified place which, according to ancient usage, commanded the terri-i,

[ob-fpedum
n.,

plain

?, cf.

Gr.

WW)],

tanta
.

tories of a little state),

a stronghold,

onera navium
opera,
-ae,

{ships of such weight)

a town (usually

fortified).

opus)

[ob-pono], 3. v. a., set against, oppains, attention : operam navare pose (something to something else) {do one's best) operam dare {de- novem oppositis legionibus {with vote one's self, exert one's self, take nine legions opposed to the enemy). With ut, try, take care : pains). oppositus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., opera uti {services, help, etc.) quo- opposed, lying in the way, opposite.
(k.
:

-f

[oper- (as stem of of -us)], F., work,

oppono,

-posui, -positus, -ponere,

98
opportune
[old abl. of

Vocabulary.
opportu- atque artificiorum
crafts).

quanto-(tanto-) opportunity, -tatis, [oppor- opere, how much, so much, so : tuno + tas], F., timeliness, fitness magnopere (very much, very). (of time or circumstance), good luck opus [same word as preceding],
abl.,

nus], adv., opportunely.

In

(trades, handi-

si quid a Caesare opus esset (if he opportunus, -a, -um, [ob-portu- needed anything of Ccesar) si quid nus, cf. importunus, and Portu- opus facto, etc. (if anything needs nus], adj., (coming to harbor?), op- to be done). ora, -ae, [?], f., a shore, a coast. portune, advantageous, lucky. oppositus, -a, -um, p.p. of oporatio, -onis, [ora + tio], f.,

(in time or circumstance), convenience (of a means of fortification).

N. indecl., need, necessity:

ipsi

pono. oppressus, -a, -um, p.p. of opprimo. opprimo, -pressi, -pressus, -primere, [ob-premo], 3. v. a., {press against), overwhelm, crush, overpower, overtake {surprise).

speech,

words,

talk,

address,

dis-

argument. orator, -toris, [ora + tor], m., a speaker, an ambassador. orbis, -is, [?], m., a circle (a circular plane)
circle of lands, the

course,

oppugnatio,
tio],
cf.

-onis,

[oppugna +

orbis terrarum (the whole world). Less exactly, a hollow square (in
:

F., a siege (of actual operations, obsidio, blockade), besieging, an

military language).

attack (in a formal

manner

against a

defended position).

Oreynia, -ae, [Teutonic], F., (with silva), the Hercynian forest (a vast extent of forest in the interior
of Europe, see vi. 25).

oppugno,
pugno],
1.

-avl,
v.
a.,

-atus, -are, [obattack (formally,

but without blockade), lay siege to, carry on a siege, assail (a defended
position).

[akin to ordior], M., a row, a tier, a rank (of soldiers), a grade (of centurions, as
-inis,

ordo,

series,

[?], F., help, aid. Plur., resources. Also, kelp (of sev-

ops,

opis,

commanding

special ordines of sol,

diers, also the centurions themselves)

an arrangement, an order

nullo
;

eral gods).

certo ordine (with no fixed order)

-a,

optatus,
wished for.

-um, [p.p. of

(wish)'], as adj., desired,

opto perturbatis ordinibus (the ranks ratio ordoque agdesirable, being broken)
;

minis
of the
(cf.

optime, see bene. optimus, -a, -um, [op

-ftimus
(cf.

plan and arrangement march) ordines servare (to

(the
;

bonus. opus,

keep their places, of soldiers, also of finitimus)],superl. of anything laid in rows or tiers, preserve the arrangement, not deviating

ops?)

operis,

[y'op+us],

N.,

from

it).

work, labor (as accomplishing

purpose, cf. labor, as tiresome). In military sense, a work, works, fortifications

:

its

Orgetorix, -igis, [Celtic, cf. Duinnorix, etc.], M., a nobleman of the

Helvetii.

natura et opere muni-

orior, ortus,
v.

tus (by nature

and

art);

operum

n.,

arise,

oriri, [?], 3. (and 4.) spring up: orta luce

Vocabulary.
Fig., begin, start, {*l daybreak). have spring from, arise, be started, its source. oriens, -entis, p. as

99
P.

pabulatio,
F.,

adj.,

rising: sol {sunrise, the east).

-I,

-onis, [pabula+tio], a foraging: pabulationis causa

ornamentum,
tum], honor (an addition
N.,

[orna + men-

an adornment.

Fig.,

an

{forjorage).

pabulator,
M., a forager.

-toris,

[pubula+tor],
[pabulo-],

to one's dignity),

a source of dignity.

pabulor,
1. v.

-atus,

-ari,

ornatus, -a, -urn, p.p. of orno. orno, -avi, -atus, -are, [unc. nounstem],

d^., forage (gather fodder). pabulum, -i, [-v/ pA ( m pasco)

v. a.,

adorn, equip, furnish.

Fig., honor.

ornatus,
and

-a, -urn,

p.p. as adj., furnished, tvell-equipped,

+ bulum (but prob. through fpabus or the like)], N., fodder (for animals, including the stalk as well as the
grain), green fodder.

honored.

oro,

-avi, -atus, -are, [or-

(as stem

of os)], I. v. a. pray, entreat.

n.,

5/V.

Esp.,

ortus, ortus,
the East).

-a,

-um, p.p. of orior.

[

pacatus, -a, -um, p.p. of paco. paco, -avi, -atus, -are, [pac- (in pax)], 1. v. a., pacify, subdue. pacatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., peaceable,

to

-tus,

Vok

( in

orior)

quiet,
:

subject (as

reduced

solis {sunrise, tus], M., a rising:

peace)

os,

oris,

[?],

N.,

the

mouth, the
the

insigne pacatum [-orum] {a token of submission) pactum, -i, [p.p. of paciscor,

.

face
eyes)

:
.

ora convertere {turn

pango?],

N.,

{a thing agreed),

an
:

Osismi, -orum,
ostendo,

[Celtic], M. plur.,

agreement, an arrangement. Hence, a method, a way (of doing anything)

a people of Gaul (in Brittany).

-tendi, -tentus, -tendere,

quo pacto {how). Padus, -i, [Celtic],

alpine Gaul).

[obs-tendo], t,.v. a.., {stretch towards), make known, present, shozv, point out, state, declare : copias {discover, un-

M., the Po, the great river of Northern Italy (Cis-

mask) ostentatio, -onis, [ostenta

.

+ tio]

Paemani, -orum, [Celtic], M.pl., a people of the Belgians. paene [?], adv., almost, nearly.
paenitet (poenitet), -uit, -ere, [tpoenito- (perh. p.p. of verb akin
to punio)], 2. v. a. (impers.), it repents (one), one repents, one regrets.

F.,

a showing, a display

ostenta;

tionis causa {for display)

ostenthe

tationem comminuere {humble

pride)
to-],
.

ostento,
I.

-avi, -atus, -are,

[osten-

v. a.,
-i,

ot in 111,
ity,

display, exhibit. [?], N., repose, inactiv-

pagus, -i, [VPAG ( in Pango) + us (with unc. conn, of ideas)], M., a

district,

a canton

(cf.

vicus, a smaller

quiet (free from disturbance).

-i,

collection of dwellings).

ovum,
longing
to

[perh. avi
N.,

+ um],
an
egg.

{be-

a bird?),

adv.,

[unc. case-form, cf. clam], openly, publicly, without concealment.

palam

palma,

-ae,

[borrowed

fr.

Gr.

iraAa.fx.ri'], F.,

the

palm

(of the hand).

IOO

Vocabulary.
cure, provide, prepare, get ready for (bellum used concretely for the means of war), arrange. para-

palus, -udis, [?J, F., a marsh. palQster, -tris, -tre, [palud tris], adj., marshy.

-f

pando, pandi, passus, pandere, tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., ready, pre[akin to pandus], 3. v. a., spread pa}-ed : animo parato (with mind
resolved, resolute, determined) paratus in armis (armedfor war). (with outstretched hands) pars, partis, [^/par + tis (repassis capillis (with dishevelled hair). duced), akin to portio, and perh. to par, paris, [perh. akin to paro, par through idea of barter], F., (a pario (through the idea of barter or dividing), a portion, a part, a share.
: :

out (perh. orig. of the hands, bending back the wrist) passis manibus
;

exchange)],

adj., equal, alike, like

intervallum

same). Esp., equal in power, a match for. t para us, -a, -um, p.p. of paro.
(the

Often

of

position

or

direction

merely, side, direction, region : una ex parte (on one side); in utram

partem (in which

direction)

ex

parce

[old abl. of parous], adv.,

sparingly, frugally.

pareo, peperci (pars!), parsurus (parciturus), parcere, [akin to par-

cus (y'rAR

cus, acquisitive,

so frugal ?)], 3. v. n., spare. Esp., save alive: parcendo (by economy,

and

utraque parte (on both sides); sinistra pars (the left flank); pars fluminis (bank); major pars (the majority) Fig. qua ex parte (in which respect) ; omnibus partibus (in all respects) in utramque
.

partem

(in both respects, both ways,

by frugality)

of a plan); in

utramque partem
.

parens, -entis, [-^/par (in pario) (on ens (cf. Gr. t<-kwv)~\, c, a pa- Esp.
parento,
-avi,
n.,

both sides, of a discussion)

:

rent.
-atus,
-are,

tres partes (three quarters, three parts out of four) ; ex parte

(in part)
;

[pa-

rent-],

1.

v.

make a funereal fluminis

feriore

(dozun the river)

ad inferiorem partem ab in;

offering (to deceased relatives, esp.

parte
.

parents).

Hence, avenge (making down,

parui,

etc.).

partim,
. .

fluminis

(further

ace. as adv.,

an offering of the wrong-doer).

pareo,
[paro(cf.

pariturus,

pareie,
n., be

in part, some others. partim, see pars.

opiparus)],

2. v.

partior,

-itus, -iri,

[parti-], 4.

v.

prepared, appear, obey. pario, peperi, partus (pariturus),

parere, [ -y/PAR, procure (perh. orig.

dep., divide:
(alternately).

partitis temporibus
-a,

partitus,
tior.

-um, p.p. of par-

by barter,

cf.

par)],

3. v.

a.,

proplur.,

cure, acquire, secure.

Parisii, -orum, [Celtic], m.

a Celtic tribe around modern Paris, whose town Lutetia takes its modern much, not sufficiently : parum diliname from them, cf. Rheims (Remi), genter (too carelessly). Treves (Treveri). parvulus, -a, -um, [parvo+lus], paro, -avi, -atus, -are, [paro-, cf. adj., small, slight, insignificant : ab opiparus, and pareo], 1. v. a., pro- parvulis (from infancy).

-um, p.p. of pario. [akin to parvus, perh. for parvum], adv., not very, not

partus,

-a,

parum

Vocabulary.

IOI

rus,

parvus, -a, -um, [perh. for paupaucus, -a, -um,[-v/PAu-(cf.paulus and parvus) + cus], adj., alcf. paucus, and Gr. iravpos~], most always in plur., few, some few adj., small, slight, little.

passim
passus, passus, passus,

[ace. of fpassis (pad-f-

(but with implied only in a seminegative sense) paucis (pauca) respondit {in a few words, briefly).
:

tis)], adv., in all directions, all about.

-a,
-a,

-um, p.p. of pando. -um, p.p. of patior.

-sus,

[^/pad

(in

paulatim [paulo- (reduced) + pando) atim, as if ace. of fpaulatis (fpaula

tus], M., {a spreading of the legs), a stride, a step, a pace (esp. as a measure, about five Roman feet)
:

+ tis)], adv., little by at a time, gradually.

little,

little

mille

passuum
feet).

(a

Roman

mile, five

thousand

paulisper [paulis (abl. plur. of paulus?) per], adv., a little while. paulo [abl. of paulus], as adv.,

patefacio, -feci, -factus, -facere, a little, slightly. pa ul ul um [ace. of paululus], [noun-stem akin to pateo + facio], as adv., a very little. 3. v. a., lay open, open.

patefactus,
tefacio.

-a,

-um, p.p. of pa-

paulum

[ace. of

paulus (y/VAV
as adv., a
little,

+ lus,

cf.

paucus)],

patefio, pass, of patefacio. pateo, -ui, no p.p., -ere, [fpato(noun-stem akin to Gr. ireravvvfiat) ]

a short distance.

pax, pads,
pecco,
I. v. n.,

[-y/PAC, as stem], F.,

{a treaty!), peace.
-avi,

2. v. n., be extended, lie open, spread, patens, extend, be ivide, be open. -entis, p. as adj., open, exposed.

-aturus,

-are,

[?],

go "wrong, commi-t a fault.

see

Pectones,
pectus, of pecto)

Pictones.

pater,

-tris, [

^/rA (in pasco ?)

ter], m., a father.

-oris,

Plur., ancestors.

[perh. pect (as root us, from the rounded

cf.

patienter [patient
patiently.

+ ter],

adv.,

shape of the breast,

N., the breast.

pectinatus]

F.,

pecii nia, -ae, [fpecuno- (pecu + patientia, -ae, [patient + ia], patience, endurance, forbearance nus, cf. Vacuna) + ia], F., money (originally cattle), wealth. (in refraining from fighting).

pecus, -oris, [v/pec (#<??) + us], patior, passus, pati, [ ?], 3. v. dep., endure, allow, permit: vim n., cattle (especially sheep and goats) pecore vivere {flesh of tempestatis {endure, stand). PL, cattle, flocks and herds. patrius, -a, -um, [pater + ius] cattle). pedal is, -e, [ped + alis], adj., of adj., of a father, ancestral, of one's fathers. afoot (in thickness), a foot thick. patronus, -i, [tpatro- (as if stem pedes, -itis, [ped (as if pedi) +
suffer,
:
,

of fpatroo,

cf.

colonus, aegrotus)

nus], M., a patron, a protector. patruus,-i, [pat(e)r+vus?],M.,

cf.

tis (reduced)], C, a footman, afootsoldier. Collectively, the

infantry.

an uncle (on the father's side, avunculus, on the mother's).

F.,

paucitas, -tatis, [pauco small n umber.

tas],

[pedit+tris] adj., of infantry, of persons on foot : itinera {Journeys on foot, marches, land routes) ; copiae {the foot, the
infantry).

pedester, -tris,

-tre,

102

Vocabulary.
good faith, in consequence of a deception on the other side) per concilium {in council); per insidias {treacherously); per cruciatum(7c//// per vim {forcibly) ipse torture) sided with per se {in and of itself).
;

peditatus, -tus, [pedit + atus, consulatus], M., foot, infantry. Pedias, -I, [ ?], M., a Roman gentile name. Esp., Quintus Pcdius, a nephew of Caesar and a legatus
cf.

under him in Gaul.

He

Augustus, and was afterwards made consul by Augustus's patronage.

2.

per

same stem

[prob. a different case of as 1. per], adv. in coinp.,

pejor, see mains. pejus, see mains.

pellis,
(either
-is,

very, exceedingly.

mal)

on sub pellibus {in

[?], F., a hide, or off the body of

a skin an aniin

peractus, -a, -um, p.p. of perago. perago, -egi, -actus, -agere, [ 1 per.

ago],

3. v. a.,

conduct through, finish,

tents, i.e.

the field).

: concilium {hold to the end); conventus {finish holding).

accomplish

pello, pepuli, pulsus, pellere, [?],

3. v. a.,

perangustus,

-a,

-um,

[2.

per-

strike, beat, drive, defeat, re-

pulse.

angustus], adj., very narrow. perceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of percipio.

pendo, pependi,
[?],
3. v. a.,

pensus, pendere, hang, weigh, weigh out.

percipio,
[
1
.

Hence

(since

money was

earlier

per-capio],

-cepi, -ceptus, -cipere, 3. v. a., take in (com-

Esp.
ment,

Esp. weighed, not counted), pay, pay out. pletely), learn, acquire, hear. with words of punishment, of harvests,galher. Hence, fig., reap : pay (a penalty), suffer (punish- fructus victoriae.
cf.

dare and capere).

percontatio,

-onis,

[perconta

[prob. ace. of stem in -os tio], F., inquiry, inquiries (though akin to penitus], prep., in the power sing, in Latin). percurro, -cucurri (-curri), -cur-

penes

of.

penitus [stem akin to penes, sus, -currere, [1. per-curro], 3. v. n. penus, etc., + itus, cf. antiquitusj, and a., run along. percussus, -a, -um, p.p. of peradv., far within, deeply, entirely, fines cutio. ad externos : penitus utterly percutio, -cussi, -cussus, -cutere, {clear to, all the way to). [1. per-quatio], 3. v. a., hit, strike, penna, see pinna. 1. per [unc. case-form of stem run through. akin to Gr. irepi], adv. (in composiperdisco, -didici, no p.p., -discetion)

and

prep.,

through.

through, by

means of {cf. ab,

perditus, -a, -um, p.p. of perrectly), by the agency of. accompanied by the idea of hin- do. drance perdo, perdidi, perditus, perdere, per anni tempus potuit per-do] 3. v. a., destroy (cf. in[1 {the tune of the year zaould allow) ; perditus, -a, -um, per te licere {you do not prevent, terncio),rz'tt. you allow) per aetatem non po- p.p. as adj., ruined, desperate, aban:

Often
by, di-

Fig.,

re,

[1.

per-disco],

3.

v.

a.,

learn

thoroughly, get by heart.

adv.

Often in terant {on account of). per fidem {in expressions)

:

doned.

perduco,

-duxi, -ductus, -ducere,

Vocabulary.

T0.3

[i. per-duco], 3. v. a., lead through, ( -y/FUG + a, cf. scriba)], m., a reflead along, bring over, carry along ugee, a fugitive, a deserter. (foasam), march (legionem). perfugio, -fiigi, no p.p., -fugere,

win over, bring: rem ad extremum casum (reduce). perductus, -a, -um, p.p. of perdnoo. perendinus, -a, -um, [perendie
Fig., prolong,

[1.

per-fugio],

3. v. n.,

run away,
to.

flee (to a place), escape

cf.

perfugium, refugium],
pergo,

-I,

[1.

per-ffugium,

n.,

a place of refuge,

refuge. ^
perrexi, perrectus(P), per-

(tperen-die,
adj.,

cf.

postridie) + inus],
cf.

(of the day beyond,

,

per and

itipixv) of day after to-morrow : perendino die (day after to-morrow,

Gr.

gere, [1. per-rego], 3. v. n., (keep one's direction!), keep on, continue
to

advance, advance.
periclitor, -atus, -ari,[tpericlito-

in fcuo days).

pereo,
eo],
battle).

-il(-ivi), -iturus, -ire,[i.

n.,

irr. v.

perperish, be killed (in

(as if p.p. of
try,

periculor) j,

1. v.

dep.,

make a

trial, be exposed, be

put

in peril.
.

equito],
(or

perequito, -avi, -atus, -are, [ 1 per1. v. a. and n., ride over

around).
adj.,
-a, -um, [2. very small.

periclum, see periculum.

perlculosus,
-a,

-um, [periculo
-i,

+
per-

osus], adj., dangerous.

perexiguus,
exiguus],
adj.,

periculum (-clum),
(cf.

[fperiN.,

perfacilis,

-e,

[2.

experior) + culum], per-facilis], trial. Hence, peril, danger.

p.p. of

very easy. perfectus, -a, -um,

peritus, -a, -um, [fperi- (cf. exper- perior) + tus], p.p. as adj., (tried),
.

ficio.

perfero,
fero],

-tuli, -latus, -ferre, [1

per-

experienced, skilled, skilful. perlatus,- a, -um, p.p. of perfero.

irr. v.

a.,

carry through (or

;
;

perlectus,-a,-um, p.p.of perlego.

over)

opinionem (spread among)

perlego,
[1.

-legi,

-lectus,

-legere,

consilium

(carry over) Also, bear through (bring).

perficio,
-feci,

famam
(to
to.

per-lego],

3. v. a.,

read through,

the end), endure, suffer, submit

-fectus,

-ficere,

read (a letter aloud). perluo, -lui, -lutus, -luere,[i. perPass. luo], 3. v. a., wash all over.

[1. per-facio], 3. v. a., accomplish,

complete, finish,

make (complete).
(in

(as middle), bathe.

With ut (uti), succeed

doing or
ia], F.,

having done). perfidia, -ae, [perfido

permagnus, -a, -um, [2. permagnus] adj very great, very large. permaneo, -mansi, -mansurus,
,
.

perfidy, treachery, faithlessness.

perfidus,

-a,

-um,

[1.

perh. a third case-form of

-fidus], adj., perfidious.

per (or same stem)

-manere, [1. per-maneo], 2. v. n., remain (to the end), continue, hold out, persist: in eadem libertate
(continue
tus),
2. v. a.,

to live, etc.).

permisceo,
break

-miscui, -mixtus (-mis[1.

perfringo,
through.

-fregi, -fractus, -frin3. v. a.,

-miscere,

per-misceo]..

gere, [1. per-frango],

(thoroughly), mingle. permissus, -a, -um, p.p. of per-

mix

perfuga,

-ae,

[1.

per-ffuga mitto.

T04

Vocabulary.
-misi, -missus, -mittere,

v. a. and per-mitto], 3. v. a., {give over), pere, [1. per-rumpo], 3. entrust : for- n., break tkrougk, force one's way grant, allow, give up, summam imperi through, break, force a passage. tunas

perm it to,

perrumpo,

-rupi,

-ruptus, -rum-

[i.

{trust); the hands of, etc.) ; suflraplace in giis rem {leave the matter to, etc). permixtus, -a, -um, p.p. of per(

perruptus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of per-scriptus, -scri3. v. a.,

rumpo.
perscribo, -scripsi,
bere, [1. per-scribo],

misceo.

write

permoneo,
moneo],
2. v.

-ui, -itus, -ere, [1.

a.,

per-

out (in

full).
.

warn

(doubtful

reading in

VII. 38).
-a,

sequor],
sue
:

persequor, -secutus, -sequi, [ 1 per3. v. dep., follow up, pur-

permotus,

-um, p.p. of per-motus, -mo2. v. a.,

mortem

{avenge)
-avi,
1. v. n.,

moveo. permoveo,
vere, [1.

persevero,
[persevero-],

-aturus,
persist.

-are,

-movl,

per-moveo],

move

persolvo,
vere,
[1.

-solvi,

-solutus,
3.

-sol-

(thoroughly),

influence,

affect.

permotus, -a, -um, p.p., much afovercome. fected, muck influenced,

permulceo, -mulsi, -mulsus, -mulcere, [1. per-mulceo], 2. v. a., smooth
over.

(fully).
alties,

Esp.

per-solvoj,
(cf.

v. a.,

pay

pendo)

of pen-

perspectus,
sp'.cio.

pay, suffer (punishment). -a, -um, p.p. of per-spexi, -spectus, -spiv. a., see

perspicio,
through,
see,

Hence,

soothe, pacify.
-el, [?,

pernicies,
F.,

akin to nex], -um,

[2.

cere, [1. per-fspecio], 3.

inspect,

destruction, ruin.

Also, see thoroughly.

examine. Fig., see clear-

perpaucus,

-a,

per-

paucus], adj. Plur., very few, but find, discover. very few, only a very few. persto, -stiti, perpendioulum, -I, [perpendi- [1. per-sto], i.v. (stem of pex-pendo, hang down) + firm, be firm.

ly,

see,

understand, learn, observe,

-staturus,
n., persist,

-stare,

remain

culum], N., a plumb line: ad perpendiculum {perpendicular).

perpetior, -pessus,
patior],
-peti, [1.
3. v. dep., suffer,

persuadeo,
dere,
n.,

-suasi, -suasus, -sua-

perendure.

per-suadeo], 2. v. a. and induce, persuade : hoc volunt

[1.

perpetuus, -a, -um, [1. petuus {y/VKT + vus)3> adJ-> {keep- of person), be perterreo, ing on through), continuing, continued,

persuadere {make people believe). Pass, (impers.), be persuaded'(dat. per-

satisfied, believe.
-terrui, -territus, -ter-

continuous, without inter-

v. z., terrify, rere, [1. per-terreo], 2.

permanent : vita alarm : perterritus equitatus {put paludes {continuous) in in a panic); timore perterritus perpetuum {forever, permanently) {struck with terror) quos perterruption, lasting,
{-whole)
; ;
.

Abl. as
rere, [1.
for,

adv.,

perpetuo {for ever,

ritos {panic-stricken, flying in terror).

constantly).

perquiro,

-quisivi, -quisitus, -qui3. v. a.,

pertimeseo,
and
n.,

-timui,

no

p.p.,

-ti-

per-quaero],

search

mescere, [1. per-time

sco],

3. v. a.

inquire about.

fear much, fear greatly.

Vocabulary.
pertinaeia,
F.,

105
[?], Esp., A/arcus Petro-i,

-ae,

[pertinac-fia],

obstinacy.

gentile
-tinui,

Petronius, name.

M., a

Roman

pertineo,
[1.

no

p.p., -tinere,

nius, a centurion in Caesar's army.

gentile

per-teneo], 3. v. n., (hold a course towards), tend, extend. Fig., have to do with, tend : eodem illo

Petrosidius, -i, [?], m., a Roman name. Esp., Lucius Petro-

sidius, a standard-bearer in Caesar's

ut, etc. (have the same purpose, look in the same direction) ; res ad plu-

army.

res pertinet (more are implicated

in, etc.).

phalanx, -angis, [Gr. <pd\av], a phalanx (properly an arrangement of troops in a solid mass from
v.,

pertuli, see perfero. perturbatio, -onis, [perturba +

tio],
F.,

eight to twenty-four deep, but applied also to other bodies of troops),

perturbatus, perturbo. perturbo, -avi,

turbo],
1. v. a.,

disturbance, alarm, panic. -a, -um, p.p. of

-atus, -are, [1.

an array. Pictones (Pect-),-um,

M.
plur.,

[Celtic],

a Celtic tribe south of the

per-

Loire (Poitou).

disturb, throw into

pietas,

-tatis,

[pio

tas],

F.,

confusion, confuse, throw order, alarm, terrify.

into dis-

filial affection, affection (for the gods, or one's country, etc)., patriotism.

pervagor, -atus, -ari, [1. perpilum, -i, [?], N., a pestle. Also, a javelin (the peculiar weapon vagor], 1. v. dep., roam, scatter. pervenio, -veni, -ventus, -venire, of the Roman legion, with a heavy shaft 2 or 3 in. thick and 4 ft. long, [ 1 per-venio], 4. v. n.,(come through to), arrive at, get as far as, reach, and an iron head, making a missile come. Fig., arrive : ad hunc lo- more than 6 ft. long, and weighing
.

cum

(come

to this

point)

pars (of over 10

heavier

lbs.)

pilum murale, a
for

still

property, come, fall).

missile

use

in

siege

perventus, venio.

-a,

-um, p.p. of per-

works. pilus,
-i,

[pilum], M., a century

pes, pedis, [-^/pad as stem], M., the foot. Also, as a measure, a foot. Esp. pedem referre (draw back,

(of soldiers, a name applied in indication of the rank of centurions, see

Also, a centurion (of centurio). Phrases: pripedibus proeliari (on a particular rank). ad pedes desilire (to the mipili centurio (of the first century foot) or rank) ground, from on horseback, etc.) primum pilum duxerat pedibus aditus (approach by land). (had commanded in the first century
:

retreat)
;

peto,
[

petivi,
3. v.

petitus,

petere,

of the first cohort).

v/pat],
go

a.andn., (fall?, fly}),

pinna,
na)],
F.,

-ae,

[= penna

( -^/pet

aim
seek,

at, attack,
to get,

make
to.

for, try to gel,

go

quest,

look

for, get

Haeduis

(at the
.

Hence, ask, re: petentibus of a wall). request of, etc.); Pirustae, -arum, [?], m.
tribe of Illyria.

artificial parapet (of osier or the like run along the top

an

plur.,

fugam

(take to)

Petroeorii,-orum,[Celtic],M.pl., a tribe on the Garonne (Perigord).

piscis,

-is,

[?], M.,

fish.

Col-

lectively, fish.

io6
Piso,

Vocabulary.
-5nis, [piso + o], M., with a wart like a pea ?,

(a

man
:

Cicero), a Roman family name. I. Lucius Calpurnius Piso, Esp.

cf.

pier unique, see plerusque. plerusque, -aque, -unique, [-y/PLE (in pleo) -f rus, que (cf. -pletus,
plenus)],
of,

adj. only

a legatus in the army of Cassius which was defeated by the Helvetii

very many.

Ace.

in

plur., most sing, as adv.,

plerumque, generally,
the

B.C. 107,
2.

and grandfather of No. 2. Lucius Calpumius Piso Cae-

usually, for most part, very often. Pleumoxii, -orum, [Celtic], m.

sonius, father of Calpurnia, Caesar's wife. 3. Marcus Pupius Piso Cal-

plur., a

people of Belgic Gaul, clients

-i,

of the Nervii.

purnianus, consul with M. Messala in B.C. 61. 4. Piso, an Aquitanian (probably enfranchised by one of the above named).

plumbum,

[?],

n.,

lead.

plumbum album,

tin.

plurimus, see multus. pins, see multus.

.

pluteus, -i, [?], u.,a mantelet, a pix, picis, [?], F., pitch. placeo, -ui, -itus, -ere, [tplaco- cover (movable, for defence) Also, (cf. Viriplaca, placo, and placi- a bulwark, a defence, a breastwork.

dus)],

2.

v.

n.,
it

please.

Esp.

in

poculum,
(in

-i,

[root (or stem) POn.,

third person,

pleases (one), one likes, one determines. plaeide [old abl. of placidus],

potus)

culum],

a drink-

ing-cup.

poena,

-ae, [perh.

fpovi- (-y/Pu)

adv., quietly.

punio)], F., a penalty. placo, -avi, -atus, -are, [fplaca- Hence, a punishment (see persolvo, or placo- (cf. pla- repeto, constituo) (cf. Viriplaca) ?, poenitet, see paenitet. cidus)], 1. v. a., pacify, appease. pollex, -icis, [?], M., the thumb Plancus, -i, [perh. akin to
(cf.
.

+ na

planns], M., family name.

Esp.,

(Flat-foot), a

Lucius

Roman Mu-

(with or without digitus).

polliceor,

-licitus, -liceri,

[tpor-

natius Plancus, a legatus of Gesar. plane [old abl. of planus], adv.,

flatly, clearly.

(=
2.

Gr.
v.

irpos, cf.

portendo)

-liceor].

dep.,
:

offer,

promise (volun-

tarily)

liberaliser

(made

liberal

planicies, see planities. planities, -ei, [piano -f ties, -tia], F., a plain.

offers) .
cf.

tio],

pollicitatio, -onis, [pollicita F., an offer, a promise.

-a,

-f

planus,

-a,

-urn,

[unc.

root

Pompejus, -i, [fpompe- (diaplebs (plebes),-is (-ei), [^/ple lectic form of quinque) + ius], M., name. (in plenus) + unc. term. (cf. tur- a Roman gentile or family ba)], F., the populace, the multitude, Esp.: 1. Cneius Pompeius, the great rival of Caesar, consul with Marcus the common people. 2. Cneius PomplenS [old abl. of plenus], adv., Crassus in B.C. 58.

nus], adj., flat, level: carinae planiores (less deep, less rounding).

pollicitus, liceor.

-um, p.p. of pol-

peius, an interpreter of Quintus Tifully, entirely. plenus, -a, -urn, [pie (in pleo) turius, probably a Gaul enfranchised + nus], adj., full : luna; legio. by one of the Pompeys.

Vocabulary.
pondus, -eris.fv/PEND^n pendo) tportor

107

us],

N.,

weight.
posui,
positus,
(cf.

ius], N., (gate-money ? or carrier's money?), a duty (an imtoll.

pono,

ponere,

post), a

posco, poposci, no p.p., poscere, praesidium (station, but [perh. akin to prex], 3. v. a., de(pitch) see below). Fig., place, lay, make mand (with some idea of claim, stronger than peto, weaker than depend on : in fuga praesidium
;

polliceor)], 3. v. a., lay down, place : posita tollere (things laid up, consecrated); ponere custodes (set) ; castra
[piob. fpor-sino

portus,

-tus,

[y'POR

(cf.

porta)

tus], M., (a place of access), a har-

bor,

a haven, a port.

spem

salutis

found, seek)
est (lies)
;

positus,

in

virtute
:

(find,

flagito), require, claim.

-a, -urn, p.p.,

situated, lying,

depending on

posita

positus, -a, -um, possessio, -onis,

(cf.

p.p. of

pono.
occu-

[fpor-fsessio
in

positum est

in, etc. (de-

obsessio)],

pends on, etc.). pons, pontis, [?], M., a bridge. populatio, -5nis, [popula-f tio], F., a plundering, a raid.
-atus, -an, [populo-], dep., (strip, of people?, cf. Eng. skin, shell, bark a tree), ravage, deI. v.

pation.

possession, Concretely (as Eng.),

v.,

possessions, lands (possessed).

possideo,
[tpor-sedeo],

-sedi,

-sessus,

-sidere,

2. v. a., (settle

farther

populor,

on?), occupy (in a military sense), possess (lands, of a people), hold

possession
of.

vastate.

possum,
-i,

potui, posse,
irr. v.

populus,
ber, the

[ -^/pal ? (in

pleo)

potis) -sum],
(etc.)
:

reduplicated +us], M., (the full

num-

plurimum

[pote (for can posse (be most

n., be able,

mass), a people (in its col- pozverful, have very great influence); lective capacity), a nation, a tribe tantum potest (has so much weight,
(as

opposed

to individuals)

popu-

pozver,

Romanus (the official tion of the Roman state).

lus

designa-

porrectus,
rigo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of por-

influence); largiter posse (have great influence) multitudine posse (be strong in numbers) equitatu nihil posse (have no strength
; ;

porrigo, -rexi, -rectus, -rigere, [tpor-(cf. polliceor)-rego], 3. v. a., stretch forth : porrecta loca pertinent (stretch out in extent).

cavalry) quicquid possunt (whatever power they have); quid virtute possent (what they could do
;

in

by valor)

fieri

ut

spatium

posse (be possible) intercedere posset

;
;

porro

[ ?,

akin to fpor

(cf.

por-

rigo)], adv., furthermore, further,

then (in narration).

mum

(might intervene) quam maxipotest (the greatest possible). post [?, prob. abl. of stem akin to
(cf.

porta,
-f

-ae,

[y'POR

(cf.

Gr. nr6pos)
gate.

ta],

F.,

(way of traffic?), a
-avi, -atus, -are,

porto,
I. v. a.,

carry (perh.
bring.
?,

orig.

[porta-?], by way of

ante, antes, rows, and and prep., behind, after : post diem tertium
postis

antae,

pilasters)~\, adv.

traffic),

portoriuni, -i,[

porta(reduced)

+ orium

(n. of -orius), perh. orig.

post se (in their post nunc (next to him). postea [post ea], adv., afterwards.
(three days after)
; ;

rear)

io8

Vocabulary.

posteaquam [postea quam], opportunity, chance : sui potestaconjunctive adv., (later than), after tem facere (give a chance at them, (only with clause). give an opportunity to fight them); posterus, -a, -urn, [post- (or stem se potestati alicujus permittere
consistendi pocompar.)], adj., (surrender, etc.) postero die (the testas erat nulli (chance, possibilin posterum (the next ity) next day) discedendi potestatem fapostremus, -a, -urn, superl., cere (give permission, etc.); facta day). last. postremo, abl., lastly,finally. potestate (having obtained permisakin)
(orig.
:
;

terus

the

next,

later

postpono,
nere,

[post-pono],

behind,

imperium aut potestas (mildeorum vis postpone: omnibus rebus ac potestas (the power and do-posui,
-positus,
v. a.,

-po-

sion)

3.

place

itary or civil power)

postpositis (disregarding everything mitt ion).

else).

potior,
-a,

potitus, potiri, [poti-, cf.

postpositus,

-um,p.p. of post-

potis],

4. v. dep.,

become master
of,

of,

pono.
post <iua 111
[post quam], conjunctive adv., (later than), after. postremo, see posterus.

possess one's self

get the control

;

of: imperio (secure)

ture)
.

castris (cap-

potior,
potis],

-us,

-oris,

postremus,
postridie

see posterus.

adj., preferable.

[compar. of pot ins,

[fposteri

(loc.

of ace. as adv., rather.

p jsterus) -die], adv., the next day : postridie ejus diei (the next day
after that)
.

potitus,

-a, -urn, p.p.

prae

[unc.

case-form

of potior. of same

post libitum,
a request.

-1,

[n. p.p. of

pos-

stem as pro], adv. (in composition) and prep., before, in comparison

Esp. with words implying hindrance, for, on account of (some In composition, before obstacle).
with.

tulo],N., demand, a requirement,

postulo,
1.

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[?],

v.

less

claim (with idea of right, urgent than posco), ask, rea.,

others, very, before, at the

head of

quest,

require

tempus anni

(re-

praeaeutus, -a, -um, [prae-acutus (p.p. of acuo)], p.p. as adj.,

sharpened
to

quire,

make

potens,
adj.], adj.,

necessary). -entis, [p. of

a point, pointed.
praebui, praebitus, prae2.

ential)

;
.

powerful : potentiores (men of in-his,

possum as homo (influ-

praebeo,

bere, [prae-habeo],

v.

a.,

(hold

fluence)

before one), offer, present, furnish : munimenta (furnish, and so afford,

potent at us,
potentia,

cf eonsulatus],
-ae,

16..,

[potent + atus, the chief power. [potent + ia], f.,

make).

praecaveo,
[prae-caveo],

-cavi, -cautus, -cavere,

2. v. n.,

take care

be-

power

(political influence), author-

ity (not official or legal).

forehand, take precaution, be one's guard.

on

pot est as,

F.,

-tatis,

power

(official, cf.

[potent -f tas], potentia, and

praecedo,
[prae-cedo],
Fig., excel.

-cessi, -cessus, -cedere,

3. v.

a.,

go before.

civil,

not military,

cf.

imperium),
ability,

power

(generally), control,

praeceps,

-cipitis,

[prae-caput],

Vocabulary,
adj.,

109

headlong, in haste : locus praecipitior (a steep incline). praeceptum, -i, [p.p. of prae-

(see
out,

duco) before : murum {carry draw round).

praefectus,
ficio.

cipio],

an instruction, an order. praeceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of praeN.,

As

-a,

subst., see
-tuli,
irr. v.

-um, p.p. of praepraeficio.

-latus,
a.,

praefero,
[prae-fero],

-ferre,

cipio.

place before,
;

praecipio,

-cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,

[prae-capio], 3. hand, anticipate.

instructions.

Also, order, give

-avi,

v.

a.,

lake before-

esteem above, prefer to (with quam) se alicui {show one's self better

than).

praeficio,
-atus,

-feci,

-fectus,
a.,

-ficere,

praecipito,

[praecipit-], 1. v. a., long: se {plunge headlong).

[prae-facio], 3. v. throw head- place in command

-are,

put
set

before,

of,

over.

praefectus,

p.p. as subst.,

a captain

praecipue [old abl. of prae- (esp. of cavalry), a commander. praefigo, -fixi, -fixus, -figere, cipuus], adv., especially. praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae- [prae-figo], 3. v. a., fix in front, set fcapuus ( y/Cap + vus)], adj., {tak- on the edge (of something). praefixus, -a, -um, p.p. of praeing the first place), special.
praeclndo, -clusi, -clusus, -cludere, figo. praemetuo, no perf., no p.p., [prae-claudo], 3. v. &.,{close in front of some one or something), shut off, -metuere, [prae-metuo], 3. v. a. and
barricade.
n.,

fear beforehand.
-misi,

praeco,
inus], M.,

-onis, [?], M.,

-I,

a herald.

praemitto,
-f

-missus, -mit-

Praeconinus,

[praecon a Roman family name.

tere,

[prae-mitto],
on.

3. v. a.,

send for-

ward, send

Esp., Marcus Valerius Praeconinus, a legatus in the army of Crassus. praecurro, -cucurri (-curri), -cursurus, -currere, [prae-curro], 3. v. n.,

praemium, -i, [?, perh. praetemium {^em, in emo, + ium)],

(taken before the general distribution or disposal of booty?), N., a reward, a prize, distinction (as a re-

run on
ten

before, hasten

on

before, has-

in advance, hurry on before : equites {ride on in advance) ; ceof, etc.).

ward or prize) magno praemio remunerari {a great price).

:

leritate {get the start

praeoccupo,
[prae-occupo],
booty,

-avi,
1. v.

-atus,

-are,

praeda,
(root

-ae,

[prob. prae-fhida

a.,

of -hendo

a)],

f.,

position or beforehand :

take in optimor ani-

prey.

mos
-avi, -atus, -are,

[fpraedico- (or similar stem from prae with -y/Dic)], I. v. a. and n., make

praedico,

the

{lake complete possession of to exclusion of everything else)

;

vias

{close

against one).
-avi, -atus, -are,
a.,

praeopto,
opto],
1. v.

known

(before one), proclaim, de-

[praewish in preference,
[prae-

scribe, boast,

vaunt
-Etus,

one's self.
-ari,

choose rather.

praedor,
I. v.

[praeda],
-du-

praeparo,
paro],
I.

-avi, -atus, -are,

dep., plunder, lake booty.

-duxi,

v.

a..,

prepare beforehand.

praednco,
cere,

-ductus,

[prae-duco],

3. v. a., lead, etc.

[y>r2ie-i>on.o], 3.v.a..,pul

praepono,-posui,-positus,-ponere, in command.

no
praerumpo,
pere, [prae-rumpo], 3. (at the end or in front)
v. a.,

Vocabulary.
-rupi, -ruptus,

-rum-

praesto,
-stare,

-stiti,

-status

(-stitus),

praerup-

break off

[prae-sto], 1 .v. a. and n., stand before, be at the head, excel, be su-

tas,

-a, -urn, p.p.

praeruptus,

as adj., precipitous. -a, -um, p.p. of prae-

perior

praestat
:

(it is better).

Also, causa.tive\y, (bring before), furnish, display

rumpo.
praesaepio (-sep-)
tus, -saepire,
,

officium (discharge,
(afford,

-saepsi, -saep-

perform)

stabilitatem

[prae-saepio], 4. v. a., possess) ; fidem (keep, perform one's duty). hedge in, wall off. praesaeptus, -a, -um, p.p. of praesum, -fui, -esse,[prae-sum], irr. v. n., be in praesaepio. front, be at the head

praescribo,
-scribere,

-scrips!,

-scriptus,
3.

of,

be

in

[prae-scribo],

v.

a.,

(hold).
ent,

praesens,
:

command: magistratui
-entis, p., pres-

{write

down beforehand},

prescribe,
p.p. of orders.

immediate

pluribus praesen;

order, direct.

praescriptum, -i, [n. praescribo], N., an order,

tibus (in the presence of many) praesens adesse (be present in person)
.

praescriptus, -a, -um, p.p. of praeter [compar. of prae (cf. praescribo. inter)], adv. and prep., along by, praesens, -entis, p. of praesum. past, beyond. Fig., except, beside, praesentia, -ae, [praesent+ia], contrary to. praeterea [praeter-ea (abl. ?)], F., presence, the present moment : in praesentia {for the moment, at the adv., furthermore, besides: si nemo praeterea (if no otie else). moment). praesentio, -sensi, -sensus, -senpraetereo, -ii, -itus, -ire,[praetertire, [prae-sentio], 4. v. a., see beeo], irr. v. a. and n., go by, pass by.

praeteritus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., forehand, find out in time, find out past. Esp. n. plur., praeterita, (beforehand). the past (cf. "bygones "). praesepio, see praesaepio.

praesertim
especially.

[as if ace. of

fprae-

praetermitto,
-mittere,
let go by, let slip,

-misl,

-missus,
3.
v.
a.,

sertis (-y/sER, in sero,

+ tis)J, adv.,

[praeter-mitto],

omit, neglect.

praesidium,
(y'SED

-I,

[prae-fsidium

praeterquam [praeter-quam],
conjunctive adv., except.

ium),

cf.

obsidium],

n.,

{a silting dozen before), a guard, a garrison, a force (detached for oc-

cupation or guard).
tion, assistance,

Fig., protec-

praetor, -toris, [prae-fitor( -yfi -ftor)], M., (a leader), a commander. Esp., a prcetor, one of a class of
magistrates at
others

support : praesidio literarum (with the assistance of, in fuga praesidium ponere etc.)
;

Rome.

In early times
the

two had judicial powers and

regular
all

commands abroad.

(seek safely in flight

Later

praesto

[?,
if

perh. "praesto,"

/ had

judicial

during their year of office powers, but like the

am

here (as

quoted)], adv., on

consuls

hand, ready, waiting for : praesto esse (be waiting for, meet).

praetors) they

(who were originally called had a year abroad as

legatus pro praetore

propraetors:

Vocabulary.
{legatus

Ill

in

command,
-a,

acting as a

primum

pnetor).

mum
-um, [praetor

praetorius,
ius],
adj.,
;

{as soon as); quam pri{as soon as possible) primus, -a, -um, see prior.
.

of a praetor (in all its praetoria cohors {the body guard, of the commander, see praesenses)

tor).

praeuro,
[prae-uro],
(in front) ; at the point, to

-ussi,
3. v. a.,

-ustus,

-urere,

princeps, -ipis, [primo- (reduced) -fceps {y/CAY as stem)], adj., {taking the lead), first, chief, foremost: principes belli inferendi {leaders in, etc.); locus {chief highest) ; ea

burn at the end princeps persolvit {chiefiy). Ofpraeustae sudes {burnt ten as subst., leading man, leader,
harden them).
-a,

chief matt, chief; legationis {head).

praeustus, uro.

-um, p.p. of prae-

atus,
-verti, -versus, -vertere,

principatus, -tus, [princip + cf. consulatus], m., foremost

praeverto,

[prae-verto], 3 v. a., forestall, attend to first.

anticipate,

position, first place, highest place, the lead (in power and influence among
states).

3.

pravus,
Fig.,

-a,

-um,

[ ?], adj.,

crooked.

prior,

-us, -oris,

[compar. of stem

wrong, vicious.

prehendo
-hensus,
v.
a.,

(prendo),

-hendi,

-hendere,
seize

[prae-fhendo], (against some one

of pro], adj., former, before : priores {those in front) ; non priores inferre {not the first to, etc.).

prius, N. as adv., before (see also

else?), seize (generally), take.

priusquam).
superl., first
.

primus,

-a,

-um,
pripri-

premo,
[?],
3. v.

press!, pressus,
a.,

press.

Esp.,

premere,
press
:

agmen

{front);

mos

civitatis {the best

men)

hard, attack fiercely, harass, oppress

ma

se ipsi {crowd, impede, embarrass each other). prendo, see prehendo.

cf.

obsidione {from the beginning of the siege) in primis {especially). See primo and primum.
:

pristinus,

-a,

-um, [prius-tinus,

pretium,
cost.

-1,

[?],

N.,

a price,

fprex,

precis (dat, ace,

F.,

and

abl.

only; plur. entire), [?],

a prayer,
of

diutinus], adj., {offormer limes), old, former: pristinus dies {the day before). prius, see prior.

an

entreaty.
[loc.
cf.

priusquam [prius-quam],
of

conj.

pridie
the

stem

pro

(prae?) -die, day before.

postridie], adv.,

primipilus
the first

[primo-pilus], m., centurion (see eenturio

[abl.

fpriva(priva + tis)], adv., privately, as private persons (opp. to magistis

adv., {earlier than), before. privatim [as if ace. of

trate)

de suis privatim rebus

;

and pilus).

primo

of primus], adv.,
cf.

at first (opposed to afterwards,

primum)

plus affairs) posse privatim {in their own name, opposed to official action). privatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of privo],
adj., (destitute

{their ozvn private

primum

[ace. of

primus],

adv.,

of

official

character),

first (in order of incidents, opposed to next, etc), in the first place : cum

private, personal.

pro

[for

prod,

abl.

of stem akin

112
to

Vocabulary,

prae, prior, etc.], adv. (in comp.) euro], 1. v. a., care for, have chargi and prep., in front of, before. Hence, of, attend to. in place of, instead of, for, as, on beprocurro, -curri (-cucurri), -curv. n., half of: nihil pro sano {nothing surus, -currere, [pro-curro], 3. Also, in view of, in ac- run forward, charge, rush out. prudent'). cordance with, in proportion to, acprodeo, -ivi (-ii), -itus, -ire, [prod cording to, considering, in return (see pro) -eo], irr. v. n., go forth, In comp., before, forth, come forth, come out, go forward : for, for.

away, for, down (as

I.

falling forward) longius (go to any distance). prodesse, see prosum. probatus, -a, -um, p.p. of probo. proditio, -onis, [pro-fditio, cf. probo, -avi, -atus, -are, [probo-], v. a., (make good, find good), ap- prodo] F., (a giving away) treason
.

prove, with, favor (a plan), adopt (a meastest,

prove, show, be satisfied

proditor,

-toris,

[pro-dator

(cf.

ure).

prodo)], M., a traitor. proditus, -a, -um, p.p. of prodo. prodo, -didi, -ditus, -dere, [proprocedo, -cessi, -cessus, -cedere, [pro-cedo], 3. v. n., go forward, ad- do], 3. v. a., (give forward), give
longius (go
to

vance, proceed:
distance).

a forth, publish, betray (give away), transmit, hand down : memoriam

,

Procillus,
M., a

-i,

[Proculo

Roman
by

family name.

his] Esp.,

(preserve, by handing
terity)
;

down to posmemoria proditum (told in

Caius
sent

Valerius Procillus,

a Gaul tradition, handed down). Qesar as ambassador to produco, -duxi, -ductus, -ducere,

Ariovistus.

[pro-duco],

3. v. a.,

lead forth, lead

proclinatus, -a, -um, p.p. of out, bring out (jumenta), draw up Fig., protract. (troops). proclino. productus, -a, -um, p.p. of proproclino, -avi, -atus, -are, [proclino], 1. v. a., {bend forward), duco. throw down : res proclinata (fallproelior, -atus, -an, [proelio-],

ing,

ruined).
-ulis,

I. v.

dep., fight (in war).

[pro-consul, on account of the phrase pro consule], M., a proconsul, an ex-consul (during

proconsul,

-i, [?], N., a battle (a single encounter, great or small), a

proelium,

his

contest, an engagement, a general term of service abroad). engagement, a skirmish : commitprocul [ ?, fproco- (pro + cus) tere (engage, join battle, risk a bat+ his (reduced, cf. simul)], adv., tle, begin an engagement, begin the at a distance (not necessarily great), fight, fight); suos a proelio continere (from battle). at some distance. profectio, -onis, [pro-factio (cf. procumbo, -cubui, no p.p., -cumbere, [pro-cumbo], 3. v. n., fall proficiscor)], i"., a setting out, a

(forward),

fall

(generally),
(for

sink

departztre, retreat (the special idea

down,

lie

down

lodged (of

grain). incline, slope, lean.

Less

rest),

become
exactly,

coming from the context),

evacuation.

starting,

profectus,
-are,

-a,

-um, p.p. of pro-

procuro,

-avi, -atus,

[pro-

flcio.

Vocabulary.
profectus,
ficiscor.
-a,

113
out,

-urn, p.p.

of pro-

march forward, inarch

out.

Also,

come

fig.,

proceed, go :

amentia

profero,
fero],
out.
irr.

-tuli, -latus, -ferre,

a.,

[pro-

longius (go).

v.

bring forth, bring

-fecturus, -ficere,

progressus, gredior.

-a,

-um, p.p. of pro-hibitus,

a.,

proficio,
[pro-facio],

-feci,

prohibeo,
keep
off,

-hibui,

-hioff,

3. v. n.,

{make wayfor.

bere, [pro-habeo], 2. v.

hold

ward}, advance (cf. proficiscor) Fig., gain advantage (" get on "), gain (much or little), accomplish (something) satis ad laudem profectum est (enough has been done for glory) ad pacem parum profici (not much was doing tcnuards plus multitudine telorum peace)
: ;

repel, slop, prevent, restrain,

hinder from, forbid. Also, protect (by a change of relation of the two things concerned) aliquem ab omni militum injuria (keeping the thing protected from the assailant).
:

prohibitus, hibeo.
[pro-iacio],

-a,

-um, p.p. of pro-

proficere (have the advantage in).

proicio(-jicio),-jeci,-jectus,-icere,
3. v. a., throw forward, throw away, cast (down, cf. pro), abandon : aquilam intra vallum

proficiscor, -fectus, -ficisci, [proffaciscor (cf. proficio)], 3. v. dep.,

(make way forward).

leave,

Esp.,

start,

depart,
out,

set

out,

withdraw,
:

(throw over)
themselves)
;

projectae

(casting
.

march
;

go

out,

come

out, sail out

se

ex navi

(leap)

quo proficiscimur (whither we are going) unde erantprofecti(w/i<?^ ad proficiscendum they had come)
;

proinde [pro-inde], adv., (from there forward) therefore.

,

projicio, see proicio.

pertinere (to a journey, etc.). profiteor, -fessus, -fiterl, [profateor], 2. v. dep., declare publicly : se (offer one's self, volunteer as, declare one's self).

prolatus,
fero.

-a,

-um, p.p. of pro-entis,

prominens,
inineo.

p.

of

pro-

promineo,
-a, -urn, p.p.

-minui,

no

p.p., -mi-

profligatus,
fligo

of pro-

nere,

[pro-fmineo
[old

(cf.

minor)],
of

: profligo,
(dash

2. v. n.,

lean forward, lean over.

abl.

-avi,

-atus, -are,

[tpro-

promiscue

pro-

fligo-

(pro-fnigus, yTuc;
to the

1. v. a.,

ground).
no

Esp.,

us)],

miscuus], adv., in common. promissus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro-

put to rout, profluo,

rout.
-fluxi,

mi tto.
p.p., -fluere,

promitto,
tere,

-misi,

-missus,

-mit-

[pro-fluo], 3.

v. n., flow

forth, rise.
-fu-

[pro-mitto],

3. v. a., (let go for:

profugio,

-fugT,

-fugiturus,

gere, [pro-fugio], 3. v. n., flee forth, make one's escape. flee, escape,

ward), let grow (of the hair) promisso capillo sunt (they tvear long
hair).

prognatus,
tus],
p.p.

-a,

-um, [pro-(g)na-

promontorium (promuntu-),
-i,

as

adj.,

sprung from

[akin to

promineo],
-a,

N.,

a head-

land. prognati ex (descendants of). progredior, -gressus, -gredi,[propromotus, gradior], 3. v. dep., go forward, moveo.

-um, p.p. of pro-

H4
promoveo,
vere,

Vocabulary
-movi,
,

-motus, -mo-

nere, [pro-pono],

3. v. a.,

place

be-

[pro-moveo] 2. v. a., move fore, set before, lay before : vexillum Less exactly, offer, (hang out). forward, advance, push forward. promptus, -a, -um, [p. p. of put in the way, present (difficulty), promo], p.p. as adj., (taken out of make known, stale, represent. the store ready for distribution), propositus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro-

ready, quick, active. prone [old abl. of pronus], adv.,

pono.

with a

proprius, -a, -um, [?, akin to prope?], adj., of one's own : fines hoc proprium virpronflntio, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- (particular) nuntio], 1. v. a., {publish forth), tutis (a peculiar property, a mark).
slope.
;

make known, communicate, declare, propter [prope + ter, cf. aliter, praeter], adv. and prep., near by. give orders, make proclamation. " Also, on account of (cf. all along prope [ ?, akin to pro, cf. proeul and proximus], adv. and prep., of"). Cornnear. propterea [propter-ea (prob. Fig., almost, nearly.

par.,

propius, nearer
(as prep.).
lately, last.

mulum
me,

propius Superl., proxi-

tu-

abl. or instr. of is)], adv.,

account.

With quod,

on this

because, in-

asmuch
drive

as.

propello,
[pro-pello],

-puli, -pulsus, -pellere,

3. v. a.,

away

(cf.

propiignator, -toris, [pro-pugnator (cf. propugno)], M., a de-

pro), repulse, rout, dislodge, force fender. back (changing the point of view). propugno, -avi, -aturus, -are, propero, -avi, -atus, -are, [pro- [pro-pugno], 1. v. n., (rush forward
pero-],
haste,
1. v. a.

and

n.,

hasten, be in

to fight,

or fight in front), rush out

make haste. propinquitas, -tatis, [propinquo + tas], f., vicinity, a being

(fighting),

discharge

missiles

(ex

silvis)

propulso, -avi, -atus, -are, [pronear, a position near : propinqui- pulso (cf. propello)], i. v. a., retates fluminum {positions near, pel, keep off, drive off, defend one's Esp., nearness in blood, a self against. etc.).

relation (by blood).

prora,

propinquus, -a, -um, [stem akin to prope (or case-form) + cusj,

adj.,

prow
mo],

-ae, [Gr. (of a ship).

TrpwpTj], F., the

near at hand, near.

blood, related.
relatives.

As

Esp. by

proruo,
demolish.

-rui, -rutus, -ruere,

3. v. a.,

[prodash down, overthrotv,

subst. in plur.,

prorutus, -a, -um, p.p. of propropior, -us, -oris,[compar. of stem ruo. of prope], adj., nearer. proseeutus, -a, -um, p.p. of proproximus [?, perh. fproco- (see proeul) sequor.
-f

timus],

superl.,

nearest,

With neighboring : bellum (last) force of prep. (cf. prope) proximi

:

next,
-po-

prosequor, -secutus,
sequor],
3. v.

-sequi, [pro-

dep., pursue, follow

Rhenum

(nearest the Rhine).

-posui,
-positus,

Fig. (from (on one's way), escort. one escorting), address, lake leave of

propono,

(with

some kind of

attention).

Vocabulary.
-tus, [pro-spectus prospieio)], M., outlook, view : in prospectu {in sight) prospectu tenebris adempto {the view cut off

ii5

prospectus,

cf.

(cf.

issue{%.

eventus and provenio], M., an coming forth), success, a result. provideo, -vidi, -visus, -videre,

by the darkness).

[pro-video], 2. v. a., foresee, see beforehand, take care, make provision,

prospieio, -spexi, -spectus, -spi- provide, arrange beforehand. provincia, -ae,[fprovinco-(procere, [pro-fspecio], 3. v. a., look forward, look out. Fig., provide for, vincus, vine- as root of vinco +us)

take care, look out.

prosterno,
the

-stravi, -stratus, -ster3. v.

a.,

ia], k., (office of one extending the frontier by conquest in the field),
-f

nere, [pro-sterno],

dash

to

ground, overthrow
[pro (d) -sum],

(lit.

and

fig.).

prosum,
esse,

profui, profuturus, prodirr. v. n., be for

(of a commander or governor), a province (in general), a function. Transferred, a province (governed
office

the

advantage of, benefit : quod alicui prodest {by which one profits).

by a Roman magistrate). Esp., The Province (of Gaul) so with nostra, ulterior, citerior (the province, as
;

protego,
[pro-tego],

-texi,

-tectus,

-tegere,

opposed
Gaul).

to the

unconquered parts of

3. v. a.,

{cover in front),

protect, cover.

protenus, see protinus. proterreo, -terrui, -territus,

rere,

-ter-

provincialis, -e, [provincia + Esp., of of a province. the province (of Gaul).

lis], adj.,

[pro-terreo],

2. v. a.,

frighten

provolo,
volo],
actly,

-avi, -aturus, -are,

away, drive away in fright. proterritus, -a, -um, p.p. of proterreo.

1. v. n.,

fly forth.

[pro Less ex-

rush forth, rush out, fly out

protinus (-tenus), [pro-tenus],

adv.,

(of cavalry, etc.). proxime, see prope.

forward, straight on.

Hence,
F.,

proximus,
prudentia,

see

straightway, forthwith, at once, instantly (keeping right on).

-ae,

propior. [prudent

ia],

foresight, discretion.

proturbatus, -a, -um, p.p. of protarbo. proturbo, -ivi, -situs, -are, [proturbo], I. v. a., drive in confusion, drive off, dislodge.

Ptianii, -orum, [Celtic], M.

a people of Aquitania.

plur.,

pubes (puber), -eris, [?, prob. same root as puer], adj., adult. As subst., adults, grown men, young

provectus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro- men of age. veho. publice [old proveho, -vexi, -vectus, -vehere, adv., publicly, in
[pro-veho], In
pass.,
3. v. a.,

abl. of

publicus],

the

name ofthe stale,

carry forward. as a state, on behalf of the state : pubcarried forth, sail lice jurare {for the people, making out, set sail : leni Africo provectus the oath bind them). {sail with, be driven by) publico, -avi, -atus, -are, [publibe
.

provenio, -veni,-venturus, -venire,

co-],

I.

v.

a.,

{make belong

to

the

[pro-venire], 4. v. n., come forward. people), confiscate. Esp. of fruits, come up, grow. publicus, -a, -um,

proventus,

-tus,

[pro-fventus,

cus],

adj.,

[populo + of the people (as a state),

u6
of the
state

Vocabulary.
state, public : consilium (a measure, a public measure,

morum
etc.).

praestare
-eris,
-is,

(the

working,

action by the state, action by general

pulvis,

consent)

res publica {the common-

puppis,
a ship).

[?],

[?], M., dust. v., the stem (of

wealth, the state, the interests of state,

business) ; in publico {in relatis in publicum corpublic) nibus (publicly displayed) ; niu-

public

purgatus, -a, -um, p.p. of purgo. purgo, -avi, -atus, -are, [tpurigo(puro + fagu 3 c f- prodigus)],
.

lieres

in

publicum

procurrere

I. v. a.,

clean, clear.-

Fig.,
-are,

(abroad into
cf.

the streets).

exonerate, free
culpate.

from
-atus,

excuse, suspicion, ex-

Publius, -i, [prob. populo +ius, publicus], M., a Roman prsenomen.

pudet, puduit (puditum
dere, [?],
2. v.

puto,

-avi,

[putoI.

(stem of putus, clean)'],

clean up, clear up.
(clear
think, suppose.

est), pu-

Esp.

v.

a.,

rationes

one

is

ashamed
-oris,

impers., (it shames), (translating the ac-

up accounts). Hence, reckon,

cusative as subject).

pudor,

[y/PUD

(in

pudet)

only

Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, [?], adj., with montes, the Pyrenees

between
France

+ or], M., shame, a sense of shame, a sense of honor.

puer,
-i,

mountains,
Spain.

and

[?], M., a boy.

Plur.,

children (of either sex);

a pueris

(from childhood).
puerilis,
ilis],
adj.,

Q.
Q., abbrev. for Quintus.

[puero- (reduced) + of a child : aetas (of

-e,

childhood).

qua
-ae,

[abl.

or

instr.(?)

of qui],

pugna,

[y'PUG

(in

pugno)

rel. adv.,

by which (way), where.

quadrageni, -ae, -a, [quadrana], F., a fight (less formal than proelium) ad pugnam (for fight- ginta (reduced) + nus], num. adj., genus pugnae (offighting). forty each, forty (each, often omitted ing)^ pugno, -avi, -atus, -are, [pugna-], in Eng.). Often impers. v. n., I quadraginta [akin to quatfight, engage. in pass., pngnatnm est, etc., an tuor], indecl. num. adj., forty.
: .

engagement

took place,

the fighting continued.

fought, they Esp. pug:

quadringeuti, quattuor], num.

-ae, -a,
adj.,

[akin to

four hun-

nandi
battle)

potestatem fecit (offered dred. quaero, quaesivi, quaesitus, quaepugnantes (engaged') pulcher, -chra, -chrum, [?], adj., rere, [ ?, with r for original s] 3. v. a.,
.

beautiful,

handsome, fine.

search for, look for, inquire about,

-onis, [?],M., a family name. Esp., Titus Pulio, a centurion in Caesar's army. pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello.

Pulio (Pulfio?),

Roman

inquire, ask
inquiries)
of
.

eadem (make the same

-onis,

quaestio,

[quaes (as root

pulsus,

-us,

[VPEL ( m

pello)

quaero) + tio], F., an investigation : habere de aliquo (examine,

as witnesses, usually by torture).

tus], M., a stroke, a beat: pulsu re-

Vocabulary.
quaestor,
of
-toris,

117

[quaes- (as root

quaero) +

tor], u., (investigator,

or acquirer, peih. both).

Esp., a

vis (or separate) copiae (any however great, cf. quamvis).

quare
thing,

[qua-re], adv., by which

qmestor (the

Roman
-tus,

officer

who had

charge of the finances of an army).

therefore, on account of which (circumstance, etc.),

wherefore,

quaestus,
of

[quaes (as root

quaero)
qualis,

commissum neque alis], interr. adj., of what sort : quare (nothing had been done for res hortabantur qualis ascensus (what is the nature which, etc.)
-e,

tus], M., acquisition. [quo- (stem of quis)

The relative 7uhy. tive senses are not

guishable
;

and

interrogadistin-

always

-f-

of, etc.).

quare,
:

etc.

(many

reasons for doing

quam
qui,
1.

cf.

[case-form of quis and tarn, nam], adv. and conj.

so urged, etc., to, etc.).

Interrog.,

how?

2.

Relative, as,

than, praeferre quam (rather than). Often with superlatives, as much as

quart us, -a, -um, [quattuor- (reduced) -f tus], adj., fourth : quartus decimus (fourteenth).

quasi [quam
as

(or

qua)

-si], conj.,

possible :
est

quam maximas {the greatpossible) quam maxime (very

if:

quasi vero (as if forsooth,

[?,

much).
hut

See also postquam, pri;

ironical).

quattuor
num.
adj.,

reduced

pi.], indecl.

usquam, which
are

are often separated,

four.

best

represented in

Eng.

quattuordecim

[quattuor-de-

together.

quam
long
as.

diB [quam, diu],

adv.,

cem], indecl. num. adj., fourteen. as -que (always appended to the word or to some part of the phrase which
it

ob rem (often found together), adv. phrase: I. Interrog., 2. Relative, on which acwhy ? count, for which reason.

quam

conj.,

connects) [unc. case-form of qui], and. Sometimes connecting the general with the particular, and

in general,

and

other.

quamvis [quam
you

vis],

adv.,

as

quern ad

modum,

phrase

as

please, however, no matter hoiv.

adv., how, just as, as.

quando [quam -f
:

unc. case-form

1. Indef., at akin to de], adv. any time : si quando (if ever, whenever)

queror, questus, queri, [ ?, with r for original s], 3. v. dep., complain,

complain
of,

2.

Interrog.,

when

find fault, find fault

-um, p.p. of queror.

3.

Relative,

with, bewail.

when.

questus,

-a,

quanto, see quantus. qui, quae, quod, cujus, [prob. quo+ i (demonstrative)], rel. pron., who, quantopere, see opus. Often where a dequantus, -a, -um, [prob. for ka- which, that. (root of qua) + vant+us], adj.: monstrative is used in Eng., this, I. Interrog., how great ? how much? that. Often implying an antecequantum boni (how much good?); dent, he who, etc. ea quae (things

quantae civitates(/$oiy important?). which, whatever) qua de causa 2. Relative, as great, as: quanta qui patebant (for this reason) tanta pecunia (whatever (though they, etc.) qui videant the same amount of, etc.) quantae- (men to see, scouts) qui (and they)

.
.

n8
habere sese quae, with
thing
7vho)
;

Vocabulary.
subj. (some-

to,

qui potuissent (men qui postularent (to demand);

etc.)
;

haec esse quae

cis

(this

qui faceret (in that he,

was what); etc.) pau- sint

;

tate to); non aliter sentio quin (/ have no other idea than that) non exspecto quin (I do not delay doing, etc.) ; nee abest ab eo quin pos;

(it is not Jar from

;

being the case

etc., that).

diebus quibus (after); quod (the same as). quo,

idem
abl.

that, etc.)

non longius abest quin

(quis-),
quae-,

of

(it is

not farther than,

cujus-,

degree
(more,

of

difference

less, etc.).
2.

adv., the See also quis,

as

qui nam
(quid-),

quodinterr.

[qui-nam],

3. quo. pron., who, etc. (emph.): quibusnam quicumque, quae-, quod-, [qui- manibus (with what possible, etc.). cumque (cf. quisque)], indef. rel., quincunx, -uncis, [quinque-

quod,

quo, and

Tuhoever, whichever, whatever.

quidam,
[qui-dam
tarn)],

quae-, quod- (quid-), (case of -^da, cf. nam,

pron.,

uncia], f. (an arrangement of dots in the form marked on the five-ounce piece of copper, V), a quincunx :
in

indef.

(possibly

quincuncem

dispositis (in quin.

known, but not identified), a certain, cuueial or alternate order) certain, a kind of (referred to as bequindecim [quinque-decem], longing to the class but not exactly indecl. num. adj., fifteen. the thing spoken of) artificio quingenti, -ae, -a, [quinquequodam (a hind of trick) quidam centum], num. adj., five hundred. ex militibus (one). quini, -ae, -a, [quinque + nus], quidem [unc. case-form of qui adj., five at a time, five (at a time,
:

+ dem

(from y/r>\,

c f-

tandem, though
:

not so expressed in Eng.).

idem)], conj., giving emphasis but qulnquaginta [quinque + unc. with no regular English equivalent stem], indecl., fifty. ne even, not quidem (not quinque [?], indecl. num.
.

adj.,

either)

vestrae

quidem

certe

five.

(yours at least, with emphasis). quies, -etis, [quie- (stem of quieseo,

etc.)

quintus,
adj., fifth.

-um, [quinque-ftus], Esp. as a Roman

-a,

prse-

+ tis

(reduced)],

F., rest,

nomen

(orig. the fifth-born?).

sleep, repose.

Quintus, -i, see quintus. quietus, -a, -um, [quie- (stem of quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), quieseo) + tus], p.p. as adj., at rest, cujus [stem qui- and quo-] 1. In:

quiet, peaceable, settled, at peace, free

terrog. pron., who, which, what.

2.

from disturbance. quin [qui (abl.

-f

Indef., one,

any

one,

any thing :
ubi quis

or instr. of qui)

ne], conj., interrog.,^w not? and relative, by which not: quin etiam

ne quid (that nothing); (when any one).

negative verbs of hindrance and doubt, so but what, but what, but that, that,

(nay even, in fact).

After

quisnam, see quinam. quispiam, quae-, quidcujus-,

[quis-piam

(quod-), (pe-jam, cf.

pron.,

quippe, nempe)], indef. from (doing a thing), to (do a any, any one, any thing. non dubito quin (/ doubt thing) quisquam, quae-, quid-,
;

cujus-,

not that; also, rarely,

I do

not hesi-

[quis-quam],

indef. pron.

used sub-

Vocabulary.
stantively (cf. ullus), only with negatives and words implying a negative,

119

as for the fad that, the fact that, that, as for (with clause expressing the
:

making a universal negative, any action) quod si {notu if, but if). quoin, see cum. any thing. quo 111 in us, see 3. quo. quisque, quae-, quid- (quod-), qnoniam [quom (cum) -jam], cujus-, [quis-que], indef. pron. (distributive universal), each, each one, conj., {when now), inasmuch as,
one,

every. Esp. with superlatives, implying that things are taken in the order of their quality nobilissimus
:

since, as.

quoque
word
as
it

affects,

[?], conj., following the {by all means?), also,

quisque
bility)
;

(all the noblest,

one

after

zuell.

Cf.

etiani (usually pre-

the other in the order of their no-

ceding).
(also as adv., {turned in every direction), in every direction, all about.

antiquissimum quodque
{the most ancient times in

quoqueversus (-versum),

tempus
their

quoquo-),

decimus quisque order) ; {every tenth, the tenth part of, one in With ut, and ita, a propoten). sition is indicated, in proportion as

quot [quo +
y/ta,
1.

ti

(unc.

form
2.

fr.
:

cf.

tarn

?)],

pron.

...

5(7,

the

more

the more.

Interrog.,

quaequae, quidquid, [quis, doubled], indef. rel. pron., whoever, whatever, every one who, all who.
cujuscujus,

quisquis,

tive,

as

how many? many, as many as

indecl.

Rela-

(with imadv.,

plied antecedent).

quota mns [quot-annis],

{as

many years

as there are), every

quivis,

quae-,

quid-

(quod-), year, yearly.

cujus-, [qui- vis], indef. pron.,

who

any one, any whatever (affirmative), any (whatever). 1. quo, see qui. you
please,
2.
1.

quotidian us (cotid-), -a, -um, [quotidie (reduced) + anus], adj.,

daily.

quotidie (cotid-), [quot dies

(in unc. form)], adv., daily.

[old dat. of qui], adv. 2. Relative, Interrog., whither ?

quo

whither, into which, as

to

far as

(i.e.,
;

quoties [quot + iens, cf. quin1. Interrog., how quiens], adv.

:

quo intrare {which) habere quo {have any place to go to, or the like). See also quoad.
:

what end)

often ?
tive,

how many

times ?

2.

Rela-

as often, as often as (with imlate

plied antecedent).

3.

quo

[abl. of

qui], as conj., in

quum,
which
see.

spelling

for

cum,

order that (with comparatives), that : magis eo quam quo {than that, than
because). Esp., not, so that not:

quo in in us,

that

recusare quomiconj.,
as,

R.
radix,
Plur., the
-icis, [?], F., a root. roots (of a tree), the foot

nus

{refuse to).

quoad [quo-ad], which point), as far

long
as.

{up

to

until, as

(of a mountain).
[n. of qui],
conj.,

{as to which), because, inasmuch as, in that,

quod

rado,
3. v. a.,

rasi,

rasus,

radere,

[?]

shave.

120

Vocabulary.
family name. Esp., Caius Caninius Rebilus, a legatus of Caesar.

ramus, -I, [?], M., a branch, a bough, a prong (of antlers).

rapiditas,
F.,

-tatis,

[rapido

+ tas],

reeedo,
[re-cedo],
retire,

-cessi, -cessurus, -cedere,

3. v. n.,

swiftness.

make way

back,

rapina, -ae, [rapi- (as if stem of rapio) -f na (f. of -nus)], f., plunder.

withdraw.
-entis,

verb freceo (formed from reed-, cf. plundering. rarus, -a, -um, [?], adj., thin, recipero)], adj., (?, just coming scattered, singly, in small bodies (of back ?), neiv, fresh, late. soldiers), a few at a lime, few (as recenseo, -censul, -census, -cenPlur.,

recens,

[prob. p. of lost

being wide apart). rasus, -a, -um, p.p. of rado. ratio,

-onis, [frati- (ra, in
F.,

sere,

[re-censeo],

2. v. a.,

review,

inspect (of troops).

ti) -f o],

a roll. Also, calculation, reason, prudence, terms, a plan, science (or art, or knowledge, as syscount,

reor, a reckoning, an ac-

receptaculum,
culum],
refuge.
N.,

-i,

retreat,

[recepta + a place of

receptus,
cipio.

-a,

-um, p.p. of re-

receptus, -tus, [re-captus, cf. recipio], M., a retreat, a way of rerationem habere {take an account, treat, a refuge : receptui canere (to take account of, have regard to, take sound a retreat).
a calculation), a ??ianner, a method :
into consideration, take care of, a mercantile term, cf. account) rei militaris (art, also nature); omni;

tematic), a reason (as consisting in

recessus, -sus, [re-fcessus (cf. recede)], M., a retreat: recessum dare (a chance to retreat).
recido,
[re-cado],
-cidi,

bus rationibus (in

respects)
;

proelii (character)

all ways, in all re;

-casurus,

-cidere,

3. v. n.,

fall again, fall

poscere (demand an account, 7nake back, fall upon (one after some one one responsible) rationem habere else). ut (take care that, etc.); rationem recipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
;

habere frumentandi (take measures for, etc.). ratis, -is, [?],

F.,

[re-capio], 3. v. a., take back, get back, recover, take in, receive, ad-

raft.

Rauraci (Raurici),
tic],

-orum, [Cel-

M. plur., a tribe on the upper

mit : misericordiam (admit of); tela recipi (be exposed to missiles) ; ad se (attack). With reflexive, re-

Rhine.
re-, red-, [abl. of unc. stem, perh. akin to -rus], insep. prep., back,

treat, fly, return, retire, get

off,

ivith-

drazu, resort.

again, away, out, un-. Esp. implying a giving or taking something which is due, or which creates an
-

recito,
1. v. a.,

-avi, -atus, -are, [re-cito],

read (aloud). reclinatus, -a, -um,

-avi,

p.p. of re-

elino.

obligation by the taking, see recipio,

reclino,
clino],
over, lean
:

-atus,
n.,

-are,

[re-

refero.
rebellio, -onis, [rebelli

1. v. a.

and
abl.

lean back, lean

o],

f.,

reclinatus (leaning).
of rectus], adv.,

a renewal of -war. Rebilus, -i, [?],

recte [old
m.,

Roman

straight.

Vocabulary.
rectus,
-a,

121
-urn, [Celtic], m. plur.,

-urn, [p.p.

of rego],

Redones,
reduco,
[re-duco],
back,

adj., {directed},

straight

recta re-

a tribe of Brittany.
-dvixi,

gione {in a straight direction, parallel

-ductus,
in.
p.p.

-diicere,

with)

3. v. a.,

lead back, bring

of
re-

recipero (-cupero),
-are,

-avi,

-atus,
(cf.
(cf.

draw

back,
-a,

draw
-um,
-latus,

[frecipero-,
I

from reco-

refectus,
ficio.

recens, reciprocus)

parus

opiparus) ]
recfiso,

v.

a.,

gel back, re-are,

refero,
fero],

-tuli,

-ferre,

[re-

cover, regain.
-avi,

-atus,

[re-

bring back, return, bring (where something belongs),

iir. v. a.,

fcauso (cf. excuse-)], i. v. a. and report. n -> (give an exctise for drawing before
back), refuse, reject, repudiate, object to : de stipendio (refuse to pay,
etc.);

Esp.
for

ad senatum
; ;

(lay

de republica (consult in regard to) gratiam (make return, shoza one's gratitude);
action)

qiim(refuse

to);

quominus^- pedem

fuse

to);

periculum(;-i?/"^ to incur).

reda (rheda), -ae, [perh. Celtic form akin to rota], F., a wagon
(with four wheels). redactus, -a,-um, p.p. of redigo.

(retreat, draw back). reficio, -feci, -fectus, -ficere, [refacio], irr. v. a., repair, refresh: se

ex labore
to

(rest)

exercitum

(allo-w

recover).

refractus, -a, -um, p.p. of refringo. (red)-do], 3. v. a., give back, restore, refringo, -fregi, -fractus, -fringere, pay (something due, cf. re), render. [re-frango], 3. v. a., break away, redemptus, -a, -urn, p.p. of red- break in (portas) vim fluminis

reddo,

-didi,

-ditus,

-dere,

[re

imo.
(-ivi), -iturus, -Tre, [re(red-) -eo], irr. v. n., go back, re-

(break, opposite to
-ii

its

direction).

redeo,

refugio,

-fugi, -fugiturus, -fugere,

turn, come

[re-fugio], 3. v. n., run away, escape. down again (collis ad Reginus, -i, [akin to rex], m., a planitiem) eodem unde redierat Roman family name. Esp., Caius
:

(come).

redigo,
(red-)

-egi,
3.

-actus, -igere,
v.
a.,

[re-

Antistius Reginus, a legatus of Caesar. regio, -onis, [ y'REG + io, but cf.

bring back, reduce, render, bring (sub imperium Galliam), make one thing out of another.

ago],

ratio],

F., a direction, a part (of the country, etc.), a region, a country,

a district : recta regione (straight, along, parallel) ; e regione (opposite)

.

redimo,
[re- (red-)

-emi,

-emptus,
3. v. a.,

-imere,

emo],

buy back,

redeem, purchase, buy.

regius, -a, -um, [reg-f ius], of a king, regal, royal.

adj.,

redintegratus, -a, -urn, p.p. of regno, -avi, -aturus, -are, [regno-], 1. v. n., rule, be in redintegro. power. redintegro, -avi, -atus, -are, [reregnum, -i, [^/REG + num (n. 1. v. renew of-nus)], N., a kingdom, royalpower, a., (red-) integro], a throne. (again), restore, revive (spem). Plur., the royal power reditus, -tus, [re- (red-) fitus], (of several cases). Also reditio, -onis. M., a return. rego, rexi, rectus, regere, [akin to

122

Vocabulary.
-are,

rex], 3. v. a, direct, manage, rule, remlgo, -avi, -aturus, have control of. mig-], 1. v. n., row. regredior, -gressus, -gredi, [reremigro, -avi, -aturus,
gradior], 3. v. dep., go back, return. reicio (rejicio), -jeci, -jectus, -icere, [re-jacio], 3. v. a., throw

[re-

-are, [re-

migro], 1. v. n., move back. reminiscor, -minisci, [re-tminiscor(-v/MAN, in memini, +isco)], back, hurl back, drive back, throw 3. v. dep., remember. remissus, -a, -um, p.p. of reaway, drive off. relanguesco, -langul, no p.p., mi tto.
-languescere, [re-languesco], 3.V. n., languish away, be relaxed, be weakened, be deadened.

remitto,
[re-mitto],
to use,

-misi,

-missus, -mittere,

3. v. a., let

back, throw back.

go back, send
fri-

Fig., relax, cease

relatus, -a, -um, p.p. of refero. relegatus, -a, -um, p.p. of relego.

give up

remissioribus
-mollescere,
soften

goribus

(less intense).

relego,
I. v. a.,

-avi, -atus, -are,

[re-lego],

remollesco,

[re-

remove, separate. relictus,-a,-um, p.p. of relinquo.

religio, -onis,
[?,

mollesco], 3. v. n., soften, become feeble.

away,
of re-

re-legio

(cf.

remotus,

-a,

-um,

p.p.

religo)],

F.,

(the original

meaning moveo.

uncertain), a religious scruple, a religious observance, the service of the

removeo,

-movi, -motus, -movere,

f

[re-moveo], 2. v. a., move back gods, a superstition, a superstitious move away, send away, remove, terror. Plur., religious matters (of draw away, get out of the way. all kinds). remnneror, -atus, -ari, [re-murelinquo, -liqui, -lictus, -linquere, nero], I. v. dep., repay, requite. 1. Remus, -I, [?], m., one of the [re-linquo], 3. v. a., leave behind,

leave,

abandon

ohsidioneva.(raise)

Pass., be

left,

remain.

Remi (which 2. remus,

see).
-i,

[?], M.,

an

oar.

reliquus, -a, -um, [re-fliquus \/LlQ + us )] a 4J- kfty remaining,

rend, -onis, [?], m., a reindeer. renovo, -avi, -atus, -are,[re-novoJ,

1. v.

the rest, the other, other

(meaning
;

all

a.,

renew.
-a,

other), the others, all other, future nihil est (of time, remaining)

renuntiatus,

-um, p.p. of re-atus, -are,

reliqui {there

is

nothing

left)

n initio. nihil renantio,

.

-avi,

[re-

ad celeritatem

sibi reliqui fece-

runt(made the greatest possible speed)

remaneo,
-manere,

-mansi,

-mansurus,
2. v.

nuntio], 1. v. a., bring back word, report, proclaim. repello, -pull, -pulsus, -pellere,
[re-pello],
pel,
3. v.
:

[re-maneo],

n.,

re-

a.,

drive back, re-

main behind, remain, stay. remex, -igis, [remo- with term. (perh. fagus)], M., an
man, a rower.

repulse

ab hac spe repulsi

unc.
oars-

(disappointed in this hope). repente [abl. of repens], adv., (creeping on so as to appear suddenly), suddenly. repentino, see repentinus.

Re ml,

tribe of the

-orum, [Celtic], M. plur., a Belgae about Rheims,

their capital.

which was

repentinus,

-a,

-um, [repente

Vocabulary
repeninus], adj., sudden, hasty. tino, abl. as adv., suddenly.
reperio, repperi, repertus, reperire,
4. v. a., find find (by inquiry, cf. invenio) repertisuntmulti(7/wv were many). repertus, -a, -um, p.p. of re-

123
rei,

res,

[akin to reorj,

K.,

prop-

erty (1), business, an affair, a matter, a thing (in the most general sense),

[re-(red-)pario],
discover,
:

out,

a fact, an occurrence, an event, a Often to case, an action, an act.

be translated from the context

earn
;

ob

rem (for this reason) quam ob rem (for which reason, wherefore); his rebus (by these means,
by these reasons, on this account); ea res (this, often equivalent to a

perio. repeto, -perm,

[re-peto],
cf.

-petitus,

-petere,

3.

v.

a.,

try to get back,

:

demand back,
flict,

ask for

poenas

(in-

pronoun)
nitis

qua in re
;

sumo).
-plevi, -pletus, -plere, [re-

ejus rei (of this)

(in which) ; his rebus cog-

repleo,
pleo],

2. v. a.,

fill up,

supply well.
-are,

repletus, reporto,
porto],
3. v. a.,
I.

-a,

-um, p.p. of repleo.

-atus,

(this); qua ex re futurum (the result of which would be); huic rei (for this purpose, for this) ; alia

-avi,

[re-

re jurare (in any other way)

nihil

v. a.,

carry back.
[re-posco],

earum rerum quas,

what, etc.)
;

reposco,
thing due).

-poscere,

(nothing of sine certa re (without

etc.

demand back, demand

(some-

certain grounds);

omnibus rebus
;

(in every respect, in all "Mays)

-atus, -are, [re1. v.

his

repraesento, -avi,
praesento],
do at once.
a.,

omnibus rebus unum repugnabat

(considerations, reasons, arguments);

make

present,

quibus rebus occurrendum esse

;

rem deferre (lay the -hendi, -hensus, (dangers) [re-prehendo], 3. v. a., matter before, not for consultation, drag back, seize hold of, find fault bring information, cf. rem referre); rerum omnium casus (all acciwith, blame, censure.
reprehendo,
-hendere,

repressus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of re-pressus,

-pri-

dents)

rem gerere

(operate,

con-

primo. reprimo,
repudio,
pudio-],
feet,ci.
reject.
I.

-pressi,

duct operations, in war, succeed well or ill) ; his rebus gestis (after
these operations,

mere, [re-premo],
-avi,
v.
a.,

3. v. a.,

check.

events)
;

male re
;

-atus,

[re(spurn with the

-are,

tripudium), spurn,
-avi,

refuse,

gesta (want of success) rerum natura (nature, also, state of the case) imperitus rerum (ignorant of the world) ; omnium rerum summa
rei

repngno,
pugno],
opposition.

-atus,

I. v. n., resist.

-are,

[re-

Fig., be

in

(of the whole, of all the forces) ; ei student (this branch, cavalry) ;

cujus rei (of which, ships).

-a,

Esp.,

repulsus,
pello.

-um,

p.p.

of re-

the affairs
interests,

(of a person), position,

condition,

fortunes,

cir-

require*, -quisivi, -quisitus, -quirere, [re-quaero], 3. v. a., search

out.

cumstances: Gallicis rebus favere (the interests of Gaul); rem esse

in

Hence,
need.

request,

require,

de-

angusto

mand,

nvutatio

com(affairs, things) rerum (change offortunes^.

;

124

Vocabulary.
:

Esp.

res secundae, or adversae

{success, prosperity or adversity,

want

back, look back at, look behind one, see behind one.

of success)

res publica {the common-

respondeo,
-spondere,

-spondi,

-sponsus,
2. v.

wealth, the state, the general interests,

public business)

res
;

communis

(the

[re-spondeo], reply, answer.

n.,

de republica (in interest) regard to the tvelfare of the state) res divinae {divine worship, and
;

common

responsum,
spondeo],
N.,

-i,

[n.

p.p.

reply.

of rePlur.,

everything

pertaining

to

it

re-

reply (of several parts). respublica, see res.

ligion); res familiaris {property); res militaris {warfare, the art of

respuo,

-spul,
v.

no

res frumentaria {grain supres alicui est {one has ply, grain) business with, has to do with, and the

war)

[re-spuo], 3. spurn, reject.

a.,

p.p., -spuere, spit out. Fig.,

restinctus,

-a,

-um, p.p.

of re-

like;

one's affair is);

it is so)
;

res est

{it is

stinguo. restinguo,
guish.

-stinxi, -stinctus, -stin3. v.

a.,

a fact,

novae res
perf.,

{a

new

guere, [re-stinguo],

extin-

form ofgovernment,
resarcio, no
clre,

revolution).
-sartus,
v. a.,

[re-sarcio], 4.
(lit.

again, repair

-sarrestituo, -stitui, -stitutus, -stitupatch up ere [re-statuo], 3. v. a., set up and fig.). again, replace, restore, make anew.

rescindo,

-scidi,

scissus,
a.,

-scin-

dere, [re-scindo], 3. v.

cut away,
-sciscere,

restitntus, stituo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of re-

tear down, break down, destroy.

retentus,
tin eo.

-a,

-um,

p.p.

of

re-

rescisco,
[re-scisco],
discover.

-scivi,
3. v.

-scitus,

a..,

find

out, learn,

retineo,

-tinui,

-tentus,

-tineie,

rescribo,
bere,

-scripsi,

scriptus, -scria.,

[re-teneo], 2. v. a., hold back, restrain (quin, from doing some-

[re-scribo],

3. v.

transfer thing), detain, retain:

memoriam

(by writing).

{preserve); Gallos {arrest).

-a,

reservatus, servo.
reservo,

-um, p.p. of re-atus,

-are,

retraho,

-traxi, -tractus, -trahere,

a.,

-avi,

[re-

[re-traho], 3. v. back (a person).

drag back, bring

-vulsus,
-vellere,

servo], I. v. a., keep back, reserve, hold in reserve.

revello,
[re-vello],

-velli,
3. v. a.,

tear away, pull

resideo,
[re-sedeo],
doivn,

-sedi,
2.

no
n.,

p.p.,
sit

-sidere,

v.

back,

sit

remain behind, remain.

-sedi,
3. v.

away. reversus, verto.

reverto,
[re-verto],
tenses).

-a,

-um, p.p.

of

re-

resldo,
[re-sido], come calm.

no
n.,

p.p.,

-sidere,

-verti,

-versus, -vertere,

sink dozvn, be-

Pass, as deponent
-vinxi,
4. v. a.,

3. v. n.,

return (in perf.

in pres.

resisto,

-stiti,

[re-sisto], 3. v. withstand, make a stand,

3. v.
a.

no p.p., -sistere, n., stand back, stop,

resist.

tenses, return.

revincio,
cire,

-vinctus,

-vin-

[re-vincio],

bind back

respicio, -spexi, -spectus, -spicere,

[re-fspecio],

and

n.,

look

(to something), bind.

make

fast, fasten,

Vocabulary.
revinctus, vincio.
-a,

125
[for

-um, p.p. of re-

rursus

reversus],

adv., back

revocatus, voco.
revoco, -avi,
I. v. off.

-a,

-um, p.p. of re[re-voco]

again, back, again. Kut ciii, -orum, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe on the borders of Provence.

-atus, -are,

Rutilus,

a.,

call

back,

call

away,

call

Esp.,
lus, a

M., red.

ruber], As a Roman family name.

-i,[prob. akin to

rex,
king.

regis, [

y'REG as stem], M., a

Marcus Sempronius Ruticommander of cavalry under

Caesar.

rheda,
Rhine.

see

reda.
-I,

Rhenus,

[Celtic ?],

M.,

the

S.
-i,

Rhodanus,
Rhone.

[Celtic?], M., the

Sabinus,

-I,

[unc. stem (cf. 9a-

bulus, sand) + inus], M., (Sabine). rlpa, -ae, [?], f., a bank. As a Roman family name. rivus, -i, [akin to Gr. pu>~], M., a Esp., brook, a stream (not so large as Quintus Titurius Sabinus, a legatus

of Caesar. flumen). Sabis, -is, [Celtic], M., a river of robur, -oris, [?], N., oak. Gaul flowing into the Meuse, now rogatus, -a, -um, p.p. of rogo. rogo, -avi, -atus, -are, [?}, I. v. a. Sambre. and n., ask, request, ask for : Sacrasacerdos, -dotis, [sacro-dos mento rogare milites {bind by an (y'DA + tis)], ., (arranger of
oath, enlist tinder oath).

sacred riles
akin to Gr.

?),

Roma,
(ttu, the

-ae, [?, perh.

F.,

sacramentum,
tum], N., an oath. sacrificium,

a priest. -i, [sacra +men-i,

river city],

Rome.

M.,

As a Roman. Roscius, [?], M., a Roman Esp., Lucius Roscius, family name.
Roman.
subst.,
-i,

Romanus, -a, -um,[Roma+nus],

[tsacrifico-

(sacro-ffacus, cf. beneficus) ium], N., a sacrifice.

a legatus of Caesar.

as

rostrum,

-I,

trum],

N.,

[y'ROD- (in rodo) a beak. Esp. of a

[n. of fsaepis (perh. same saepes)], adv., often: minime saepius, saepe (most rarely).

saepe

ship, the beak, the

ram

(used as

in

modern naval

saepes (sepes), -is, [akin to saepe, saepio], f., a hedge. saevio, -ii, -iturus, -ire, [saevoi-uber) + us], m., (red?), a bramble. Rufus, -i, [prob. dialectic form (as if saevi-)], 4. v. n., be angry,
rubus,
-I,

fighting). rota, -ae, [?], F., a wheel.

[?,

many times, repeatedly. saepenumero [saepe-numero], adv., oftentimes, many times.

compar.,

perh.

rub-

(in

rubus, red], nomen.

m., a

Roman

prse-

rage, be violent.

sagitta,
[?], M., a

-ae, [?], F.,

an arrow.

rumor,

-oris,

rumor

Sagittarius, -i,[sagitta -farius],

M.,

(confused report), report.

an archer.
-i,

rapes, -is, [^/RUP + unc. term.], F., a cliff, a rock (in position).

sagulum,

[sago

lum],

N.,

a cloak (military).

126

Vocabulary,
packs, cf. impedimenta, baggage not carried).

saltus, -tus, [?, perh. y'SAL (in salio + tus], M., a wooded height,
)

a glade,
tains).

pass

(in

the

moun4.

sarcio,
v.
a.,

sarsi, sartus, sarcire, [?J,

mend, patch.
-i,

Fig.,

re-

salGs,

-utis,

[salvo(?)

+
F.,

tis

(cf.

store, repair.

virtus, Carmentis) ] ,
viell-being, welfare, safety,

health,

sarmentum,
(but
cf.

[perh.

^/sarp.

tion, deliverance, life

lost)
;

preserva(as saved or

sarcina) + mentum], n., (either prunings or lied fagots), only

in plur., fagots, fascines.

salute desperata {despairsalutis ing of saving one's self)

;

suae causa {to protect one's self) ad salutem contendere {a place of

;

ly.

satis [?], adv., enough, sufficientOften with partitive, equivalent

to a

safety)

satis
-ae,

noun or adj., enough, sufficient : habere {consider sufficient, be

. . .

Samarobriva,

[Celtic], F.,

satisfied); satis facere {do enough);

a city of the Ambiani,

now Amiens.

neque
;

satis

commode

{not very,

sancio, sanxl, sanctus, sancire, etc.) satis grandis {rather large, [y/sac (in sacer)], 4. v. a., bind {m tolerably large). some religious manner), make sacred, satisfacio, -feci, -facturus, -fasanc- cere, [satis facio], irr. v. n., do solemnly establish (by law).

tus,

-um, p.p. as adj., holy, sacred, solemn, inviolable.

-a,

enough for,
excuse one's

satisfy,
self,

make amends,
[satisfactio

apologize.

sanguis (-en), -inis, [?], m., blood (as the vital fluid, generally in
cruor). sanitas, -tatis, [sano soundness, sound mind.
th body,
cf.

satisfactio,
(cf.

-onis,
F.,

satisfacio)],

amends, ex-

cuses,

an

apology.

tas],

F.,

satus, -a, -um, p.p. of sero. saucius, -a, -um, [?],

-wounded.

adj.,

sano,
1. v. a.,

-avi,

-atus,

-are,

[sano-],
good, re-

make sound, make

saxum,

-i,

[?],

N.,

a rock (as

pair.

San tones,
(also
-i,

-um, [Celtic], M. plur. -orum), a tribe between the

movable). scala, -ae, [perh. scad- (in scando) + la], F., a ladder, a scaling
ladder.

Loire and the Garonne.

Santoni, see Santones.

siiims,
-a,

Scaldis,
( a kin

-is,

[?], M., a river of

-um,

[V SA

"

to

"dug-out"], F., a skiff, a boat. sceleratus, -a, -um, [as if (perh. [?, ^/sap (akin to Gr. ao<p6s)], really) p.p. of scelero {stain with 3. v. a. and n., taste (actively or pas- crime ?)], adj., villainous, accursed. Hence, be wise. scelus, -eris, [?, cf. Gr. okcXos, sively). sarcina, -ae, [sarci- (as if stem perh. orig. "crookedness," cf. pravus of sarcio, or a kindred noun-stem) and wrong], N., crime. scienter [scient 4- ter], adv., + na (f. of nus)], f., a pack (sewed
up
?).

salvus)-f nus], adj., sound (in body or mind), sane, discreet : nihil pro sano facere {nothing discreef). sapio, -ii (-ivi), no p.p., -ere,

Gaul, the Scheldt (perh. put in vi. 33 for the Sambre by mistake).

scapha,

-ae,

[Gr.

(TKacpri,

orig. a

Plur.,

baggage

(soldiers'

knowingly,

skilfully.

Vocabulary.
scientia, -ae, [scient + ia], f., knowledge, acquaintance with (thing in the genitive).

127

scindb,
[ -y/SCID, cf.

scidi,

scissus,

scindere,
tear,

(the second line of second division). Neut. ace. as prep., along, in the direction of, in accordance with.
battle, the

secunda acies

Gr. <rxC],

3. v. a.,

securis,
F.,

tear down.

an

axe.

[y'SEC+unc. term.], Esp., the axe of the

-is,

lielife

scio,

scivi, scitus, scire, [ ?], 4. v. a.,

-

tor (as a

symbol of the power of

(separate ?), distinguish, know.

Scorpio, -onis, [?], M., a scor(in sequor) + unc. pion; a machine for throwing darts. term.], adv., (inferior), otherwise. Hence, a shot from an engine (of Compar., secius, less : nihilo se-

and death). secus [VSEQ

that kind).

cius (none the

scripsl, scriptus, scribere,

less,

nevertheless).

scribo,
[?],

3. v. a.

and

n.,

write, give

an

account (in writing). scrobis, -is, [prob. akin bo], M. and F., a ditch.

to scri-

-um, p.p. of sequor. sed [abl. of unc. stem, cf. re], conj., apart (cf. seditio, and securus), but (stronger than autem or

secutus,

-a,

at).

scutum,
the

-I,

[?], N., a shield, of

sedecim
num.

[sex-decem],

indecl.

Roman

legion,

made

convex, oblong (2A ered with leather.

causative
reap.

of wood, by 4 ft.), cov-

adj., sixteen.

sedes, -is, [sed 4- es (m. and f. term, corresponding to N. -us)], v., a

seat.

seco, secui, sectus, secare, [prob.

of

-^sec],

I.

v.

a.,

cut,

and

plur.)

Hence, an abode (both in sing, locus ac sedes (a place

:

of abode). secreto [abl. of secretus, p.p. seditio, -onis, [sed-fitio (y/i + of secerno], adv., in private, pri- tio)], f., a secession, a mutiny, an
uprising.

vately.

sectio, -onis, [y'SEC (in seco) + tio], F., a cutting. Hence (probably

seditiosus,
osus],

-a,

-um, [sedition

adj., seditious, factious.

-i,

from dividing
booty.

in lots),

lot

of

booty,

Sedulius,

[?], M., a leader of

the Lemovices.
-atus,
-ari,

sector,

[prob. secta

Sedfini, -orum, [Celtic], M.

plur.,

(y'SEQU-fta, cf. moueta)], 1. v. a tribe of the Alps. Sedusii, -orum, [Teut], m. plur., dep., pursue, chase after. sectura, -ae, [prob. sectu- ( v'sec a tribe of Germans. -(- tus) + ra, f. of -rus] P., a cutting, seges, -etis, [unc. stem -f tis], F., a mine, a shaft, a gallery. a crop ofgrain (growing), afield (of
,

secundum,
secundus,

see
-a,

secundus.

grain).

-um, [part, in -dus

uf sequor], adj., following. Hence, second. Also (as not opposing),

Segni, -orum, [Celtic], M.plur., a people of Belgic Gaul.

Segonax (-ovax),
tic], M.,

-actis,

[CelM.

favorable, successful

secundiores

a British king.
[Celtic],

res {greater prosperity); proelium secundum nostris (in favor of);

Segontiaci, -orum,
plur., a tribe

of Britain.
,

secundo flumine (down

the stream);

Segusiavi (-ani), -orum, [Celtic J

128

Vocabulary.

Hence, a way {feeling, thinking). of thinking, an opinion, a view, a semel [prob. n. of adj., akin to determination, a sentiment, a feelEsp., similis], adv., once: semel atque ing, a purpose, a design. iterum {more than once, again and officially, a judgment, an opinion, a again); ut semel {when once, as sentence, a vote : in ea sententia soon as). permanere {of that mind) ; in earn
M. plur., a people west of the Rhone,

near modern Lyons.

sementis, -tis, [semen -f tis, cf. sententiam {to this purport) Carmentis, virtus] F., a sowing: sentio, sensi, sensus, sentire,
.
,

[ ?]

sementis (-es) facere {sow grain). 4. v. a., perceive (by the senses), semita, -ae, [se (sed) -fmita know, see, think (of an opinion made a up), learn about, learn : unum sen(y/ui, in meo, cf. comes)], f., side path, a by path, a path (over tiunt ac probant {hold the same
the mountains).

semper [tsemo-(?) (in semel) -per (cf. parumper)], adv., through

all time, all the time, always.

opinion, etc.). sentis, -is, [?], M., a briar. separatim [as if ace. of fsepa-

ratis (separa

tis)], adv., sepa-

Sempronius,
gentile

name.

Esp., Marcus Sem-

-i,

[?], m., a

Roman

rately, privately (apart

from others).

pronius Rutilus ; see Rutilus. senator, -toris, [fsena- (as if verb-stem akin to senex, perh. really paro], I. v. a., {get apart ?), sepaEsp. p.p., separatus, -a, so, cf. senatus) + tor], m., {an rate. Hence, a senator (esp. of -um, as adj., separate. elder). sepes, see saepes. Rome), a senator (of a similar person in Gaul). septem [?], indecl. num. adj.,

separatus, -a, -um, p.p. of separo. separo, -avi, -atus, -are, [se (sed)-

senatus, -tus, [fsena- (as if, perh. really, verb-stem akin to senex)], M., a senate (council of old
Esp., the senate (of Rome, the great body of nobles acting as an administrative council).

seven.

septemtriones (septen-), -um,

[see trio], M.plur., the seven plough oxen (the stars of the Great Bear).

men).

Hence,
error)
{to the

the north.

Also

senex [seni -f cus (reduced) ] Gen., senis [?, cf. seneschal], adj.
.

in

the

sing.,
:

(by an septentrio,

-onis, the

north

Esp. as subst., (only M.), old. old man (above forty-five)

.

{in the north); sub septentrionibus {in the north, towards the north); seni, -ae, -a, [sec(s) -f ni], adj., in septentrionem {to the north) septimus, -a, -um, [septem -f six each, six (where each is implied in Eng. by the context). mus, cf. primus], adj., the seventh. septingenti, -ae, -a, [septem Senones, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a tribe of Gaul on the Seine, near (in some form) -centum(?)], num.

north);

ad septentriones a septentrionibus

an

Sens (their chief

town,

anciently

adj.,

seven hundred.

Agedincum)

sententia,

-ae,

[fsentent- (p. of

septuaginta [from septem, in some unc. manner], indecl. num.

adj., seventy.

simpler pres. of 6entlo)

ia], F.,

Vocabulary.
sepultQra, -ae, [fsepultu (sepel, blindly guided by, follow) compound, + tus) + ra (F. of {devote one's self to).
f.,
;

129
bello

prob.

rus)],
Seine.

burial, burying.
-ae,

servitus,
F.,

-tutis,

[fservitu (servo

Sequana,
Sequanus,
the

[Celtic],

the

+ tus)
tis],

-f tis, cf.

inventus, semen-

F.,

slavery, servitude.
-i,

-a, -urn,

[Celtic], adj.,

Servius,

[servo

ius], M., a

of the Sequani (a

tribe of Gaul,

Rhone,

N. of

Macon).

Masc.

on

Roman
I. v. a.,

pnienomen.

Masc.

plur., the nation

itself, the Sequani. sing., one of the Sequani.

-avi, -atus, -are, [servo-], watch, guard, keep, preserve : praesidia {hold, maintain) ordi;

servo,

nes {keep); fidem {keep one's word). servus, -i, [unc. root (^/ser, 3.V. dep., follow, accompany: damnatum poena {be inflicted upon, the bind?) -f vus], M., a slave. sescenti, see sexcenti. penalty following the condemnation); eventus {ensue) hiems quae secusese, see sui. ta est {the follcnving) fidem populi sesquipedalis, -e, [fsesquipedRomani {hold to, remain under, {a foot and a half) + alis], adj., etc.); aestus commutationem {take of a foot and a half, eighteen-inch fidem Caesaris (beams, etc.). advantage of) Sesuvii, see Ksuvii. {come under, surrender one' s selfto). setius, see secus. sermo, -onis, [-y/sER (in sero, seu, see sive. twine) + mo (prob. -mo- + 0)], M.,

sequor,

secutus, sequi, [^/sequ],

{series?). Hence, conversation (continuous series of speech), talk, intercourse, conversation with (genitive).

severitas,
F.,

-tatis,

[severo

+ tas],

strictness, harshness.

sevoco,
-voco],
(aside).

-avi, -atus, -are,

[se (sed)

sero,

sevi,

satus,

serere,

[-v/ SA >

1. v. a.,

call aside, call out

redupl.], 3. v. a.., plant, sow. sero [abl. of serus], adv., too late.

sevum (sebum),
sex
indecl.

[?], n., tallow.

adj., six.

Sertorius,
M.,

[sertor(?) {garland-maker ?), a

-i,

ius],

[?], indecl.

num.

Q. Sertorius, a partisan of Marius, who held a command in Spain against the party
gentile

num. adj., sixty. sexcenti (ses-), -ae, -a, [sexcentum], num. adj., six hundred. sexdecini (sedecim), [sex-deof Sulla from B.C. 80 to B.C. 72. servilis, -e, [servi (as if stem of cem], indecl. num. adj., sixteen. servus or akin, cf. servio) -f lis] Sextius, -i, [sexto + ius], m., a Roman gentile name. Esp. 1. Titus adj., of slaves, of a slave, servile : in 2. Pubservilem modum {as 7vith slaves, Sextius, a legatus of Caesar.
name.
,

Esp.,

Roman

sexaginta [sex

unc.

term.],

i.e.

vile

tumultus {the serby torture) war, the revolt of the slaves

;

lius Sextius Baculus, a centurion in

Caesar's army. si [locative,

under Spartacus in B.C. 73). prob. akin to se], servio, -ii (-ivi), -iturus, -ire, conj., {in this way, in this case, so, [servi- (as if stem of servus or cf. sic), if, in case. Esp., to see if, akin)], 4. v. n., be a slave (to some whether : id si fieret {should this one or something); rumoribus {be happen, etc.). See also sicubl.

130
sibi, see sui.

Vocabulary.
;

{move, move on, march) signa subsequi {keep the line of march) a people of Aquitania, near the Pyre- signa relinquere {leave the ranks) ; nees. se continere ad signa {keep the sic [si-ce, cf. hie], adv., so, in a signis discedere {desert, ranks) this manner, in such a manner, leave the ranks) ad signa convethus : sic ut {so ad signa that, so well nire (Join the army); consistere (rally around the standthat); sic reperiebat {this). sicuti, as covi).,just as, just as if. ard) signa constituere (halt).

Sibuzates,

-urn,

[Celtic], M. pi.,

siccitas,
dryness,
Plur.
in

[sicco + tas], F., drought, dry weather. same sense, of different

-tatis,

Silanus, -I, [?], m., a Roman family name. Esp., Marcus Sila-

nus, a legatus of Caesar.

occasions.

silentium,
silence.
cf.

sicubi [perh. si-fquobi (old form

of ubi?), but where.
sic], conj., if any-

[silent silentio,
-i,

+ ium],

N.,

abl.,

in silence,

silently.

Silius,
tile

-i,

sicut (sicuti), see sic. sidus, -eris, [-^sed + us], n., {position}), a heavenly body. Sigambri (Sug-), -orum, [Teutonic], M., a

name.

[?], Esp.,
in

M., a

Roman genTitus Silius, a

a forest, woods,
sense.

military tribune in Caesar's army.

silva, -ae, [?],

forests.

Plur.

F.,

same

German
-feri,

tribe.

Silvester (-tris),
(as if silvus-,
adj.,
cf.

-tris, -tre,

[silva-

[signo-fer (-y/FER + us)]> M., a standard-bearer. significatio, -5nis, [significa + tio], F., a ?naking of signs, a signal,

signifer,

palustris)
(cf.

+ tris],

woody, wooded.
-e,

similis,
similar.

[fsimS-

simplex,

semper, simitu)
similitudo,
F.,

lis], adj., like,

an intimation, a warning.
significo,
-avi,

-atus, -are, [tsigI. v. n.,

-inis,

[simili -ftudo]

nifico- (signo-ficus)],
signs, indicate,

make

likeness, resemblance(to, genitive).

make known, spread simul [n. of similis, cf. facul], an intimation, give in- adv., at the same time, as soon as : formation : hac re significari {this simul atque (as soon as). is an de fuga dedisimulacrum, -i,[simula+crum], indication) tionem {make signs of). N., an image. signum, -i, [unc. root + num (n. simulatio, -onis, [simula + tio],
news, give
; ;

of -nus)], N., {a device}), a sign, a

signal.

Esp., a standard (for Phrases:

;

F.,

a pretence, a show.

mili-

simul at us,

-a,

-una, p.p.

of si-

tary purposes, carried by each body of men, consisting of some device in

mulo.
simulo,
(as
if,

metal on a pole).

signa

-avi, -atus, -are, [similiperh. orig., fsimulo)], i.v. a.,

convertere {wheel, change front, face about) signa inferre {advance to attack, charge) conversa
;

pretend,
thing).

make a show of (some-tatis,

F.,

simultas,
tas],

[simili- (cf. si1,

signa inferre {change front

charge)
attack,
;

and mul) +

(likeness

equal-

infestis
at

signis
;

charge)

{for an signa ferre

ity ?), rivalry.

sin [si-ne],

conj., (if not), but if

Vocabulary.
sincere [old
abl.

131

of sinoerus],

adv., honestly, truly.

sive, seu, [si-ve], conj., if cither, or if: sive sive (either or).
.

sine [?], prep., without. singularis, -e, [singulo

adj., solitary, single.
r.x

socer,

-eri,

[?], M., a father-in-

aris],

law.

traordinary, equalled, marvellous.

Hence, unique, unparalleled, un[as

if

societas,

-tatis,

[socio

tas],

v.,

an

alliance.

singulatim

(singill-),

socius, -I, [.y/SEQU companion, an ally.

also oriens,

ius], m., a

singula- (singulus) + tim (ace. of tis)], adv., singly, one by one, individually.

sol, solis, [?], M., the sun.

See
+
a

occidens, occasus. solacium, see solatium.

singuli,

-ae, -a,

[sim

(in similis)

solatium (solac-),

-i,

[solat6
m.,

unc. term.], adj., one at a time, single, each, one by one, several {severally').

Often
to

ium], N., a consolation. soldurius, -i, [Teutonic],

retainer.

to
:
.

denote distribu-

tion,

one

each
.

singuli singulos
.

(with verb, one

each)

singulis

2. v. n.,

soleo, solitus sum, solere, be wont.

solertia, see sollevtia.

[?],

legionibus singulos legatos (one ab singulis legionibus over each) singulos legatos discedere (each
;

solitudo,
F.,

-inis,

[solo

-f

tudo],

loneliness.

Hence, a wilderness.

from

his)

{between each two, one

inter singulas legiones to each) na;

sollertia (soler-), -ae, [sollert(sollo -f ars, with complete skill, cf.

ves singulas Romanis equitibus sollicito)

(severally, separately, one to each)
;

+ ia], f.,
-a,

skill,

ingenuity,

shrewdness.

sevocare singulos (individuals, one

by one).
left :

sollicitatus,
licito.

-um, p.p. of sol-atus, -Ire,

sinister, -tra, -trum, [?], sub sinistra (on the left)

adj.,
.

sollicito,
I.

-avi,

[sol,

licito- (sollo-citus,^ ntirely

v. a., stir
to,

roused) ]

sinistrorsus

[sinistro-vorsus

up, instigate,

make
to.

over-

(versus)], adv., to the left. sino, sivi, situs, sinere,

unc. meaning)],
cf.

tures

tamper with, approach (with

etc.), offer bribes

[VSI

(f

money,

3. v. a.,

(lay down,

pono),
si

leave.

Hence, permit,

sollicitudo, -inis, [fsollicitu(stem akin to sollicitus) + do], F.,

anxiety.

allow.

solum, see solus. quando, if ever, whenever. Cf. si and quando. solum, -i, [?], N., the soil, the si quidem, if at least, in so far foundation : solum agri (the bare Cf. si and quidem. as, since. ground); ab infimo solo (from
si

quis, if any.

Cf. si

and quis.

the very bottom).

quo, if anywhere (whither). Cf. si and quo. sisto, see circumsisto.

si

solus,
only.

solum, N. as [?], adv., alone, only.

-a,

-um,

adj.,

alone,

situs,
tion.

-tus,

[^/si+tus],

M.,

(a

laying, a leaving), situation, posi-

solutus, -a, -um, p.p. of solvo. solvo, solvi, solutus, solvere, [prob. se-luo], 3. v. a., unbind, loose. Esp. with navis, weigh anchor,

132
set sail.

Vocabulary.

Also without navis, abso-tus,

spiritus,

-tus,

[spin- (as stem of

M.,

lutely, set sail.

spiro)
[soni- (as stem of

tus],

breath.

Also,

sonitus,

sono)

tus], M., a sound, noise.

pi.,

Hence, in plur., pride. spirit. s polio, -avi, -atus, -are,

I.

Sontiates, -um, [Celtic], m.

a people of Aquitania.

v.

a.,

despoil,

strip.

[spolio-],
Fig.,
rob,

deprive, despoil.

son us, -^[-y/sON+us], M., a sound.

soror, -5ris, [?], f., a sister: soror ex matre (a half sister) sors, sortis, [perh. ^/ser (in sero) + tis, but the orig. sense is unc], F., a lot (for divination).
.

spontis (gen.), sponte

(abl.),

[prob. akin to spondeo], F., only with possessive or (poetic) genitive,

of one's own accord, voluntarily. stabilio, -ivi (-h), -itus, -ire,

[stabili-], 4.
v. a.,

make firm.
[stabili
-f

[?], N., space, exTransf., tent, a space, a distance. time, space of time, lapse of time.

spatium,

-i,

stabilities,
F.,

-tatis,

tas],

steadiness, firmness.

statim
spot),
ately.

[ace. of fstatis

Phrases:

quantum
much

tium
;

(as

fuit diei spaas there was time

tis)], adv.,

(sta + (as one stands, on the

at once, forthwith,

immedi-

intermisso spatio (after an for) interval); spatia omnis temporis (the 7uhole course of time).
species, -iei, [-^/spec-I- ies (akin to -ia)], F., (a sight, prob. both act.

tio, prob. fstati -tio used as

statio, onis, [apparently ^/sta + + o, wh. the com-

mon

and
cies

pass.).

Passively,

sight,

ending without regard to its origin], F., (a standing), a position, a post, a picket : in sta-uere, [statu-],
establish,

show,

an appearance : summa spe- tione (on guard). earum stantium (a perfect apstatuo, -ui, -utus,
3.

pearance of standing trees). specto, -avi, -atus, -are, [spect6-], I. v. a. and n., look at, regard, have
regard to, lie towards (of a country). speculator, -toris, [specula + tor], M., a spy, a scout.

v.

a.,

set

up.

Hence,

resolve

(make
ures.

Euphemistic for, punish (de eo causa cognita). statura, -ae, [statu -f ra, f. of
-rus],
f.,

determine, consider up one's mind), take meas-

upon,

speculatorius,
lator
-)-

-a,

-um, [specu-

(a standing), stature,
-tus,

size.

ius], adj., (of a scout), scout-atus, -an,

status,
a
state.

[-y/STA

+ tus],

M.,

ing, reconnoitring (navigia).

(a standing), a position, a condition,

speculor,
I.

[speculo-],
:

v. dep.,

spy, reconnoitre
.

specu-

stimulus,

-i,

[fstigmo- (-^stig

landi causa (as a spy) speratus, -a, -um, p.p. of spero.

As

+ mus) +

lus], M., a goad, a spur. name of a calthrop or instru-

[spes(prob. orig. stem of spes) with r

-avi,

spero,

-atus,

for s],

I. v. a.

and
[?],

n.,

ment of defence, " spurs." stlpendiarius, -a, -um, [stipenhope, hope for, dio + arius], adj., tributary, under
-are,

expect.

tribute, subject to tribute.

-ei,
F.,

spes,
tion
:

hope, expecta-

stipendium,
akin to

-i,

[stipi-

and stem
cf.

summam

in

spem venire

pendo

(perh.

fpendus,
a tribute.

(have the greatest hope).

pendulus)

ium],

N.,

Vocabulary
stipes, stipitis, [?], M., a trunk (of a tree). stirps, stirpis, [?], m. and f., a
-Jock.

133

In comp., under, up (from away (from beneath), secretly (underhand), in succession, a

c.

under),

Fig.,

a race

stirpem homito be killed root

little, slightly.

num

interfici

{men

subactus,

-a, -urn,

p.p. of

subigo.

and branch).
sto,
1. v.

subc-, see suec-.

steti,

n.,

staturus, stare, [^/sta], stand: decreto {stand by,

subdolus,
adj.,

-a, -urn,

[sub-dolusj,

cunning, wily.
-duxl, -ductus, -ducere,
3. v. a.,

abide by).

subduco,
-i,

stramentum,
{something Also

[-y/STRA (form
n.,

of root of sterno)

+ mentum],

strewn), straw, thatch.

-tus,

plur., saddle-cloths.

draw up, lead up: naves {beach, draw up). subductio, -onis, [sub-fductio, cf. subduco], F., a drawing up, a
[sub-duco],
beaching (of ships). subductus, -a, -um, p.p. of sub-

strepitus,
of strepo)

[strepi- (as stem tus], M., a noise, a

confused din.

structBra,

-ae,

[structu

+ ra (cf.

duco. subeo,
irr. v.
a..,

-ii,

-itus,

-ire,

[sub-eo],

figura)], F., a structure : aerariae structurae {galleries, a doubtful

reading in VI. 34).

go under, undergo, encoun-

ter,

come up.
-jeci, 3. v.
a.,

subf-, see surf.

studeo,
2. v. n.,

studui,

no

p.p., studere,

subicio (subji-),
-icere,

-jectus,

[tstudo-(ortstuda-),cf.studium],

[sub-jacio],

throw

pay

be eager for, be devoted to, attention to, attend to, desire (a

under, place below, place under, subject, expose to.

Also, throw up.

thing in the dat.).

studiose [oldabl. of studiosus],

adv., eagerly.

subigo, ago] 3. v.
,

-egi, -actus, -igere,

a.,

[sub-

studium,
cf.

-I,

[prob. fstudo

+ium,

studeo],

N., eagerness, zeal, de-

votion, fondness (for a thing), enthu-

bring under, subject. subito, see subitus. subitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of subeoj 3.6]., {coming up secretlyfrom under) sudden, suddenly (as if adv. taken
,

siasm.

Hence, a pursuit

(to

which
F.,

one

devoted), an occupation. stultitia, -ae, [stulto + tia],

is

subwith the verb), quick, hasty. ito, abl. as adv., suddenly, of a sudden.
subjectus,-a,-um, p.p.of subicio. subjicio, see subicio. sublatus, -a, -um, [sub-(t) latus] p.p. of tollo.
,

folly.

sub

(in

comp. subs), [unc.

akin to
:

case,

super], prob. abl. (cf. subs) adv. (in comp.) and prep. a. With abl. (of rest in a place), under : sub oculis {before the eyes)
.

sublevatus,
levo.

-a,

-um, p.p. of sub-atus, -are,

Also, Just by
foot of)
;

sublevo,
levo],
I. v.

-avi,
a.,

[sub-

sub monte {at

the
;

lighten

up, lighten,

sub sinistra {at the left) raise, raise up, assist, render assistance. With reflexive, rise up. subsub vallo {just under the wall ) b. With ace. (of motion towards levatus, p.p., supporting one's self.
.

a place), under, close

to.

Of

time,

just

at,

just before

sub vesperura.

sublica, -ae, [?], F., a pile. subluo, no perf., -lutus, -luere,

134

Vocabulary.
subveho,
[sub-veho],
-vexi, -vectus, -vehere,
3. v. a.,

[sub-luo], 3. v. a., wash underneath, wash : flumen collis radices. subministro, -avi, -atus, -are,

bring up.
-venturus,
-ve-

subvenio,
nire,

-veni,

[sub-ministro], 1. v. a., supply (as needed), furnish (from time to

time).

[sub-venio],

der, come to the the assistance of.

come tin support of, come to

4. v. n.,

submitto (sum-),
sus, -mittere,

-misi,
3.

-misv.
a.,

succedo,
re,

-cessi, -cessurus, -cede-

[sub-mitto],
to

send up, send

as
reinforce.

[sub-cedo], 3. v. n., come up, adone's assistance, send vance, come in place of, succeed to,

reinforcements,
-a,

send (as help),

-um, p.p. of sub-

take the place

of,

come next.

Also,

be successful, prosper.

submotus, moveo.

succendo,
dere,
3. v.

-cendi, -census, -cen-

submoveo
off,

-movere, [sub-moveo],
dislodge.

(sum-),-movi,-motus, 2. v. a., drive

[sub-fcando (cf. candeo)], a., set on fire (as if beneath).

subp-, see supp-.

subruo,
ruo],

-rui, -rutus, -ruere,

succensus, -a, -um, p.p. of succendo. successus, -us, [sub-cessus (cf. [sub- succedo)], M., a coming up, an
advance.

3. v. a.,

subsequor,
sequor],
3. v.

dig under, undermine. -secutus, -sequi, [sub,

succido,
[sub-caedo], down.

-cidi,

-cisus,

-cidere,

dep. follozv up, follow on, folloiv, succeed to.

3. v. a.,

cut under, cut

subsidium, -i, [sub-fsedium (^/sed +ium)], N., {a sitting in reserve), a reserve, a reinforcement,
help, relief, support, assistance
:

succisus, cido.

-a,

-um, p.p. of suc-cubui,

-cubitiirus,

succumbo,

sub;

sidio

mittere

{send assistance)
{rescue).

-cumbere, [sub-cumbo], 3. v. n., lie down (under), give way, succumb.

subsidium ferre
subsido,
[sub-sido], 3. main behind.
v.

succurro,
-sidere,
rerere,

-curri, -cursurus,

-curto

-sedi, -sessurus,
n.,

sit

down,

[sub-curro], 3. v. n., rush support, rush to one's rescue. sudis, -is, [?], F., a stake.
szveal.

subsisto,
[sub-sisto],
halt,

-stiti,

no
n.,

p.p., -sistere,

3.

v.

stop

behind,

make a stand : ancorae

irr. v. n.,

{hold).

sudor, -oris, [y'suD Hence, toil. Suebi, see Suevi.

Suessiones, -um,

or],

m.,

subsum, -fui,
sum],
be

-futiirus, -esse,

be

[subunder, be near,

[Celtic], M.pl.,

be close by (a certain distance off),

a tribe of the Belgians between the Marne and the Isere. Their town

near at hand, approach.

Noviodunum was
-tra-

later

called from

subtraho,

-traxi,

-tractus,

them

Soissons.

here, [sub-traho],

3. v. a.,

take

away

Suevi

(Suebi),

(underneath), carry away, takeaway

(generally).

tonic], M. plur.,

name

-orum, [Teuof the tribes

inhabiting a large part of Germany,

-onis,
k.,

subvectio,
cf.

[sub-vectio,

Swabians.

subveho],
.

bringing up, trans-

Suevus,
adj.,

-a,

portation

Swabians.

-um, As

[see

subst.,

Suevi], a Swa-

Vocabulary.
bian (man or woman).
above.
sufflcio,
-feci,

135

Plur., see

copula).

Fhrases
;

erant duo

iti-

nera (there were)

-fectus,
3. v. a.,

sibi esse in ani;

-ficere, mo (that he had in mind, intended) make in place pars quae est ad Hispaniam (lies) multum Hence, suf- eorum est (they have) of, supply the place of. sunt in venationibus (much enfice, be sufficient, be adequate.

[sub-facio],

suffodio,
[sub-fodio],

-fodi,

-fossus,

-fodere,

gaged).

3. v. a.,

dig under, stab

summa,
noun],
F.,

-ae, [f.

of

summus
the

as
the

(underneath). suffossus,

(the top),

sum,

-a,

-um, p.p. of suf-i,

fodio.

total, the main part: summa omnium rerum (the whole amount);

management, the imperi (the chief fragor and suffringo)], N., {a command); imperi bellique adpastern bone, cf. suffrago ; or a ministrandi (the chief managererum consiliorumeither ment, etc.); potsherd, cf. Gr. uffTpaxov; used as a ballot), a ballot, vole. que (chief control); summa exer[sub-tfragium,
(cf.
i.e.

suffragium,

belli (the general

prob. suffrago

+ ium

suf-

chief control)

suggestus, -tus, [sub-gestus, cf. citus (the main body, etc.). sumministro, see subministro. suggero], M., (earth brought up), a raised mound, a tribunal (whence sum initio, see submitto. the Roman commander addressed summoveo, see submoveo.
his troops).

summus,
sibi

see

superus.

sui (prop. gen. N. of suus),

se, [-y/sVA],

himself, Often pron. be translated by the also each personal,

etc.

reflexive,

sumpsi, sumptus, -sumere, [sub-emo (take)~\, 3. v. a., take

sumo,

to

away,

take, get,
(inflict, cf.

he, etc.,

other.

cium

assume : supplicapere); laborem

-a,

Esp. inter se (from, with, by, etc, each other); inter sese dant (give each other, exchange) ; per se (of
:

(spend).

samptnosus,
osus],
cf.

-um,[sumptu
costly.

adj.,

expensive,

himself, etc., without outside influence or excitement); ipse per se

sumptus, -tus, [sub-femptus, sumo], M., (a taking out of the

slock on hand), expense. and of himself) superatus, -a, -um, p.p. of suSulla, ae, [ ?], M., a Roman family name. Esp., Lucius Cornelius pero.

(in

Sulla, the great partisan of the nobility and opponent of Marius, called

superbe
rogance.

[old abl. of

superbus],

adv., haughtily, arrogantly, with ar-

the Dictator Sulla.

Sulpicius, gentile name.

Sulpicius 2. SerRufus, a legatus of Caesar. vius Sulpicius Galba, a legatus of

Esp.:

-i,

[?], M., a
1.

Roman
1.

superior, see superus. supero, -avi, -atus, -are,[supero-J, v. a. and n., overtop. Hence, get
upper hand
of,

the

overcome, con-

Caesar.

sum,
am,
with

fui,

futurus, esse, [-^/AS,

force, be (as a

v. n., be (exist). is\, irr.

Also,

cf.

quer, defeat, be superior to, prevail, overmatch, survive (vita).

superseded,
dere,

-sedi, -sessurus, -se2.

weakened

mere

[super-sedeo],

v.

n.,

sit

136
above.

Vocabulary
re-

Hence, he above, decline, frain from.

porto],

1.

v.

a.,

bring up, supply,

furnish.

supra [instr. (?) of superusj, supersum, -fui, -futurus, -esse, super-sum], irr. v. n., be over and adv. and prep., above, before. susceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of susciibcvc, remain, survive. superus, -a, -um, [fsupe- (stem pio. akin to sub, perh. same) + rus (cf. suscipio, -cepi, -ceptus, -cipere,
i

inferus)], higher, being above

de [subs-capio],

upon one's self (sibi), undertake, supero (as subst., from above). Compar., superior, higher, upper, engage in, undergo. suspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of suspreceding (of time), past, before, supra- (

3. v. a.,

take up, take

+ imus( ?) ] highest. Also, summus [sup-f-mus], highest, the

?)
,

perior.

Superl.,
part
of,

supremus

[su-

picio.

highest

the

top of.

Fig.,

suspicatus, -a, -um, p.p. of suspicor. suspicio, -spexi, -spectus,-spicere,

most important, very great, [sub-specio], 3. v. a. and n., lookup, most perfect, perfect, supreme, most look up at, look askance at. Hence, violent : ab summo (from the top) suspect: suspecta nobis (an object
greatest,
;

summis

copiis (with all the forces,

-petiturus, -pe-

of suspicion
fspecio,
cf.

to us).

in force, with all one's might).

suspicio (-spitio),
suspicio],
. . .

-onis,
f.,

[sub-

suppeto,
tere,

-petivi,

[sub-peto], 3. v. n., (?, but cf. sufflcio and subvenio) be on hand,

,

suspicion, an imputation (timoris), an indication : dabat fugae (endeav-

be supplied, be to be found.

supplementum,

-i,

[supple- (as

stem of suppleo) + mentum], N., a supply (to fill up), a reinforcement.

ored to excite a suspicion) neque abest suspicio (and there is a suspicion abroad, not without sus;

picion).

suspicor,
(cf.

-atus,
1. v.

-an,

[fsuspicp.p.

supplex, -icis, [sub-fplex (-y/PLic as stem, cf. duplex)], c, a suppliant.

auspex)],

dep., suspect.

sustentatus, sustento.

-a,

-um,

of

sustento, -avi, -atus, -are, [substento (cf. sustineo)], i.v. a. andn., thanksgiving (prayer to the gods sustain, hold out : bella (hold out upon any signal success, decreed by against); aegre is dies sustentatur (with difficulty they hold out for the senate). suppliciter [supplici- (as stem that day); pecorefamem (keep from of supplex) + ter], adv., in the starvation by means of, etc.).
tio],
F.,

supplicatio,

-onis, [supplica + a supplication. Esp., a

guise of suppliants, as suppliants. supplicium, -i, [supplic- (stem of supplex) + ium], n., (a kneel-

sustineo,

-tinui,

-tentus,

-tinere,

Hence, a supplication. ing). Also, esp., a punishment (usually of

death).

[subs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold up under, withstand, endure, hold out, sustibear, stop, rein in (horses)
;

nere se (stand up). suus, -a, -um, [ y/SVK

se], adj.

ius,

cf.

supporto,

-avi, -atus,

-are,

[sub-

pron. (reflexive, referring

Vocabulary.
back
etc.
etc.

137
(or tam?)-etsi],

subject), Sometimes emphatic, his own, Often without subst, sui, their
its,

to

his, hers,

theirs,

tametsi [tamen

adv., (still a/though, anticipating the properly thought to which

tamen

(his)

men, countrymen, their friends.;

possessions,

belongs), although.

sua, their (his)

property
selves
:

their

tandem [tam-dem,

cf.

idem],

se

suaque omnia (them-

and all they had).

adv., (just so, even so ?), at last. In questions, to add emphasis, pray,
tell

me, or translated only by emtetigi,

3. v. a.,

phasis.

T.
T., abbrev. for Titus.

tango,
[y/TAG],

tactus,

tangere,

touch, border on.

tabernaculum,
culum],
tent.
N.,

-i,

[taberna

tantopere, see opus. tantalus, -a, -una, [tanto

adj., so

lus],

(a
-ae,

hut of boards), a

small, so little, so trifling. tantum, see tantus.

bus?)

[ftabd- (y/TA + a board. Hence, a record (written on a board covered with wax), a document.

tabula,

tantummodo [tantum modo],

adv., (so

la], F.,

much

only), only, merely,

only just.

tantundem (tantum-dem, cf. tabulatus, -a, -urn, [tabula- (as idem], adv., just so far. if stem of ftabulo) + tus], adj., tantus, -a, -um, [prob. -y/TA + made with boards. tabulatum, VANT-f us], adj., so much, so great, such (of magnitude) tanti est (is N., a flooring, a storey. taceo, tacui, tacitus, tacere,[ftaco- of so much weight) tanta exiguiEsp., (y'TAC + us)], 2. v. a. and n., be tas temporis (so brief lime). silent, be silent about, keep secret, so much (and no more), only so

conceal, say nothing about.

taci-

tus, p.p. as adj., silent, in silence. tacitus, -a, -urn, p.p. of taceo. talea, -ae, [perh. akin to talus],
F.,

much : tantum progredi (so far as) tantum, N. as adv., only, merely.

Tarbelli, -orum, [Celtic], M.

a tribe of Aquitania.

pi.,

rod,

a bar.
-e, [-v/TA

tardatus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of tardo.

talis,

+ alis], adj. pron.,

-y/TA (cf.

tarde
tardo,
I. v. a.,

[old abl. of tardus], adv.,

-avi, -atus, -are,

such, so great.

slowly, tardily, 'with delay.

tarn [unc. case

quam,

[tardo-],
;

nam)],

adv., so (as indicated in the

retard, check, hinder

the

Ro-

context), so much.

manos ad insequendum
of,

(hinder

tainen [unc. case-form of ^/ta from pursuing, retard

Sk.tasmin?)], adv., (introducing a thought opposed to some
preceding concession expressed or implied), yet, nevertheless, still, however, for all that, notwithstanding,
(locat.?, cf.
etc.).

pursuit

tardus, -a, -um, [?], adj., slow. Tarusates, -um, [Celtic], m. pi.,
a tribe of Aquitania.

Tasgetius,

-i,

[Celtic],

M.,

after all, at least.

prince of the Carnutes.

[Celtic],
m.,

Tamesis,
Thames.

-is,

the

taurus, -i, [perh. y'STAVakin to steer], M., a bull.

rus,

138
Taximagulus,
prince of Britain. tax us, -i, [?],
Also,
-i,

Vocabulary.
[Celtic], M., a

tempto
[tento-, handle.

(tento),

-avi, -atus, -are,

1.

F.,

yew-tree.
used
as

p.p.

of teneo],
:

v.

a.,

Hence, try

iter {try to

yew

(the

berries

force)

-oris, [y'TEM {cut, with Tectosages, -um, [Celtic], M. pi., root determinative or accidental p) a branch of the Volcae, which see. + us], N., {a cutting). Esp., a ditectum, -i, [n. p.p. of tego], n., vision of lime, a time, lime (in gena roof, a house. eral), a season, an occasion, an

poison).

tempus,

tempore (at so critical a moment) omni tempore (at all times, always) in reliquum tempus (for the fucovering. tego, texi, tectus, tegere, [-y/TEG], ture) ; uno tempore (at once) tempore exclusus (cut off by the 3. v. a., cover, thatch, hide. tegumentum, see tegimen- want of time). tum. Tencteri (-theri), -orum, [Teut el um, -I, [ ?], N., a weapon (of tonic], M. plur., a branch of theUsipetes, which see. offence), a missi/e, a javelin.

-um, p.p. of tego. (tegu-), -i, [tegi(stem of tego) + mentum], n., a

tectus,

-a,

emergency, a crisis

tarn necessario
;

tegimentum

temerarius,
-+

-a,

-um, [ftemero
rash, hasty.

tendo,

tetendi,

tensus

(tentus),

arius],

adj., reckless,

tendere, [y/ten

+ do

(of unc. ori-

temere

[old abl. of

ftemerus], gin)],

3. v. a., stretch, stretch out.

adv., blindly, without reason, without cause. Hence, recklessly, hastily.

Esp., stretch a tent, encamp.

to

temeritas,
haps akin
F.,

-tatis,

[ftemero- (per-

tenebrae, -arum, [?, perh. akin temere], f. plur., darkness.

teneo,
tenui,

to

temulentus)

+ tas],
reck-

tentus,

tenere,
hold, circui-

blindness,

thoughtlessness,

[fteno-

( .^/ten

us)],

2. v. a.,
:

lessness, heedlessness,

hasty temper.

temo,
wagon,
-f

-onis, [?], M.,

a pole (of a

tus milia (occupy, extend). Also,

restrain, detain

retain, keep, possess, occupy

etc.).

temperantia,
ia],

-ae,

[temperant-

F., self-control,

prudence.

: tenere obsidibus (bind); se tenere (remain), tener, -era, -erum, [y'TEN-f rus],

temperatus, -a, -um, p.p. of tempero, which see. tempero, -avi, -atus, -are, [temper- (stem of tempus)], 1. v. a., {divide), mix properly. Hence, control,

adj.,

(stretched, thin), delicate, ten-

der,

young. tento, see tempto. tenuis, -e, [ ^/ten + us, with aci,

cidental

cf.

gravis],

adj.,

thin,

control one's

self,

refrain, re.

strain one's selffrom (quin)

Esp.,
adj.,

delicate, feeble,

tenuitas,
F.,

meagre, poor. -tatis, [tenui

tas J,

temperatus,
tempestas,

-a,

-um, p.p. as

thinness, poverty.

temperate, mild.

tenuiter [tenui + ter], adv., [tempes- (stem thinly, slightly. ter [prob. mutilated case of tres ], of tempus) + tas], F., a season, three times. weather. Esp., bad weather, a storm, adv., a tempest. teres, -etis, [tere- (as stem of
-tatis,

Vocabulary
tero) -f tis], adj., (rubbed}, smooth and round, tapering. tergum, -i, [?], N., the back :
in B.C. 113

139
along with the Cimbri.
in

They were defeated by Marius

B.C.

terga vertere {turn and fly) tergo (in the rear).

terni, -ae,
-a,

102 at Aquae Sextiae {Aix). tignum, -i, [?], N., a log, a tim-

ber.

[tri+nus],

adj.,

three each, three at once.

Tigurini, -orum, [Celtic], M. pi., a canton or division of the Helvetii.

terra,

-ae,
F.,

[ a/tf.rs(?) -f a,

cf.

torreo],
region.

{the

earth, the land.

Also,

-i,

dry land), the Also, a land, a

the

ground.

timeo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [ftimotimidus)], 2. v. a. and n., be With dat., be anxious afraid, fear.
(cf.

Plur.,

the world.

for, be anxious about noth ing to fea r)

.

nihil {have

Terrasidius,

[Celtic],

Roman
une

gentile (?)

name.

Esp.,
tribif

M.,

timide
adv.,

[old

abl.
:

of timidus],

with

timidity

non timide

Titus Terrasidius, a military

in Caesar's army.
-a,

{fearlessly).

terrenus,
terre)

-um, [terra- (as

timidus, -a, -um, [ftimo- (cf. timeo)], adj., cowardly, frightened,

timid.

+ nus], adj., 0/ earth. terreo, terrui, territus, terrere,

2.

[fterro- (?)],

v.

a.,

frighten,

timor, timeo) +
gentile

-oris,

[tim-

(as

root

of

or], m., alarm, fear.

[?], M., Esp., Quintus Titu-i,

alarm.
1.

territo, -avi,-atus, -are, [territo-], v. a., frighten : metu {alarm with

Titurius, name.

Roman

fears, keep alarmed).

rius Sabinus, a legatus of Coesar. Titus, -1, [?], M., a Roman pne-

terror, -oris, [-y/TERR + or], M., alarm, terror, dread, panic. tertius, -a, -um, [prob. tri+tius], adj., third (in order) ; pars {the
fright,

nomen.
tolero,
(-^/TOL
{keep
-avi,

-atus, -are,

[ftolern.,
:

us)], 1. v. a. and up), bear, endure, hold out

{raise

famem
tollere,

third part).

from

starvation).
sublatus,
3.
v.
a.,

testamentum,
turn],
N.,

-i,

[testa

-f

men-

tollo,

sustuli,

a will.

[-y/TOL (with ya)],

[testi evidence.
-1,

raise,

testimonium,
nium],
N.,

+ mo-

proof
-inis,

Hence, remove, carry, carry off. take away, destroy : colloquium

{break off). Esp., sublatus, -um, p.p., elated.

testis,

-is,

[?], c, a witness.

-a,

testudo,

[ftestu- (akin to

Tolosa, -ae, [Celtic], F., Toulouse, Esp., testa) -f do], F., a tortoise. a covered column (made by lapping a city of the Volcae Tectosages. the shields of one rank over those of Tolosates, -um, [Tolosa + tis], Also, a shelter (a small M. plur., the people of Toulouse. another).

roof over attacking soldiers).

(01-111

(-11 til 111.

-i,

[-y/TORQU

-f

{means of twisting), torture. Also, an engine{iox throwking of the Nitrobriges. Teutones, -um, (Teutoni,-orum) ing missiles by twisted ropes). Hence, [Teutonic], M.plur., a great German a shot from an engine, a missile.
-i,

Teutomatus,

[Celtic], M., a

mentum],

n.,

people in Jutland

who overran Gaul

torreo,

torrui,

tostus,

torrere,

140
[torro(cf.

Vocabulary.
torrus, firebrand}],
adj.,

Alpes
(lying

2. v. a., scorch.

tot [-y/TA+ti], indecl.

so

+ inus], adj., Transalpine beyond the Alps from Rome). transeendo, -scendi, -scensurus,
3. v. n.,
.

many.
totideni
adj.,

-scendere, [trans-scando],
[toti

clem],

indecl.

climb across, board (ships)

just as many, as many, the same

-a, -urn, [-v/

transdBco,
cere,

-duxl,

-ductus,

-du-

number.
tot us,

TA

+ tus],

adj.,

the whole, the whole

(

of, all,

entire.

[trans-duco], 3. v. a., lead over (with two accusatives), lead across, bring over, lead through,

)ften

translated by an adverb, en-

tirely, throughout.

draw over, transfer, lead (along).

transport,
irr. v. a.

win

over,

trabs (trabes),
be a?) i.

trabis, [?], f.,

tractus, -a, -um, p.p. of traho. traditos, -a, -um, p.p. of trado.

transeo, -ii, -itus, -ire, [trans-eo], and n., go across, cross, pass over, go over, pass through, pass, migrate, pass by.

trado,
do],

-didi, -ditus, -dere,

[trans-

transfero,
[trans- fero],

-tuli,

-latus,

-ferre,

3. v. a.,

hand over, give

hand down,

over, deliver up, surrender.

Also,
com-

up, give

irr. v. a.,

carry over,

transfer, change the place of:

ad

se

pass along, municate.

teach,

bellum {direct against, from somewhere else).

transfigo,
[trans-figo],
-fixi,
3. v. a.,

transferring

traduco, see transdueo. tragula, -ae, [?], F., a javelin

(of a large, heavy kind, used by the
(

-fixus,

-figere,

pierce through.

transfodio,

-fodi, -fossus, -fodere,

iauls).

traho,

traxi,

tractus,

trahere,
a.,

[trans-fodio] 3. v. a., dig through. Also, pierce through, wound (by

,

[y/trah (for jtragh)], 3. v. drag, drag along, drag in, draw

traicio (trajicio),
-icere,
-jeci,
3. v. a.,

stabbing).

in.

transgredior,
[trans-gradior],

-giessus,
3.
v.

-gredi,
step

-jectus,

dep.,

[trans-jacio],

throw

across, step over, cross.

across,

throw

through,

transfix,

pierce.
-tus, [trans-j actus, traicio], M., {a throwing across), a passage, a route.
cf.

transgressus, transgredior.

-a,

-um,

p.p.

of

trajectus,

transicio, see traicio. transit us, -tus, [trans-itus, cf. transeo], m., a crossing: difficili
transitu {of
difficult passage, diffi-

trajicio, see traicio.

trano,
no],
1.

-avi,

-atus,
n.,

-are,

[trans-

cult to cross).

v. a.

and

swim

across.

tranquillitas,

-tatis,

tas],

F., stillness,

[tranquillo calm.

translatus, transfero.

a,

-um,

p.p.

of

trans

[?,

akin to teminus, te(in

transmarinus, -a, -um, [transmare + inus], adj., foreign.

transiiiissus,
cf.

rcbra], adv.
across, over. side of. In

comp.) and prep., Hence, on the other

over,
across,

-us,

transmitto],
:

M.,

[trans-missus, a crossing, a

comp.,
-a,

distance across

pari spatio trans-

through.

missus {with a passage of the same

-um, [trans1

Transalpimis,

length).

Vocabulary.
transmissus, transmitto.
traiismitto,
tere,
-a,

141

-um, p.p.

of

tic],

M. plur., a

German

tribe

on the

Rhine, about Strasburg.

-misi, -missus, -mit3.

tribunus,

-i,

[tribu-nus], M., (a

send chief of a tribe). With or without over. plebis, a tribune (one of several transportatns, -a, -um, p.p. of magistrates elected in the assembly of the plebs voting by tribes, to transport*). transporto, -avi, -atus, -are, watch over the interests of the comWith militum or mili[trans-porto], 1. v. a., bring over mons). two accusatives), transport, taris, a tribune of the soldiers, a
[trans-mitto],
v.
a.,

(with

carry over : milites navibus transportari (were crossing, being taken

over).

military tribune (one of six officers of each legion who had charge of the internal administration of the
legion, and were also employed in various staff duties by the commander).

Transrhenanus,
Rhenum-t- anus],
the

-a,

-um, [transliving across

Rhine.

Plur. as

adj.,

subst., the people

tribuo,
3. v.
a.,

across the Rhine.

t

-ui, -utus, -uere, [tribu-], (distribute by tribes), dis-

runs t rum,
N.,

+ trum],

-i, [trans (trant-?) a thwart.

tribute.

Hence, grant, render,

:
;

as-

transversus,

-a,

-um,

[p.p.

of

transverto],as adj., across, athwart. Trebius, -i, [?], M., a Roman valor); reipublicae (grant out of plus libertati (have Esp., Marcus Tre- regard to) gentile name. bius Gallus, a military tribune in more regard for).

tantum dignitatis (pay such respect) magnopere virtuti (attribute it so very much to
sign, attribute
;

Caesar's army.

tributum,

-I,

[N.p.p. of tribuo],

Trebonius,
gentile

name.
I,

Esp.,
-a,

-i,

[?], M., a

Roman
able,

N.,

a tribute.

Caius Trebo-

nius

Roman
-ae,

knight;

dies,

triduum, -i, [tri + stem akin to cf. biduum], n., three days'

gatus in Caesar's army.

time, three days.

trecenti,

num.

adj.,

[tri-centum] three hundred.

,

triennium, -T, [trienni (triannus) + ium], n., three years.

triginta, indecl.,
thirty.
adj.,

tredecim [tres-decem]
num.
adj., thirteen.
-avi,

indecl.

trepido,
pido-],
bustle
I.

-aturus, -are, [tre-

trini, -ae, -a, [tri + nus], three each, three sets of, three
things in sets).

(of

v. n., bustle about,

hurry
is

totis trepidatur castris (there

Trinobantes, -um,
plur.,

[Celtic],

m.

throughout the camp). tres, tria, gen. trium, [stem

adj., three.

tri-],

a people of southern Britain, in the region of Colchester.

num.

Treveri

(-vlri), -orum, [Celtic],

M. plur., a people in Gaul, originally

German, on the Moselle. Trevir, -iri, [sing, of Treveri],

M.,

tripartitus (tripert-), -a, -um, [tri-partitus, p.p. of partio], adj., divided in three. Esp., tripartita, abl. as adv., in three divisions.

triplex,

-icis,

[tri-plex (^/plic

one of the Treveri.

(-i,

Triboces, -um

-orum), [Cel-

as stem)], adj., threefold : acies (in three divisions, or lines).

142
triquetrus,
-a,

Vocabttlary.
-urn,

[tri-fqua-

trus(quattuor),cf. "three-square"],
adj., three-cornered,

tumulus,-i,[ttum6-(wh. tumeo) lus], M., {a swelling!), a hill, a

tristis,

-e,

triangular. [unc. root + tis], adj.,

mound.

tunc [tun-ce,
then, then.

cf.

hie],

adj.,

just

sad, gloomy, dejected.

tristitia, -ae, [tristi tia], sadness, a gloomy state (of mind).

1

F.,

turma,
turbo)

-ae,

[y^UR
f.,

(cf.

turba,

ma],

mi lie us,
tui, [

-i,

[?], M., a trunk.

tu,

y'TVA], plur.

VOS

[ y/VA~\,

squadron (of thirty men).

tic],

{a throng!), a horse, consisting of

pron. 2d person,
(plur.).

you

(sing.),

you

tuba, -ae, [?], f., a trumpet (a straight instrument for infantry). tueor, tutus (tuitus), tueri, [?],
2. v.

(-i, -orum), [CelM. plur., a tribe of Gaul on the Loire. Their city became afterwards

Turones, -um

Tours.

turpis,
pearance)
.

-e, [?], adj.,

ugly (in apdis-

dep., watch,

guard,

protect.

See

Hence, unbecoming,
-f

also

tutus.
a

graceful, base.

Tulingi, -5rum, [Teutonic], M.

plur.,

turpiter [turpi
honorably
:

ter], adv., dis-

German
-i,

tribe.

turpiter

factum {an

[Tullo + ius], m., a Roman gentile name. Esp., Quintus Tullius Cicero, see Cicero. Till Ins, -i, [?], M., a Roman

Tullius,

inglorious deed).
F.,

turpitudo, -inis, [turpi +tudo], baseness. Hence, disgrace.

turris,
-is,

family name. tius Tullus, a

suite.

Esp.,

[?],

F.,

a tower.

Cains Volcain Caesar's

tBto, see tutus.

young man

turn [prob. ace. of v"rA ]> a d y -> then (at a time indicated by the conturn, text), at this time : cum
. . .

tutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of tueor], as adj., protected, safe, secure : victis nihil tutum {no safety for the conquered).fcuus,

- tuto,
-a,

abl.

as

adv.,

in

safety, safely.

see

cum

turn vero

{then, with

um,

[y'TVA

ius],

emphasis, of the decisive point of a narrative) ; turn maxime {just then, but especially)
.

adj. pron.,

your, yours.

tumultuor,
multu-],
roar.

-atus,

-an,

U.
ubl [supposed
to dat. of quo-], adv., where, in ibi ubi {in the place where).

[tu-

As

I.

v.

dep.,

make an
is

up-

impersonal, there

an

be quo + bi, which :

uproar.

Also,

tumultuose
X

[old abl. of tunuil-

tuosus], adv., with disorder, noisily. iiiuult us, -tus, [tumulo- (perh.
reduced)

of time, soon as).

cf.

when

ubi

primum

{as

ubicumque [ubi-cumque (cum

quisque)],
adv., wherever,

tus], M., {a swelling,

an + que,

Ubii, -orum, [Teutonic], M. plur., tribe on the Rhine, opposervilis {the site Cologne, near which city they regularly declared) were afterwards settled. serrrile war, see servilis).

uprising!), commotion.

an uproar, Esp., an
:

confusion, a

whenever.
a

commotion (of

revolt, or a

uprising, a war not

German

Vocabulary.

H3

ublque

[ubi-que,

cf.

quisque],
3. v.

adv., everywhere.

ulciscor,
dep.,

ultus, ulcisci, [?],

Unelli, see Venelli, the more approved spelling. Qui versus, -a, -u\n,[uno-versus]
,

punish (an
-a,

injury, or the doer),

adj., all

together,

all (in

a mass),

avenge (an injury).

Qllus,

entire.
-ius,

-um

gen.

[und

+
to

unquam (umquam),
be
:

lus], adj., a single (with negatives), As subst. (less common), any.

for

cum-quam
adv.
.
.

(cf.

[supposed quis-

quam)],
ever
never).

(with
.

negatives),

anybody.

neque
-a,

unquam {and

ulterior,
cf.

-oris,

[comp. of ultero-,

ultra],

adj., farther :

farther off). Super!., ultiinus, -a, -um, [ul + limns], farthest.

{those

ulteriores

Onus, oenus],

adj., one,

-um; gen. -Ius, [?, old a single, the same :

;

una

celeritate {alone)

unum
.

se

ultra [unc. case, perh. instr. of esse {that he was the only one) urbanus, -a, -um, [urbi- (refulter], adv. and prep., beyond. ultro [dat. of fulter (us)], adv., duced) + anus], adj., of a city. to the farther side, beyond : ultro Esp., of the city (Rome), in the citroque {this way and that). city. Esp. beyond what is expected or reurbs, urbis, [ ?], f., a city. Esp., quired, voluntarily, without provoca- the city (Rome). tion, besides : bellum inferre {make urgeo (urgueo), ursi, no p.p., an offensive ivar, ?nake war without urgere,[ ^/varg, cf. vulgus], 2 v. a., provocation); sibi parcere cogi press, press hard, urge. {in spite of himself) ad se venire urns, -i, [Teutonic], M., a wild

{without his asking it). ultus, -a, -um, p.p. of ulciscor.

ox.

ululatus,
a
yell.

-tus,

[ulula

-f

tus], m.,
[?], m.,

German

Usipetes, -um, [Teutonic], M. pi., tribe who migrated from

eastern
-i,

umerus (humerus),
the shoulder.

umquam,
una
also.

see

unquam.

Germany to the lower Rhine. usitatus, -a, -um, p.p. of usitor. usitor, -atus, -ari, [fusito- (as if p.p. of fuso, freq. of utor, cf. dictito)],
1.

of tiniis], adv., together, along, with them, etc.,

[instr. (or abl.?)

v.

dep., practise.

usimuch
(cf.

tatus,
used,

-a,

-um, p.p. in passive sense,

practised,

customary,
case of

unde
adv.,

[supposed

to

be for

tcunde
,

practised.

(cunc, cf. unquam,+ de, cf. inde)] whence, from which.

usque
ubi, and

[unc.

qud
(cf.

usquam)

-que

quis-

undecim [unus-decem],
num.
adj., eleven.
-a,

indecl.

que)], adv., {everywhere), all the way, even to, to that degree (with eo
ut), all the time,
till,

uudecimus,
decimus],
adv.,

-um,

[unus-

even

till.

adj., eleventh.

Qsus, usus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of utor.

undique [unde-que, cf. quique],

from
quarters.
side.

-us,

[y/UT

(in

utor)+ tus],

Also

every

side,

from

all

(cf.

ab), on every

M., use, experience. tage, service. Esp.

Hence, advanusus est, it is

is

necessary, there

is

need,

necessary

144

Vocabulary.
which one exercises), occupy (a town), navigate (a sea). Esp. with two nouns, employ as : aliquo adjutore {have one's services).

(with personal subject) ; also, ex usu, Usui, of advantage, of service, advantageous ; usu venire, happen, occur, turn out (on trial, in practice)
;

usum navium

eripi, be de-

utrimque

[unc. case of

uter

(cf.

prived of all use of the skips ; quae interim) -f que (cf. quisque)], sunt usui, which are serviceable, are adv., on both sides. needed, are of use. utrum, see uter. ut (uti), [supposed to be for uxor, -oris, [?], f., a wife. quoti (quo+ ti?)], adv. and conj.
a. Interrog., koiv.
as,

6. Relat., as, so

subj., that, so

when, inasmuch as. Esp. with in order that, to, so that, as to. Often with object-clause

V.
V, numeral for quinque, five. Vacalus, -i, [?], M., the west
branch of the Rhine, at its mouth. vacatio, -onis, [vaca + tio], F.,

compressed in Eng. into some other form of speech poenam ut, etc., of being, etc.; id facer e ut, do this
:

{to wit, without "that")Esp.: ut semel, when once, as soon as; timere ut, fear that not : ut quis-

freedom (from something), exemption.

vaco,

-avi,

-aturus, -are,

[prob.

que est
uter,
:

ita,

-tra,

in proportion as. -trum; gen. trius [quo

:

(cf.ubi)+terus( reduced), cf. alter], a. Interrog., which (of two) adj. uter utri {which to the other). 6. Relative, whichever (of two), the one who (of two). Neut, utrum,

fvaco- (cf. vacuus and Vacuna)], 1. v. n., be vacant, be free from, be unoccupied, lie waste.

vacuus, -a, -um, [prob. -y/VAC vaco) + vus], adj., free, unoccupied, vacant, destitute of (ab or
(cf.

abl.).

adv.,

{which of the two), whether.

utra-,

vadum,
um],
N.,

-I,

[^/vad (in vado)

uterque,
[uter-que,
two).

utrum-,

utrius-,

a ford.
:

Plur.,

a ford,

cf.

quisque],
:

adj.,

both:
the

shoals, shalloivs

vado

{by fording).

medium utriusque

(between

Plur., of sets

utraque casutrique

tra

{both

parties).

{both Rarely of single things:

;

camps)

vagatus, -a, -um, p.p. of vagor. vagina, -ae, [?J, f., a sheath. vagor, -atus, -aii, [vago-], I. v. dep., roam about, roam, wander.
form

utraeque
fililis,

{both uti, see ut.

-e,

women).
(stem akin to

Vahalis, -is, [?], m., another for Vacalus, which see.

valeo,
valui,

[futi-

valiturus,
cf.

valere,
,

u tor)

+ lis],

adj., useful,

of use.
tas],
v.,

[ ?,

prob. denominative,

validus]

Qtilitas,

-tatis,

[utili

advantage.
fitor,

be strong, have weight, have Often with influence, be powerful.

2. v. n.,

usus,

uti,

akin to

aveo
of,

?],

one's self

use,

oetor, N. pron. or adj. as cog. ace. pluri{be very strong, have 3. v. dep., avail mum valet exercise, practise, great weight, have great influence)
[ ?,

old

enjoy, adopt, employ, have (in sense

of

enjoy), possess,

show

(qualities

quicquid possunt pedestribus copiis valent {whatever strength they

Vocabulary.
have is in infantry*) tantum valebat {had such weight that, etc.) pudor valet {self-respect controls').
; ;

145
-alis,

vectigal,
lis], N.,

[n.

of veetiga-

impost, tribute. revenues (of a state).

an

Plur.,

Valerius,
a

-I,

[akin to valeo], m.,

Roman

go) -f- alis], adj., tributary : vectiLucius Valerius gales habent {make tributary). vectorhi9, -a, -um, [vector + Praeconinus, a legatus under some unknown propraetor in Gaul. He was ius], adj., carrying: navigia {transdefeated and killed in Aquitania. ports) vehemens, -entis,[akin to veho], 3. Cains Valerius Caburus, a Gaul
in Gaul, B.C. 83.

Cains

I. gentile name. Esp. J'alerius Flaccus, propraetor

:

vectigiilis, -e,[j-vectig6-(vectis, akin to veho, + unc. term., cf. casti-

2.

who

received the

Roman
I.

prob.

Cains Valerius Procillus, and (5) Caius Valerius Donnotaurus, sons of No.
4.
3,

from No.

citizenship

adj., violent.

vehementer [vehement +
adv.,
violently,

ter],

severely,

strongly,

hotly, exceedingly.

who

fought for Caesar in the war

[?], M., a noble

veho,

vexi,

vectus,

vehere,

against Vercingetorix.

Valetiacus,
of the Hsedui.

-i,

[y'VAGH], 3. v. a., carry : legionem equis vehere {bring on horseback). vel [prob. imperative of volo],
conj.,

valetudo, -inis, [prob. valent + Also, ill health. tudo], F., health. valles (vallis), -is, [?], F., a

or

vel

vel {either
m.,

or).

valley.

gentile
-i, [n. of vallus], N., a a rampart (the regular

Velanius, name.

[?], Esp., Quintus Vela-i,

Roman
in

vallum,
palisade,

nius,

a tribune of the

soldiers

Coesar's army.

fortification of the

Romans, made of

stakes and built up with earth), a wall.

Veliocasses (Velo-, Velio-), -um (-1, -orum), [Celtic], M. plur.,

a Gallic tribe of

Normandy, about

vallus,
plur.,

-i,

[?], M.,

stake.

Rouen.

Vellaunodunum, -i, [Celtic], N., Vangiones, -um, [Teutonic], M. a German tribe on the west a town of the Senones. bank of the Rhine, about modern Vellavi, -orum, [Celtic], M. pi., Worms. a tribe in the Cevennes mountains.
varietas,
F.,
-tatis,
:

diversity
.

[vario + tas], pellium {different col-um, [prob. akin to

velocitas,
F.,

-tatis,

[veloci

-f

tas],
adv.,

swiftness, fleetness.

ors)

velociter [veloci
-a,
S7oiflly,

ter],

varius,

quickly.

varus], adj., various, diverse. vastatus, -a, -um, p.p. of vasto. vasto, -avi, -atus, -are, [vasto-],
1
.

(cf.

velox, -ocis, [stem akin to volo eolonus) + cus (reduced?)],

-i,

adj., swift.

v. a.,

Also, immense.
vaticluatio,
tio],
F.,

lay waste, devastate, ravage. vastus, -a, -um, [?], adj., waste.
-onis,

velum,

[?, cf.
veil.

a curtain, a

vexillum], Also, a
sail.

N.,

velut [vel-ut],
[vaticina

Just as

velut

si

adv., {even as), {just as if).

divination.

venatio,

-onis,

[vena

+ tio],

f.,

146
hunting.

Vocabulary

Plur.,

hunting, hunting

Vercingetorix,

-igis,

[Celtic],

excursions..

venator,
M., a hunter.

-toris,

[vena-dere,

tor],

Being chosen king, he made a stout resistance to Csesar, but was finally overby the Romans and surrendered by his followers. vereor, -itus, -eri, [prob. fvero(akin to wary)~\,
lie

M., a noble of the Arverni.

vendo, -didi, -ditus,

do],
3. v. a.,

[venum powered

put

to sale, sell.

Venelli (Unelli),

-6runi,[Celtic],

M. plur., a tribe of Gaul in

modern

Normandy. Veneti, -orum,

a tribe of Gaul in

afraid.

veritus,

2.

v.

dep., fear p.p. in pres

[Celtic], M. plur.,

sense, fearing.

modern

Brittany.

vergo,
slope, look
lie

-ere, [?], 3. v. n., incline,

Venetia,
of -ius)],
Veneti.
F.,

-ae,

[veneto

ia (f.

towards (of an exposure),

-i,

the

territory of the
-ura,

towards.

Vergobretus,
-a,

[Celtic],

m.,

Veneticus,
venia,
-ae,
:

[Veneto

Celtic

title

cus], adj., 0/ the Veneti.

[?],
F.,

among
indulgence,

of the chief magistrate the Arverni.

-e,

verisimilis,
adj., {like the

[veri similis],
p.p. of

favor, pardon

petentibus veniam

truth), probable, likely.

dare {grant their request). venio, veni, venturus, venire, [y/GAM (forgvenio)],4. v. n.,come, go : in spem {enjoy the hope). ventito, -avi, -aturus, -are, [as if ventito- (from vento, old freq. of venio)], 1. v. n., come often, visit. ventus, -i, [?], M., the wind: vento se dare {run before the wind).
ver,
uro],
veris, [for

veritus,

-a, -urn,

vereor.

vero
truth,
force,

[abl.

of

in fact.
but,

ver us], adv., in With weakened

other hand. Often untranslatable, expressing an intensive (emphatic) opposition, or pointing to the main time, circumstance, fact, or agent in a narrative.

on the

Veromandui (Viro-), [Celtic], M. plur., a Gallic tribe in modern

Picardy.

fvasar, -^/vas,

cf.

N., spring.

verso,
[Celtic], M. pi.,
1. v.

-avi, -atus, -are,

[verso-],

Veragri, -orum,
upper Rhone.

a Gallic people of the Alps, on the

Esp.
self,

way and that), deal with (some one or some thing).

a.,

turn

(this

in pass, as dep.,
be, fight

turn one's

[Celtic], canton of the Helvetii.

-i,

Verbigenus,

m.,

engage in,

(as indicated

verbum,

-i,

[?, cf.

morbus],

n.,

by the context). versus, -a, -um,

p.p. of

verto.

a -word : pluribus verbis {at great length); vit {ivith encouraging words)
;

versus (versuni), [orig. p.p. of animos verbis confirma- verto], adv. and prep., towards, in
;

facit

the direction

of.

verba {speak for, etc.) versus, -us, [ y/VERT + tus], m., magna contumelia verborura {with most a turning. Esp., a verse (of poetry, where the rhythm turns and begins insulting words). Vercassivellaunus, -i, [Celtic], anew), a line. m., one of the Arverni, the uncle of Vertico, -onis, [Celtic], M., one

Vercingetorix.

of the Nervii.

Vocabulary.
verto,
[

147
-i,

verti,

versus,
a.,

vertere,
:

vexillum,

[?,

^/vert], 3. v. (turn and flee).

turn

terga minutive of velum],

apparently a diN., a flag : sub

vexillo (jm a detachment, without

-i,

Verudoctius,

[Celtic], M., a

any signa, which were only carried

in the regular corps).

noble of the Helvetii.

verus, -a, -urn, [?, -y/VER vereor) -{- us], adj., (?, seen,

[fvexo- (as (carry this Neut. as subst., the ivay and that), harass, annoy, comble), true. truth : repperit esse vera (found mit depredations on, overrun (a the truth to be~). Also, just, right. country), ravage (lands). See also vero. via, -ae, [for vena? (veh + a)], verutum, -i, [vera + turn], n., a F., a road, a way, a route: tridui viam (three days' journey). spear (of a light kind), a dart. viator, -toris, [fvia- (as stem of Vesontio, -onis, [Celtic], F., the chief town of the Sequani, now Be- fvio) + tor], M., a traveller.

(in visi-

vexo,

-avi, -atus, -are,

if

p.p. of

veho)],

I. v. a.,

sancon.

vesper,
vester,

-eri, [?, cf. Gr."E<rirepoy],

num.

M., the evening.

-tra,

-ae, -a, [akin to viginti], twenty (apiece). vicesimus, -a, -um, [akin to vi-

viceni,
adj.,

-trum,

[ves

ter

ginti], num.

adj., tiventieth.

(us)], adj. pron., your, yours.

vestigo)
the

vestigium, -i, [fvestigo- (cf. + ium], n., the footstep,

footprint,

track.

Esp.

vicies (-ens), [akin to viginti], adv., twenty times : vicies centum milia (two million). \ hin it as, -tatis, [vicino + tas]
F.,

vestigio
tracks ?)
;

(forthwith,

from

one's

neighborhood,

vicinity.

Plur.,

(in the in illo vestigio temporis (at that instant of time).

eodem vestigio

neighbors-

same

spot)

vicis, gen. (nom. not found), change, turn : invicem (in turn).

4. v. a.

vestio,-ivi(-ii),-itus, -ire, [vesti-], Pass., clothe clothe, cover. ,

one's self with (with thing in abl.),

victima, -ae, [akin to vinco, perh. going back to the sacrifice of prisoners], F., a victim.
victor,

wear.
vestis,
clothing,
-is,

[-^/ves

+
+

tis],

f.,

-toris, \_y/v\c (in vinco) Often as adj., tor], M., a victor.

garments. vestitus, -tus, [vesti

garments.

victorious,

cf.

victrix.
-ae,

tus], m.,

victoria,

[victor

ia],

F.,

clothing,

victory, success (in war).

if

veterauus, -a, -um, [ Vetera- (as stem of vetero) + nus], adj., veteran (long in service).
veto, vetui, vetitus, vetare, [stem akin to vetus, cf antiquo], i.v.a.,
forbid.

victus, victus,

-a,

-um, p.p. of vinco.

-tus,

ly/viG(7), (cf.vixi)
:

+ tus], M.,

living, life.

Also, means
>

of living, food

domus victusque
common). "*" us c f-

(intercourse, life in

vicus,
-eris, [?, cf.
:

-i,

tv^' 10

Gf

vetus,
old,

former

Gr. eros], adj., milites (old soldiers,

dittos'],

M., (a dwelling),

a village (a

collection of dwellings).

veterans).

video,
-a,

vidi, visus, videre, [-y/viD,

2. v. a.,

vexatus,

-um, p.p. of vexo.

perh. through a noun-stem],

148
sec,

Vocabulary.

examine (reconnoitre), take care

(see that).

In

pass., be seen, seem,

vir, band.

viri,

[?], M., a

man, a

hus-

seem

best.

vires, see vis.

-ae, [Celtic], v.,

Vienna,
of the

a town

now

Allobroges, on Vienne.

the

Rhone,
F.,

virgo, maid.
turn,

-inis,

[?],

F.,

a maiden, a

vigilia, -ae, [vigil

ia],

virgultum, -i, [fvirgula ( ?) + cf. tumultus], n., only in pi.,

watch, watching. The Romans divided the night into four watches, and reckoned the time thereby.

shrubbery, a thicket, bushes (cut for

military purposes).

Viridomarus,
Viridovix,

-1,

[Celtic], M., a
M., a

viginti [dvi- (stem of duo) + form akin to centum (perh. the same)],
indecl., twenty.
-inis,

noble of the Haedui.

-icis,

[Celtic],

vimen,

[root (or stem) vi

vico)], n., a twig (flexible, for weaving), osier. vincio, vinxi,vinctus,vincire,[perh. akin to vinco], 4. v. a., bind, fetter.
(cf.

+ men

prince of the Venelli. viritim [vir + itim, as verbal in -tis], adv., man

if

ace. of

(of distribution), to Viromandui, see Veromandui.

by man each individual.

virtus,

-tikis,

[viro-

(reduced)

vinclum,
vinco,
[y'vic],
feat,

see
vici,

vinculum.
victus,

+ tus], F., manliness, valor, prowess,

vincere,

Also, courage.
noble conduct,
tues, merits,

merit (generally),

3. v. a.

and

n.,

conquer, de-

virtue.

Plur., vir-

prevail :

naturam

vinctus, -a, vinculum(vinclum),-i,[tvinco(stem akin to vincio, perh. primitive of it) + lum (N. of lus)], N., a

{outdo). -urn, p.p. of vincio.

good
:

qualities.

vis, vis(?), [?], v., force, might, vi cogere {forciEsp. bly); vim facer e {use violence);
violence.

vim hostium prohibere

tack);

{violent at-

chain: ex vinculis {in chains, see ex): in vincula {into prison).

1.

vi fluminis oppressi {overcome by the violent current). Plur.,

vindieo,-avi, -atus, -are,[vindic-], v. a., claim, claim one's rights

strength, force, powers, bodily vigor.

against, defend: in
ish)
;

aliquem {pun{estab-

visus, -a, -um, p.p. of video. vita, -ae, [root of vivo + ta],
life,

F.,

Galliam in libertatem

the course

of life.
?,

lish the liberty of,

a phrase derived
1.

vito,
v.

-avi, -atus, -are, [

vita- ?]

from the formal defence of freedom

in a

a.,

{escape

ivith

life,

live

Roman

court).

through}), escape, avoid, dodge.

of

[vino- + ea (f. vine arbor. -eus)], F., a vineyard, a Hence, a shed {defence, for a besieg-

vinea,

-ae,

vitrum,

-I,

[?], N.,

wood {2.

plant

used by the Britons for dyeing blue). vivo, vixl, victus, vivere, [^/vig

ing party,

made
-i,

like

an arbor).
N.,

(vigor?),

cf.

victus],

3. v. n., live :

vinum,
wine.
violo,
abuse,

[?, cf. Gr. ohos'],

lacte {live on). vivas, -a, -um,

us],

[^/vigor (?)

-avi, -atus, -are, [?], 1. v.a.,

adj., alive, living.

violate

(a

sacred

object)

hospites {injure, a guest being held

sacred).

V1C ( in vinco)], vix [poss. Also, adv., with difficulty, hardly.

V
{.

of time, hardly

when).

'ocabulary.

149
the

Vocates, -um, [Celtic], M. plur., a alicujus voltum ferre {bear people of Aquitania, on the Garonne. glance of one's eye).

Voccio (Voctio),
M., a king of

-onis, [Celtic],

volnntarius,

-a,

-um, [volent

Noricum.
[voc- (stem
call by

voeo,

-avi, -atus, -are,

1. v. a.,

arius], adj., voluntary. a volunteer.

As

subst.,

of vox)],

name,

call,
F.,

voluntas,

-tatis,

[volent

tas],

summon,
a
tribe

invite.
pi.,

Vocontii, -orum, [Celtic], M.

willingness, good-will, consent, desire, will, approval, an inclination :

between the Isere and the Durance.

Voctio, see Voccio. Volcae, -arum, [Celtic], M. plur., Volusenus, -i, [?], m., a Roman a people of Gaul in the Roman prov- family name. Esp., Caius Voluince, see Tectosages and Areco- senus Quadratus, a military tribune mici. in Caesar's army.

voluntates alienare {good-will). voluptas, -tatis, [volup- (akin to volo) + tas], v., pleasure.

Volcatius,
gentile name.
tius Tullus, a
suite.

[?], Esp.,
-i,

m., a

Roman

Vorenus,

Cains Volcain Caesar's

young man

family name. Esp., Lucius Vorenus, a centurion of Caesar's army.

-i,

[?],

m., a

Roman

Vosegus,

-i,

[Celtic],

m.,

the

volgo, see volgus. volgus (vulgus), -i, [^/VOLG

us],
ple,
N., the

Vosges Mountains, running northerly from the Jura along the Rhine.

the

crowd, the common peomass : in volgus efferri

voveo,
2. v. a.,

vovi,

votus, vovere, [?],

vow, make a vow.

vocis,

spread abroad); militum {the volsoldiers, the army). go, abl. as adv., commonly, generally,
{be

common

vox,

[y/voc as stem],

F.,

everywhere.

volnero (vul-),
[volner-],
1. v. a.,

-avi,

-atus, -are,

a word, an expression, a shout. Collectively, cries, words, talk. Plur., talk, reports : nulla vox audita {not a word); militum vocibus

voice,

wound.
-eris,

carpi {taunts)
[prob.

concursu ac voci-

volnus (vulnus),
volo, volui,
v. a.

bus cogi

{outcries).

akin to vello], N., a wound.

velle,

Vulcanus
irr.

(Vole-),
fire

-i,

[?],

[^/vol],

Vulcan (the god of

and metals).
see

vulneratus, -a, -um, n., wish, be willing, want : aliquem aliquid {want one nero. vulgus, see volgus. for anything, want anything of one); vulnero, see volnero. quid sibi vellent {what they 'wanted, or meant, or intended to do, what vulnus, see volnus.
and
velle
business they had).

vol-

vultus, see voltus.

-tus,
[

voltus (vultus),

v VOL +
/

tus], M., {icish, expression of countenance), look, countenance, face: vultus fingere {compose one's coun-

X.
X, numeral
for

decern,

ten.

tenance),

conceal

one's

feelings

XX,

numeral

for

viginti, twenty.

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