Webinar 6 of 6 English

PhotovoltaicSystemsTraining
Session6 Offgridinstallations
JavierRelancio&LuisRecuero GeneraliaGroup
October6th 2010
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/training-pv-systems-designconstruction-operation-and-maintenance
PHOTOVOLTAICSYSTEM
Design,Execution,Operation&Maintenance
STANDALONEFACILITIES
JavierRelancio.GeneraliaGroup.06/10/2010 www.generalia.es
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/training-pv-systems-design-construction-operation-and-maintenance
INDEX Introduction Elements. Storage System & Backup System Trends: Hybrid Systems. Efficiency. Smart Grids Applications. Examples Design Maintenance
Basic topology
PV modules PV regulator
DC Consumption
Inverter
AC Consumption
Introduction
Differences with a grid connected system Designed for self-consumption An electricity storage is required Regulator / charger Batteries Inverters with capacity " to create a grid" For facilities with consumptions in DC and output power below 2 kW, we may require modules with particular characteristics: If the consumptions are in DC 12 V, modules of 18 V If they are in DC 24 V, modules of 30-32 V NOTE: The modules of 12 V are more expensive, but it is possible to avoid their use by using regulators with power maximizers. Only for powers over 2 kW
Introduction
Criterion of winter production maximization VS annual production maximization In the grid connected facilities, the objective is to obtain the maximum annual profitability of the installation In stand-alone facilities, the objective is to feed the demand for any day of the year. For it: We have to design the installation for the " worse day of the year " We will choose the modules tilt that maximizes the production in the above mentioned month
Sofia,Bulgaria
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totalyear Ed(32) 1,65 2,25 2,75 3,42 3,61 3,79 4,06 3,95 3,48 2,68 1,71 1,3 1050
Madrid,Spain Ed(61) Ed(34) Ed(60) 2,66 2,96 1,79 3,05 3,19 2,34 4,32 4,23 2,63 4,1 3,63 3,01 4,63 3,75 2,95 4,78 3,69 2,97 4,91 3,85 3,23 4,79 4,08 3,37 4,38 4,14 3,28 3,54 3,63 2,74 2,66 2,9 1,84 2,15 2,39 1,41
960
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sofia,Bulgaria(32) Madrid,Espaa(34) Sofia,Bulgaria(61) Madrid,Espaa(60)
1400
1290
Note: we can use backup system for the worst production months
Elements
Inverter Lower range of powers than for grid connected facilities Possibility of connection in parallel or series Prepared for auxiliary inputs in parallel, in case of hybrid systems: diesel, grid, modules Manufacturers:
Manufacturer Power (per unit) System Power Observations It integrates a battery charger It allows to inject surplus to the grid It allows different configuration modes for the management of the generation and the consumption It integrates a battery charger It allows different configuration modes for the management of the generation and the consumption It integrates a battery charger It allows different configuration modes for the management of the generation and the consumption
Xantrex
6 kW
36 kW
Victron Ingeteam
10 kVA 15 kVA
100 kVA (90 kW) 120 kVA
Elements
Regulator / Charger It is used to: ... protect the batteries against overcharging To avoid excessive discharges within a cycle
It is recommended to work with a oversizing of 125 % Differences between regulator and charger Charger: it is only used to charge the batteries Regulator: it is used both for charging the batteries and managing the loads in DC
NOTE: The chargers are not simple devices: The battery charge stage depends on many factors and is difficult to determine Multiple algorithms exist to optimize the battery charging and to increase its lifetime
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Batteries
Introduction Batteries are used for storing the energy that is produced by the modules during the day, for being consumed in the periods that there is no solar irradiation This storage takes place due to chemical reversible reactions A battery is composed by the connection of several "cells in series Between the electrodes there is a certain potential difference (Generally: 2V) In photovoltaic applications we can generally find batteries of 12, 24 or 48 volts Normally, the system is designed to store energy for several days of consumption In case of several days of low irradiation: clouds, rain, etc Three days can be a good recommendation, depending on each case
11
Batteries
Capacity Electricity that can be obtained during a full discharge of a completely charged battery The capacity, in Amperes - hours (A - h), is the current that the battery can supply, multiplied by the number of hours in which the above mentioned current is delivered
Real capacity Theoretically, a battery of 200 A - h might supply: 200A during an hour, 100A for two hours, 1A for 200 hours and so on. However, in the reality, the capacity of the battery will change according to the regime of charge and discharge. (Generally, lower speed of discharge implies a bigger capacity) For example: a battery which specifies a capacity of 100 A - h during 8 hours (C-8): It might supply 12,5 A during 8 hours. C = 12.5 x 8 = 100 A - h But it might provide 5.8 A during 20 hours. C ' = 5.8 x 20 = 116 A - h
12
Batteries
Depth of discharge
Percentage of the total capacity of the battery that can be used without need of recharge and without damaging the battery. As a general rule, the less depth of discharge is reached in every cycle, the longer the battery lifetime will be Classification:
Lightcycle Designedforhighcurrentintheinitial discharges Constantchargesanddischarges Depthsofdischargelowerthan20%
Deepcycle Designedforlongperiodsofutilizationwithout beingrecharged Theyaremorerobustandhavehigherenergetic density Depthofdischargearoundof80%'
Note: This classification is generally used for Lead-Acid batteries
Several manufacturers Isofoton, Hoppecke, BAE, TABB, Tudor, etc
Batteries
Type of batteries
For photovoltaic applications the most suitable batteries are the stationary ones, designed to have a fixed emplacement and for the cases in which the consumption is more or less irregular. The stationary batteries do not need to supply high currents during brief periods of time, but they need to reach deep discharges
Lead Acid (deep cycle) Observations High commercial availability Sudden death could happen They are manufactured with lead antimony
Lead Acid (light cycle) High commercial availability Sudden death could happen
Gel-Cell The acid is in gel state They need less maintenance
NiCad Better performance with high temperature They cost the double than Lead Acid batteries
They are manufactured They can operate in with lead - calcium any position They are more expensive than lead batteries 15-25% 1-4% 24,720 5,791 to 49,000 10.13 2.42 to 20.26 -6.6 15-25% 2-3% 8,828 3,672 to 16,400 4.85 2.20 to 13.87 -18
Discharge depth Self discharge per month Typical capacity (Ah/m3) Capacity range (Ah/m3) Typical capacity (Ah/Kg) Capacity range (Ah/Kg) Minimal temperature (oC)
40-80% 5% 35,314 7,062 to 50,323 12.11 4.18 to 26.65 -6.6
100% 3-6% 17,660 3,630 to 34,961 11.10 2.64 to 20.90 -45
Diesel generator
The diesel generator as a backup (I)
The use of a diesel generator can allow us to avoid the oversizing of solar modules and batteries. The diesel generator would cover the periods of low irradiation or the situations of extraordinary consumption Nowadays, the energy generated by a diesel group can be more expensive than the energy obtained from a photovoltaic solar system It will depend on the price of the fuel in each country NOTE: In the following slide we can find an example
15
Diesel generator
Price per kWh: Diesel generator VS Solar Facility

1,40 1,20 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,40 0,20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 PreciokWhhibrido PreciokWhGDiesel PreciokWhGDieselCO2
Notes: 1. For this study we have considered that the price of the electricity from a Diesel Generator is, today, 0.35 per kWh (Including the costs that the logistics of the fuel supposes). 2. The study has considered a radiation of 1500 HSP 3. In the graph we can find, in green, an estimation of the repercussion that would suppose the extra charges for the emission of pollutant gases (Price of ton of CO2). 4. The prices are in Euros 5. The word "hybrid" refers to a photovoltaic installation with a diesel generator as a backup.
16
17
Hybrid System: Diesel - Solar
Inverter
PV regulator
DC Consumption
PV modules
AC Consumption
The generator is connected to the AC BUS The diesel generator is automatically switched on if the batteries are under a certain level The generator can produce energy exclusively to supply the consumption or, also, to charge the batteries The inverter has to be specially designed with this function (AC/DC Converter)
The chosen diesel generator must have automatic starter: Using its own electronic starter to automatically switch on when an auxiliary signal is received Using an external electronic starter specially designed for this function
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Hybrid System: Wind - Solar
Description This type of system is currently being studied on the R&D departments of many institutions and companies. Good correlation between the wind and the solar resource Generally, the wind & solar systems are connected to the DC BUS (of the batteries) There is not too much information about the wind resource The guarantees for the wind system are lower than for the PV system Average, three years
Thewindpotentialisdeterminedby: Speedofthewind:thekineticenergyofthewind increasesaccordingtothecubeofitsspeed Windresourcesbecomeexploitablewhere averageannualwindspeedsexceed45m/s Alsoitisinfluenced,toalesserextent,bythe characteristicsanddensityofthewind
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Hybrid System: Wind - Solar
Topology PV modules
PV regulator
DC Consumption
DC BUS
Wind regulator
Inverter Wind generator AC Consumption
20
Efficiency in the consumption (I)
The importance of reducing the consumption
Nowadays, we can find great evolutions in the consumption reduction of many massive devices: electrical appliances, lighting, air conditioning, PCs, etc Considering the high initial investment per kWp for an isolated solar system and considering the dependency between this peak power and the consumption every stand alone solar facility should begin by the optimization of its consumption efficiency Example: Electricity price: 0,40 per kWh
Fridge consumption A+ Class: 150 kWh/year Fridge consumption G Class: 800 kWh/year
Saving: 260 per year

Source: IDAE
21
* If we reduce our energy consumption, installing a more efficient device, we will be able to reduce the price of our solar PV Facility
Consumption efficiency (II)
Examples
Element Fridge Washing Machine Lighting 1 Lighting 2 PC (Desktop)
Low consumption Class A 150 kWh/year Class A 1.42 kWh Incandescent 100 W Incandescent 100 W 250 W
Ordinary consumption Class G 800 kWh/year Class G 6.9 kWh LED 10 W Low Consumption 18 W 70 W
More efficient
Energy class
Energy consumption
Evaluation
LOW
MED HIGH Less efficient
22
Smart Grids (I)
Global objective
International governments commitment (such as the EU) Minimize the environmental impact. Reduce the CO2 emissions Reduce the dependency from fossil fuels Increase the use of Renewable Energies Reduce costs & Increase the energy efficiency To success: Increase the integration of renewable energies in the Global electric grid The need of dealing with an intermittent & distributed generation
23
Smart Grids (II)
Mechanisms towards the smart grids Improve the control & supervision of the generation Intermittent generation profile of the Renewable Energies Low forecast on the production Improve the demand management High peakvalley ratio Low correlation with renewable production Improve the international grid connection Improve the electricity storage New facilities to pump water and then produce energy R&D for new in situ storage systems: hydrogen/ batteries The electrical vehicle
Source: REE Demand profile for an average day in Spain
25
Application Areas
Zones distant from the grid Zones currently supplied by diesel generators Exceptionally, areas with instabilities from the grid
Great potential in African countries
Especially, areas with high fuel prices
Source: World energy outlook 2009
26
Application examples
Single family houses Public buildings: hospitals, schools, etc Public lighting and traffic lights Communication Stations Water pumping For human consumption For agriculture Desalination & Water sewerage Industrial uses
27
Particular case: Water pumping facilities

Great advantages to be fed with solar energy: There is no need for batteries The construction of a high water tank can be used as a energy storage Therefore we do not need regulator either Neither inverters Nowadays, we can find great quality DC bombs Installation with few elements: We reduce the price of the installation We reduce the possibilities of breakdown
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Other considerations
Limits on the system Maximum power output It is limited by the inverters: nowadays <120 kWp Maximum capacity of storage It is limited by the batteries
Lead-Acid batteries, each cell allows a maximum of 3.000Ah en C-10(2V). If we are using 48 V rows, which is generally the maximum voltage that we can use, each row would store up to: 3.000 Ah x 48 V = 144 kWh
Lead - acid: it is recommended not to install more than three or four blocks of batteries in parallel If we use Ni-Cad this quantity can be higher (according to the manufacturers) *
* It is recommended to verify this information with the manufacturer
Towards the system scalability With the goal to supply energy to growing populations By the mix of different technologies
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30
System design (I)
Study of consumptions
We begin by creating a table with all the consumptions we will find in the system
Device Lamp PC Fridge TV TOTAL
Numberof Units 10 1 1 1
Peak Power(W) 11 300 1000 90 1500W
Average Power (W) 88* 150 400 90 728W
Hours ofusage Consumedenergy (hperday) (Whperday) 8 6 24 8 880 900 9600 720 12.100 Whperday
* Simultaneity ratio 80%
The peak power will affect the inverter calculation The daily energy consumption will affect: The storage system The solar modules
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System design (II) Solar generator calculation

According to the consumption study, we have to produce 12.100 Wh per day (average) As we have explained previously, this production must be guaranteed even the worst day of the year, in this case, in December
Madrid,Espaa Ed*(34) Ed*(60) 2,66 2,96 3,05 3,19 4,32 4,23 4,1 3,63 4,63 3,75 4,78 3,69 4,91 3,85 4,79 4,08 4,38 4,14 3,54 3,63 2,66 2,9 2,15 2,39 1400 1290
We have to consider the losses in all the elements of the system: modules, inverters, chargers, batteries and cables. The battery losses can be estimated around 15 % The whole system losses, can be estimated around 34 %
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Totalyear
Psolar =
Energydemanded 12100 = =7.670,85W HSP Losses 2,39 0,66

We could install, for example:
*Ed: Average daily electricity production for 1kWp
34 modules of 230 W = 7.820 Wp
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System design (III) Battery calculation

According to the consumption study, the batteries should supply 12.100 Wh/day (average) In this example, the system will consider that the batteries have to be able to store energy for two days without solar radiation The batteries, then, should be able to store 24.200 Wh For this example, we will choose Lead-Acid batteries, with a Cycle-Depth of 80% In order to increase the battery life-time, we will consider a maximum discharge depth around 60 % We will consider the battery losses around 15%.
Capacity Ah =
Energy demand n days 12100 2 = = 1977.12 A h Discharge depth Losses Voltage 0,6 0,85 24
Conclusion: 12 batteries of 2000 A-h (C-20)
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System design(IV) Inverter calculation (I)

Now, we have to consider the peak power of the system In this case, the maximum power would be 1500 Wp However, usually we use a Simultaneity Ratio, because normally all the devices will not be connected at the same time Furthermore, the inverters are prepared to supply the double of their nominal output power, during a certain period of time
In this case, we will consider that the peaks from the washing machine and the fridge will not be longer than these periods
34
System design (V)
Inverter calculation (II)

We will reach a maximum output power of 1500 Wp, so the Nominal Output Power should be higher than 750 Wp Considering the average consumptions, and applying a Simultaneity Ratio of 80% for the lights, the nominal Output Power of the inverter should be higher than 728 Wp
So, we will choose any inverter with a Nominal Output Power higher than 750 Wp
35
System design (VI) Conclusions

Demanded energy: 12.100 Wh Solar modules peak power: 7.820 Wp Batteries capacity: 2.000 A-h (C-20) x 24 V = 48.000 W-h Inverter nominal output power: 750 1000 Wp
Observations
We have considered that the consumption is homogeneous during the year If this was not the case (For example, if we had an air conditioning system) we would have studied also the maximum demanding day We could reduce the amount of batteries, by reducing their autonomy or increasing their discharge depth and introducing a diesel generator as a backup for the periods that the batteries cannot assume
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Solar modules maintenance
Periodical cleaning of the modules Depending on the pollution of each area Generally, once per year Checking the cables and connections Retightening the screws Checking the structure If it is not protected against open air (aluminum, galvanized steel, etc) it will require a periodical antioxidant paint Checking any shadowing effect
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Batteries maintenance (I)
The battery is a dangerous element, due to its chemical and electrical properties Main risks The electrolyte is, generally, dilute acid: it may produce burns if contacting the skin or the eyes Electrocution risk From 24 V, in wet environments From 48 V, in dry environments Risk of fire or explosion The batteries produce hydrogen gas An appropriate ventilation system is needed Recommendations: Use appropriate gloves and shoes Use plastic handle tools Avoid wearing any metallic object Avoid sparks and flames close to the batteries
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Batteries maintenance (II)
Main tasks Checking that the room is well ventilated and protected against the sun light Checking that the electrolyte level is between the manufacturer limits Add only distilled water Except for Gel type batteries Protecting the connection terminals with antioxidant grease to avoid sulfurizing Checking the tightness of the battery connections Cleaning the battery covers and terminals
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End of Session 6
Thank you for attending
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/training-pv-systems-designconstruction-operation-and-maintenance
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PhotovoltaicSystemsTraining

100 kVA (90 kW) 120 kVA

Lightcycle Designedforhighcurrentintheinitial discharges Constantchargesanddischarges Depthsofdischargelowerthan20%

Deepcycle Designedforlongperiodsofutilizationwithout beingrecharged Theyaremorerobustandhavehigherenergetic density Depthofdischargearoundof80%'

Note: This classification is generally used for Lead-Acid batteries

Several manufacturers Isofoton, Hoppecke, BAE, TABB, Tudor, etc

Gel-Cell The acid is in gel state They need less maintenance

40-80% 5% 35,314 7,062 to 50,323 12.11 4.18 to 26.65 -6.6

100% 3-6% 17,660 3,630 to 34,961 11.10 2.64 to 20.90 -45

The diesel generator as a backup (I)

Price per kWh: Diesel generator VS Solar Facility

Hybrid System: Diesel - Solar

Hybrid System: Wind - Solar

Thewindpotentialisdeterminedby: Speedofthewind:thekineticenergyofthewind increasesaccordingtothecubeofitsspeed Windresourcesbecomeexploitablewhere averageannualwindspeedsexceed45m/s Alsoitisinfluenced,toalesserextent,bythe characteristicsanddensityofthewind

Hybrid System: Wind - Solar

Inverter Wind generator AC Consumption

Efficiency in the consumption (I)

The importance of reducing the consumption

Saving: 260 per year

Consumption efficiency (II)

Element Fridge Washing Machine Lighting 1 Lighting 2 PC (Desktop)

MED HIGH Less efficient

Smart Grids (I)

Smart Grids (II)

Great potential in African countries

Especially, areas with high fuel prices

Source: World energy outlook 2009

Particular case: Water pumping facilities

System design (I)

Device Lamp PC Fridge TV TOTAL

Peak Power(W) 11 300 1000 90 1500W

Average Power (W) 88* 150 400 90 728W

System design (II) Solar generator calculation

Energydemanded 12100 = =7.670,85W HSP Losses 2,39 0,66

*Ed: Average daily electricity production for 1kWp

34 modules of 230 W = 7.820 Wp

System design (III) Battery calculation

System design(IV) Inverter calculation (I)

System design (V)

Inverter calculation (II)

System design (VI) Conclusions

Solar modules maintenance

Batteries maintenance (I)

Batteries maintenance (II)

Thank you for attending

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