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Gueymard
Overview
DNI: Definitions and general considerations DNI measurement: instruments, calibration, maintenance, spectral corrections and accuracies DNI prediction: various types of radiative models Sources of modeled DNI data for the world: Why do they differ so much, what accuracy can we expect? Short-term, interannual and long-term variability in DNI Frequency distributions as a function of climate Can DNI data from TMY time series be trusted? Resource assessment for large projects: local measurements are important!
NIP (Eppley)
This method was very common in the past, and may still be in some countries, but has typically much higher uncertainties than direct measurements, depending on the type of pyranometer and sun shade. Ref.: C.A. Gueymard & D.R. Myers, Solar Energy 83, 171-185, 2009.
Pyranometers (Eppley)
Performance issuesThe NIP appears sensitive to a small daytime bias and/or thermal effects, which make its response vary during the day, with higher relative errors early AM and late PM.
J. Michalsky et al., An extensive comparison of commercial pyrheliometers under a wide range of routine observing conditions. Submitted to J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 2010.
Measurement uncertaintiesTypically, 2 to 5% uncertainty under field conditions, if well maintained. Significantly larger uncertainty for indirect measurement with conventional setup (shadowband for diffuse and GHI uncorrected for thermal imbalance).
WRR
DNI Prediction with Radiative Models (1) Since DNI measurements are much too scarce on a global scale, modeling is necessary! Various types of radiative models exist. See general typology in:
C.A. Gueymard & D.R. Myers, Validation and Ranking Methodologies for Solar Radiation Models. In Modeling Solar Radiation at the Earth Surface, Springer 2008.
This reference also proposes various quality criteria, validation methods, and performance/ranking metrics. To calculate irradiances, atmospheric scientists use radiative transfer models that evaluate fluxes wavelength by wavelength. These are too cumbersome for general use; thus, only engineering-type broadband models are used in practice, unless specific spectral effects (on PV/CPV) need be evaluated [next webinar] Some simple models calculate DNI with a daily or monthly time step. This is good only for rough design purposes. For serious resource assessment, hourly or sub-hourly data are necessary.
DNI Prediction with Radiative Models (2) To obtain realistic DNI time series with hourly or sub-hourly time steps, two possible methods are currently used.
1. Physical method 2. Semi-physical method
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Global Direct
60 40 20 0 -20 Eugene, OR -40 1998 1999 2000 Bias in monthly SUNY-modeled irradiations 2001 2002 Date 2003 2004 2005 2006
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Aerosols:
Main cause of DNI extinction under cloudless skies. DNI strongly decreases from clean (850 W/m2) to dust-storm conditions (300 W/m2), for m = 1.25. DNI is 35 times more sensitive to AOD than GHI.
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ASTM G173
m=1
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Importance of Aerosols
Aerosol sources are highly variable: Vegetation Ground dust Sea spray Sand storms Smoke (fires) Industrial pollution Volcanic plumes Urban pollution
Optimal Siting for CSP/CPV plants Optimal siting of a CSP/CPV plant results from a compromise between many technical, environmental and solar resource constraints. Maximum solar resource (DNI) requires five Minimums: 1. Sustained clear skies (i.e., minimum cloudiness) 2. Absence of haze (i.e., minimum atmospheric turbidity) 3. Dry atmosphere (i.e., minimum water vapor) 4. Minimal air mass (i.e., minimum latitude) 5. High site elevation (i.e., minimum pressure)
> 5.5
http://www.nrel.gov/international/ra_india.html
NREL-SWERA
NASA-SSE
NREL map
1600
1654 W/m
GHI up to 25% more than ETHI* during lensing effect peaks, around noon. DNI also increases by a few %, due to large transient circumsolar diffuse. * Extraterrestrial horizontal irradiance
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-30 1975
Eugene, OR 19782009 13 years 1980 1985 1990 1995 DNI 2000 GHI
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0.15
0.25 Kn
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C.A. Gueymard, Fixed or tracking solar collectors? Helping the decision process with the Solar Resource Enhancement Factor. SPIE Conf. #7046, 2008. S. Wilcox and C.A. Gueymard, Spatial and temporal variability in the solar resource in the United States. ASES Conf., 2010. http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/new_data/variability