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Chapter 35
Roots
Stems
Apical Dominance
Leaves
Dermal Tissue
Vascular Tissue
Plumbing
Transports materials (water & nutrients)between roots and shoots Xylem: conveys water from roots to shoots Phloem: conveys organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed
Ground Tissue
Pith is internal to the vascular tissue Cortex is external to the vascular tissue Ground tissue is often specialized in storage, photosynthesis and support
Parenchyma Cells
Thin & flexible primary walls Most lack secondary walls Protoplast has a large central vacuole typical plant cells not very specialized Perform most metabolic functions including photosynthesis Generally retain the ability to differentiate into other types of plant cells Alive at functional maturity Grouped in strands or cylinders Useful for supporting the young parts of the plant Unevenly thick primary cell walls and no secondary cell walls They are flexible Alive at functional maturity Also function in support Thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin Very specialized for support Dead at functional maturity: the skeleton remains after the cell dies Sclereids Shorter than fibers and irregular in shape These impart hardness to nut shells, seed coats, and give pear fruit the characteristic gritty texture Fibers
Collenchyma Cells
Scerenchyma Cells
Usually arranged in threads Long slender and tapered Often used for commercial purposes (for rope or cloth, for example)
Tracheids
Dead at functional maturity Found in xylem of all vascular plants Long thin cells with tapered ends Water moves from cell to cell through pits Dead at functional maturity Generally wider, shorter and thinner walled than tracheids Aligned end to end, forming pipes called vessels Ends have perforations for water to flow through
Vessel Elements
in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms in angiosperms Members make up Sieve Tube Lack organelles such as nucleus, ribosomes and vacuoles Ends of the cells have sieve plates with pores that allow fluid to flow Sieve Tube Members have generally have fully functional cells associated with them called Companion cells
The tip of the root is covered with a root cap Protects the tissue below called apical meristem Root cap also produces a slime that helps the root push through the soil Growth occurs just behind the root tip
Three Zones Zone of Cell Division Zone of Elongation Zone of Maturation Lateral roots originate from the pericycle
Secondary Growth
Growth in thickness Produced by lateral meristems Occurs in Woody plants Simultaneous with Primary Growth
But in different areas
Tissues Produced by
Vascular Cambium
Adds secondary xylem (wood) Adds secondary phloem Adds a tough, thick covering Mainly cork cells
Cork Cambium
Vascular Cambium
One cell layer thick A cylinder of meristematic cells Produces Xylem on the inside
Becomes wood
(xylem sap)
This xylem is called heartwood
Secondary Phloem
Only the youngest phloem carries phloem sap (sugar) This phloem is closest to the vascular cambium Older phloem is sloughed off as the diameter of the root or stem expands
Cork Cambium
phelloderm to the inside Cork cells to the outside called suberin Functions as a protective barrier
Cork Cambium and all these two tissues it prodcues are cumulatively called periderm
Bark
No increase in circumference It splits as the stem or root expands Then loses its meristematic activity A new cork cambium forms to the inside This is what we generally call bark Bark is actually all the tissues external to the vascular cambium
Vocabulary These are some terms that I expect you to know from this chapter.
Please DO NOT assume that these are the only terms you should know. I selected the terms listed here because they have a considerable probability of appearing on one of my exams.
Root Taproot Node Internode Terminal Bud Axillary Bid Fibrous root system Apical dominance Leaf Blade Petiole Veins Tissue Epidermis Periderm Cuticle Xylem
Phloem Vascular cylinder Pith Cortex Ground Tissue Parenchyma Collenchyma Scerenchyma Primary Growth Secondary Growth Herbaceous Vascular Cambium Cork Cambium Root Hair Leaf Primordia Stomata Guard Cells
Palisade Mesophyl Spongy Mesophyl Bundle Sheath Secondary Phloem Secondary Xylem Heartwood Sapwood Tracheids Fibers Vessel Elements Sclereids Vascular Tissue Dermal Tissue Ground Tissue Sieve Tube Members Bark