/^fv

BOSTON
PUBLIC

UBRARY

v^

THE
1

T O R Y
O F

GLAND,
FROM THE
INVASION OF JULIUS CAESAR

TO
The
In

REVOLUTION
EIGHT VOLUMES,

in

i68S.

Illuflnted with Plates.

AVID HUME,
^

Efq.

NEW

EDITION, with the Author's Corrections and Improvements.

To
which
of his
is

laft

pvefixed,-

(hort

ACCOUNT

LIFE,
VIIL

written

by HImfelfo

VOL.

LONDON:
t'nnted
for

T. Cadell:
jun.

And

fold

by T.

Cadell

and
in

W. DavieSJ
the Strand;

(Succeflbis to

Mr. Cadell,)

and T. N.

Longman,

Patcrnolter-Row.

MDCCXCVII.

1 II

^
d

T
r

N T

THE

G H T H

VOLUME.

BBBeaaauMlamHiiaaw wii bbs*

CHAP.

LXVl.

Remonflrances of Sir Williani Schemes of the cabaJ A parliament Temple Campaign of 1674 Campaign of Paflive obedience A parliament Campaign of 1676 Congrefs of Nirtieguen 1675
-

Uncertain comJucl of the King

A
^

patliament

Campaign of 1677

Parliament's diflruft of the

King Marriage of the Prince of Orange with the CamLady Mary Plan of peace-Negotiations paign of 1678 s-Feacc of Nimeguen Negotiations

State of affairs in Scotland.

Pa^e

CHAP.
The
poplfli plot-^
letters

LXVII.

Oates's narrative and chara^ler--

^'

Coleman's
liament

Godfrey's

murder

General

confternatlon

The

parliament

Bedloe's narrative

His impeachment

Zeal of the parAcctifation of

Danby
ment

Dlffolution of the long parlia-

CONTENTS.
ment

Its

charaQer

Ireland
i)i)ke of

New
York

eledlions

Duke

Trial of

ColemanOf
of

Monmouth

retires

to Bruflcls

New

parliament

Popifli plot Danby's impeachment Limitations on apopifh fuccefibr council

New
Bill

exclufion
difTolution

Habeas corpus bill-

of the parliament

of

Prorogation and

Trial

of the five jefuits

quitted

and of Langhorne
Scotland

and execution

State of affairs in

Battle

Wakeraan

ac-

of

Bothwell-bridge.

Page 62

State of Parties

H A

P.

LXVIIL

State of the miniftry-

Mealtub plot

Whig
lence of the

and Tory

commons

Exclufion

new

parliament
bill

VioArguments
rejeled

for and againft the excluHon

Exclufion

bill

Trial of Stafford

Hisexecation
Fitzharris's cafe
royaliits.

Violence of

the

commons

Diffolutiqn of the parliament

New
1

parliament at Oxford
diifolved

Parliament:

-Vidlory of the

18

CHAP.
State of
affairs

LXIX.
Shaftefbury acquitted
affairs in
=

in

Ireland-

Argyle's

trial
iri

-State of

Scotland

State

of the miniflry
j-lfFs

England

Nev/ nomination of fhe-

Great power of the crown Qlio Warrantos Shaftefbury retires and dies confpiracy
Confpiracy difcovered
Trial of lord Ruffel

Rye-houfe plot
of the confpirators
cution
*-'

Execution

His exe-

Trial of Algernon Sidney

His executiofi

Slate of the nation-

State f foreign affairs

Kins's ficknefs and death and charafler

161

JAMES

CONTENTS,

JAMES
CHAP.
King's
for
firft

11.

LXX.
parliament
life

tranfaQions

Arguments

and againft a revenue for

perjury

execution

Oates convi6ied of Monmouth's invafion His defeat and Cruelties of Kirke and of Jeffcries

State of affairs in Scotlandfeat

Argyle's invafion

and execution
The

de-

parliament

French perfeState of Ireland

cutions

difpenfing povver-

of

ecclefiaftical

Breach betwixt the king and the churchCourt commiffion Sentence againft the bl-

fhop of London
State

Sufpenfion
bifliops

of the penal laws

Embaffy to Rome upon Magdalen College Imprifonment

of
Ireland
acquittal

trial,

Attempt and

of

the

Birth of

the

prince of

Wales.

Page 215,

CHAP. LXXL
Condu6l of
refolves
Englifli

the prince of

Orange

He
is

forms a league

againft France to

refufes to

concur with the King

oppofe the
Coalition

King
of

applied to by the

Offers of France to the King rejected Suppofed league with France General difcontents
tions

parties

Prince's

prepara-

ration

The King retrafts The prince

his meafures

Prince's decla-

commotion Defertion of the army and of prince George and of the princefs Anne King's confternation

lands in England

General

and

flight

General

confufion

King
rades'

feized at

Feveriham

Second efcape

King's cha-

C
jsciertjjn]

O N T E N T
convention
confeiTnce meets
beSvTCcn.

S,

Convention fummoned
Enplifh
i'"ice

SettlemencofScot-

Views of the
the houfes

Dzvues.

CoHirno^Ts prevail
i.jevN

Settlement of the crown

ManFage
275;

and

fciences,

ii

THE
I

T O R
O
F

GREAT BRITAIN.
CHAP.
lia?nent

LXVL

Remonjlraiices of Sir IVih ^chetnts of the Cabal Campaign of 1674 liam 'Temple Par-

PaJJive obedience

Parliament

'^Ca?npaign of 1675 Congrefs of NimeCampaign of 1 6'^6 guen Uncertain condud: of the King Parliament Campaigit

if 1677

Parliamerifs

difirtift

of the

King

Marriage of the Prince of Orange with the Lady Mary Plan of peace -Negotiations Campaign of 1678 Negotiations Peace of Nimcgimi ^tate of affairs in Scotland,

we confider the projects of the famous Cabal, IFwill appear hard to determine, whether the end

it

HA
j^,

P,

LXVI.
'

which thofe minifters purfued were more blameable and pernicious, 'or the means, by which they were to effe6l it, more impolitic and imprudent. Though they might talk only of recovering or fixing the Vol, VIII. B king's

Schemes ^^^ ^^|^'^^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

king's authority ; their intention could be no other than that of making him abfolute : Since it was ,^^__^^J^ not poffible to regain or maintain, in oppofition to i6;4.
the people, any of thofe powers of the crown aboliihed

CHAP,

by

late

law or cuiiom, without fubduing the

Againfl fuch a fcheme, they might

people, and rendering the royal prerogative entirely

uncontrollable.

forefee, that every part of the nation

would declare

themfelves, not only the old parhamentary faction,

'

_^

which, though they kept not in a body, were ftill nubut even the greateit royalifls, who were ; indeed attached to monarchy, but defired to fee it limited and reftrained by law. It had appeared that the prefent parliament, though elected during the greateft prevalence of the royal party, was yet tenacious of popular privileges, and retained a confiderable jealoufy of the crown, even before they had received any jufl: ground of fufpicion. The guards, therefore, together with a fmall army, new levied, and undifciphned, and compofed too of Englifhmen, were almofl the only domefhic lefources which the king could depend on in the profecution of thefe dangerous counfels* The affiftance of the French king was, no doubt, deemed, by the Cabal, a confiderable fupport in the fchemes which they were forming ; but it is not eafily conc,eived, that they could imagine themfelves capable of direcling and employing an aiTociate of fo domineering a chara6ler. They ought juftly to have fufpefted that it would be the fole intention of Lewis, as it evidently was his interefl, to raife incurable jealoufies between the king and his people j and that he faw how much a (leady uniform govern-

merous

ment

whether free or abfolute, would form invincible barriers to his ambition. Should his affiflance be demanded ; if he fent a fmall fupply, it would ferve only to enrage the people, and render the breach altogether irreparable j if he furin this ifland,

nifhed

CHARLES
milled a great force,
tion, there
fufficient

IL
to

fubdue the nagenerofity,

chap.
^^ ^^'
1674.
,

was

little

reafon to

trufi: his

with regard to the ufe which he would make of this advantage. In all its other parts the plan of the Cabal, It muft be confelTed, appears equally abfurd and incongruous. If the war v/ith Holland were attended v/ith great fuccefs, and involved the fubjedion of the republic fuch an acceffion of force muft fall to Lewis, not to Charles : And what hopes afterwards of refifting by the greateft unanimity fo mighty a monarch ? How dangerous, or rather how ruinous, to depend upon his affiftance againft domeftic difcon;

tents

If the

Dutch, by

their

own

vigour, and the

of allies, were able to defend themfelves, and could bring the war to an equality, the French arms would be fo employed abroad, that no confiderable reinforcement could thence be expedled to fecond the king's enterprifes in England. And might not the projedl of overawing or fubduing the people be efteemed, of itfelf, fufficiently odious, without the aggravation of facrificing that State, which they regarded as their beft ally, and with which, on many accounts, they were delirous of maintaining the greateft concord and ftriteft confederacy ? Whatever views likewife might be entertained of promoting by thefe meafures the catholic religion; they could only tend to render all the other fchemes abortive, and make them fall with inevitable ruin upon the projeftors. The catholic religion, indeed, where it is eftablilhed, is better fitted than the proteftant for fupporting an abfolute monarchy but would any man have thought of it as the means of acquiring arbitrary authority in England, where it was more detefted than even flavery itfelf? -It muft be allowed, that the difficulties, and even mconfiftencies, attending the fchemes of the Cabal, are fo numerous and obviou.% that one feels at fird
affiftance

an

4
c
y_

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIIC

HAP.
i
'

1674-

deny the reality of thofe fcheme?,them entirely the chimeras of calumny and fadion. But the utter impoffibility of accounting, by any other hypothefis, for thofe ftrange meafures embraced by the court, as well as for the numerous circumilances which accompanied
to

an Incllnadon

and

to fuppofe

them, obliges us to acknowledge (though there remains no dired; evidence of it ^) that a formal plan
was.
Since the publication of this Hiftory, the Author has had cscamoft diretl and pohtive evidbnce of this confpiracy. From the humanity and candour of the Principal of the Scotch College at Paris, he was admitted to perufe James the Second's Memoirs, kept there. They amount to feveral volumes of fmall folio, all writ with that prince's owii hand, and comprehending the remarkable incidents of his life, from his early voutli till near the time of his death. His account of the French alliance is as follows: The intention of the king arrd duke was chiefly to change the religion of England, which they deemed an eafy undertaking, becauft of the great propenfity, as they imagined, of the cavaliers and church party to popery: The treaty with Lewis was concluded atVerfailles in the end of 5669, or beginning of 1670, by lord Arundel of Wardour, whom no> hiftorian mentions as having had any hand in thefe tranfa(5tions. The purport of it was, that Lewis was to give Charles 2:0,000 pounds a year in quarterly payments in order to enable him to fettle the catholic religion in England; and he. was alfo to fupply him with an army of 6000 men in cafe of any infurreition. When that work was finiflied, England was to join with France in making war upon Holland In cafe of faccefs, Lewis was to have the inland provinces, the prince of Orange Holland in fovereignty, and Charles, Sluice, the !Prille, Walkeren, with the reft of the fea-poits as far as Mazeland' Sluice. The king's pi'ojeft was firl' to effedt the change of religion in England; but the duchefs of Orleans, in the interview at Dover^ perfuaded him to begin with the Dutch war, contrary to the remonFrances of the duke of York, Avho inlilted that Lewis, after ferving, liis own purpijfes, would no longer trouble himftlf about England.' The duke makes no mention of any dclign to render the king ahfolute; but that was, no doubt, implied in the other projedt, which XV3.S to be effefted entirely by royal- authority. The king was fo zealous a papift, that he wept for joy when he faw the profpe*^: of re-uniting his kingdom to the catholic c!uu-ch. Sir John Dalrymple has fince publiflied fome other curious particulars with regard to this treaty. find, that it was concerted and figned with the privity alone of four popifh counfellors of the king's, Arlington, Arundel, Clifford, and (ir Richard Bcaling. The. iecret was kept from Buckingham, Afliley, and Lauderdale. In order to engage them to take part in it, a very refined and a very mean artifice was fallen upon by the king. After the fecret conclulion anJ fignature of the treaty, ihe king pretended to thefe three miniiiers, that he v/ilhed to have a treaty and alliance with France for mutual fupportn
"

fion to fee the

'

We

C
was

H A R L

II.

and fubvcrting c hap. that the knig and ^^J__J_^ and the conftitution of England, againlt the confpirators reality the mhiiftry were in 1^74,
laid for changinp; the relipjion,

people.

moft probable in human affairs, is not always true ; and a very minute circumftance, overlooked in our fpeculations, ferves often to explain events, which may feem the moll furpnfmg and unaccountable. Though the king pofleffcd penetration and a found judgment, his capacity was chiefly fitted for fmaller matters ', and the ordinary nor had he application enough occurrences of life to carry his view to diftant confequences, or to digefl and adjufc any plan of political operations. As he fcarcely ever thought tvv'ice on any one fubjecl, every appearance of advantage was apt to fcduce him ; aacl when he found his way obftruded by unlooked-for diiTicukies, he readily turned afide into the hrft path, where he expected more to gratify

What

is

the natural indolence of his difpofition. To this verfatility or pliancy of genius, he himfelf was inclined
to truit and he thought, that after trying an experiment of enlarging his authority, and altering the national relioion, he could eafily, if it failed, return But the into the ordinary channel of government.
;

fupport, and for a Dutch war; and

when

various pretended obftacles

were furmounted, a fliam treaty was concluded with their confent and approbation, containing every article of the former

and

difficult'cs

Howreal treaty, e-^cept that of the kine's cii^mge of religion. ever, there was virtiially involved even in this treaty, the affuniffi]^
of aiMblute government in England For the fupport of French troops, and a war with Holland, fo contrary to the interefts and inclinations of his people, could mean nothing eife. One cannot fufficiently admire the abfolute want of common fenfe. which appears throughout the whole of this criminal tranfadion. For if popery was fomuch the objedt of nation.d horror, that even the king's three mi,niilert^, Buckingham, Afliley, and Lauderdale, and fuch proOigate one too, either would not, or durll not receive it, what hopes could he entertain of forcing the nat'on into that communion ? Confidering the (late of the kingdom, full of veteran and /ealous foldicrs, bred during the civ wars, it is probable that he had not kept the crown two months after declaration fo wild and txtravagant. This was probably the reafon why the king of France and the French minifters always diliuaded him from taking oif the malk, till the iaccelVes of the Dutch VI ar ihould render that mcafure prudent and pradicable,
:
.

Duke of Buckingham's

charafter of K. Charles

IT.

fufpicions

6
^T^'VT^'
^^^__^^___[_^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

though theyburft not forth were by this attempt rendered altogether incurable and the more they reflected on the circumflances attending it, the more refentment and jealoufy were they apt to entertain. They obferved, that the king never had any favourite that he was never governed by his minifters, fcarcely even by his miflrelTes , and that he himfelf was the chief fpring
fufpicions of the people,
at once,
;

1674,

of all public counfels. Whatever appearance, therefore, of a change might be affumed, they flill fufpeded, that the fame project was fecretly in agitation ; and they deemed no precaution too great to fecure them againft the pernicious confequences of fuch mealures.

The king, fenfible of this jealoufy, was inclined thenceforth not to trufi: his people, of whom he had even before entertained a great diffidence ; and^ though obliged to make a feparate peace, he (till kept up connections with the French monarch. He apologifed for deferting his ally, by reprefenting to him all the real undiffembled difficulties under which he
and Lewis, Vv-ith the greateft complaifance and good humour, admitted the validity of his excufes. The duke likewife, confcious that his principles and conduct had rendered him (till more obnoxious.to the people, maintained on his own account a feparate correfpondence with the French court, and entered into particular connexions with Lewis, which
laboured
;

name of friendlhip. only in view to fecure his fucceffion, and favour the catholics ; and it mud be acknowledged to his praife, that, though his fchemes were, in fome particulars, dangerous to the people, they dutiful gave the king no juft ground of jealoufy.
thefe princes dignified with the

The duke had

fubjecl,

and an

affectionate brother, he
;

knew no other

rule of condu6t than obedience

limited fubmiffion which afterwards,

exafled of his afcended the throne, to pay to his fovereign.

and the fame unwhen king, he people, he was ever willing, before he

As

CHARLES

II.

As the king was at peace with all the world, and chap, aimoft the only prince in Europe placed in that ^^ ^ '^ agreeable fituation, he thought proper to offer his 167^. mediation to the contending powers, in order to pompofe their differences. France, willing, to negotiate under fo favourable a mediator, readily accepted of Charles's offer ; but it was apprehended, that, for a like reafon, the allies would be inclined
In order to give a fandion to his new to refufe it. meafures, the king invited Temple from his retreat, and appointed him ambaifador to the States. That Remonwife minifter, reflecting on the unhappy iffue of his (trances of former undertakings, and the fatal turn of counfels jj.^pig^ which had occafioned it, refolved, before he em-

barked anew, to acquaint himfelf, as far as poffible, with the real intentions of the king, in thofe popular meafures which he feemed again to have adopted. After blaming the dangerous fchemes of the Cabal, which Charles was defirous to excufe, he told his majefty very plainly, that he would find it extremely
difBcult, if not abfolutely impoffible, to introduce

England the fame fyflem of government and which was eflablifhed in France That the and univerfal bent of the nation^ was againft both it required ages to change the genius and fentiments That many, who were at bottom inof a people different in matters of religion, would yet oppofe all becaufe thev confidered alterations on that head that nothing but force of arms could fubdue the reludance of the people againfl popery afner which they knew there could be no fecurity for civil hberty That in France every circumftance had long been adjufled to that fyftem of government, and tended to its eflablifhment and fupport That the commonalty, being poor and difpirited, were of no account the nobihty, engaged by the profpedt or polTeflion of numerous offices, civil and military, were entirely attached to the court the ecclefiaftics, retained by like motives, added the fendion of
into
religion
:

religica

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

l-^"^'^-

CHAP
,

j^74,

religion to the principles of civil policy: That in England a great part of the landed property belonged either to the yeomanry or middling gentry j the king had few offices to beflow and could not himfjU even fubfnl, much lefs maintain an army, except by the voluntary fupplies of his parliament That if he had an army on foot, -.yet, if compofed of EngUflimen, they would never be prevailed on to promote ends which the people lo much feared That the Roman catholics in Engand hated land were not the hundredth part of the nation, and and it feemed in Scotland not the two hundredth againft all common fenfe to hope, by one part, to govern ninety-nine, vv'ho were of contrary fentiments and difpofitions And that foreign troops, if few, would tend only to inflame hatred and difconand how to raife and bring them over at tent once, or to maintain many, it was very difficult to
; ;
:

imagine. To thefe reafonings Temple added the authority of Gourville, a Frenchman, for whom he knew the king h^d entertained a great efteem. " " king of England," faid Gourville, " who will be *' the man cf his people, is the greateft king in

" the world But " he is nothing at

:

if

he

will

be any thing more,

heard, at
;

all."

The king

firft,

fome impatience but being a dextrous difiembler, he feemed moved at laft, and laying his hand on Temple's, faid with an ap-
this

difcourfe

with

pearing cordiality, ' people."

" And

I will

be the

man

of

my

Temple, when he went abroad, foon found, that the fcheme of mediating a peace was likely to prove abortive. The allies, befides their jealoufy of the king's mediation, expreffed a great ardour for the continuance of war. Holland had ftipulated with
Spain never ro come to an accommodation, till all things in Flanders were reftored to the condition. ill which they had been left by the Pyrencan treaty. ^'I'he emperor had high pretenfions in Alface y and

CHARLES
as the greater part of the
it

II.

empire joined in the allir ^ was hoped that France, fo much over- \^^^^^ matched in force, would foon be obhged to fubmit xGmThe Dutch, indeed, to the terms demanded of her. opprefTed by heavy taxes, as well as checked in their commerce, were defirous of peace and had few or no claims of their own to retard it: But they could not in gratitude, or even in good policy, abandon allies, to whofe protection they had fo The prince of lately been indebted for their fafety. Orange likewife, who had great influence in their councils, was all on fire for military fame, and was well pleafed to be at the head of armies, from which fuch mighty fucceffes were expected. Under various pretences, he eluded^ during the whole campaign, the meeting with Temple and after the troops were fent into winter-quarters, he told
ance,
;

HA p.

that

minifler, in his

firfl

impreffion were
'to negotiate.

made on
j

audience, that till greater France,- reafonable terms

could not be hoped for

and

it

were therefore vain

Campaigi^
^'^

of the campaign had not anfwered prince of Orange, with a fuperior army, was oppofed in Flanders to the prince of Conde, and had hoped to penetrate into France by that quarter, where the frontier was then very feeble. After long endeavouring, though in vain, to bring Conde to a battle, he raflily expofed, at Scneffe, a wing of his army ; and that adive prince failed not at once to fee and to feize the advantage. But this imprudence ot the prince (T Orange was amply compenfated by his behaviour in that obftinate and
fuccefs

The

expeclation.

The

^^^'*'

bloi.dy a61ion which

enfued.
led

He

rallied

his dif-

mayed

; he pufhed the veteran and m^inial troops of France ; and he obliged the prince ol Conoe, notwithftandiiig his age and charaeler, to exert greater, efforts, and to rifque his perlon more than in any adion, ^vhere, evcu during the heat gf youth, he had ever

troops

he

them

to the charge

com-

50

HISTORY QF GREAT BRITAIN.

commanded. After fun-fet, the aclion was con tinued by the light of the moon } and it was darknefs at laft, not the wearinefs of the combatants, which put an end to the contefl, and left the viftory " The prince of Orange," faid Conde, undecided.
"^

CHAP,
^^^^^^^..^
3674-

with candour and genercfity, " has a6led, in every thing, like an old captain, except venturing his

" hfe too hke a young foldier." Oudenarde was afterwards invefted by the prince of Orange ; but he was obh'ged, by the Imperial and Spanilli generals, to raife the fiege on the approach of the enem)'-. He afterwards befieged and took Grave and at the
;

beginning of winter, the allied armies broke up, with great difcontents and complaints on all fides, The allies were not more fuccefsful in other in a few weeks, Lev^'is, reconquered places. In Alface, Franchecomte. Turenne. difplayed^

much fuperior enemy, all that military which had long rendered him the mofl renowned captain of his age and nation. By a fudden and forced march, he attacked and beat at Sintzheim the duke of Lorrain and Caprara, general of the Imperiahfts. Seventy thoufand Germans poured into Alface, and took up their quarters in that proTurenne, who had retired into Lorrain, vince.
againil a
fkill,

He attacked returned unexpeftedly upon them. and defeated a body of the enemy at Mulhaufen. He chafed from Colmarthe elector of Brandenburgh, who commanded the German troops. He gained a new advantage at Turkheim. And having diflodged all the allies, he obliged them to repafs the Rhine, full of fhame for their multiplied defeats, and flill more, of anger and complaints againft each
other.

In England,

all

thefe events

were confidered by

the people with great anxiety and concern ; though the king and his minifters affefted great indilference

Confiderable alterations were with regard to them. about this time made in the Englifh miniflry.

Bucking-

C H A R L E
Buckingham was
favour.
difmiffed,

II.

II

who had

longj by his ^

HA
1674.

p.

wit and entertaining

humour,

poffefled the king's

^,.^^-^-0

chamberlain, and Danby the treafurer, pofleffed chiefly the king's confidence. Great hatred and jealoufy took place between thefe minifters ; and public affairs were iomewhat difBut Danby daily gained turbed by their quarrels. ground with his mafler And Arlington declined Danby was a frugal miniin the fame proportion. and, by his application and induftry, he fter brought the revenue into tolerable order. He endeavoured fo to conduQ: himfelf as to give oflence to no party ; and the confequence was, that he was able entirely to pleafe none. He was a declared enemy to the French alliance ; but never poffelled authority enough to oveicome the prepoifefiions which the king and the duke retained towards it. It mufl be afcribed to the prevalence of that interefl, aided by money remitted from Paris, that the parliament was aifembled fo late this year ; left they fhould attempt to engage the king in meafures againft France, during the enfuing campaign. Theymet not till the approach of fummer\ Every ftep, taken by the commons, difcovered that ill-humour and jealoufy, to which the late open meafures of the king, and his prefent fecret attachments, gave but too jufl foundation. They drew up a new bill againfl popery, and refolved to infert
Arlington,
:

now

1675.
-^P^ii 13-

parlia"^^^^'

in

it

many

fevere claules for the detection

:

and pro-

fecution of priefts They prefented addreffes a fecond time againft Lauderdale; and when the king's anfwer was not fatisfadory, they feemed flill deter-

mined

to perfevere in their applications

An accufa-

tion was

moved

againft

Danby
it

ing the feveral articles,

^

but upon examin; was not found to contain

This year, on the 25th of March, died Henry Cromwel, fecond He had lived unmolefted in a private ftatioii, ever fince the king's reiteration, which he rather favoured than oppofed.
Ion of the protedor, in the 47th year of his age.

any

12

HISTORY OF GPvEAT BRITAIN.

:

,^^_^..^^,.^^

^,^^J'- any juft reafons of a profecution ; and was therefore dropped They apphed to the king for recalling his troops from the French fervice ; and as he only pro1675. mifed that they fliould not be recruited, they appeared to be much diffatisfied with the anfwer bill was brought in, making it treafon to levy money v/ithout authority of parliament Another vacating fuch members as of offices : feats of accepted the
:

Paffive

Another to fecure the perfonal liberty of the fubjecl, and to prevent fendinganyperfon prifoner beyond fea. That the court party might not be idle during thefe attacks, a bill for a new tell was introduced into the houfe of peers by the earl of Lindefey. All members of either houfe, and all who polfeifed any office, were by this bill required to fwear, that it was not lawful, upon any pretence whatfoever, to
the king
;

obedience. ^^,|-g 2.rnrs againfl

that they abhorred the

traiterous pofition, of taking

arms by

his

authority

agalnft his perfon, or againlt thofe

who were com-

miiiioned by him ; and that they will not at any time endeavour the alteration of the proteitant religion, or of the eftabhflied government either in church or
i\d.te.

Great oppofltlon was made to this bill; as might be expected from the prefent difpofitlon of the During feventeen days, the debates were nation. and all the reafon and carried on with much zeal learning of both parties were dilplayed on the occaThe queltion, indeed, with regard to refiftfion. ance, was a point which entered into the controverfies of the old parties, cavalier and roundhead as it made an eflentlal part of the prefent diiputes between Few neuters were found in the court and country. But among fuch as couki maintain a calm nation indifference, there prevailed fentiments wide of thole which were adopted by either party. Sach perfons thought, that all general, fpeculative declarations of the legiflature, either for or again il refiftunce, were equally impohtic, and could lerve to no other pur; ; :

pofcj

C H A R L E
one faftion over another

II.

13

pofe, than to fignalize In their turn the triumph of That the fimplicity :

retained in the ancient laws of England, as well .is in the laws of every other country, ought fcill to be

1675.

prelerved, and was bed calculated to prevent the extremes on either fide That the abfoluce exclufion of rcfiltance, in all poiTible cafes, was founded on falfe principles; its exprefs admiffion might be and there attended with dangerous confequenees was no necellity for expofing the public to either inconvenience ; That if a choice mufl neceffarily be made in the cafe, the preference of utility to truth in public inftitutions was apparent ; nor could the fuppofition of refiftance beforehand, and in general That terms, be fafely admitted in any government even in mixt monarchies, where that fuppofition feemed moft jequifite, it was yet entirely fuperfluous ; fmce no man, on 'the approach of extraordinary necellity, could be at a lofs, though not dlreded by legal declarations, to find the proper remedy That even thofe who might, at a diftancCj and by fcholaftic reasoning, exclude all refinance^ would yet hearken to the voice of nature ; when; evident ruin, both to themfelves and to the public, mull attend a (Iricl: adherence to their pretended That the queilion, as it ought thus to principles be entirely excluded from all determinations of the was, even among private reafoners, legiflature, fomewhat frivolous, and little better than a difpute of words r That the one party could not pretend that refinance ought ever to become a familiar pradice the other would furely have recourfe to \t And thus the difference could in great extremities nly turn on the degrees of danger or oppreffion, which would warrant this irregular remedy ; a difference, which, in a general queftion, it was impoffible, by any language, precifely to fix oir
: ;
: :

:,

determine,
THERJfe

4
CHAP.

'

HISTORY OF GREAt BRITAIN.

There
were many other abfurdlties in
this teft,

J^^^\.^ particularly that of binding men by oath not to alter the government either in church or ftate ; fmce all J6-J.

human inflitutions are liable to abufe, and require continual amendments, which are, in reaHty, fo many alterations. It is not indeed poffible to make a law which does not innovate, more or lefs, in the
government.

Thefe
bill,

ditliculties

flrudions to the

that

it

produced fuch obwas carried only by

All the popilh

two

voices in the houfe of peers.

headed by the earl of Briftol, voted againfl It was fent down to the houfe of commons, it. where it was likely to undergo a fcrutiny flill more
lords, fevere.

But a quarrel, which enfued between the two houfes, prevented the pafling of every bill projected One Dr. Shirley, being during the prefent fefiion.
chancery againil fir John of the houfe of commons, preferred The a petition of appeal to the houfe of peers. lords received it, and fummoned Fag to appear He complained to the lower houfe, before them. who efpoufed his caufe. They not only maintained, that no member of their houfe could be fummoned before the peers i They alfo aflerted, that the upper T houfe could receive no appeals from any court of equity ; a pretenfion which extremely retrenched the jurifdiclion of the peers, and which was contrary to the practice that had prevailed during this whole The commons fend Shirley to prifon 5 century.

cad

in a law-fuit before

Fag, a

member

the lords affert their powers.

but no accommodation
fent

enfues.

Conferences are tried ; Four lawyers are

to

the

Tower by

the

greffing the orders of the houfe,

this caufe before the peers.

commons, for tranfand pleading in

peers denominate the great

The

this arbitrary

commitment a breach of
:

charter,

and order the lieutenant of the Tower to

releafe the prifoners

He

declines obedience:

They

apply to the king,

and dehre him

to punifli the

lieutenant

H A

il

L E

11.

i5

lieutenant for his contempt.

The king fummons chap.

both houfes ; exhorts them to unanimity ; and informs them that the prefent quarrel had arifen from the contrivance of his and their enemies, who expected by that means to force a dillblution of the His advice lias no effect The comparliament. mons continue as violent as ever ; and the king, finding that no bufuiefs could be finifhed, at laft pro:

,J^\1^
1675.

rogued the parliament.

stb June.

the parliament was again aiTembled there ,;thO:^. appeared not in any rerpetl a change in the difpo- ^ p^^'-'^The king defired fupplies, fitions of either houfe. as well for the building of fhips, as for taking off anticipations,

When

He even lay upon his revenue. had not been altogether fo frugal as he might have been, and as he refolved to be for though he afferted, that, to his great the future fatisfaftion, he had found his expences by no mean;^ The fo exorbitant as fome had reprefented them. commons took into confideration the fubjeft of fupThey voted 300,000 pounds for the building ply. but they appropriated the fum by very of fliips
which
confelfed, that he
;

ftrid: claufes.

They

paifed a refolution not to grant

any fupply for taking off the anticipations of the revenue ^ This vote was carried in a full houfe, by 80 nearly were the parties a majority of four only The quarrel was revived, to which Dr. .balanced. The proceedShirley's caufe had given occafion. inp-s of the commons difcovered the fame violence o A motion was made in as during the laft fellion.

...
:

the houfe of peers, but rejeled, for addreffing the king to dilfolve the prefent parliament. The king contented himfelf with proroguing them to a very >^^Ngv. long term. Whether thefe quarrels between the
c

Several hiftorians have affirmed, that the

commons

found,

tliis

feffion,

upwn enquiry, that the king's revenue was 1,600,000 pounds a-year, and that the nccelfary expencewas but 700, 00 pounds; and have appealed to the Journals for a proof. But there is not the Icall appearance of this in the Journals; and the tad is impoliihle.

houfes

i6

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

houfes arofe from contrivance or accident was not known. Each party might, according to their different views, efteem themfelves either gainers or iofers by them. The court might defire to obfhruft

CHAP,
iCj^,

,^^"_[_, certainly

attacks from the commons, by giving them other employment. The country party might defire the
all

diffolution of a parliament, which, notwithftanding

all difgults,
ftill

contained too

many

royalifls,

ever

to ferve all

the purpofes of the malcontents.

in itfelf
trivial,

palled an inbut tends ftrongly to mark the genius of the Englifli government, and of Charles's adminiflration, during this period. The liberty of the conftitution, and the variety as well as violence of the parties, had begotten a propenfity and as the coffee-houfes for political converfation in particular were the fcenes, where the condu6l of the king and the miniftry was canvafied with great freedom, a proclamation was iflued to fapprefs thefe Such an ad: of power, durplaces of rendezvous. ing former reigns, would have been gromided enafter the prorogation, there
is

Soon

cident,

which

on the prerogative and before the accefTion of the houfe of Stuart, no fcruple would have been entertained with regard to that exercife of authority. But Charles, finding doubts to arife upon his proclamation, had reccurfe to the judges, who fupplicd him with a chicane, and that too a frivolous oncj by which he might juftify his proceedings. The
tirely
;

for retailing liquors might be refufed to

law, which fettled the excife, enatled, that licences fuch as could not find fecurity for payment of the duties.

was not a liquor fubjecled to excife and power of refuling licences was very limited, and could not realbnabiy be extended beyond the

But

coffee
this

even

intention of the act.

The king, therefore, obferving the people to be much diffatislied, yielded to a petition of the coffee-men, who promifed for the future toreflrain all feditious difcourfc in their houfes 5 and
the proclamation was recalled.

This

H A R L E

ir.

17

Thi5 campaign proved more fortunate to the CHAP. tonfederates than any other during the v/hole war. v^,^-s,-0 1675. The French took the field in Flanders with a nuincrous army and Lewis himfelf ferved as a volun- ^^^mpaign ^' But notwithflandteer under the prince of Conde. ing his great preparations, he could gain no advan;
'^

tages but the taking of Huy and Limbourg, places of fmall confequence. The prince of Orange, with a confiderable army, oppofed him \r\ all his motions and neither fide was willing, without a vifible advantage, to hazard a general adtion, which might be attended either with the entire lofs of Flanders on the one hand, or the invafion of France on the other. Lewis, tired of fo unaclive a campaign, returned to Veirfailles and the whole fummer paflfed in theLovf Countries without any memorable event. TuRENNE commanded on the Upper Rhine, in oppofition to his great rival Montecuculi, general of The object of the latter was to the ImperialKts. pafs the Rhine, to penetrate into Alface, Lorraine, or Burgundy, and to fix his quarters in thefe provinces The aim of the former was to guard the French frontiers, and to dlfappoint all the fchemes of his enemy. The mofl confummate {kill was difplayed on both fides ; and if any fuperiority appeared in Turenne's conduft, it was chiefly afcribed to his greater vigour of body, by which he was enabled to infpeft all the pofts in perfon, and could on the fpot take the juflell meafures for the execution of his defigns. By polling himfelf on the German fide of the Rhine, he not only kept Montecuculi from
; :

pafTing that river

Lie

had

alfo laid his plan in fo

maflerly a manner, that, in a few days, he mufl have obliged the Germans to decamp, and have gained a confiderable advantage over them ; when a period was put to his life, by a random fhot, which {truck him on the bread as he was taking a view of
the enemy.
expreflible.

The confternation of his army was inThe French troops, who, a moment

Vol. Vin.

before.

]rS

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIM.

P,

C KA
^67,3.

before,

were affured of

vi(flory,

now

confid'ered'

i^2^^^^-

themfelves as entirely vanquiflied ; and the Gesmans, who would have been glad to compound for a fafe retrea*:, expected no lefs than the total deftruGBut de Lorges, nephew to tlon of Eheir enemy.

Turenne, fucceeded him in the command, and pofand capacity of his By his fkilful operations, the French predeceilor. were enabled to repafs the Rhine, without confiderand this retreat was deemed equally gloable lofs
feffed a great fhare of the genius
;

The valour of the rious with the greateft vielory. Englilh troops, who were placed in the rear, greatly

They had contributed to fave the French army. been feized with the fame paiTion as the native troops of France, for their brave general, and fought with ardour to revenge his death on the ^Germans. The duke of Marlborough, then captain Churchill, hers learned the rudiments of that art, whish he afterwards pradifed with fuch fatal
fuccefs againft France.

The

priace. of

tinder the

Conde left tlie army in Flanders command of Luxembourg and carrying

;

with him a confiderable reinforcement, fucceeded to Turenne's command. He defended Alface from ihe Germans, who had paifed the Rhine, and in-

vaded that province. He obliged them firfl to raife He the fiege of Hagenau, then that of Saberne. battle. to a him eluded all their attempts to bring And having dexteroully prevented them from eflabhiliing themfelves in Alface, he forced them, notwithftanding their fuperiority of numbers, to repafs the Rhine,, and to take up winter-quarters in their

wn country* After the death of Turenne, the German army was fent to the

a detachment of
fiege of

Treves

An

which the Imperialifts, the Spaniards, the Palatine, the duke of Lorraine, and many
enterprife, in

iher princes, paiTionately concurred.

.as

The

projet^l

well

concerted J

and executed with vigour. Marefchal

C H A R L E

IL

19

Marefchal Crequi, on the other hand, collected an CHAP' army, and advanced with a view of forcing the ^^^J"

Germans to raife the fiege. They ment to guard their lines, and, under

left

a detach-

167^

the

command

of the dukes of Zell and Ofnaburgh, marched in At Confarbric, they fell unquefl: of the enemy. numbers, on Crequi, fuperior expededly, and with with four attendefcaped He and put him to rout. into Treves, rehimfelf throwing ants only ; and atonement make to defence, folved, by a vigorous The garrifon misfortune. or for his former error total defpair that to abandoned was brave, but not They muactuated. was by which their governor
tinied againfc his obflinacy
;

capitulated for

them-

felves ; and becaufe he refufed to fign the capitulation, they delivered him a prifoner into the hands of

the enemy.

remarkable that this defeat, given to Crequi, is almoft the only one which the French received at land, from Rocroi to Blenheim, during the courfe of above fixty years ; and thefe too full of bloody wars agalnfl potent and martial enemies : Their viftories almoft equal the number of years during that period. Such was the vigpur and good conduct of that monarchy And fuch too were the refources and refined policy of the other European nations, by which they were enabled to repair their lofles, and ftill to confine that mighty power nearly withia fifth part of thefe vidories its ancient limits would have fufficed, in another period, to have givea to France the empire of Europe. The Swedes had been engaged, by the payment of large fubfidies, to take part with Lewis, and invade the territories of the elector of Brandenburg in Pomerania. That eleiStor, joined by fome Im- perialifts from Silelia, fell upon them w^ith bravery and fuccefs. He foon obliged them to evacuate his part of that country, and he purfued them into their own. He had an interview with the king of
It
is
! !

Denmark,

io

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

the confederates,
againfl

^^j^^- Denmark, who had now joined to declare war <,^^.^^^^ and refolved
1675.

Sweden.

Thefe princes concerted meafures

viftory.

for pufhing the

To all thefe misfortunes againfl foreign enemies were added fome domeilic infarredlons of the common people in Guienne and Britanny. Though foon fuppreffed, they divided the force and attention of Lewis. The only advantage, gained by the French, was at fea. Meflina in Sicily had revolted and a fleet under the duke de Vivonne was difpatched to fupport the rebels. The Dutch had lent a fquadron to alTifl the Spaniards. A battle enfued, where de Ruyter was killed. This event alone was thought
equivalent to a victory.

The French, who, twelte years before, had fcarcely a fhip of

war in any of their harbours, had raifed themfelves, by means of perfeverance and policy, to be, in their prefent force, though not in their refources, the
firft maritime power in Europe. The Dutch, while in alliance with them againfl England, had fupphed them with feveral vefl'els, and had taught them the rudiments of the difficult art of

fhip-building.

The

Englifli next,

when

in alliance

with them againfl Holland, inflrufted fhem in the method of fighting their Ihips, and of preferving order in naval engagements. Lewis availed himfelf of every opportunity to aggrandize his people, while Charles, funk in indolence and pleafure, neglefted all the noble arts of government ; or if at any time he roufed himfelf from his lethargy, that induftry, by reafon of the unhappy proje6ls which he em braced, was often more pernicious to the public than his inactivity itfelf. He was as anxious to promote the naval power of France, as if the fafety of his crown had depended on it ; and many of the plans executed in that kingdom, were firft, it is faid digefled and corrected by him.
'',

Wclwood, EurnLt, Coke,

()

The

C H A R L E

n.

21
^--^^^j^-

of the allies had been confiderable campaign ; but the Spaniards and Imperialifls well knew, that France was not yet fufficiently broken, nor wiUing to fubmit to the terms which Though they they refolved to impofe upon her. could not refufe the king's mediation, and Nimeguen, after many difficulties, was at lafl fixed on as yet, under one pretence or the place of congrefs
fucceffes

The

the

lafl

vj;!.,^^^
1676.

Congrefs of Nime-

other, they

flill

delayed fending their ambaffadors,

and no progrefs was made in the negotiation. Lord Berkeley, fir William Temple, and fir Lionel Jen^ kins, were the Englifli minifters at Nimeguen. The Dutch, who were impatient for peace, foon appeared: Lewis, who hoped to divide the alliqs, and who knew that he himfelf could neither be feduced nor
forced into a difadvantageous peace, fent ambaffadors : The Swedes, who hoped to recover by treaty what they had loft by arms, were alfo forward to negotiate. But as thefe power could not proceed of themfelves to fettle terms, the congrefs, hitherto, ferved merely as an amufement to the public. It was by the events of the campaign, not the Campaign

conferences

among

the negotiators, that the articles

of peace were to be determined. The Spanifh towns, ill fortified and worfe defended, made but a feeble refiilance to Lewis ; who, by laying up magazines during the winter, was able to take the field early in the fpring, before the forage could be found in the open country. In the month of April belaid fiege to Conde, and took it by florm in four daysp Having fent the duke of Orleans to befiege Bouchaine, a fmall but important fortrefs, he pofte4 himfelf fo advantageoufly with his main army, as to hinder the confederates from relieving it, or fighting without difadvantage. The prince of Orange, in fpite of the difficulties of the feafon, and the want pf provifions, came in fight of the French army 5 l^iat his induftry ferved to no other purpofe than to render C 3

12

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

p.

'

render him fyeCtztor of the furrender of Bouchalne. \J^^^^lj Both armies ilood in awe of each other, and were unwilling to hazard an alion, which might be at,676, tended with the mod important confequences. Lev.'is, though he wanted not perfonal courage, was little enterprifing in the field ; and being refolved this campaign to reft contented with the advantages which he had fo early obtained, he thought proper to intrufl: his army to marefchal Schomberg, and reAfter his departure, the tired himfelf to Verfaiiles. prince of Orange laid fiege to Maeltricht ; but meeting with an obftinate refiftance, he was obliged, on the approach of Schomberg, who in the mean time had taken Aire, to raife the fiege. He v/as incapable

G HA

of yielding to adverfity, or bending under misfortunes But he began to forefee, that, by the negligence and errors of his allies, the war in Flanders muft necelTarily have a very unfortunate
:

ifTue.

On the Upper Rhine, Philipfbourg was taken by In Pomerania, the Swedes were the Imperialifts. fo unfuccefsful againfl the Danes and Brandenburghers, that they feemgd to be lofmg apace all thofe poflellions, which, with fo much valour and
good
fortune, they had acquired in

Germany.

About

the beginning of winter, the congrefs of

pretty full, and the plenipotentiaries of the emperor and Spain, two powers ftriftly conjoined by blood and alliance, at laft appeared. The Dutch had threatened, if they abfented themfelves any longer, to proceed to a feparate treaty In the conferences and negotiations, with France. the difpofition of the parties became every day more

Nimeguen was

apparent.
^g^^y^

Hollanders, loaded with debts and hawith taxes, were defirous of putting an end to a war, in which, befides the difadvantages attending all leagues^ the y/eaknefs of the Spaniards, ths
rafl'ed

Ihe

CHARLES
the
divlfions

IT.
II

-l^

and delays of the Germans, prog- C nothing but difgrace and misfortune. Their commerce languifhed ; and what gave them flill greater anxiety, the commerce of England, by Teafon of her neutrality, flourifhed extremely j and they were apprehenfive, ied advantages, once loft, would never thoroughly be regained. They had ihemfelves no farther motive for continuing the war, than to fecure a good frontier to Flanders ; but gratitude to their allies ftiil engaged them to try whether another campaign might procure a. peace,
-noilicated

P.
\,

^
167;

which would give general fatisfaftion. The prince of Grange, urged by motives of honour, of ambition, and of animofity againfl France, endeavoured to keep them fteady to this refoluticn. The Spaniards, not to mention the other inCurable weaknelTes into which their monarchy was fallen, were dillrafted with domeftic dilTenfions between the parties of the queen regent and don John, Though natural brother to their young fovereign. unable of themfelves to defend Flanders, they were refolute no-t to conclude a peace, which would leave it expofed to every alTault or inroad and while they
-,

made the
They faw

nioft magnificent promifes to the States,

'

their real truft

was

in

the prote6lion of England.

but important territory were once fubdued by France, the Hollanders, expofed to fo terrible a power, v/ould fall into dependance, and v/ouid endeavour, by fubmiffions, to ward off that deilruclion to which a war, in the heart of their ftate, muft neceffarily expofe them.
that, if that fmali

They

believed that Lewis, fenfible how much greater advantages he might reap from the alhance than from the fubjetlion of the republic, which

muft

fcatter its people and deprefs its commerce, would be fatisfied with very moderate conditions, and would turn his enterprifes againil his other

Heighbours.
l^eople

They thought it impoHible but the and parliament of England^ lorefeeing tbefe C 4 obvious

M
CHAP, ^^J^
J577.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

obvious ccnfequences, mufl at laft force the king to take part in the affairs of the continent, in which their interefts were fo deeply concerned. And they triifled, that even the king himfelf, on the approach of fo great a danger, muft open his eyes, and facrifavour of France, to the fafety dominions. BuT Charles here found himfelf entangled in fuch oppofite motives and engagements, as he had not refolution enough to break* or patience to unravel. On the one hand, he always regarded his alHance with France as a fure refource in cafe of any commotions among his own fubjecls, and whatever fchemes he might ftill retain for enlarging his aufice his prejudices in

of his

own

Uncertain
tr^k"*^"^^

thority, or altering the eflabliihed religion, it was from that quarter alone he could exped aififtance. He had actuaily in fecrct fold his neutrality to France, and he received remittances of a million of livres a^year, which was afterwards increafed to two

a confiderable fupply in the prefent embarraffed ftate of his revenue. And he dreaded left the parliament Ihould treat him as they had formerly done his father and ^ifter they had engaged him in a war on the continent, fhould take advantage of his neceiTities, and make him purchafe
millions
;
,

fupplies

by

facrificing his prerogative

and abandon-

ing

his miniflers.

the other hand, the cries of his people and parliament, feconded by Danby, Arlington, and mofl of his minifters, incited him to take part with the

On

unequal balance of power might apprehend danger from oppofmg fuch earneft defires He might hope fo^.
allies,

and

to correft the

in Europe.

He

large fupplies if he concurred with

them:

And

however inglorious and indolent his difpofition, the renown of afting as arbiter of Europe would probably at intervals roufe him from his lethargy, and move him to fupport the high charafter with which he ftood invefled It
-

CHARLES
It
is

II.

as

obfervatioir, that, during this chap. was, by every one, abroad and at ^^^^' king period, the and by the allies, allowed to be home, by France ,677. Europe ; and no terms of of arbiter the undilputed peace, which he would have prefcribed, could have been refufed by either party. Though France afterwards found means to refill the fame alliance, joined ^vith England ; yet was fhe then obliged to make fuch violent efforts as quite exhaufted her ; and it was the utmofi: neceflity which puftied her to find refources, far furpaffing her own expectations. Charles was fenfible, that, fo long as the v/ar continued abroad, he fhould never enjoy eafe at home, from the impatience and importunity of his fubje6ls yet could he not refolve to impofe a peace by openly Terms advanjoining himfelf with either party. tageous to the allies raufl lofe him the friendfhip of France The contrary would enrage his parliament. Between thefe views, he perpetually fiuduated and from his conduct, it is obfervable, that a careltfs,

worthy of

remifs difpofitlon, agitated by oppofite motives, is capable of as great inconfiflencies as are incident even to the greatefl imbecility and folly. The parHament was alTembled j and the king

5th Feb.
i-ariia-

made them
them

a plaufible fpeech, in

which he warned ^
themfelves
;

againll all differences

among
;

nicut.

ex-

do his part for bringing their and offered his conconfultations to a happy iflue fent to any laws for the farther fecurity of their religion, liberty, and property. He then told them of the decayed condition of the navy ; and afked money for repairing it He informed them, that part of his revenue, the additional excife, was loon to expire : And he added thefe words, " You may at anv time ** fee the yearly eflablidied expence of the govein' ment, by which it will appear, that, tlie con" flant and unavoidable charge being paid, there f' will remain no overplus towards anfwering thofe which may happen in all kingf* ^contingencies, " doms.
preffed a refolution to
:

-6

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

it

CHAP,

doms, and which have been a confiderable bar-

then on me this laft year.'* J;^^Ji^ Before the parliament entered upon bufmefs, 1677.
they were flopped by a doubt conceining the legaIt had been enafted by an lity of their meeting. " That parliaments fhould III. Edward old law of *' be held once every 3^ear, or oftener, if need be.'* The laft prorogation had been longer than a year ; and being fuppofed on that account illegal, \t was pretended to be equivalent to a dilToIution. The confequence feems by no means juft ; and befides, a
determined, that

which repealed the triennial law, had it was neceffary to hold parliaments three years. Such weight, however, in only once cavil, that Buckingham, Shaftefthis put on was infifted flrenuoully and Wharton, Salifbury, bury, invalidity the of the parof peers on houfe the in its future acls. nullity of all For and the liament, the they were fent to pofitions, dangerous fuch Tower, there to remain during -the pleafure of hi^s Buckingham, Salifbury, majefly and the houfe. and were foon after made fubmiiTions, IVharton and But Shaftefbury, more obftmate in his releafed. temper, and dehrous of difLinguIfhing himfelf by his adherence to liberty, fought the remedy of law ; and being rejected by the judges, he was, at laft,
later aft, that

after

make

a twelvemonth's imprifonment, obliged to the fame fubmifTions ; upon which he was alfo

releafed.

The commons at firft feemed to proceed with temper. They granted the fum of 586,000 pounds, though they ftriftly approfor building thirty fliips
;

Edimates were priated the money to that fervice. given in of the expence ; but it was afterwards
ibund that they
fell

fhort

near 100,000 pounds.

They

voted, agreeably to the king's requeft, the continuance of the additional excile for three This excifc had been granted for nine years years.
alfo
III

C H A R L E
in 1668.

11.

27

Every thing feemed

to promife a peace- C

H/
J677.

P.
m

able and an eafy feffion.

^"^V'

But
quillity

the parliament was roufed

from

this tran-

by the news received from abroad. The Cnmcaiga ^^ French king had taken the field in the middle of ^^ ^ February, and laid fiege to Valenciennes, which he He next invefted carried in a few days by fcorm. The prince of both C?.mbray and St. Omers. Orange, alarmed with his progrefs, hafiily afiembled an army, and marched to the relief of St. Omers. He was encountered by the French, under the duke of Orleans and marefchal Luxembourg. The courage, prince poiTeifed great talents for war but flill he was inactivity, vigilance, patience ferior in genius to thofe confummate generals cppofed to him by Lev.ds ; and though he always found means to repair his loil'es, and to make head in a little time againit the vidlors, he was, during By a mafterly movehis whole life, unfuccefsful. ment of Luxembourg, he was here defeated, and obliged to retreat to Ypres. Cambrav and St Omers were foon after furrendered to Lewis. This fuccefs, derived from fuch great power and
= ; ;

fuch wife conduft, infufed a juft terror into the Englifli parliament. They addreifed the king, reprefenting the danger to which the kingdom was expofed from the greatnefs of France, and praying that his majefly, by fuch alliances as he fhould think fit, would both fecure his own dominions and the Spanifli Netherlands, and thereby quiet the fears of his people. The king, defirous of eluding this application, which he confidered as a kind of attack on his meafures, replied in general terms, that he would ufe all means for the prefervation of Flanders, ponfiflent with the peace and fafety of his kingdoms. This anfw^er was an evafion, or rather a The commons, therefore, thought proper denial. to be more explicit. They entreated him not to ddGi the entering iijto fuch alliances as might attain
.'ihat

28

HISTORY OP GREAT BRITAIN.

end : And in cafe war with the French be the refult of his meafures, they proIdng him all the aids and fupplies, which grant piifed to would enable him to fupport the honour and interefl of the nation. The king was alfo more explicit in his reply. He told them, that the only way to prevent danger, was to put him in a condition to make This meflage was preparations for their fecurity. underflood to be a demand of money. The parliament accordingly empowered the king to borrow on the additional excife 200,000 pounds at feven per cent. A very fmall Turn indeed ; but which they deemed fufficient, with the ordinary revenue, to equip a good fquadron, and thereby put the nation in fecurity, till farther refolutions Qiould be taken.
that great
fliould
:

CHAP,
LXVI.
^"'^'T^T^

But

this conceflion fell

far

fhort

of the king's

expectations.

He
it

therefore informed them, that^

unlefs they granted

upon new funds,

him the fum of 600,000 pounds would not be pofTible for him,

'

without expofing the nation to manifeft danger, to /peak or a6l ibofe things^ which would anfwer the end of their feveral addreffes. The houfe took this meffage into confideration : But before they came to any refolution, the king fent for then! to Whitehall, where he told them, upon the word of a king, that they fhould not repent any trufl which they would repofe in him for the fafety of his kingdom ; that he would not for any confideration break credit with them, or employ their money to other ufes than thofe for which they intended it ; but that he would not hazard, either his own fafety or theirs^ by taking any vigorous meafures, or forming new alliances, till he were in a better condition both to This defend his fubjeds and offend his enemies. The king fpeech brought affairs to a Ihort iffue.

pawned
fail

required them to trufl him with a large fum : He his royal word for their fecurity : They mufl either run the rifque of lofmg their money, or

of thofe alliances which they had projected, and

C H A R L E
at the

il.

29

fame time declare to

of their fovereign.
there were

all

the world the highefi:

chap.
.

diflruft

^^Y^'
1677,

many reafons which determined the houfe of commons to put no trufl in the king, They confidered, that the pretence of danger Was
obvioufly gromidlefs, while the French were oppofed by fuch powerful alliances on the continent, while

But

^^'^^'f ,,J^uft of the

king.

good fleet at fea, and while fubjeds were fo heartily united in oppofition to foreign enemies. That the only juflifiable reafon, therefore, of Charles's baekwardnefs, was not the apprehenfion of danger from abroad, but a diffidence, which he might perhaps have entertained of his parliament j left, after engaging him in foreign alliances for carrying on war, they fhould take advantage of his neceffities, and extort from him conceffions dangerous to his royal dignity. That this parliament, by their paft condudl, had given, no foundation for fuch fufpicions, and were fo far from purfuing any linifter ends, that they had granted fupplies for the firil Dutch war ; for maintaining the triple league, though concluded without their advice j even for carrying on the fecond Dutch war, which was entered into contrary to their opinion, and contrary to the manifeft interefts of the nation. That, on the other hand, the king had, by former meafures, excited very reafonable jealoufies in his people, and did with a bad grace
the king was mafter of a
all his

require at prefent their truft and confidence.

taining the triple league,

That

he had not fcrupled to demand fupplies for mainat the very moment he was concerting meafures for breaking it, and had accordingly employed to that purpofe the fupplies which he had obtained by thofe delufive pretences. That his union with France, during the war againft Holland, muft have been founded on projects the moft dangerous to his people; and as the fame union was Itill fecretly maintained, it might juftly be

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

be feared that the fame projedls were not yet That he could not ferioufly entirely abandoned.
"^Ctt"'

intend to profecute vigorous meafures againit France j fmce he had fo long remained entirely unconcerned during fuch obvious dangers ; and, prompted by his parliament, whofe proper till bufmefs it was not to take the lead in thofe parts of adminifLration, had fufpended all his aftivity. That if he really meant to enter into a cordial- union with his people, he would have taken the firft flep, and have endeavoured, by putting truil in them, to reilore that confidence, which he himfelf, by his That it was in vain rafli conduct, had firfl violated. to aflv fo fmall a fum as 600,000 pounds, in order
fecure him againit the future attempts of the parliament ; lince that fum mufl foon be exhaufled by a war with France, and he mud again fall into that dependance, which v/as become, in fome degree, That if he would effential to the canftitution. form the neeeffary alliances, that fum, or a greater, would inftantly be voted j nor could there be any reafon to dread, that the parliament would immediately defert meafures, in which they were engaged by their honour, their inclination, and the public That the real ground, therefore, of the intereft. king's refufal, M'as neither apprehcnfion of danger from foreign enemies, nor jealoufy of parliamentary encroachments ; but a defire of obtaining the money, which he intended, notwithftanding his royal word, And that, by ufmg to employ to other purpofes. fuch difhonourable means to fo ignoble an end, he rendered himfelf flill more unworthy the confidence of his people. The houfe of commons was now regularly divided
to

two parties, the court and the country. Some were inlifled in the court-party by offices, nay, a few by bribes fecretly given them ; a practice firft begun by Clifford, a dangerous miniller But great numbers 6
into
:

CHARLES
far as

IL

oi

fiumbers were attached merely by inclination ; fo c H a p^ Lxvi. they efteemed the meafures of the court agreeable to the interefts of the nation. Private j^^^. views and faQion had likewife drawn feveral Into the country party : But there were alfo many of that party, who had no other objed than the public good. Thefe difmterefted members on both fides fluftuated between the factions ; and gave the fuperiority fometimes to the court, fometimes to the In the prefent emergence, a general oppofitlon ^. diftrufl of the king prevailed ; and the parliament refolved not to hazard their money, in expedatioa of alliances, which, they believed, were never intended to be formed. Inftead of granting the fupply, they voted an addrefs, wherein they " be*' fought his majefty to enter into a league, offen" five and defenfive, with the States General of the " United Provinces, againfh the growth and power "^ of the French king, and for the prefervation of *' the Spanlfh Netherlands ^ and to make fuch other " alliances with the confederates as fliould appear fit " and ufeful to that end." They fupported their advice with reafons and promifed fpeedy and effectual fupplies,

for preferving his

majefly's

honour

and enfuring the

iafety of the public.

The king

pretended the highefl anger at this addrefs, which he reprefented as a dangerous encroachment upon his prerogative. He reproved the commons in fevere terms j and ordered them immediately to be adjourned. It is certain, that this was the critical moment, sthMay^ when the king both might with eafe have preferved the balance of power in Europe, which it has fince cod this ifland a great expence of blood and treafure to reflore, and might by perfeverance have at lait regained^ in fome tolerable meafure, after all paft
f

Tempk's Memoirs,

vol.

i.

p. 4,^8.

errors.

32

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

p.
'

c H A

errors, the confidence of his people.

This opporincur-

^
:i6j7.

tunity being neglefted,

the

wound became

able ; and nbtwithftanding his momentary appearances of vigour againfl France and popery, artd tbeir momentary inclinations to rely on his faith ; he was ftill believed to be at bottotri engaged in the fame interefl, and they foon relapfed into diftruft and The fecret memoirs of this reign, which jealdtify. publiflied ', prove beyond a doubt been have fince had at this time concerted fneafures king the that "With France, and had no intention to enter into a war in favour of the allies. He had entertained no

view, therefore, even when he pawned his royal WORD to his people, than to procure a gra:nt of money ; and he trufted, that, while he eluded their expectations, he could not afterwards want pretences for palliating his conduct. Negotiations meanwhile were carried on between France and Holland, and an eventual treaty

was concluded
allies

that

is,

all

their differences

were

adjufted, provided they could afterwards fatisfy their

on both
difficult,

fides.

ance

feemed

bad fucceffes and by the great impatience of the Hollanders j when a new event happened, which promifed a more profperous iffue to the quarrel with France, and
farther

This work, though in appearto be extremely forwarded, by on the part of the confederates,

revived the hopes of all the Englifh, flood the interells of their country.

who under

f Such .IS the letters, which pafied betwixt DanbyandMontagne, he king's ambairador at Paris; Temple's Memoirs, and his Letters. In thefe laft, we fee that the king never made any propofals of terms but what were advantageous to France, and the prince of Orange believed them to have always been concerted with the French am

baflador.

Vol. i. p. 439. In fir John Dah-ymplc's Appendix, p- 103, it appears that the king had figned himftlf, without the participation of his minifters, a fecret treaty with France, and had obtained a penfion on the promife of his neutrality
:

A fadt, which renders his rojaJ iuor(i,fo\cmn\j'

given to his fubjeAs, one of the

mod difhonourable and moft fcandalous ads that ever proceeded from a throne.

The

C H A R L E

ir.

33

The king faw, with regret, the violent dif- C K A P. contents which prevailed in the nation, and which ^'^T^, feemed every day to augment upon him. Defirous 1677.
natural temper to be eafy himfelf, and to every body elfe eafy, he fought expedients to appeafe thofe murmurs, which, as chey were very difagreeable for the prefent, might in their confeHe knew quences prove extremely dangerous. that, during the lafe war with Holland, the malcontents at home had made applications to the prince of Orange ; and if he continued ftiil to neglect the prince's interefLs, and to thwart the inclinations of his own people, he apprehended left: their common complaints (hould cement a lafting imion between He faw that the religion of the duke in them. fpired the nation with difmal apprehenfions ; and tnough he had obliged his brother to allow the young princefles to be educated in the proteftant faith, fomething further, he thought, was neceflary, in order to fatisfy the nation. He entertained> therefore, propofals for marrying the prince of Orange to the lady Mary, the elder princefs, and heir apparent to the crown (for the duke had no male liTue), and he hoped, by fo tempting an offer,

by

his

make

engage him entirely in his interefts. peace he purpofed to make; fuch as would fatisfy France, and flill preferve his connexions with that crown And he intended to fan6lify it by the approbation of the prince, whom he found to be extremely revered in England, and refpeded throughout Europe. All the reafons for this alliance were feconded by the fo* licitations of Danby, and alfo of Temple, who was at that time In England: And Charles at laft granted permiffion to the prince, when the campaign fhould be over, to pay him a vifit. The king very gracioully received his nephew at Newmarket. He would have entered immediately upon bufmefs ; but the prince defired firft to be acquainted with the lady Mary ; And he declared.
to

tt1)0fti

Vol.

VIII.

that,

34

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

of he placed a great part of happineis domeflic fatisfa6;ion, and would not, upon any confideration of intereil or politics, match himfelf with a perfon dif-igreeable to him. He was introduced to the princefs, whom he fotind in the bloom of youth, and extremely amiable both in her perfon and her behaviour. The king now thought that he had a double tie upon him, and might fafely expect his compliance widi every propofal He was furprifed to find the prince decline all difcourfe of b'lfmefs, and refufe to concert any terms for the general peace, till his marriage fhould be finifhed. He forefaw, he faid, from the fituation of affairs, that his allies were likely to have hard terms; and he never would expofe himfelf to the reproach of having facrificed their interells to promote his own purpofes. Charles -ilill believed, notwithftanding the cold, fevere manner of the prince, that he would abate of this rigid punctilio of hondur and he protracted the time, hoping, by his own infmuation and addrefs, as well as by the allurements of love and One day. ambition, to win him to compliance. Temple found the prince in very bad humour, repenting tliat he had ever come to England, and refolute in a few days to leave it But before he went, the king, he faid, muft chufe the terms on which they fhould hereafter Hve together: He was fure it muff be like the greateft friends or the greateft enemies And he defired Temple to inform his Charles mailer next morning of thefe intentions, how the forefaw was flruck with this menace, and the by prince's departure would be interpreted to immediately therefore, people. He refolved, complia paid grace; and having yield with a good ment to his nephew's honefty, he told Temple, that the marriage was concluded, and defired him to inform the duke of it, as of an affair already refolved but yielded a on. The ^.uke feemed furprifed
his rank,

that, contrary to the ufual feniiments of perfons

1677.

-,

prompt

CHARLES
|)roinpt obedience:

II.

35

maxim
fure.

Which, he faid, was his ccnilant c n A P. '^"'''1^. whatever he found to be the king's picaNo meafure during this reign, gave fuch 15,7.
to

general fatisfaftion.

All parties ilrove

who

fliould

ij'J O-ft,

moft applaud it. And even Arlington, who had ^\hT^^ been kept out of the fccret, told the prince, " That prince of " fome thinc^s, good in themfelves, were fpoiled bv ^?'f/'^? ,<-''--',,. '. with the i^. p _*' the manner of doing tnem, as lorae tmngs bad ladyMary",. were mended by it; bat he would confefs that this '^ was a thing fo good in itfelF, that the manner of " doing it could not ipoil ir." This marriage was a great furprife to Lewis, who, ticcuftomed to govern every thing in the Englilh court, novv' found fo important a ftep taken, not only v/ithout hlsconfent, but without his knov.'Iedge or participation, A conjunclion of England with the allies, and a vigorous v^ar in oppontion to French ambition, were the confequences immediately expefted both abroad and at home But to check thefe fanguine hopes, the king, a few days after the marriage, prolonged the adjournment of the parliament from the third of December to the fourth of April. This term was too late for granting fupplies or making preparations for war 5 and could be chofen by the king- for no other reafon, than as an atonetnent to France for his confent to the m.arriaa:e. It
. ,

appears alfd,
"Lewis the

that

fum

Charles fecretiy received from of two millions of Jivres on account

^^-^^ 01

of this important f^srvice '\ The king, however, entered into confultations ^vith the prince together with Danby and Temple^ concerning the terms which it would be proper to require of France. After fome debate, it was agreed that France lliould reilore Lorrain to the duke; with Tournay, Valenciennes, Conde, Aeth, Charkroi, Courtray, Oudenarde, and Binche, to Spain, in order to form a good frontier for the Low* Countries. The prince infifled that I^ranchec^mt^
*

P''^"'

Sir

John Dalrymple'^ Appendix,

p. jja-

ihould

^5

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

fhould likewife be reftored, and Charles thought that, becaufe he had patrimonial eflates of great value in that province, and deemed his proper4:y more fecure in the hands of Spain^ he was engaged by fuch views to be obflinate in that point : But the prince declared, that to procure but one good town to the Spaniards in Flanders, he would willA.s the king ingly relinquifli all thofe pofl'efTions, impcfiibllity of wrefling Franchefliil infiiled on the comte from Lewis, the prince was obliged to acquiefce.

CHAP,
LXVI.

^_r^

Notwithstanding
-

this concefficn to

France,

the projected peace was favourable to the allies ; and it was a fufficient indication of vigour In the He farther king, that he had given his aifent to it.

agreed to fend over a minifter inftantly to Paris, in This minifter was to order to propofe thefe terms. was allow but two days treaty. Fie to no into enter for the acceptance or refufal of the terms: Upon the expiration of thefe, he was prefently to return And in cafe of refufal, the king promifed to enter imme:

diately into the confederacy.

To

carry fo imperi-

ous a melTage, and fo Httle expeled from the Englifti court, Temple was the perfon pitched on, whofe declared averfion to the French intereft was not likely to make him fail of vigour and promptitude in the execution of his commiilion. But Charles next day felt a relenting in this affumed vigour, Inftead of Temple he difpatched the earl of Feverilram, a creature of the duke's, and a Frenchman by birth : And he faid, that the meffage being harlh in itfelf, it v/as needlefs to aggravate it
/

by a difagreeabla melTenger. The prince left London ; and the king, at his departure, alTured him that he never would abate in the leaft point of the fcheme concerted, and would enter into war with Lewis, if he rejected it.
Nei^ofmtious.

nefs

Lewis received the mefiage with feeming gentleand complacency. He told Feverfliam, that
th.

C H A R L E
the king of England well ways be mailer ot the peace

ir.

37

might al- C ^''^^ towns ,^^..,^^_^ of the fome but ; in Flanders it feemed very hard to demand, efpecially 1677. Tournay, upon whofe fortification fuch immenfe He v/Quld therefore take futns had been expended fome fhort time to confider of afl anfwer. Fever" fliam faid, that he v/as Hmited to two days (lay: But when that time was elapfed, he was prevailed on to remain fome few days longer and he came away at Lewis faid, that lad without any pofitive anfwer. he hoped his brother would not break with him for one or two towns And with regard to them too, he would fend orders to his am-bafifadcr at London to Charles was foftened by treat with the king hiinfelf. the foftnefs of France ; and the blov/ v/as thus artfully eluded. The French ambaflador, Barillou, owned at lafi, that he had orders to yield all except Tournay, and even to treat about fome equivalent

knew

that he

for that forirefs, if the king abfolutely infifled

it.

upon

given fpirit to the Englifli court ; and the negotiation began to draw out into meifages and returns from Paris. By intervals, however, the king could roufe himfelf,

The

prince was gone,

who had

and {how

ilili

fome firmnefs and

refolution.

Finding that affairs were not likely to come to any conclulion with France, he fummoned, notwithHanding the long adjournment, the parliament on the fifteenth of January ; an unufual meafure, and capable of giving alarm to the French court. Temple was fent for to the council, and the king told him, that he intended he Hiould go to Holland, in order to form a treaty of alliance with the States ; and that the purpofe of it iliould be, hke the triple league, to force both France and Spain to accept of the terms propofed. Temple was forry to find this a(5l of vigour qualified by fuch a regard to France, and by fuch an appearance of indifference and neutrality be-'

tween the

parties.

He
was

told the king, that the rcfoto

lution agreed on,

begin the war in conjunc3

Xion

'

>jg

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

an4 meafure would fatisfy the prince, ihe allies, and the people of England ; advantages which could not be expected from fuch an aUiance with Holland alone That France vj'ouli be difobliged., and Spain likewife; nor would the Dutch be fatisfied with fuch a faint imitation of the triple league, a meafure concerted when they were equally at peace with both parties^
tion with all the confederates, in cafe of no direcl
:

C H

'V

P.

^}^^'
l^^^^>

immediate anfwer from France

That

this

1673,

For ihefe reafons, Temple declined the employment; and Lawrence Hydcj fecon^ fon of chancellor Cla rendon, was fent in his place. The prince of Orange could not regard without contempt fuch fymptonio of weakneis and vig-:ur He was refolvconjoined in the Englifh counfels. meafure which the beft of a to make however, ed, confented fecretly as Spain and approve did not he that her ally iliould form a league, which was feem;

ingly directed
^th Jan.
:^;^-[]ich

againft

was

to fall only

cluded
king.
|Sthj;in,

the

treaty

her as weii as France, but latter, the States conin the terms propofed by the

on the

Meanwhile

fome nev/ adjournments

the Englifh parliament met, after ; and the king was aftonilh-

ed, that notwiihilanding the refolute meafures which, he thought, he had taken, great diftrud and jealoufy and difcontent were apt, at intervals, ftill to prevail

among

Though in his fpeech he had the members. allowed that a good peace could no longer be expefted from negotiation, and affured them that |ie was refolved to enter into a war for that purpofe;
the

commons

did not forbear to infert in their reply

and even unreafonable claufe*. Upon reproving them, they feemed penitent, and l^is voted, that they would ailiil his majeily in the proA tleet of ninety fail, an army fecution of the war. of thirty thoufand men, and a million pf money, Great difficulties were made by were alfo voted. the commons with regard to the army, which the
feveral harfh

houfe.

C
lK)ufe,

H A R L E

II.

39

judging by pad meafures, believed to be c li A p. ^"^ ^^' intended more a^ainil the liberties of England than ^ To j^jg. againll the progrefs of the French monarch. this perilous fituation had thi king reduced both, In all debates, fevere himfelf and the nation. fpeeches were made, and were received with feemThe duke and the treafurer ing approbation began to be apprehenfive of impeachments: IMany motions againfl the king's miniilers were The commons appointed loft by a fmall majority a day to confider the (late of the kingdom with reAnd they even went fo far as to gard to popery vote, that, how urgent foever the occafion, they would lay no farther charge on the people, till fecured againll the prevalence of the catholic party. In fliort, the parliament was impatient for war whenever the king feerned averfe to it ; but grevv' fufpicious of fome fmiiler defign as foon as he complied with their requeils, and feemed to enter into their
.

meafures.

''-'^'''^

.''".*'

The king was enraged at this lad vote: He reproached Temple with his popular notions, as he termed them ; and afked him how he thought the houfe of commons could be trufled for carrying on the war, fhould ic be entered on, when in the very
commencement they made
multiplied,

fuch declarations

The

uncertainties indeed of Charles's conduct were fo

and the

jealoufies

on both

fides fo in-

curable, that even thofe

kiiig ever

who approached

neareft the

fcene of action could not determine, whether the

ferioufiy
if

meant

to enter into a war, or

he did, the houfe of commons would not have taken advantage of his neceffities, and made liim purchafe fupplies by a great facrifice of his auw'hHRer',
'

'thority

?.

The
all

king of France knew

how

to avail himfelf of

the advantages which thefe diftradions afforded ,.Y'>nom ip no:

vd

^b.Gfn

313W

g'

Temple,

vol.

i.

p. 461.

4.0

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

By his emifiaries, he reprefented to the Dutch the imprudence of their dependinig on England; where an indolent king, averle to ali war, eipecially with France, and irrefolute in his meafures, was
Jiim.

CHAP. ^ -^-,'_j
S678.

attuated only by the uncertain breath of a faftious parliament. To the ariliocratical party, he remarked the danger of the prince's alliance v/ith rhe royal family of England, and revived their apprehenfions ;
left,

in im.itation

of

his father,

who had been

he

ho-

noured with the fame

CAmpalgn
cf 1678.

alliance,

iliould violently

attempt to enlarge his authority, and enllave his native country. In order to enforce theie motives with farther terrorSj he himfelf took the field very
early in the fpring
;

and

after threatening

Luxem-

"

bourg, Mons, and Naraur, he fuddenly fat down before Ghent and Ypres, and in a few v/eeks made This fuccefs p-ave himfelf mafter of both places. great alarm to the Hollanders, who were no-wife fatisfied with the conduft of England, or with the ambiguous treaty lately concluded ; and it quickened all their advances towards an accommodation Immediately after the parliament had voted the fupply, the king began to inlid forces ; and fuch was the ardour of the Englifh for a war with ranee, that an army of above 20,000 men, to the aitonilhment of Europe, was completed in a few weeks. Three thoufand men, under the duke of Monmouth, Some regiments were fent over to fecure Oilend A fleet was were recalled from the French fervice a quadruple alfitted out with great diligence: liance was projeded between 'England, Holland, Spain, and the emperor. But thefe vigorous m.eafures received a fudden 3amp from a paffionate addrefs of the lower houfe
: :

Ad

3n which they juftified

all their

pail proceedings that

had given

difguft

to the

king;
;

defired to be ac-

quainted with the meafures taken by him

him

to difmifs evil counfellors

ticular the

duke of Lauderdale,

prayed ; and named in paron whole removal

they

C
tbey ftrenuouily
their aJdrefs

R L E

II.

4s
thenij that

infifled.

The king told

C H a
^^^^^

i>.

was not willing IpeeJily to give it the anfwer which it deAnd he began again to lend an ear to the lerved ^propofals of Lewis, who offered him great fums of money, if he w:>uld confent to France's making an
was
fo extravagant,

that he

^^vi.

advantageous peace wilh the allies. Temple, though prefled by the king, refufed to Neeotia. have any concern in lo difhonourabl a negotiation : ^'Oiis* But he informs us, that the king faid, there was one article propofed, v, hich fo incenfed him, that, as long Sir William as he lived, he fhould never forget it. but the editor of his works, the goes no farther famous Dr. Swift, fays, that the French, before they would agree to any payment, required as a preliminary, that the king fhould engage never to keep above 8000 regular troops in Great Britain ^ Charles " Cod's-fifii," Aiid he, his broke into a palTion. ufual oath, " does my brother of France think to *" ierve me thus ? Are all his promifes to make me^ *' abfolute- mafter of my people come to this? Or " does he think i/jat a thing to be done with eight *' thoufand men ?" Van Beverning was the Dutch ambaflador at Nimeguen, a man of great authority with the States. He was eager for peace^ and was perfuaded, that the relu6lance of the king, and the jealoufies of the
;

parliament,
their

would

for ever ditappoint the allies in

hopes of fuccour from England.

fenn

him by
as

the States to

go

to the

Orders were French king at

as well

to concert the terms of a general treaty, procure a prefent truce lor fix weeks. The terms agreed on were much worfe for the Spaniards than thofe which had been planned by the king and the prince of Orange. Six towns,
* wit, 3000 rifons in England, App. p. 16 J.

Ghent, and

To

men for Scotland, and the ufual guards and garamounting to near 5000 men. Sir J. Dalrymple's

fome

41

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIM.

great importance, were to he ButYpres, Conde, Valenciennes, which confifted the chief ilrength of their fronder, were to remain with France. Great murmurs arofe in England when it was known that Flanders was to be left in fo defencelefs The chief camplaints were levelled a condition. king, who, by his concurrence at firft, againft the and by his delays at laft, afterwards, by his favour France to fuch an enormous the power of had raifed

^^^^^- fome of them of no

^>^.=w' i^eftored to them : 3678. and Tour nay, in

threatened the general liberties of uneafy under thefe imputations, Europe. of loling the affeftions of confequence the dreading his fubjecls, and perhaps difgufted Vv^ith the fecret
height, that
it

Charles,

article

propofed by France,

began to

willi heartily

for v/ar, which, he hoped, to his ancient popularity-

would have reflored him

itfelf for his

An
jlers at

opportunity unexpecledly offered

difplaying thefe

new difpofitions. While the miniNimeguen were concerting the terms of a

general treaty, the marquis de Balbaces, the Spanifii ambaifador, afked the ambaifadors of France, at what time France intended to reftore the fix towns
In Flanders.

They made no

difficulty in

declaring

that the king, their mafter, being obliged to fee an

entire reilitution
loft in

made to the Swedes of all they had the war, could not evacuate thefe towns till that crown had received fatisfadion j and that this detention of places was the only means to induce the

powers of the north to accept of the peace. The States immediately gave the king intelligence of a pretenfion, which might be attended with 'J he king was both fuch dangerous confequences. He immediately difpatched furprifed and angry. l^empie to concert with the States vigorous meafures
$'.th July,

Temple in fix days for oppofnig France. concluded a treaty, by which Lewis v/as obliged to dt^lare, within fixteen days after the date, that he
would

CHARLES
?ivould prefently evacuate the towns

II.

43
in cafe

of C ha p. ^^'^^ bound continue the war, to bis refufal, Holland was immediately declare againfl France, and England to j^^?. in conjunftion with the whole confederacy. All thefe warlike meafures were fo ill-feconded by the parliament, where even the French miniflers were fufpeiSled, with reafon % of carrying on fome intrigues, that the commons renewed their former jealoufies ag and the king, and voted the army The king by a mefimmediately to be difbanded. the reprefented danger of difarming before fage
:

And

2 Sn- John Dalrymple, in his Appendix, has given us, from BarnIon's diioatcies in the fccretary's office at Paris, a more p;irticular r\etail oi thci'e intncues. They were carried on with lord RuileJ, lord Iloili , lord Bcrkihire, the duke of Buckihgham, Algernon Sydney^

Montague, Bidftrode, col. Titu^, fir Edward Harlc) f.r Join Baber, Rogtr till, Bofcawen, Littleton, Powle, Harbord, riambden, lir Thonias Armftrong-, Hotham, Herbert, and fome others of lefs note. Of thefe lord RuflVl and lord Hollis alone refufed to touch any 3< rench money H 11 the others received prefents or bribes from KarilJ-iut we are to remark, tlial the party views of tlicfe men,, and lon. tlie r well-founded jealouliesof tlie king- and duke, env-aged themj independently.of the money, into the fame meafmes that wese i'n^ gefted to them by the French ambcfl'ador. 'i he intrigues of France, tiierefore, with the parliiment, wue a mighty fnr^ll engine in the poiiical m.achine Thofe with the king, which have always been known, were of infinitely greater conlequence. The Inms difiributed to all thefe men excepting Montague, did not exceed 16,000 pounds in three year^' and therefore could have little weight in the two houfes, efpecially when oppofed to the influence of the crown.
,

lir

Accordingly we find, in all Banilon's difpatches, a great anxiety that .the parliament lliould never be affembled. J he conduct of thefe
Englilhpatriot' was more mean than criminal ; and moniieur Courten f^iys, that two hundred thoufandlivres einployedby theSpaniards and Germans, would have niore influence than two mill ons diflributed by France. See Sir J. Dalrymples App. p. iii. It is amufing to obferve the general, and I may fay national, rage excited by the late dilcovery of this fecret negotiation ; chiefly on account of Algernon Sydney, whom the blind prejudices of party had exalted into a hero. His ingratitude and breach of faith, in applying for the king's pardon, and immediately on his return entering into cabals for rebellion, form a condu*^; much more criminal than the taking of French g(dd Yet the former circumlfance was always known, ai>d always difregarded. i'jut every thing connected with France iy fuppofed, inF-nghnd,to be polluted beyond all poffibility of expiation. Even lord Rnlfel, whofe pondud in this negotiation was only fai5f loiis, and that in an ordinaij degree, is ifiiagiaed to be diihonoqrcd by the faiiie difcovery.
:

peace

44.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

peace were finally concluded
to their confideration,

and he recommended whether he could honourably

;

"^^g^' recall his forces

from thofe tov/ns in Flanders, which were put under his proteftion, and which had at prefent no other means of defence. The commons agreed to prolong the term with regard to thefe forces. Every thing indeed in Europe bore the appeiU'ance of v/ar, France had pofitively declared that ihe would not evacuate the fix towns before- the requifite ceffion w^as made to Svt^eden ; and her honour feemed now engaged to fupport that declaSp'ain and the empire, difgufted with the ration, terms of peace impofed by Holland, faw with pleafure the profpe<Sl: of a powerful fupport from the new refolutions of Charles. Holland itfelf, encouraged by the prince of Orange and his party, was not difpleafed to find that the w^ar would be renewed on more equal terms. The allied army under than prince was approaching towards Mons, then blockaded by France. A confiderable body of Englifh, under the duke of Monmouth, was ready to join
hini.

Charles
in the

ufually paffed a great part of his time

particularly

women's apartments,

thofe of

the duchefs of Portfmouth ; where, among other gay company, he often met with Barillon, the

Frenclr ambaiTador, a m^an of polite converfation, who was admitted into all the amufements of that It was the inglorious but agreeable monarch. charms of this fauntering, eafy life, which, during
his

attached Charles to his miflrefles. and the duchefs of Portfmouth, an order was, in an unguarded hour, procured, which indantly changed the face of affairs,
later

years,

By

the infmuations of Bapilion,

in Europe.

was

One Du Cros, a French fugitive monk, Temple, direfting him to apply to the Swedifh ambaffador, and perfuade him not to infifi; on the conditions required by France, but to facrifice
fent to
.,;;.'

.:nT,

to

C H A R L E
Cros,

II.

4f

to genefal peace thofe intereds of Sweden.

Du
from

HA

P.

who had

fecretly received iiiftrudions

LXVI.

Barillon,

publifhed every where in -Holland the "^^g, commiffion with which he was entruited ; and all It was concluded, that men took the alarm. Charles's fudden alacrity for war was as fuddenly extinguifhed, and that no fleady meafures could The king afterwards, ever be taken with England. when he faw Temple, treated this important matter in raillery ; and faid, laughing, that the rogue Du Cros had outwitted them all. The negotiations, however, at Nim.eguen fllll continued ; and the French ambaifadors fpun oui the time, till the morning of the critical day, which, by the late treaty betv/een England and Holland, was to determine whether a fudden peace or a long The war were to have place in Chrifcendom. French ambafladors came then to Van Beverning, and told him, that they had received orders to confent to the evacuation of the towns, and imme-^ diately to conclude and fign the peace. Van Beverning might have refufed compliance, becaufe it was now impoffible to procure the confent and concurrence of Spain ; but he had entertained fo juft an Auguft r^ idea of the fluctuations in the Englifli counfels, and was fo much alarmed by the late commiilion given to Du Cros, that he deemed it fortunate for the republic to finifh on any terms a dangerous w^ar, where they were likely to be very ill fupported. The papers were inflantly drawn, and ligned by the miniflers of France and Holland, between eleven and twelve o'clock at night. By this treaty f>ance fecured the polTeiTion of Franchecomte, together with Cambray, Aire, St. Omer's, Valenciennes, Tournay, Ypres, Bouchaine, Caffel, &c. and reftored to Spain only Charleroi, Courtrai, Oudenard, Aeth, Ghent, and Limbourg. Next day Temple received an exprefs from England, which brought the ratifications of the treaty
.

lately

46
C HA
s6,S.
p.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

concluded with the States, together with order*? immediately to proceed to the exchange of them, Charles was now returned to his former inclinations for war with France, Va*n Beverning was loudly exclaimed againft by the ambaffadors of the allies at Nimeguen, efpecially thofe of Brandenburg and Denmark, whofe mafters were obliged, by the treaty, to reftore all The minlilers of Spain and the their acquilitions.
lately

LXVI.

emperor were fallen and difgufled and all men hoped that the States, importuned and encouraged by continupJ folicitations from England, would difavow their ambalTador, and renew the war. The prince of Orange even took an extraordinary ftep or perin order to engage them to that meafure
; ;

haps to give v'enr to his own fpleen and relentment. The day after figning the peace at Nimeguen, he attacked the French army at St. Dennis, near Mons ; and gained fome advantage over Luxembourg, who refled fecure on the faith of the treaty, and conThe prince knew, cluded the war to be fimfaed. at leaii had reafon to believe, that the peace was iigned, though it had not been formally notified to him ; and he here facrificed wantonly, without a proper motive, the lives^ of many brave men on both
fides,

who
was

fell

in

this

fharp and well conteiled

aclion.

viewof perfuadlng tW and the king promifed that England, if flie might depend on Hol- land, would immediately declare war, and would purfue it, till France were reduced to reafonable Charles at prefent went farther than conditions. words. He hurried on the embarkation of his army and all his preparations wore a hoftile for Flanders Eat the States had been too often appearance. They ratified the deceived to truft him any longer. treaty figned at Nimeguen ; and all the other powers oi Europe were at lailj after much clamour and

Hyde

leht over with a

States to difavow

Van Beverning

^'i'^

many

C H A R L E
many
dlfgufls,

II.

41
p,

obliged to

accept of the terms pre- c H A

j^Vg,

Icribed to them.

Lewis had now reached

which
ambition

can

the height of that glory His miniilers and afford.

s^Il^
P^^ace of
*

negotiators appeared as

much

fuperior to thofe of

^S"-'^'

all Europe in the cabinet, as his generals and armies fuccefsful had been experienced in the field. war had been carried on againfl an alliance, com'-

Conpofed of the greateft potentates in Europe. his terrinderable conqueils had been made and An advantageous tories enlarged on every fide. peace was at laft concluded, v/here he had given the The allies were fo enraged againfl each other, law. that they were not likely to cement foon in any nevv confederacy. And thus he had, during fome years,

monarchy of Europe. and of exceeding the empire of Charlemagne, perHad Eng. haps equalling that of ancient Rome. land continued much longer in the fame condition^ and under the fame government, it is not eafy to
a real profpecl of attaining the

conceive that he could have failed of his purpofe. In proportion as thefe circumflances exalted the French, they excited indignation among the Eng* lifh, whofe animofity, roufed by terror, mounted to a great height againfl that rival nation. Inftead. of taking the lead in the affairs of Europe, CharleSj they thought had, contrary to his own honour and interefl, ared a part entirely fubfervient to the common enemy ; and in all his meafures had either noproje6l at all, or fuch as was highly criminal and dangerous. While Spain, Holland, the emperor, the princes of Germany, called aloud on England
to lead

them

to viftory

and
;

fpired to raife her to a flation

had ever before attained

to liberty, and con* more glorious than fhe her king, from mean

pecuniary motives, had fecretly fold his alliance to Lewis, and was bribed into an intered contrary to that of his people. His afdve fchemes, in con. jundion with France, were highly pernicious ; his
ijeutra-

4
CHAP,

rilSTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

neutrality

was equally ignominious; and the jea lous refradlory behaviour of the parlia.-nent, though ^^^^^^^ in itfelf dangerous, was the only remedy for fo j5l, many greater ills, with which the public, from the
.

'
^

mifguided counfels of the king, was fo nearly threatened. Such \vere th. difpofitions of men's minds at the conclufion of the peace of Nimeguen u And
thefe difpofitions naturally prepared the

way

for the

events which followed.

Stnte of
affair
,

We
which

mult
Vv'e

now

return to the affairs of Scotland,

in

left in

Scotland.

fome

diforder, after the fuppreffion

of the infurrettion in 1666. The king, who at that time endeavoured to render himfelf popular in Eng^ land, adopted like meafures in Scotland, and he entrulled the government into the hands chiefly of Tv/eddale and fir Robert Murray, men of prudence and moderation. Thefe minillers made it

compofe the religious differwhich ran high, and for which Icarcely any modern nation but the Dutch had as yet found the proper remedy. As rigour and reflraint had failed of fuccefs in Scotland, a fcheme of co?nprehe7ifto7i was tried by which it was intended to diminifh
then- principal obje^^l to

ences,

greatly

the authority of bifhops,

little

to

abolifii

their

jQegative voice in the ecclefiaftical

leave

them

and to more than the right of precedency

courts,

among

the prefbyters.

But the prefbyterian

zealots

entertained great jeaioufy againfl this fcheme.

They

remembered that, by fuch gradual fteps, king James had endeavoured to introduce epifcopacy. Should the ears and eyes of men be once reconciled to the name and habit of biOiops, the whole power of the fundion, they dreaded, would foon
follow : The lead commiunication with unlawful and antichriiHan inftitutions they efteemed dangerous and criminal Touch noty tojle not^ handle 7iot ; this cry went out amongfl them : And the king's minifters at laft perceived that they fhould proflitute
:

the dignity of government,

by making advances,
to

CHARLES

'

IL

49

to which the malcontents were determined not to chap, Correlpond. vJ^^^Zij

The next projeft adopted was thzt' of Indulgence. In profecution of this fcheme, the moft popular of the expelled preachers, without requiring any terms of fubraiffion to the eftabliflied religion, were fettled in vacant churches ; and fmall falaries of about twenty pounds a-year were offered to the reft, till Thefe laft they ihould otherwife be provided for. refufed the king's bounty, which they confidered as Even the former the wages of a criminal filence. foon repented their compHance. The people, who had been accuftomed to hear them rail againft their fuperiorSj and preach to the times, as they termed it, deemed their fermons languid and fpiritlefs, whea deprived of thefe ornaments. Their ufual gifts, they thought, had left them, on account of their fubmilfion,

,628.

which was ftigmatifed

as eraftianifm.

They

gave them the appellation, not of minifters of Chrift, but of the king's curates ; as the clergy of the eftabhfhed church were commonly denominated fbs hijhop's curates. The preachers themfelves returned in a little time to their former practices, by which they hoped to regain their former dominion over the minds of men. The conventicles multiplied daily in the weft The clergy of the eftablifhed church. were infulted : The laws were negledted : The covenanters even met daily in arms at their places of worftiip : And though they ufually difperfed themfelves after divine fervice, yet the government took a. juft alarm at feeing men, who were fo eniirely governed by their feditious teachers, dare to fet authority at defiance, and during a time of full peace, to put themfelves in a military pofture. There was here, it is apparent, in the political body, a difeafe dangerous and inveterate ; and the government had tried every remedy, but the true
:

one, to allay and correal it. An unlimited toleration, after feds have diffufed themfelves, and are Vol, VUL ftrongly E

HISTORY OF (iREAT BRITAm.

c H^AP.
ftrortgly rooted, is the

^^^J"
1678.

only expedient which can at-civil unioa acquire a fuperiority above religious diftindions. But as the cjperations of this regiirien are comniorily gradual, and at firfl imperceptible, vulgar politicians are apt, for that reafon, to have reconrfe to more hafty and more dangerous remedies. It is ob-fervable too, that thefe non-conformifts, in Scotland, neither offered nor demanded toleration j but laid claim to an entire fuperiority, and to the exefcife of extreme tigour againit their adverfaries. The covenant, which they idolized, was a perfecuting, as well as a feditious band of confederacy j and the government^ inflead of treating them like madmen, who fhouldlay their fervour,

and make the

quillity,

be foothed, and flattered, and deceived into tranthought themfelves entitled to a rigid obedience, and were too apt, from a miilaken policy, to retaliate upon the diflenters, v/ho bad erred from
ihe
fpirit

of enthufial^n.
thefe

Amidst
lent

diilurbances,

new parliament

tvas alfembled at

Edinburgh

and Lauderdale was

The zealous prefbytepatrons of liberty, were too obnoxious to refill, with any fuccefs, the meafures of government ; and in parliament the tide ilill ran lirongly in The favour of monarchy. commiffioner had fuch influence as to get two als pafTed, which were of great confequence to the ecclelialHcal and civil liberties of the kingdom. By the on^, it was declared, that the fettling of all things with regard to the external government of the
rians,

down commiiTioner. who were the chief

church was a right of the crov/n

That whatever

related to eccieriaftical meetings, matters, and perfons, was to be otder^^d according to fuch direc-tions as the

king

fliould

fend to his privy council

And

that thefe, being publifhed by them, fliould

lav/s.

have the force of

h

The

other

ad regarded

ths

I r;t!i

of October 1669.

militia.

CHARLES
militia,

II.

51

'

authority, had two years before eftabliflied, inftead of the army, which was dilhandcd. By this act the militia was fettled, to the number of 22,000 men, who were to be comlantly armed and regularly difciphned. And it was farther enaded, that thefe troops fiiould be held in readinefs to march into England, Ireland, of any part of tliQ king's dominions, for any caufe in which his majefly's authority, power, or greatnefs, was concerned on receiving orders, not from the king himfcif, but from the privy council of Scotland.
his
;

which the king, by

own

chap.
I'XVI.
j(3_g^

boafted extremely of his fervices in procuring thefe two laws. The king by the former was rendered abfolute mafterof the church, and might legally, by his edid. re-eftablifli, if he thought proper, the catholic religion in Scotland. By the lat-

Lauderdale

he faw a powerful force ready at his call He had even the advantage of being able to difguife his orders under the name of the privy council and in cafe of failure in his enterpriles, could, by fuch
ter,
:

a pretence, apologife for his condu6l to the parliament of England. But in proportion as thefe laws were agreeable to the king, they gave alarm to the Englifli commons, and were the chief caufe of the redoubled attacks which they made upon Lauderdale. Thefe attacks, however, ferved only to fortify him in his intereft with the king ; and thoughit is probable that the militia of Scotland, during the divided ilate of that kingdom, would, if matters had come to extremities, have been of little
fervice againft
credit of
it

England

yet did Charles regard the

as a coniiderable fupport to his authority;

i\nd Lauderdale, by degrees, became the prime, or rather fole, minifler for Scotland. The natural indolence of the king difpofed him to place entire confidence in a man who had fo far extended the
royal prerogative, and

who was

dill

difpoTed to rea-

der

it

abfolutely uncontrollable.

Jx

52

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

CHAP.

In a fubfequent feffion of the fame parliament ', a yjl^j^ fevere la\'f' was enafted againft conventicles. Ruinous fines were impofed both on the preachers and hear,6jg. ers, even if the meetings had been in houfes ; but
field

conventicles v/ere fubjedled to the penalty of

:

death, and confifcation of goods

Four hundred

marks Scotch were

fhould
feize-

offered as a reward to thofe Vv'ho

;

fied for

the criminals and they were indemniany flaughter which they might commit in the execution of fuch an undertaking. And as it was found difficult to get evidence againft thefe conventicles, however numerous, it was enabled by another law, that whoever, being required by the council,
refufed to give information
puniflied

by arbitrary

fines,

upon oath, fhould be by imprifonment, or by

banifhm.ent to the plantations.

Thus

all

perfecution

naturally, or rather neceifarily, adopts the iniquities,

as well as rigours, of the inquifitiori.

What a confiderable part of the fociety confider as their duty and honour, and even many of the oppofite party are
apt to regard with compaffion and indulgence, can by no other expedient be fubjeded to fuch fevere penalties as the natural fentiments of mankind appropriate only to the greateft crimes.

Though

Lauderdale found

this

ready compliance

in the parliament, a party was formed againfl him, of which duke Flamiltonwas the head. This nobleman, with Tvv^eddale, and others, went to London, and applied to the king, who, during the prefent depreffion, and infignificance of parliament, was

alone able to correct the abufes of Lauderdale's adminiilrarion. But even their complaints to him might be dangerous j and ail approaches of truth to the throne were barred by the ridiculous law again il leafing- making ; a law which feems to have been extorted by tl.e ancient nobles, in order to pro-

ted

their

own

tyranny, oppreflion, and injultice.

"j

xSlh of Jiilyi670,

Great

CHARLES
Great precautions,
king
;

IL
were ufed by the

53

therefore,

CHAP.
^ ^^^J67S.

Scottifh malcontents In their reprefentations to the

them with
authority.

but no redrefs was obtained. Charles loaded carefles, and continued Lauderdale in his
bad, at lead a fevere ufe was made of The privy council difpoffefTed twelve

VERY

this authority.

gentlemen or noblemen of their houfes'^'; which were converted into fo many garrifons, eftabllilied for the fuppreffion of conventicles. The nation, it was pretended, was really, on account of thefe religious alTembhes, in a ftate of war; and by the an^ cient law, the king, in fuch an emergence, was empowered to place a garrifon in any houfe where he fhould judge it expedient. It were endlefs to recount every aft of violence and arbitrary authority exercifed during Lauderdale's adminiflration. All the lawyers were put from the bar, nay baniflied, by the king's order, twelve miles from the capital, and by that means the whole juftice of the kingdom was fufpended for a year till thefe lawyers were brought to declare it as their opinion, that all appeals to parliament were illegal. letter was procured from the king, for expelling twelve of the chief magiflrates of Edinburgh, and declaring them incapable of all public office, though their only crime had been their want of compliance with Lauderdale. The boroughs of Scotland have a privilege of meeting once a-year by their deputies, in order to confider the flate of trade, and make byelaws for its regulation In this convention a petition was voted, complaining of fome late afts, which obftruded commerce, and praying the king that he
;

'

would empower
them.

his commiiTloner, in the next feffion of parliament, to give his aflent for repealing

For

this

prefumption, as
fined

it

yeral of the

members were

was called, feand imprifoned,

k In 1675.
JE

One

54
C H A
P.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

a member cf parliament, having moved thehoufe, that, in imitation of the Englifli parliament, no bill fnould pafs except after three readings^ he was, for this pretended oiTencej immediately fent to prifon by the commifTioner. The private deportment of Lauderdale was as infolent and provoking as his public adminiftration

One More,

Lxvi.
7(53.

-^-^

was violent and tyrannical. Juflice likswife was univerfally perverted by fadion and inteijefl And from the great rapacity of that duke, and *itiil, more of his duchefs, all oilices and favours were openly put to fale. No one v/as allowed to approach the throne who was not dependent on him and no remedy could be hoped for or obtained againfc his manifo!4
:

opprefTions.

minifter

The cafe of Mitchel fnows that this was as much deilitute of truth and honour,

as of lenity

and juilice. Mitchel was a dpfperate fanatic, and had enter-

tained a refolution of aifaflinating Sharpe, archbilliop

of St. Andrews, who, by his former apo.ftacy and fubfequent rigour, had rendered himfelf extremely In the year 1668, odious to the covenanters. piftol the primate, as he was fitat Mitchel fired a of Orkney, flepbut the bifliop ting in his coach ; flretch to out his arm, coach, happened ping into the

which intercepted the bail, and v/as much fnattered by it. This happened in the principal flreet of the city;, but fo generally was the archbifhop hated, that the affafPni was allowed peaceably to walk off and havin'g turned a ftreet or two, and throv/n off a wig, which difguifed him, he immediately appeared in public, and remained altogether unfufpecced. Some years after, Sharpe remarked one, who feemed to and being ftill anxious left eye him very eagerly (li alia nation fliould be renewed, he of an attempt and examined. Two man to be feized the ordered and as he wag goaded piflols were found upon him
; ; ;

be the author of the former at-* promifedj Sharpe that, if he would contemptj
to
fefs

now concluded

CHARLES
lefs his

IL

55

guilt,

punifhment. was fo credulous as to believe him

diately

he fhould be dlfmlfTed without any ^^J^y^^* "^ Mitchel (for the conjefture was juft) ^
;

but y/as imme-

1672-

produced before the council by the faithThe council, having no proof againft iefs primate. him, but hoping to involve the whole body ot covenanters in this odious crime, fvlemnly renewed the promife of pardon, if he would make a full difcovery; and it was a great difappointment to them, when they found, upon his conferfion, that only one perfoUp who was now dead, had been acquainted Mitchel was then carwith his bloody purpofe. ried before a court of judicature, and required to renew his confeflion ^ but being apprehenfive, left, ihough a pardon for life had been promifed him^ other corporal puniHiment might ftiU be inflifted, he refufed compliance, and was fent back to prifon. He was next examined before the council, under pretence of his being concerned in the infurredioiii at Pentland ; and thoi^gh no proof appeared againf]: him, he was put to the queftion^ and, contrary to the mod obvious principles of equity^ was urged He endured the torture with to accufe himfelf.. fingular refolution, and continued obftinate in the
denial of a crime, of which,
it is

believed, he really

was not guilty. Inftead of obtaining his Hberty, he was feni to the Bafs, a very high rock, furrounded by the fea ; at this time converted into a ftate prifon, and ful^ of the unhappy covenanters, He there remained in great mifery, loaded with irons, till the year 1677, when it was refolvc'. by lome new
examples, to fhike a irefli terror into the perfecuted, Mitchel was then but (till obilinate enthufiafts. brought before a court of judicature, and put upon his trial, for an attempt to aiTaifinate an archbifhnp and a privy-counfelior. His former conteilion was pleaded againft him, and was proved by the teiiimony of the duke of Lauderdale, lord commiffioncr,
-

E ^

ior4

56

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

lord Hatton his brother, the earl of Rothes, and Mitchel, befides maintaining the primate himfelf.

CHAP,
^^''^"
567.

was no court of judicature, them was not judicial, aiferted, that he had been engaged to make that The confeffion by a folemn promife of pardon. four privy-cgunfellors denied upon oath that any The prifoner fuch promife had ever been given. then dehred that the council-books might be produced in court ; and even offered a copy of that
that the privy-coimcil

and

that a confeffion before

daLy*s

proceedings

to

be

read

but

the

privy-

had made^ and that oath, no farther proof could be admitted the books of council contained the king's fecrets, which were on no account to be divulged. They were not probably aware, when they fv/ore, that the clerk, having engroffed the promife of pardon in the narrative of Mitchel's confeffion, the whole minute had been figned by the chancellor, and that the proofs of their perjury were by that means Though the prifoner was committed to record. Lauderdale was ilill inclined to parcondemned,
counfellors maintained,
that, after they
;

don him but the unrelenting primate and faid, infifted upon his execution
; ;

rigoroufly
that if af-

faffims

life mufl be exMitchel was accordingly executed at Edinburgh in January 167P. Such a complication of cruelty and treachery fliews the charafter of thofe minifters to whom the king had, at this time, entrufted the government of Scotland. LviuDERD ale's admlniflration, befides the iniquities arifmg from the violence of his temper, and

remained unpuniflied,

his

pofed to perpetual danger.

jeflis

the dill greater iniquities infeparable from all proof perfecution, was attended with other circumfiances, which engaged him in fevere and arbitrary

'

mearures.

A.n abfolute government was to be introduced, which on its commencement is often mt)ffc
' .
.

rigorous

CHARLES
of law
;

11.

57

rigorous ; and tyranny was ftill obliged, for want of C H A p. military power, to cover itfelf under an appearance C-^--^-*^

ward

which rendered it extremely awkmotions, and, by provoking oppofition, extended the violence of its oppreffions.
a fituation
in
its

i6j8.

The

of breaking the
only, as
is

rigours exercifed againlt conventicles, inflead fpirit of the fanatics, had tended
ufual, to render

them more

obftinate, to

increafe the fervour of their zeal, to link

clofcly together,
eftablifhed

and

to inflame

hierarchy.

them more them againft the The commonalty, almoft

every where in the fouth, particularly in theweflern counties, frequented conventicles without referve; and the gentry, though they themielves commonly abftained from thefe illegal places of worlhip, connived at this irregularity in their inferiors. In order to irxtereft the former on the fide of the perfecutors, a bond or contraQ: was, by order of the privy council, tendered to the landlords in the weft, by which they were to engage for the ^ocd behaviour of their tenants ; and in cafe any tenant frequented a conventicle, the landlord was to fubjecl himfelf to the fame fine as could by law be exacted from the
delinquent.
It

was ridiculous
:

to give fanftion to
It

laws by voluntary contrads

was iniquitous to

make one man anfwerable for

It

the conduft of another:

men, who had no-wife

impofe fuch hard conditions upon offended. For thefe reafons, the greater part of the gentry refufed to fign thefe bonds ; and Lauderdale, enraged at this oppofition, endeavoured to break their fpirit by expedients which were ftill more unufual and more arbitrary. The law enacled againft conventicles, had called

was

illegal to

them feminaries of rebellion. This expreffion, which was nothing but a flourifli of rhetoric, Lauderdale and the privy council were willing to underiland in a literal fenfe and becaufe the wdlern counties abounded in conventicles, though otherVJfe in profound p^ace, they pretended that thefe
;

counties

58

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

P.

C H A
167S.

j^^^^,,!^^,,^^.
.

counties were in a ftate of adual war and rebellion^ They made therefore an agreement with fom.e high-

'

land chieftains to call out their clanSj to the number of 8000 men ; To thefe they joined the guards, and the militia of Angus : And they fent the whole to live at free quarters upon the lands of fuch as had refufed the bonds illegally required of them. The obnoxious counties were the nioft populous and mod i,nduilrious in Scotland. The highlanders were the people the moft dlforderly and the lead civilized. It is eafy to imagine the havoc and deilrudtion multitude, not accullomed to which enfued. difcipline, averfe to the reilraint of laws, trained up in rapine and violence, w-ere let loofe amidil thofe whom they were taught to regard ^s enemies to their Nothing efcaped their prince and to their religion. By hands menaces, by violence, and avenous f fometimes by tortures, men were obliged to difNeither age, nor cover their concealed wealth. fex, nor innocence, afforded prc-te<5lion : And the gentry, finding that even thofe who had been mod compliant, and who had fubfcribed the bonds, were equally expofed to the rapacity of thofe barbarians, confirmed themfelves (till more in the refoThe voice of the nation lution of refufing them. was raifed againit this enormous outrage j and after two months free quarter, the highlanders were fent back to their hills, loaded with the fpoils and execrations of the wed. Those who had been engaged to fubfcribe the bonds, coul4 find no fecurity but by turning out fuch tenants as they fufpcded of an inclination tp conventicles, and thereby depopulating their eftates. To increafe the mifery of thefe unhappy farmers, the council enafted, that none fhould be received any where, or allowed a habitation, who brought not a certificate of his conformity from the parifh-. That the obftinate and refradory might minider. apt efcape farther perfecutlon, a new, device was

falleii

CHARLES

IL

59

By the Uv/ of Scotland, any man, fallen upon. vjho fliould go before a magiftrate, and fwear that he thought himfelf in danger from another, might obtain a writ of law-hiirrovjs^ as it is called j by which the latter was bound, under the penalty ol" imprifonment and outlawry, to find fecurity for his good behaviour. Lauderdale entertained the abfurd notion of making the king fue out writs of lawburrows againfl his fubjefts. On this pretence, the refufers of the bonds were fummoned to appear before the council, and were required to bind themfelves, under the penalty of two years' rent, neither to frequent conventicles themfelves, nor allow their family and tenants to be prefent at thofe unlawful aifembiies. Thus chicanery was joined to tyranny ; and the majefty of the king, inltead of being exalted, was in reality proftituted j as if he were obliged to feek the fame fecurity, which one neighbour might require of another. It was an old law, but feldom executed, that a man, who was accufed of any crime, and did not appear, in order to ftand his trial, might be iiitercommimed^ that is, he might be publicly outlawed ; and whoever afterwards, either on account of bufinefs, relation,

^,^^//'
^

1678

nay charity, had the

leaft

intercourfe

with him, was fubjeftcd to the fame penalties as could by law be inflided on the criminal himfelf. Several writs of intercommuning were now ilfued againfl the hearers and preachers in conventicles ; and by this fevere and even abfurd law, crimes and guilt went on multiplying in a geometrical proportion. V7here laws themfelves cire fo violent, it is no wonder that an adminiflration fhould be
tyrannical.

JjEst the cry of an opprefTed people fhould reach the throne, the council forbad, under fevere penalties, all noblemen or gentlemen of landed property
to leave the

kingdom

fevere edift, efpecially

V/here the fovereign

himfelf

refided in a foieign

country.

6o

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

_

CHAP,
LXVi.

this ad of councils afterwards Hamilton and T\veddale went to London, and laid their complaints before Thefe violent proceedings of Lauderdale the king. were oppofite to the natural temper of Charles ; and he immediately iflued orders for difcontinuing the bonds and the writs of law-burrows. But as he was commonly little touched with what lay at a diftance, lie entertained not the proper indignation againfl

country.

Notv/ithflanding

Caffils firft,

who had abufed his authority : Even while he retraced thefe oppreffive meafures, he was prevailed with to avow and praife them, in a letter which he This proof of conwrote to the privy council. fidence might fortify the hands of the miniftry ; but the king ran a manifeft rifque of loling the affections of his fubjecls, by not permitting, even thofe who were defirous of it, to diftinguifh between hini
thofe

and their oppreffors. It is reported ', that Charles,

of
^' **

*'
*'

after a full hearing concerning Scottifh affairs, faid, I perceive, that Lauderdale has been guilty of many bad things againft the people of Scodand ; but I ci?nnot find that he has acted any thing

the debates

fentiment unworthy contrary to my intereil :" of a fovereign During the abfence of Hamilton and the other difcontented lords, the king allowed Lauderdale to

fummon

a convention of eftates at Edinburgh.

befides granting
all

This

affembly,

applaufe on

fome money, beftowed Lauderdale's adminiflration, and in

their addrelTes to the

king exprelfed vhe higheil contentment and fatisfadion. But thde inftances of
complaifance had the contrary c&cd: in England from what was expefted by the contrivers of them.

All

men

there concluded, that in Scotland the very

and that, Vv^as totally fuppreffed ; py the prevalence of tyranny, grievances were fq
voice of liberty
*

Burneto
irivettedj

C
rh'etted, that
it

H A RL

IL

^f

was become dangerous even to men-

chap"-_
,

alone was able to redrefs them. From the flavery of the neighbouring kingdom, they inferred the arbitrary Jifpofition of the king ; and from the violence with which fovereign power was there exercifed, they apprehended the miferies which might enfue to If perfecuthemfelves upon their lofs of liberty. tion, it was afked, by a proteftant church could be carried to fuch extremes, what might be dreaded from the prevalence of popery, which had ever, in all ages, made open profeffion of exterminating by fire and fvvord every oppofite fed or communion f And if the firfl approaches towards unlimited authority were fo tyrannical, how difmal its final eifablifliment ; when all dread of oppofition Ihould at lafl be removed by mercenary armies, and ail
ienfe of Iharae

tion them, or complain to the prince,

who

-'

j67g.

by long and inveterate habit

HISTORY Of GREAT

BRITAl>r,

C
^he
popifo plot

HA

P.

LXVIL
mid

Oates's

narrati'^je-

chd"-

Cokmayis letters Godfrey's ?mirder "General conjiernation The parliament Xeal of the parliament Bedlce's narrative Jlccufalion of Danby His impeachment'
racier

"

'

Dijfolution of the long parliament

-

Its

charad:er
Neii)

Trial

of

Coleman
of

Of

Ireland

eledions

Duke

retires to Brifffels

impeachment

Duke of Tork Ps'ezu parliament Danlys

Monmouth

Popiflo plot

I^ew

council

Limitations on a pojnfn fuccejfor Bill of excluHabeas corpus billProrogation and Jion

difijlution of the

of the five jefuifs

parliament Trial and execution JVakc^ ylnd of Langhorne

'

man

acquittedState of affairs in Scotlan d Battle of Bothivel'bridge.

CHAP. rX^HE Englifli nation, ever fince the fatal league LXVII. J with France, had entertained violent jealoufies
*^.g^
the court ; and the fubfequent meafures adopted by the king, had tended more to increafe than cure the general prejudices. Some myflerious defign was frill fufpeded in every enterprife and profefiion Arbitrary power and popery were appreagainft
:

hended

as the fcope

ol" all

projects

Each breath or
:

rumour made

the people Hart with anxiety

Their

enemies, they thought, were in their very bofom, and had gotten poucflion of their fovereign's confidence. difpoVi'^hile in this timorous, jealous fion, the cry oi 2. plot ai! on a fuddeii (truck their
ears:

C
cars
:

H A R L

II.

63
;

They were wakened from their {lumber and like men affrightened and in the dark, took every The terror of each man. befigure for a fpedre.
the fource of terror to another.

*^t

x\7i^'
i6;8.

v^^^..^,,.,^,

an unicame argument, reafon and diffufed, verfal panic being and common fenfe and common humanity, !ofl all From this difpofition of influence over them. for the progrefs of account men's minds we are to giv^n to it ; an The pocredit the the POPISH PLOT, and prodigious P'^ P^*'^' wife other .appear event, which would and altogether inexplicable. On the 12th of Auguft, one Kirby, a chemift, accofted the king^ as he was walking in the park *' Sir/' faid he, " keep within the company Your *' enemies have a defign upon your life you and ; " may be fhot in this very v/alk." Being afked the reafon of thefe ilrange fpeeches, he faid, that tv/o men, called Grove and Pickering, had engaged to
:

And

Ihoot

the king,

and

fir

George Wakemani,
This

the

queen's phyfician, to poifon him. gence, he addedj had been communicated to him by do6lor Tongue ; whom, if permitted, he would Tongue was a divine of introduce to his majelly. the church of England 5 a man aftive, reftlefs, full of projects, void of underflanding. He brought papers to the king, which contained information of
intelli-

a plot, and were digelled into forly-three articles. The king, not having leifure to perufe them, fent them to the treafurer, Danby, and ordered the two informers to lay the bufmefs before that minifter.

Tongue

confeiTed to

Danby,

that he himfelf

had

not drawn the papers, that they had been fecretly thrufl: under his door, and that, though he fufpeded, he did not certainly know, who was the author. After a few days, he returned, and told the treafurer, that his fufpicions, he found, werejuft; and that the author of the intelligence, whom he had met twice or thrice in the ftreet, had acknowiedged 4

64

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

CHAP. ledged the whole matter, and had given him a more J^^^!^^^ particular account of the confpiracy, but defired t;hat his name might be concealed, being appresSy-S'. henlive left the papifts fhould m^urder him.
The information was renewed with regfard to Grove's and Pickering's intentiofis of {hooting the king ; and Tongue even pretended, that, at a particular time, they were to fet out for Windfor with Orders were given for arrefting that intention. them, as foon as they fhould appear in that place But though this alarm was more than once renewed, fome frivolous reafons were ftill found by Tongue And the king for their having dekyed the journey. concluded, both from thefe evafions, and from the myfterious, artificial manner of communicating the intelligence, that the whole was an impofture. Tongue came next to the treafurer, and told him, that a pacquet of letters, written by jefuits concerned in the plot, was that night to be put into the poft-houfe for Windfor, diredted to Bennifield, a jefult, confeiTor to the duke. When this intelligence was conveyed to the king, he replied, that the pacquet mentioned had a few hours before been brought to the duke by Benniheld ; who faid, that he fufpeded fome bad defign upon him, that the letters feemed to contain matters of a dangerous import, and that he knew them not to be the handwriting of the perfons whofe names were fubfcribed This incident ftill further confirmed the to them. his incredulity. king in matter had probably fleeped for ever, had it The anxiety of the duke ; who, hearing the been for not and even his own confeffor, jefuits, and priefts that had been accufed, was defirous that a thorough inquiry fliould be made by the council into the preKirby and Tongue were intended confpiracy. quired after, and were now found to be living in
ciofe conneiSiioa with Titus Oates, the perfon

who
was

CHARLES
;

IL

65

was faid to have conveyed the firfh Intelligence to C H A P. Tongue. Oates affirmed, that he had fallen under ^^^^.^ that he had received 167S. fufpicion with the Jefuits three blows v/ith a ftick, and a box on the ear from
fpiracy

the provincial of that order, for revealing their conAnd that, over-hearing them fpeak of
:

to puniih him more feverely, he had withdrawn, and concealed himfelf. This man, in whofe bread was lodged a fecret, Involving the fate of kings and kingdoms^ was allowed to remain in fuch neceility, that Kir by was obliged to fupply and it was a joyful furprife him with daily bread to him, v/hen he heard that the council was at lajfl difpofed to take fome notice of his intelligence. But as he expefted more encouragement from the public, than from the king or his minifters, he thought proper, before he was prefented to the council, to go with his two companions to fir Edmondfbury Godfrey, a noted a^id a6live juflice of peace, and to give evidence before him of all the articles of the
their intentions
;

confpiracy.

wonderfid intelligence, which Oates conveyed both to Godfrey and the council, and afterwards to the parliament, was to this purpofe'". The pope, he faid, on examining the matter in the congregation de Jiropaganda^ had found himfelf entitled to the polleffion of England and Ireland on account of the herefy of prince and people, and had accordingly ailumed-the fovercignty of thefe kingdoms. This fupreme power he had thought proper to delegate to the fociety of Jefuits ; and de Oliva, general of that order, in confequence of the papal
grant, had exerted every aft of regal authority, and particularly had fupplied, by commiffions under the
feal of the fociety, all the chief offices,

The

Oates's
"^^'^'^''^^

both

civil

and

military.

Lord Arundel was

fir

created chancellor,

lord Fowls treafurer,

'"

William Godolphin privy

Oates's narrative.

Vol. VIII.

feal.

6^
*^i.^/^^- leal,

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Coleman fecretary ot ilate, Langhorne attorney Lord Bellafis general of the papal army,
;

^_..l^-,.j general.
i'57S.

lord Peters lieutenant general, lord Stafford paymafter and inferior commiffions, figned by the provincial of the Jefuits, \Vere diftributed all over England. All the dignities too of the church were filled,, and many of them with Spaniards and other foreigners The provincial had held a confu't of the Jefuits under his authority where the king, whom they opprobrioully called the Black Baftard, was folemnly tried and condemned as a heretic and a refolution taken to put him to death. Father le Shee (for fo this great plotter and informer called father la Chaife, the noted confellbr of the French king) had configned in London ten thoufan'd pounds to be paid to any man who fhould merit it by this aflfailiRation. Spanifh provincial had expreffed The prior of the Benedictines was like liberality willing to go the length of fix thoufand The Dominicans approved of the action ; but pleaded poverty. Ten thoufand pounds had been offered tb iir George Wakeman, the queen's phyfician, who demanded fifteen thoufand, as a reward for fo grejit and Llis demaiid was complied with ; a, fervice Leil iive thoufand had been paid him by advance. this means fliould fail, four Irifli ruffians had beeh hired by the Jefuits, at the rate of twenty guineas a-piece, to flub the king at Windfor ; and Coleman, fecretary to the late dutchefs of York, had given the mxefrenger, who carried them orders, a Grove and Picket;C;uinea to quicken his diligence. ing were alio employed to flioot the king with filver The forniL was to receive the fum of bullets fifteen hundred pounds ; the latter, being a pioiis man, was to be rewarded with thirty thoufand iiialTes, which, eftimating mafles at a fiiilling a-piec&, Amounted to a like value. Pickering would have executed his purpofe, had not the fiint at one time dropped out of his piflol, at another time the prim; ;

ing.

C H A R L E
ing.

11.

67
at

Comers, the

Jefuit,

had bought a knife

chap.
^^^^^,^
j^^^^.

the price of ten iOliillings, which he thought was not dearj confidering the purpofe for which he intended
it,

to wit,

dabbing the king.

Letters of fubfcrip-

tion were circulated

England
lefs

to raife a

among the catholics all over fum for the fame purpofe. No

than

White- horfe
agreed to
into

had met in May laft, at the where it was unanimoufly This fynod did put the king to death.
fifty Jefuits

tavern,

afterwards, for

more convenience, divide themfelves cabals or companies ; and Oates was employed to carry notes and letters from one

many

lefler

to another, all tending to the fame end, of marderHe even carried from one company ing the king. to another, a paper, in which they formally exprelfed their refolution of executing that deed; and it was wager of a regularly fubfcribed by all of them. hundred pounds was laid, and ftakes made, that the king fhould eat no more Chridmas pyes. In fliort, it was determined, to ufe the exprefiion of a jefuit, that if he would not become R. C. (Roman Catholic) he fhould no longer be C. R. (Charles Rex). The great fire of London had been the work of the Jefuits who had employed eighty or eighty- fix perfons for that purpofe, and had expended feven hundred fire-balls ; but they had a good return for their money, for they had been able to pilfer goods from the fire to the amount of fourteen thoufand pounds The Jefuits had alfo raifed another fire on St. Margaret's Hill, whence they had flolen goods to the value of two thoufand

pounds Another at Southwark And it was determined in like manner to burn all the chief cities in England. A paper model was already framed for the firing of London ; the ftations were regularly marked out, where the feveral fires were to commence and the whole plan of operations was fo concerted, that precautions were taken by the Jefuits
:
:

to vary their meafures, according to the variation of

the

68

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

the wind.
Fire-balls

CHAP,
^^^^....^^^^^^^

them Teuxbury muflard

were familiarly called among pils and were faid to

;

167?,

contain a notable biting faiice

In the great
;

fire,

it

had been determined to murder the king had difplayed fuch diligence and humanity
guifliing the flames,

but he

in extin-

that

even the Jefuits relented,

his life. Befides thefe aflaffir.ations and infurredions, rebellions, and maffacres, were projefted by that re igious order in all the three
fires
;

and fpared

kingdoms.
in
;

There were twenty thouiand catholics London, who would rife in four-and-twenty hours or lefs and Jennifon, a Jefuit, faid, that they might eafily cut the throats of a hundred thoufand

Eight thoufand catholics had agreed to Ormond was to be mura general maffacre of the Irifh proteftants was concerted ; and forty thoufand black bills were already provided for that purpofe. Coleman had remitted two hundred thoufand pounds
protelf ants.

take arms in Scotland. dered by four Jefuits ;

to promote the rebellion in Ireland and the French king was to land a great army in that ifland. Poole, who wrote the Synopfis, was particularly marked out for aflaffination ; as was alio Dr. Stillingfleet, a controverfial writer againft the papifls. Burnet tells us, that Gates paid him the fame compliment. After all this havoc, the crown was to be offered to the duke, but on the following conditions ; that he receive it as a gift from the pope ; that he confirm all the papal commillions for offices and employments ; that he ratify all pad tranfaftions, by pardoning the incendiaries, and the murdei'ers of his brother and of the people ; and that he" confent to
;

the utter extirpation of the proteftiuit religion.

If

he refufe thefe conditions,

miijl

he himfelf was imme-

diately to be poifoned or affaffinated.

To pot Jajnes

go

according to the expreffion afcribed by

the informer of this dreadful
plot,

Gates

to the Jefuits.

Gates,
himfelf the

was
the

molt infamous of mankind.

He was

CHARLES

II.

69

the fon of an anabaptifl preacher, chaplain to colonel Pride ; but having taken orders in the church, he had been fettled in a fmall living by the duke of Norfolk. He had been indided for perjury ; and by fome means had efcaped. He was afterwards a whence he had been chaplain on board the fleet difmfled on complaint of fome unnatural practices, He then became a convert to not fit to be named. the catholics ; but he afterwards boafted, that his converfion was a mere pretence, in order to gee
;

chap.
LXVII.
j^.g^

into their fecrets

and

to betray

fent over to the Jefuits* college at St.

them ". He was Omers, and

though above thirty years of age. he there lived fome time among the lludents. He was difpatched and thence returned to on an errand to Spain where the Jefuits, heartily tired of their St. Omers convert, at lail difmiifed him from their feminary. It is likely^, that, from refentment of this ufage, as well as from want and indigence, he was induced, in combination with Tongue, to contrive that plot of which he accufed the catholics. This abandoned man, when examined before the council, betrayed his impoftures in fuch a manner, as would have utterly difcredited the mod confident ftory, and the mod reputable evidence. While in Spain, he had been carried, he faid, to don John,
; ;

promifed great affiftance to the execution of the The king aflved him, what fort of a man don John was He anfwered, a tall lean man ; directly contrary to truth, as the king well knew " He totally miftook the fituation of the Jefuits' college at Paris p. Though he pretended great intimacies with Coleman, he knew him not, .when placed very near him ; and had no other excufe than that his fight was bad in candle-light \ He fell into like miftakes with regard to Wakeman.
catholic deilgns.
:

who

Burnet, P I^'orth.

Echard, North, L"Efttang;c,

4 Buroe.-,

Sec.

Burnet, Nortfu

North, Trials.

Not-

73

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Notwithstanding
thefe objections, great atteir

CHAP,

1 J^*. tlon was paid to Gates's evidence, and the plot became very foon the fubjeO: of converfation, and 36/8.

even the cbjet of terror to the people. The violent animofity, which had been excited againft the catholics in

general,

abfurdities

made the public fwallow the grofieft when they accompanied an accufation of

And the more diabolical any con: trivance appeared, the better it fuited the tremendous idea entertained of a Jefuit. Danby likewife, who
thofe religionifts
tereft at court,

flood in oppofition to the French and catholic inwas willing to encourage every ftory,

which might
fuggeflion,

ferve to difcredit

that

party.

By

his

when

a warrant

was figned

for arrefling

Coleman, there was inferted a claufe for feizing his papers ; a circumflance attended with the moil important confequences.
Coleman's
ktlcrs.

CoLEMAN, partly cn his own account, partly by orders from the duke, had been engaged in a correfpondence with father la Chaife, with the pope's nuncio at Bruffels, and with other catholics abrr^.d ; snd being himfelf a fiery zealot, bufy and fanguine,
violence

the expreflions in his letters often betrayed great and indifcretion. His correfpondence, during the years 1674, 1675, and part of 1676, was
feized,

and contained many extraordinary paffages. In particular he faid to la Chaife, " have here a mighty work upon our hands, no lefs than the converfion of three kingdoms, and by that perif haps the utter fubduing of a peftilent herefy, " which has a long time domineered over a great " part of this northern world. There were never *' Inch hopes of fuccefs, fmce the days of queen *' Mary, as now in our days. God has given us a " prince," meaning the duke, " who is become " (may I fay a miracle) zealous of being the author ^' and inftrument of fo glorious a vv^ork ; but the

We

^'
'

oppofition
J3.e

we
So

are fure to meet with that

it

is

alfo like to
ail

great

imports us to get

the aid

" and

CHARLES
^^

IL

yi

we can." In another letter he c n A Pcan fcarce believe myfelf awake, or the ^^_^ " thing real, when I think of a prince in fuch an 15^3, *' age as we live in, converted to fuch a degree of zeal and piety, as not to regard any thing in the tc worli in comparifon of God Almighty's glory, the falvation of hjs own foul, and the conyerfion a of our poor kingdom.'* In other paffages the interefts of the crown of England, thofe of the French king, and thofe of the catholic religion, are The duke is alio faid to fpoken of as infeparable. have connefted his interefts unalterably with thofe of Lewis. The king himfelf, he affirms, is always inclined to favour the catholics, when he may do it *' Money," Coleman adds, " canwithout hazard. " not fail of perfuadinii the kincr to anv thin?, r o o > '' There is nothing it cannot make him do, were it ^' ever fo much It has fuch an to his prejudice. ^' abfolute power over him, that he cannot refifl it. '^ I^ogic, bulk upon money, has in our court more *' powerful charms than any other fnt of argu" ment." For thefe reafons, he propofed to father la Chaife, that the French king fhoald remit the fum of 200,000 pounds, on condition that the parliament be diffolved a meaf^a-e to which, he affirmed, the king was, of himfelf, fufliciently in clined, were it not for his hopes of obtaining money from that afiembly. The parliament, he faid, had already conftrained the king to make peace with Holland, contrary to the intsreffs of the catholic religion, and of his mofl chriflian majefty And if tliey fhould meet again, they would furely engage him farther, even to tlie making of war againfl France. It appears alfo from the lame letters, that the affembling of the parliament fo late as April in the year 1675, ^^^ been procured by the intrigues of the catholic and French party, who thereby intended to fhow the Dutch and their confede
aiid_ aiTidance
'' I

fa'id,

'

i-j

F 4

rates.

n2

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

P.

c H A
1678.

rates,

that they could expect

no alnllance from

s^^j

England.

When

known, they
popifli plot.

the contents of thefe letters were publicly diffuled the panic, with which the

nation began already to be feized on account of the Men reafoned more from their fears and their paflions than from the evidence before

them.

It

is

certain,

that

prifing fpirit of the catholic church,

the reftlefs and enterparticularly of

the Jefuits, merits attention, and is, in fome degree, Such zeal dangerous to every other communion.

of profelytirm actuates that feci, that it? mifilonaries have penetrated into every nation of the globe ; and, in one fenfe, there is a popijh plot perpetually carrying*- on againil all dates, proteflanr, pagan, and
that Ic is likewife very probable, the converfion of the duke, and the favour of the king, had infpired the catholic priefts with new

mahometan.

hopes of recovering in thefe iflands their loft dominion, and gave frefh vigour to that intemperate they are conrmonly aftuated. zeal by which Their firft aim was to obtain a toleration ; and fuch was the evidence, they believed, of their theological tenets, that, could they but procure entire liberty, they muft infallibly in time open the eyes of After they had converted confiderable the people. numbers, they might be enabled, they hoped, to reinftate themfelvts in- full authority, and entirely to fupprefs that heref^/, with which the kingdom Though thefe danhad fo long been aiTeded. diftant, it was were religion gers to the proteftant concern to find that great juftly the objeft of bigotry, fo blinded with was crown the heir of the and that in foreign interefts engaged ; and fo deeply from low on, had been prevailed the king himfelf infmuations. his dangerous hearken to interefls, to Very bad confequences might enfue from fuch peryerfe habits and attachments , nor could the nation.

and

H A R L E

11.

73

and parliament guard againfl them with too anxious a precaution. But that the Roman pontiff could hope to aflfume the fovereignty of thefe kingdoms ; a
proje6t which, even during

chap.
^^^^lli
.^jg.

of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, would have appeared chimerical That he fhould delegate this authority to the Jefuits ; that order in the Romifh church, which was the mod hated That a maffacre could be attempted of the protellants, who furpalfcd the catholics a hundred fold, and were inverted with the whole authority of the ftate That the king himfelf was to be affalfmated, and even the duke, the only fupport of their party : Thefe were fuch abfurdities as no human teftimony was fufficient to prove much iefs the evidence of one man, who was noted for infamy, and who could not keep himfelf every mothe darknefs
: : :

ment from falling into the groffeft inconfiitencies. Did fuch intelligence deferve even fo much attention as to be refuted, it would appear, that Coleman's
credit.

were fufficient alone to deflroy all its Far how could fo long a train of correfpondence be carried on, by a m^an fo much trufted by the party and yet no traces of infurreftions, if
letters
;

really intended, of fires, maffacres, alfaffinations, in-

vafions, be ever difcoverel in any fingle palfage of

letters ? But all fuch reflections, and many more, equally obvious, were vainly employed againft that general prepoffeflion with which the nation was feized. Oateb's plot and Coleman's were univerfally confounded together And the evidence of the lat-

thefe

ter being unqueftionable, the belief of the former,

aided by the paffions of hatred and of terror, took poffelhon of the whole people.

There was danger, however, left time might open the eyes of the public when the murder of Godfrey completed the general deiulion, ?.nd ren;

i^th OSt.
*

^^"^l''*^.^^ mi.uucr,

dered the prejudices of the nation abfolutely incurrable. This magiftrate had been milling fome days ;

md after

much

fearch,

and many furmifes,

his

body was

74
LXVII.
^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Ij-ingin a ditch atPrimrofe-hill:

c HAP. was found

j67-

Thernarks

of (Irangling were thought to appear about his neck, and feme contufirns on his breaft His own fword was flicking in the body ; but as no confiderable
:

quantity of blood enfued on drawing

cluded, that
it

it, it was conhad been thruft in after his deatfi, and that he had not killed himfelf He had rings on his fingers, and money in his pocket It was therefore inferred, that he had not fallen into the hands of robbers. Without farther reafoning, the, cry rofe, that he had been aiTaiTinated by the papiftsj, on account of his takine Oates's evidence. This clamour was quickly propagated, and met with uniThe panic fpread itfelf on every fide verfal belief. and all men, afiionifhed with with infmite rapidity fear, and animated v/ith rage, faw in Godfrey's fate
:
:

all

the horrible defigns afcribed to the catholics

and no farther doubts remained of Oates's

veracity.

The
feft
;

voice of the nation united againft that hated

-

General
confterna

and notwithftanding that the bloody confpi racy was fuppofed to be now detected men could fcarcely be perfuaded that th'^ir lives were yet in Each hour teemed with new rumours and fafcty. Invafions from abroad, infurrections at furmifes. home, even private murders and poifonings, were apprehended. To deny th^ reality of the plot was To hefitate was criminal accomplice to be an Churchman, Seftary CourRepublican Royalifl, in the illufiono parties concurred all tier, Patriot ;
: ; :

The
were

city

prepared for
:

its

defence, as

if

the

enemy
:

at its gates
it

The

chains and pofts were put up

at that time of fir

And

was a noted faying

Thomas

Player, the chamberlain, that, were it not for thefe precautions, all the citizens might rife next morning

with their throats cut'. In order to propagate the popular frenzy, feveral The dead body of Godartifices were employed.
^

Korthj

p. io6.

C H A R L E
titudes.
It

II.

75

by vaft mul- CHAP, was publicly expofed in the itreets, and J^^^^^L; viewed by all ranks of men; and every one, who 1678. faw it, went away inflamed, as well by the mutual contagion of fentiments, as by the difmal fpedacle The funeral pomp was celebrated with great itfelf. The corpfe was condudled through the parade. chief ftreets of the city: Seventy-two clergymen marched before Above a thoufand perfons of diffrey was carried into the city, attended
:

tinftion followed after

And

at the funeral

fermon,

two able-bodied

divines

mounted the

pulpit,

and

payings the laft duties to this unhappy magiflrate, he fhould, before the whole people, be murdered by the paleft, in

flood on each fide of the preacher,

pifts

^
this di{|3orKlon

of the nation, reafon could no a whifper in the midft of the mofl: violent hurricane. Even at prefent, Godfrey's murder can fcarcely, upon any fyilem, be rationally accounted for. That he was affaffinated by the Thefe relifeems catholics, utterly improbable. gionifts could not be engaged to commit that crime from policy, in order to deter other magiftrates from afting againft them. Godfrey's fate was no-wife capable of producing that effect, unlefs it were pub-

In

more be heard than

licly

known,

that the catholics

it

were

his

an opinion v/hich,
ftrates,

was

eafy to forefee, muii:

the ruin of their party.

Befides,

how

murderers ; prove many magi-

during more than a century, had afted in the mofl violent manner againfl the catholics, with-

out

^cut off

being ever fufpefted that any one had been by affaflination ? Such jealous times as the prefent were furely ill-fitted for beginning thefe dangerous experiments. Shall we therefore fay, that the cathohcs were pufhed on, not by policy, but
its

|}.ad

by blind revenge againft Godfrey ? But Godfrey given them little or no occafion of oifence in
*

North, p. 205.

taking

76

'

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

taking Oates's evidence. His part was merely an Qf form, belonging to his office ; nor could he or any man in his ftation, poffibly refufe it. In the reft of his condudt, he lived on good terms with the catholics, and was far from diflinguifhing him-

CHAP,
LXVJi
,678.

^^

felf

by

his feverity againft that fect

It is

even cer-

tain that he

had contracted an intimacy with Cole-

man, and took care to inform his friend of the danger to which, by reafon of Oates's evidence, he was at prefent expofed. There are fome writers, who, finding it impoffible to account for Godfrey's murder by the machinations of the catholics, have recourfe to the oppofite fuppofition. They lay hold of that obvious prefumption, that thofc commit the crime who reap advantage by it ; and they affirm that it was Shaftefbury, and the heads of the popular party, who perpetrated that deed, in order to throw the odium of it on the papifts. If this fuppofition be received, it muft alfo be admitted, that the whole plot was the contrivance of thofe politicians ; and that Gates a6ted altogether under their diredion. But it appears that Gates, dreading probably the oppofition of pov/erful enemies, had very anxioufly acquitted the duke, Danby, Grmond, and all the miniftry ; pcrfons

who were

certainly the

moft obnoxious to the

popular leaders.
plot contains
to have

Befides, the whole texture of the

fuchlow abfurdity, that it is impoffible been the invention of any man of fenfe or It is true, the more monftrous and horeducation. rible the confpiracy, the better was it fitted to terBut rify, and thence to convince, the populace this effed:, we may fafely fay, no one could beforehand have expefted and a fool was in this cafe more Had Shafteflikely to fucceed than a wife man. bury laid the plan of a popiih confpiracy, he had probably rendered it moderate, confiilent, credible; and on that very account had never met with th?
: ;

prodi*

H A R

L E S

II,

77

prpdigious fuccefs, with which Oates's tremendous c h a p. Lxvii. fiftions were attended. muft, therefore, be contented to remain for j^g ever ignorant of the actors in Godfrey's marder ; and

We

lihood, had
giftrate as

onlypronounce in general, that that event, in all likeno connexion, one way or other, with'

the popifh plot.

Any man

efpecially fo aftive a
in fuch a city as

Godfrey might,

maLondon,
;

have many enemies, of whom his friends and family had no fufpicion. He was a melancholy man and there is feme reafon, notv/ithftaiiding the pretended
appearances to the contrary, to fufpeft that he fell his own hands. The aifair was never examined with tranquillity, or even with common fenfe, during aiid it is impoffiblefor us, at this diftance, the time certainly to account for it. No one doubted but the papifls had affaffinated Godfrey; but ftill the particular actors were unknown. proclamation was iffued by the king, offering a pardon and a reward of five hundred pounds to any

by

one who iliould difcover them,. As it was afterwards furmifed, that the terror of a like aiTaflination would prevent difcovery, a new proclamation was iffued, promifm.g abfolute protection to any one who Thus were indemnity, fhould reveal the fecret. money, and fecurity offered to the fairefl bidder : And no one needed to fear, during the prefent fury of the people, that his evidence would undergo too
fevere a fcrutiny.

While the nation was in this ferment, theparliament was affembled. In his fpeech the kino- told them, that, though they had given money for difbanding the army % he had found Flanders fo expofed, that he had thought it neceffary (lill to keep th^m on foot, and doubted not but this meafure would meet with their approbation. He informed
^ They h,id granted him 6oo,oooponnds ford!fb.;ndin<:- the army, for reimburfing the charges of his naval avmameiit, and ibr payiiiij the princefs of Orange's portion.

ixfioa.
.T^*' P'""'

them.

78

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

revenue lay under great antlcipatioiiSj was never equal to the conftant and neas would appear cellary expence of government il-om the Hate of it, which he intended to lay before them, lie alfo mentioned the plot, formed againll his life by Jefuits ; but faid, that he ivould forbear delivering any opinion of the matter, led he fhould feem to fay too much or tod little and that he would leave the fcrutiny of it entirely to the law. The king was anxious to keep the queftion of the where, he fufpopifli plot from the parliament people would very much pefted, many defigning

CHAP,
^^^'^^^^

them, that

his

and

at beft

of the nation : But Danbyj who hated the catholics, and courted popularity, and perhaps hoped that the king, if his life were believed in danger from the Jefuits, would be more cordially loved by the nation, had entertained opnofite defigns ; and the very firft day of the feffion, he opened the matter in the houfe of The king was extremely difpleafed with this peers.

abufe

the

prefent

credulity

temerity, and

toid his
it,

minifter,
will

" do not
''
'"^

believe
to

you
all

find, that

" Though you you have

;

given the parlianien;: a handle to ruin yourfelf, as

v/ell

as

diiturb
to

my

affairs

and you

will

*'

furely live to repent it."

Danby had
the

afterv/ards

fufficient reafon

applaud

fagacity

of his

mailer,
:eal

of

the parlia

mcnt.

cry of die plot v/as immediately echoed The authority of to the other. parliament gave fanclion to that fury, with which An addrefs was. the people Vi'ere already agitated. form of prayer was convoted for a folemn fail: trived for that folemnity ; and becaufe the popiih

The

from cue houfc

"

plot

carefully ordered to be
hiilorian
.

draught, it was omnifciencc ftould want intelligence, to ufe the v/ords of an

had been omitted

in

the

firil
,

infertcd

left

"

Nortb,

p. 207=

In

 H A R L E

II.

79

In order to continue and propagate the alarm, ad- c h a p, Lxvii, drelTes were voted for laying before the houfe fach ,^.r,^ papers as might difcover the horrible confpiracy ; for the removal of popifh recufants from London ; for adminidering every where the oaths of allegiance and fupremacy for denying accefs at court to all unknown or fufpicious perfons and for appointing the trainbands of London and Weflminfter to be in The lords Powis, Stafford, Arundel, readinefs. Peters, and Bellafis, were committed to the Tower, and were foon after impeached for high treafon.
; ;

And
*'
*"'

both houfes,

after

hearing Gates's evidence,

X^oted,

and commons are of opinion, that there hath been, and fliil is,' a damnable and hellifh plot, contrived and carried on by
lords

" That the

**
^'

the popifli

recufantSj

for aiTairmating the king,

rootincc

for fubverting the

out and deftroying the proteftant religion.*' So vehement were the houfes, that they fat every day, forenoon and afternoon, on the fubjecl of the plot For no other bufmefs could be attended to. committee of lords v/as appointed to examine prifoners and v/icnefles Blank warrants were put into their hands, for the commitment of fuch as fhould be accufcd or fufpeQed. Gates, who, thous^h 'his evidence were true, mud, by his own account, be regarded as an infamous villain, was by every one applauded, carelTed, and called me faviour of the
:

"

government, and for

was recommended by the parliament He was lodged in Whitehall, proteded by guards, and encouraged by a penfion of i2co
nation.
to the king.

He

"pound^ a-year.

It was not long before fuch bountiful encourageforth new witneffes. \i!}iam Bedloe, a man, if pofiible, more infamous than Gates, appeared next upon the If age. He was of very low 'birth, had been noted for feveral cheats and even theftSj had travelled over many parts of Europe under

Bcdloe's
^-^'''-'itive.

ment brought

So

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

feif for a

CHAP,
LXVir.

under borrowed names, and frequently paffed himman of quality, and had endeavoured, by variety of lies and contrivance s to prey upon the a ^"^^J"^ ignorant and unvi^ary. When he appeared before
the council, he gave intelligence of Godfrey's murder only, which he Hiid, had been perpetrated in

Someritt-houtc, where the queen lived, by papifls, fervants in her family. He was queftioned about the plot ; but utterly denied all knowledge of it, and alio aflerted, that he had no Next day, when exaacquaintance with Gates. mined before the committee of Lords, he bethought himfelf better, and was ready to give an ample account of the plot, which he found fo anxioufly inThis narrative he made to tally, as quired into. well as he could, with that of Gates, which had been publiflied But rhat he might make himfelf acceptable by new matter, he added fome other circumliances, and thefe ftill more tremendous and extraordinary. He faid. that ten thoufand men were to be landed from Flanders in Burlington Bay, and immediately to feize Hull That Jcrfey and

feme of them

Guernfey were to be furprifed by forces from Breflj and that a French fleet was, all laft fummer, hoThat the vering in the Channel for that purpofe lords Powis and Peters were to form an army in Radnorfnire, to be joined by another army, confiftine of twenty or thirty thoufand religious men and piigrimSj who were to land at Milford Haven from That there were forty thoufand 8t. laro in Spain men ready in London behdes thofe, who would, on the alarm, be pofled at every alehoufe door, in
:
:

order to
quarters
Treland,

kill
:

the foldiers, as they

lord Staiford,

came out

of their

That

Coleman, and father

had money fuflicient to defray the expences of all thefe armaments That he himfelf was to receive four thoufand pounds, as one that could murder a man j as alfo a commillion from lord
:

Bellafis,

C
Bellafis,

H A R L E

II,

8l
:

and a benedl^llon from the pope That chap, the king was to be aflTaffinated j all the proteftants /^^^^^i^ maflacred, who would not ferioufly be converted; js^g. the government offered to one, if he would confent

it of the church, but if he fhould refufe that condition, as was i'ufpefted, the fupreme authority would be given to certain lords under the nominaIn a fubfequent examination betion of the pope.

to hold

commons, Bedloe added (for thefe men. always brought out their intelligence luccefTively and by piece-meal), that lord Carrington was alfo in the confpiracy for raifmg men and money againft the government ; as was iikewife lord Brudenel. Theie noblemen, with all the other perfons mentioned by Bedloe, were immediately committed to cuftody by the parliament. It is remarkable that the only refource of Spain, in her prefent decayed condition, lay in the affiftance of England, and fo far from being in a fituation to tranfport ten thoufand men for the invafion of that kingdom, flie had folicited and obtained Englifh forces to be fent into the garrifons of Flanders, which were not otherwife able to defend themfelves againft the French. The French too, we may obferve, were at that very time in open war with Spain, and yet are fuppofed to be engaged in, the fame defign againfl England ; as if religious motives were become the fole aduating principle among fovereigns. But none of thefe circumftances, however obvious, were able, when fet in
fore the

oppofition to multiplied horrors,

antipathies,

and
time

prejudices, to engage the lead attention of the po-

pulace

For fuch the whole nation were

at this

become. The popifh plot palled for inconteflable : And had not men foon exped:ed with certainty the legal punifhment of thefe criminals, the catholics had been expofed to the hazard of an univerfal maffacre.

The torrent indeed of national prejudices ran fo high, that no one, without the moH immiVoL. Vlir. nent

82

KISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

durfl; venture openly to oppofe it any one, without great force of judgJ12.Y, ment, could even fecretly entertain an opinion contrary to the prevailing fentiments. The loud and unanimous voice of a great nation has mighty authority over weak minds ; and even later hiflorians are fo fwayed by the concurring judgment of fuch multitudes, that fome of them have efteemed themfelves fufficiently moderate, when they affirmed that many circumftances of the plot were true, though fome were added, and others much magnified. But it is an obvious principle, that a witnefs, who perjures himfelf in one circumftancej is credible in none: And the authority of the plot, even to the end of the profecutions, flood entirely upon witneffes. Though the catholics had been fuddenly and unexpectedly detected, at the very moment when their confpiracy, it is faid, was ripe for execution ; no arms, no ammunition, no money, no commilTions, no papers, no letters, after the moft rigorous fearch, ever were difcovered, to confirm the evidence of Oates and Bedloe. Yet flill the nation, though often fruflrated, went on in the eager purfuit and confident belief of the confpiracy : And even the manifold inconfiftencies and abfurdities, contained in the narratives, inftead of difcouraging them, ferved only as farther incentives to difcover the bottom of the plot, and were confidered as flight objedions, which a more complete information would fully remove. In all hiftory, it will be difficult to find fuch another inflance of popular frenzy and bigotted delufion. In order to fupport the panic among the people,

CHAP,
Lxvii.
jg g

nent danger,

fcarcely

efpecially among the citizens of London, a pamphlet was publifhed with this title, " narrative

and impartial difcovery of the horrid popifli plot, " carried on for burning and deflroying the cities " of London and Weftminfter with their fuburbs j " letting forth the fe^/eral coiifults, orders, and
'^'

f'

refolucions

C H A R L E
^^

IL
:

S$

concerning the fame William Bedioe, lately engaged in ^' that horrid defign^ and one of the popifh com^' Every fire mittee for carrying on fuch fires." which had happened for feveral years pafl:, is there
refolutions of the Jefult^
*'

CHAP.
^"'"Y^Lj
j^^g^

By

captain

afcribed to the machinations of the Jefuits, who purpofed, as Bedloe faid, by fuch attempts, to find an opportunity for the general maifacre of the proteflants ; and in the mean time, were we^ pleafed to enrich themfelves, by pilfering goods from the fire. The king, though he fcrupled not, wherever he could fpeak freely, to throw the highed ridicule on the plot, and on all v/ho believed it ; yet found it neceffary to adopt the popular opinion before the parliament. The torrent, he faw, ran too flrong to be controlled ; and he could only hope, by a feeming compliance, to be able, after fome time, to guide and direft and elude Its fury. He made therefore a fpeech to both houfes ; in which he told them, that he would take the utmoil care of his perfon during thefe times of danger ; that he was as ready as their hearts could wifh, to join with them. in all means for eftabliihing the proteflant religion, not only during his own time, but for all future ages ; and that, provided the right of fucceffion were prefer ved, he would confent to any laws for And in conciufion, reftraining a popifh fucceffor he exhorted them to think of elFesSlual means for the convidion of popifh recufants ; and he highly
:

praifed the duty

and loyalty of

all

his

fubjefls^,

who had
fafecy.

difcovered fuch anxious concern for his

These

gracious exprefTions abated nothing of the

vehemence of parliamentary proceedings. A bill was introduced for a new tell: in which popery was denominated idolatry ; and all members, who refufed this teft, were excluded from both houfes.
,

The

bill pafTed

the

commons

without

much oppofitionj

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

fitlon
;

Chap, T IT
"V \'T

but In

the upper houfe the A

duke moved
tears in his

that an exception might be admitted in his favour.

With
felf

great earneflnefs,

eyes, he told them,

that he

and even vi^ith was now

to cafl him-

on their kindnefs, in the greatefl concern which he could have in the world j and he protefted, that whatever his religion might be, it fhould only be a private thing between God and his own foul, and never fhould appear in his public conduct. Notwithftanding this flrong effort, in fo important a point, he prevailed only by two voices ; a fufficient indication of the general difpofition of the people. *' I would not have,'* faid a noble peer, in the debate on this bill, " fo much as a popifh man or a * popilh woman to remain here not fo much as a ; ** popifh dog or a popiih bitch ; not To much as a *' popifh cat to pur or mew about the king." What is more extraordinary, this fpeech met with praife and approbation.

Encouraged by this general fury, the witneffe? went flill a ftep farther in their accufations and though both Oates and Bedloe had often declared, that there was no other perfon of diftinQ;ion, whom
;

they

knew

to be concerned in the plot, they

now

fo audacious as to accufe the

were queen herfelf of

entering into the defign againft the life of her hufband. The commons, in an addrefs to the king, gave countenance to this fcandalous accufation ; but the lords would not be prevailed with to join in the
addrefs.
fufpeO:
It
is

here,

If

any where, that we may

of the popular leaders to

the fuggeftions

have had place. The king, it was well known, bore no great affedion to his confort ; and now, more than ever, when his brother and heir was fo much hated, had reafon to be defirous of iffue, which might quiet the jealous fears of his people. This very hatred, which prevailed againd the duke, would much facilitate, he knew, any expedient that could be devifed for the exclufion of that prince

and

HAR

L E

11.

85

p. and nothing farther feemed requifite for the king, c than to give way in this particular to the rage and ^^^^.^^.^ But Charles, notwithflanding 1672, fury of the nation. or fafety, all allurements of pleafure, or intereft,

HA

had the generofity

'*

*'

to proteft his injured confort. think," faid he, " I have a mind to a new wife, but for all that, I will not fee an innocent

They

He immediately ordered Oates to be ftridly confined, feized his papers, and difmifled his fervants ; and this daring informer was obliged to make applications to parliament, in order
" woman
abufed
^^.''

to recover his liberty.

During this agitation of men's minds, the parliament gave new attention to the militia ; a circum fiance which, even during times of greateil tranquillity, can never prudently be negleded. They
palled a
bill,

lar militia Ihould be kept in arms, during fix

of the year, fortnight of that time. The popular leaders propably intended to make ufe of the general prejudices, and even to turn the arms of the people againfl the prince ^, But Charles refufed his aflent to the bill, and told the parliament, that he would not, were it for half an hour, part fo far with the power of the fword : ^ut jf they would contrive any other bill for ordering the militia, and ftilj leave it in his power to aflemble or difmifs them as he thought proper, he would willingly give it the royal The commons, diflatisfied with this negaaflent. tive, though the king had never before employed that prerogative, immediately voted that all the new levied forces fhould be dilfcanded. They palTed a bill, granting money for that purpofe ; but to Ihew their extreme jealoufy of the crown, befides appropriating the money by the ftridell claufes, they ordered it to be paid not into the exchequer, but intp ^
^ortli's

was enadled, that a reguweeks and a third part of them do duty every
it

by which

Examen^

p. 186.

* Burnet, vol.
'?

i.

p. 437.

the

86
^LXVIL
3678.
*

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^^^ chamber of London. The lords demurred with regard to fo extraordinary a ciaufe, which threw a violent refieftion on the king's minifters, and even on himfeif, and by that means the ad remained in
fufpenfe.

^^.._^^_,^

tton'^of'

Panby,

^^ ^^^ ^ wonder, that the prefent ferment and engaged men of infamous charader and indigent circmiiitances to become in- formers, when perfons of rank and condition could be tempted to give into that fcandalous pradice. Montague, the king's ambaffador at Paris, had procured a feat in the lower houfe ; and without obtaining or afking the king's leave, he fuddenly came over to England. Charles, fufpefting his intention, ordered his papers to be feized ; but Mont-, ague, who forefaw this meafure, had taken care to fecrete one paper, v/hich he immediately laid before the Houfe of commons. It was a letter
credulity of the nation

from the
ning

treafurer Danby, written in the beginof the year, during the negotiations at Nimeguen for the general peace. Montague was there direded to make a demand of money from France ; or, in other words, the king was willing fecretly to fell his good offices to Lewis, contrary to the general interefls of the confederates, and even to thofe of his own kingdoms. The letter,

"
^'

**
*'

among other particulars, contains thefe words : In cafe the conditions of peace fhall be accepted, the king expeds to have fix millions of livres ayear for three years, from the time that this

agreement Ihall be figned between his majefty and the king of France ; becaufe it will probably "f' be two or three years before the parliament will ^' be in humour to give him any fupplies after the *' making" of any peace with France ; and the am^^ baifador here has always agreed to that fum ; but *5' not for fo long a time.'* Banby was fo unwilling to engage in this negotiation, that the king, to fa^ $isfy him, fubjoined with his own hand thefe words % ^' This
*'

C
'

H A R L

II.

87

is writ by my order, C. R." ^Mont^^"^11^* _ _ ^ revealed this fecret correfpondence, had 1678. even the bafenefs to fell his bafe treachery at a high

This

letter

ague,

who

French monarch \ were inflamed with this intelligence againft Danby \ and carrying their furpicions farther than the truth, they concluded, that the king had all along aded in concert with the French court and that every ftep, which he had taken in conjunction with the allies, had been illufory and deceitful. Defirous of getting to the bottom of fo important a fecret, and being puihed by Danby's numerous enemies, they immediately voted an impeachment of high treafon againft that minifter, and fent up fix articles to the houfe of peers. Thefe articles were. His imThat he had traiteroufly engrolfed to himfelf regal ^^^' power, by giving inftrudions to his majefty's ambalfadors, without the participation of the fecretaries of ftate, or the privy-council That he had traiteroufly endeavoured to fubvert the government, and introduce arbitrary power and to that end had levied and continued an army, contrary to at of parliament : That he had traiteroufly endeavoured to
price to the

The commons

alienate

the affections of his majefty*s fubjeds,

negotiating a difadvantageous peace with France,

procuring

money

for

that purpofe

by and That he was

and had traiteroufly concealed, after he had notice, the late horrid and bloody plot, contrived by the papifts againft his majefty's perfon and government That he had wafted the king's treafure ; and that he had, by indired means, obtained feveral exorbitant grants from the crown.
popiflilyaffefted,
:

It

is

certain

that the treafurer,

in giving

in-

had exceeded the bounds of his office and as the genius of a monarchy, ftriclly limited, requires that the proper minifter fhould be anfv/erable for every abufe of power, the commons, though they here advanced a new pretenfion, might:
ftruQiions to an ambafl'ador,
;

Appendix

to Sir

John Dalrymple's JNIcmoirs.

4.

juftify-

88.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

juflify themfelves
it.

CHAP,

by the

utility,

^_ _^
1678.

But

in other refpeds their charge

ill

and even neceffity of againd Danby

was very

grounded.

That

minifler

made

it

ap-

pear to the houfe of lords, not only that

the informer againft him, had all money-negotiations with France, but that he himfelf was ever extremely averfe to the interefts of that crown, which he efteemed pernicious to his mafler and to his country. The French nation, he faid, had always entertained, as he was certainly informed, the highefl contempt, both of the king's perfon and government. His diligence, he added, in tracing and difcovering thepopifh plot, was generally known ; and if he had common fenfe, not to fay common honefty, he would furely be anxious to preferve the life of a He mafler, by whom he was fo much favoured. had wafted no treafure, becaufe there was no treafure And though he had reafon to be grateful to wade.
for the king's bounty, he
acquifitious than

Montague, along promoted the

others in his

had made more moderate were generally imagined, and than office had often done, even during a

ihorter adminiftration.

The houfe of peers plainly faw, that allowing all the charge of the commons to be true, Danby's crime fell not under the flatute of Edward III. ; and though the words, treajon and traiteronjly^ had been carefully inferted in feveral articles, this appellation could not change the nature of things, or fubjed him to the peThey refufed, therenalties annexed to that crime. fore, to commit Danby upon this irregular charge: The commons infifled on their demand ; and a great conteft was likely to arife, when the king, who had already feen fufficient inftances of the ill-humour of the parliament, thought proper to prorogue them. This 30th Dec, prorogation was foon after followed by a diifolution ; a Diflbiudefperate remedy in the prefent difpofition of the natioo. But the difcafc, it mufl: be owned, the king had lorii,' par lia,iieiit. reafon to efteem defperate. The utmofl rage had been difcovered by the commons, on^account of the popifh
plot J

C
plot
;

HA R
if

L E

II.

89

and

their fury

began already

to point againft
itfelf.
:

CHAP,
,^^^^y^^
jfi^g^

the royal family,

not againft the throne

The

duke had been ftruck at in feveral motions The All fupply had been treafurer had been impeached difagreeable conditions: moft refufed, except on the antipathies were every day mulFears, jealoufies, and though the people were And tiplying in parliament: the king prejudices, with the fame ilrongly infefted cabals, a fet diffolving the prefent hoped, that, by in their more moderate of men might be chofen purfuits, and lefs tainted with the virulence of
:

faction.

Thus came
fitten

to a period a parliament,
this

during the whole courfe of

Its

which had reign, one

itscharac^
^^^'

conclufion was very different from its commencement. Being eleled during the joy and feftivity of the reftoration, it confided almoft entirely of royalifts ; who were difpofed to fupport the crown by all the liberality which the habits of that age would permit. Alarmed by the alliance with France, they gradually withdrew their confidence from the king ; and finding him ftill to perfevere in a foreign intereft, they proceeded to difcover fymptoms of the mofl refra6tory and moH jealous difpofition. The popifh plot pufhed theni beyond all bounds of moderation j and before their dilTolution, they feemed to be treading faft in the footfteps of the lafl long parliament, on whofe conduct they threw at firfl fuch violent blame. In all their variations^, they had ftill followed the opinions and prejudices of the nation ; and ever feemed to be more governed by humour and party-views than by public intereft, and more by public intereft than by any corrupt or private influence.
year excepted.

During the fitting of the parliament, and after its prorogation, and DilTolution, the trials of the pretended criminals were carried on and the courts of
,

judicature, places which,

if

polTible,

ought

ro

be

kept more pure from injuftice than even national

aflemblies

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

CHAP.
LXVII.
1678.

aflemblies themfelves, were ftrongly fnfefted with the fame party-rage and bigoted prejudices. Coleman, the moft obnoxious of the confpirators, was
firfl

Trial of

Coleman.

brought to his

trial.

His
:

letters

againfl him.
feffed,
illegal to

They contained, much indifcretion But

as

were produced he himfelf conit is

unlefs fo far as

Of

Ii-^"

be a zealous catholic, they feemed to prove nothing criminal, much lefs treafonable, againft him. Gates and Bedloe depofed, that he had received a commiffion, figned by the fuperior of the Jefuits, to be papal fecretary of flate, and had confented to the poifoning, {hooting, and ilabbing of the king He had even, according to Oates's depofition, advanced a guinea to promote thofe bloody purpofes. Thefe wild (lories were confounded with the projects conand Coleman received fentence tained in his letters of death. The fentence was foon after executed He fuff'ered with calmnefs and conupon him ftancy, and to the laft perfifted in the flrongefl proteftations of his innocence. Coleman's execution was fucceeded by the trial of father Ireland, who, it is pretended, had figned, together with fifty Jefuits, the great refolution of murdering the king. Grove and Pickering, who had undertaken to fhoot him, were tried at the fame time. The only witneffes againft the prifoners were Ireland affirmed, that he was flill Gates and Bedloe. in Staffordfhire all the month of Auguft laft, a time when Oates's evidence made him in London. He proved his alTertion by good evidence, and would have proved it by undoubted, had he not, moft iniquitoufly, been debarred, while in prifon, from and paper, and denied the all ufe of pen, ink,
: ; ''.

All thefe men, liberty of fending for v/itnelfes. before their arraignment, were condemned in the opinion of the judges, jury, and fpeftators ; and to be a Jefuitj or even a catholic, was of icfelf a fuffi-i
y 3d of

December,

fiieM

C
ticular,

H A R

L E

IL
^,

9i

cient proof of guilt.

The

chief juftlce

in par-

^j-

^^j^'

gave fanftion to all the narrow prejudices k^,^.^^^ i6]%. and bigoted fury of the populace. Inftead of being
counfel for the prifoners, as his office required, he

pleaded the caufe againft them, brow-beat their witnelTes, and on every occafion reprefented their guilt as certain and uncontroverted. He even went fo far as publickly to affirm, that the papifts had not
the fame principles which proteilants have, and therefore were not entitled to that common credence^ which the principles and pradices of the latter call
for.

And when

the jury brought in their verdict

againft the prifoners, he faid,

*'
*'

" You have done,

and very

gentlemen,
;

like

very good fubjefts,

is

good " proteftants And now much good may their " 30,000 maffes do them:" Alluding to the malfes
good Chriflians, that
to fay, like very

by which Pickering was

ing the king.

to

be rewarded for murder-

All thefe unhappy men went to execution, protefting their innocence ; a circumftance which made no impreffion on the fpedlators. .The opinion, that the Jefuits allowed of lies and mental refervations for promoting a good caufe, was at this time fo univerfally received, that no credit was given to teftimonv del'vered either by that order, or by any of their difciples. It was forgotten, that all^ the confpirators engaged the gun-powder treafon, and Garnet, the Tefuit. among the reft, had freely on the fcaifold made confeffion of their guilt. Though Bedloe had gi\tn information of Godfrey's murder, he ftill rea-ained a fingle evidence againft the perfons accuf 'a ; and all the allurements of profit and honour had xioX. hitherto tempted any pne to confirm ine teftimony of that informer. At laft means were found to complete the legal evidence. One Prance, a filveifmith, and a catholic, }iad been accufed by Bedloe of being an accomplice,

1679.
'4tliJ'ia

s Sir

William Scroggs,

91

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

in the

CHAP,
^^^^^
^t6^^

murder ; and upon

his denial had been

thrown

into prifon, loaded with heavy irons, and confined ^^ ^^^ condemned hole, a place cold, dark, and full

Such rigours were fuppofed to be from the fecret committee of lords, particularly Shaftefbury and Buckingham; who, in examining the prifoners, ufually employed (as it is faid, and indeed fufficiently proved) threatnings and promifes, rigour and indulgence, and
of
nailinefs.

exercifed by orders

under pretence of extorting the truth Prance had not courage to refill, but confelTed himfelf an accomplice in Godfrey's murder. Being alked concerning the plot, he alfo thought proper to be acquainted with it, and conveyed fome intelligence to the council. Among other abfurd circumftances, he faid that one Le Fevre bought a fecond-band fword of him ; becaufe he knew not, as he faid, what times were at hand And Prance exprefTmg fome concern for poor tradefmen, if fuch times came ; Le Fevre replied, that it would be better for tradefmen, if the catholic religion were reftored : And particularly, that there would be more churcji work for filverfmiths. All
every art,

from them.

this information with regard to the plot, as well as

the murder of Godfrey, Prance folemnly retraced, both before the king and the fecret committee : Bu| being again thrown into prifon, he was induced, ^y
'

new

and new fufferings, to confirm his firft information, and was now produced as a fufficien^
terrors

evidence.

Hill, Green, and Berry were murder; all of them men of low
:

tried for Godfrey's

ftations.

Hill

was

The other two belonged to fervant to a phyfician chapel Somerfet-houfe. It is needpopifh at the the trial : It over all particulars of a long run to lefs
will be fufficient to fay, that Bedloe's evidence

and

Prance's were, in
concilable
5

many

circumftances, totally irre-

that both
1

of then^

laboured

under
unfur

C H A R L E
llnfurmountable
furdities,
difficulties,

II.

9^

not to fay grofs ab- c ha ?. they were invalidated by con^"'^^l^ trary evidence, which is altogether convincing. But j^..^^ all was in vain : The prlfoners were condemned and Feb. aift ^^' They all denied their guilt at their exeexecuted.

and

that

'

cution; and as Berry died a protectant, this circumBut, inftance was regarded as very confiderable flead of its giving fome check to the general credu:

of the people, men were only furprifed, that a. proteft^nt could be induced at his death to perfift in
lity

fo manifeft a falfehood.

As the army could neither be kept up, nor dlfbanded, v/ithout money, the king, how little hopes foever he could entertain of more compliance, found
The himfelf obliged to fummon a new parliament. blood, already fhed on account of the popifh plot, inftead of fatiating the people, ferved only as an incentive to their fury ; and each convidioii of a criminal was hitherto regarded as a new proof of thofe
horrible defigns imputed to the papifls.
tion
is
^^'^^''
'=^'

tions-.

This

elec-

fmce the commencement of the monarchy, had been carried on by a violent conteft between the parties, and where the court interefted itfelf, to a high deperhaps the
firft

in England, which,

gree, in the choice of the national reprefentatlves.

But

all its efforts

were

fruitlefs, in

oppolition to the

Religionj torrent of prejudices which prevailed. liberty, property, even the lives of men, were now

fuppofed to be at flake ; and no fecurity, it was thought, except in a vigilant parliament, could be found againfl the impious and bloody confpirators. "Were there any part of the nation to which the ferment, occafioned by the popifh plot, had not as yet propagated itfelf; the new elections, by interefling the whole people in public concerns, tended to diffufe it into the remotell corner ; and the confternation univerfally exciced, proved an excellent All the zealots engine for influencing the electors. of the former parliament were rc-chofen New ones
;

were

94

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

were added
:

CHAP,
Lxvii.

The

Pr^^fbyterians In particular, being

'"^'T^

tranfported with the mofl inveterate antipathy againft popery, were very aftive and very fuccefsful
in the eleOiions.

That

party,

it

is faid,

firfl

began

at this time the abufe of iplitting their freeholds, in

order to multiply votes and electors. By accounts which came from every part of England, it was confible,

cluded, that the new reprefentatives would, if pofexceed the old in their refra6lory oppofition
the
court,

to

and

furious

perfecution

of

the

catholics.

The king was alarmed, when he faw fo dreadful a tempefl arife from fuch fmall and unaccountable beginnings. His life, if Gates and Bedioe's information were true, had been aimed at by the catholics Even the duke's was in danger The higher, there:

fore, the rage

mounted

againfl popery, the

more

fhould the nation have been reconciled to thefe princes, in whom, it appeared the church of Rome But there is a fophiflry, repofed no confidence.

which attends all the paffions ; efpecially thofe into which the populace enter. Men gave credit to the
informers,
catholics.

fo

far as

concerned the
ftill

guilt

of the

But they

retained their old fufpi-

clons, that thefe religionifts v/ere fecretly favoured

the mofl entire Charles had too much afcendant over his brother, penetration not to fee the danger, to which the fucceffion,

by the king, and had obtained

and even

his

own crown and

dignity,

now

flood expofed.

formed againft him

a populace, fo with religious antipathy, as imphcitly to believe the

was hand the one compofed of on ; credulous from prejudice, fo blinded

party, he found,
;

A numerous

mofl palpable abfurdities and condudcd, on the other hand, by leaders fo little fcrupulous, as to endeavour, by encouraging perjury, fubornation, lies, impoflures, and even by fhedding innocent blood, to gratify their own furious ambition, and jTubvert all legal authority. Roufed from his lethargy
5

^y

C H A R L E
by

II.

95

fo imminent a peril, he began to exert that vigour of mind, of which, on great occafions, he was not deflitute ; and without quitting in appearance his ufual facility of temper, he colleded an induftry, firmnefs, and vigilance, of which he was

chap,
,

'^
1O79.

believed

altogether

incapable.

Thefe

qualities,

joined to dexterity and prudence, conduced him happily through the many flioals which furrounded him ; and he was at lafl able to make the ftorm fall

on the heads of
fully

thofe
it.

who had bhndly

raifed, or art-

condufted

One

chief flep, which

the king took, towards

and appeafmg his people and parliament, was defiring the duke to withdravv^ beyond Tea, that no farther fufpicion might remain of the influence of popifli counfels. The duke readily complied but firft required an order for that purpofe, figned by
gratifying
;

the king, left his abfenting himfelf Ihculd be interpreted as a proof of fear or of guilt. He alfo defired that his brother fhould fatisfy him, as well as the public, by a declaration of the illegitimacy of the duke of Monmouth. James duke of Monmouth was the king's natural "'^^ ^' fon by Lucy Walters, and born about ten years mouth, before the reftoration. He poflfeiTed all the qualities which could engage the aifedtions of the populace ; a diftinguifhed valour, an affable addrefs, a though tgenerofity, a graceful perfon. He rofe ftill higher in the public favour, by reafon of the univerfal hatred to which the duke, on account of his religion, was expofed. Monmouth's capacity was
lefs

mean

his

his great popularity,

temper pliant So that, notvvithftanding he had never been dangerous,

:

had he not implicitly refigned himfelf to the guidance of Shaftefbury, a man of fuch a refllefs temper, fuch fubtle wit, and fuch abandoned principles. That daring politician had flattered Monmouth with the hopes gf fucceeding to the crown, The (lory of a con*

0
CHAP.
LXVI!.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

a coiiira6l of marriage, pafled between the king and

Monmouth's mother, and fecretly kept in a certain black box, had been induflrioufly fpread abroad, and
was greedily received by the multitude. As the horrors of popery ftill prefled harder on them, they might be induced, either to adopt that fidion, as they had already done many others more incredible^
or to commit open violation on the right of fucAnd it would not be difficult, it was ceffion. hoped, to perfuade the king, who was extremely fond of his fon, to give him the preference above a brother, who, by his imprudent bigotry, had involved him in fuch inextricable difficulties. But
Charles, in order to cut off all fuch expeftations, as well as to remove the duke*s apprehenfions, took
care, in full council, to

make
to

a declaration of

Mon-

:0ike

of
re-

York

tires to

Bruflels.

March

6.

New

parliament.

promife of The duke, being gramarriage with his mother. tified in fo reafonable a requeft, willingly complied with the king's defire, and retired to Bruffels. But the king foon found, that, notwithflanding this precaution, notwithflanding his concurrence in the profecution of the popifh plot, notwithflanding the zeal which he exprefied, and even at this time exercifed againfl the catholics ; he had nowife obtained the confidence of his parliament. The refraftory humour of the lower houfe appeared in the firfl flep which they took upon their allembling.
all

mouth's illegitimacy, and

deny

It

had ever been ufual for the commons,

in the

election of their fpeaker, to confult the inchnations

of the fovereign, and even the long parliament in 1641 had not thought proper to depart from fo The king now defired that eflabliflied a cuflom.

But the choice fhould fall on fir Thomas Meres Seymour, fpeaker to the lafl parliament, was inllantly called to the chair, by a vote which feemed
:

unanimous.
fented to

The

king,

when Seymour was

pre-

him

for his approbation, reje<^ed him,

and

ordered

CHARLES
ordered the

li.

97

commons

to proceed to a

new

choice.

CHAP,

The commons mam- ^;^1^ great flame was excited. tained, that the king's approbation was merely a 16^3.
:

a reafon,
.

matter of form, and that he could not, without giving The king, rejeO: the fpeaker chofen that, fince he had the power of rejefting, he might, if he pleafed, keep the reafon in his own breait. As the quefUon had never before been ftarted, it

might feem
it

difficult to

find principles,

upon which

By way of compromife, it could be decided % Gregory, "was agreed to fet afide both candidates. a lawyer, was chofen ; and the eleftion was ratified by the king. It has ever fnice been underftood that the choice of the fpeaker lies in the houfe ; but that the king retains the power of rejecting any perfon difagreeable to hira.

Seymour was deemed

and
it

a great

enemy

to

Danby

was the influence of that nobleman, as commonly fuppofed, which had engaged the king to
enter into this ill-timed controveriy with the

comD^nby's
'"'P^/^'^i^"

mons. The impeachment therefore of Danby Was, on that account, the fooner revived and it was mxamtained by the commons, that notwith;

ifanding the
that

intervening dilTolution, every part of proceeding (food in the fame condition in which it had been left by the laft parliament pretenfion which, though unufual, feems tacitly to have been yielded them. The king had before^ hand had the precaution to grant a pardon to Danby ; and, in order to fcreen the chancellor from all attacks by the commons, he had taken the great feal into his own hands, and had himfclf affixed it to the parchment. He told the parlia:

ment,
'^

that,

as

Danby had
hoiiic

afted in every thing by

no

In 1566, the fpeaker faid to Q__E!Izabeth, that without her al-

lowance the eledion o the

was

o.

iiunificp.nce.

D'Ewes's

Jounia!,p. 97. In the parliament 1502,1593, the rpcaker,who was \'.r Edward Coke, advances a like polition. D.Ewes.p. 459. Tov\-nnie:id,

35.

vSo

that this pretenlion o. the

foirewhat new; like

commons llenis to have been many other powers and privileges,

Vol. VIIL

his

98

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

his orders,

CHAP,
l!
-^-^^_'
.

he was in no refpeft criminal

that

hk

jgyj,

V^^^^^- however, he would infift upon ; and if it fhould be found anywife defeftive in form, he v^ould renew it again and again, till it fhould be rendered entirely complete : But that he was refolved to deprive him of all employments, and to remove him

from

court.

The commons
conceffion.

were no-wife

fatisfied

with

this

no pardon of the crown could be pleaded in bar of an impeachment by the commons. The prerogative of mercy had hitherto been underftood to be altogether unlimited in the king ; and this pretenfion of the commons, it mufl be confeffed, was entirely new. It was however not unfuitable to the genius of a monarchy ftriftly Hmited ; where the king's minifters are fupthat

They pretended,

pofed to be for ever accountable to national aflemblies, even for fuch abufes of power as they may commit by orders from their mafter. The prefent emergence, while the nation was fo highly inflamed, was the proper time for pufhing fuch popular claims j and the commons failed not to avail themfelves of this advantage. They ftill infilled on the impeachment of Danby. The peers, in compliance with them departed from their former fcruples, and ordered Danby to be taken into cuftody. Danby abfconded. The commons paifed a bill, appointing

him

to furrender himfelf before a certain day, or, in

it, attainting him. A bill had paifed the upper houfe, mitigating the penalty to banifhment but, after fome conferences, the peers thought proper to yield to the violence of the commons, and the bill of attainder was carried. Rather than undergo fuch fevere penalties, Danby appeared, and was immediately committed to the Tower. While a proteftant nobleman met with fuch violent profecution, it was not likely that the catholics would be overlooked by the zealous commons.

default of

The

credit of the popiili plot

flill

flood

upon the
oaths

C H A R L E

IL

99
'

Though fuch CHAP, oaths of a few Infamous wicneffes. immenfe preparations were fuppofed to have been j^ made in the very bowels of the kingdom, no traces 1679.
of them, after the mo(l rigorous inquiry, had as yet appeared. Though fo many thoufands, both abroad and at home, had been engaged in the dreadful fecret ; neither hope, nor fear, nor remorfe, nor levity, nor fufpicions, nor private refentment, had engaged any one to confirm the evidence.
Popiflt

Though

the

catholics,

particularly

the

Jeluits,

were reprefented as guilty of the utmoft indifcretion, infomuch that they talked of the king's murder as common news, and wrote of it in plain terms by
the

common

poft

yet,

among

the great

number

of letters feized, no one contained any part of fo complicated a confpiracy. Though the informers pretended that, even after they had refolved to betray the fecret, many treafonable commifTions and papers had paiTed through their hands ; they had not had the precaution to keep any one of them, in order to fortify their evidence. But all thefe difficulties, and a thoufand more, were not found too hard of digeftion by the nation and parliament. The profecution and farther difcovery of the plot were dill the objefl: of general concern. The commons voted, that. If the king lliould come to an untimely end, they would revenge his death upon the papiils ; not refleding that this fed were not his {)nly enemies. They promifed rewards to new difcoverers ; not confidering the danger, which they incurred, of granting bribes to perjury. They made Bedloe a prefent of 500 pounds, and particularly recommended the care of his fafety to the duke of Monmouth. Colonel Sackville, a member, having, in a private company, fpoken oppro-* brioufly of thofe who affirmed that there was any
plot,

was expelled the houfe.

The

power

to their committees to fend for

H2

peers gav^ and examine Xuch

loo

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

fuch as would maintain the innocence of thofe
plot.

Chap,
1679.

who

^^-! -Lj ^^^ been condemned for the

pamphlet

having been publiilied to difcredit the informers, and to vindicate the cathohc lords in the Tower, thefe lords were required to difcover the author, and thereby to expofe their own advocate to profecution. And both houfes concurred in renewing the former vote, that the papifts had undoubtedly entered into a horrid and treafonahle confpiracy againft the king,
the
ftate,

and the proteftant

religion.

'

It mull be owned that this extreme violence, is profecution of fo abfard an impofture, difgraces the noble caufe of liberty, in which the parliament was may even conclude from fuch impaengaged. tience of contradiftion, that the profecutors them

We

felves retained a

fecret

fufpicion that the general

belief

was but ill-grounded. The politicians among them were afraid to let in light, left it might put an end to fo ufeful a dclufion The weaker and lefs difhoneft party took care^ by turning their eyes
:

afide,

not

to

fee

truth,

fo

oppofite

to

thofe

by which they were a&uated, and in which they v^ere determined obftinately toperfurious paffions,
fevere.

Sir William Temple had lately been recalled from his foreign employments and the king, who,, after the removal of Danby, had no one with whom he could fo much as difcourfe with freedom of public affairs, was refolved, upon Coventry's difmiffion, to make him one of his fecretaries of flate.
;

But

that phiiofophioil patriot, too

full

little

interefted

of fpleen and for the intrigues of a court, too aifemof popular (delicacy for the noify turbulence and difcontents the univerfal blies, Vv'as alarmed at to determined was jealoufies which prevailed, and fcene a from poffible, foon as make his retreat, as

which -threatened fuch confufion.

-

could

not
^

refiife

Meanwhile, he which his with the confidence

mafter-

C H A R L E
mailer honoured him
it
;

II.

loi
to

and he refolved

employ c hap.
the lxa^i.
^^^

to

the public
that,

fervice.

He

reprefented to

king,

as the jealoufies of the

nation were

extreme, it was neceilary to cure them by fome new remedy, and to reftore that mutual confidence, fo requifite for the fafety both of king and people That to refufe every thing to the parliament in their prefent difpofition, or to yield every thing, was equally dangerous to the conilitution, as v/ell as to That if the king would intropublic tranquillity duce into his councils fuch men as enjoyed the confidence of his people, fewer conceffions would probably be required ; or if unreafonable demands were made, the king, under the fandion of fuch counfeilors, might be enabled, with the greater fafety, to refufe them : And that the heads of the popular party, being gratified with the king's favour, would probably abate of that violence by which they endeavoured at prefent to pay court to
:

the multitude.

and, in conplan or a new privyeouncil, without whofe advice he declared himfelf determined for the future to take no meafure of importance. This council was to confift of thirty perfons, and was never to exceed that number. Fifteen of the chief officers of the crown were to be continued, who, it was fuppofed, would adhere to the king, and, in cafe of any extremity, oppofe the exorbitances of fa6tion. The other half of the council was to be compofed, either of men of charader, detached from the court, or of thofe who poffeffed chief credit in both houies. And the king, in filHng up the names of his new council, was well pleafed to find that the members, in land and offices, pofTefied to ihe amount of 300,000 pounds a-year ; a fum nearly equal to the whole
aifented to thefe reafons
7
.

The king
,

-"^^^^^
.,

cert with i empie,

^f?

11-11 he laid the

couacil.

property of the houfe of commons, againll whofe violence II 3

102

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

violence the

Chap,
J^'^j<5y^_

new

council was intended as a barrier

to the throne \

This experiment was tried, and feemed at firft to give fome fatisfaclion to the public. The earl of ElTex, a nobleman of the popular party, fon of that lord Capel who had been beheaded a little after the

room of of intrigue and capacity, was made fecretary offlate: Vifcount Halifax, a fine genius, poifelTed of learning, eloquence, induftry, but fubjet to inquietude, and fond of refinements, was admitted into the council. Thefe three, together with Temple, who often joined them, though he kept himfelf more detached from public bufmefs, formed a kind of cabinet council, from which all affairs received their firfl digeflion, Shaftefbury was made prefident of the council, contrary to the advice of Temple, who foretold the confequence of admitting a man of fo dangerous a charader into any part of the public
late

king, was
:

created treafurer in the

Danby

The

earl of

Sunderland, a

man

adminiflration.

happened. Shaftefbury, more than the appearance of court-favour, was refolved flill to adhere to the popular party, by whofe attachment he enjoyed an undifputed fuperiority in the lower houfe, and The very poffeffed great influence in the other. appearance of court-favour, empty as it was, tended His partifans, to render him more dangerous. obferving the progrefs which he had already made,
forefaw,
it

As Temple

finding that he pofTeffed no

7 heir names were; Prince Rupert, the archbifhop of Cantero!^ Shai'tefbury, prefident, earl of Ant'lcfea, rivy-feal, duke o Albi marie, duke oi Monmouth, duke of Ncwcaitl", duke Oi' Lauderdale, duke o Orinoun, marquis of Wincbefter, marquis o. Worcefter, Earl of Arlington, earl of Salifbuty, earl of Bridgwater, carlo': bunderland,ean o Effex, earl of auconherg, vjfcoim Hah, ax, bifhop o London, Bath, vifcount lord Roberts, lord Hollis, lord Ruiiel, lord Cavendfh, fecretary Coventry, f^r Francis North, chic' jultice, fir Henry Capel, fir John Ernley, fir Thomas Chicheley, fir William Temple, Edward Sey>

bijry, lord Finch, chancellor, earl

i

'

mour, Henry

f owle,

hoped

C
ant

H A R LE

II.

103

hoped that he would foon acquire the entire afcend- c H A P^ and he conftantly flattered them, that if they ^,^^^^^^1^ ; perfifled in their purpofe, the king, from indolence, 1673. and neceflity, and fondnefs for Monmouth, would at
be induced, even at the expence of his brother's make them every conceffion. Besides, the antipathy to popery, as well as jealoufy of the king and duke, had taken too fafl polTeflion of men's minds, to be removed by fo feeble a remedy as this new council projeded by Temple. The commons foon after the eftablifh* mentofthat council, proceeded fo far as to vote unanimoufly, " That the duke of York's bemg a " papifl, and the hopes of his coming to the crown, ** had given the highed countenance to the prefent " confpiracies and defigns of the papifts againft the " king and the protedant religion." It was expeded that a bill for excluding him the throne would foon be brought in. To prevent this bold meafure, the king concerted fome limitations, which he propofed to the parliament. He introduced his " And plan, by the following gracious evpreffions '* to (hew you that, while you are doing your " parts, my thoughts have not been mifemployed, " but that it is my conflant care to do every thing *' that may preferve your religion, and fecure it for " the future in all events, I have commanded my " lord chancellor to mention feveral particulars ; " which, I hope, will be an evidence that, in all " things which concern the public fecurity, I Ihall " not follow your zeal, but lead it.'* The limitations projected were of the utmofl Limitaimportance, and deprived the fucceffor of the chief .""nffuc! branches of royalty. A method was there chalked ceflbr. out, by which the nation, on every new reign, could be enfured of having a parliament, which the king fhould not, for a certain time, have it in his power to diffolve. In cafe of a popilh fucceflbr,
lafl

right, to

H4

th^

104

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

P.

c KA
1679.

s^^^J.,,^ ecclefiaRicai

the prince was to forfeit the right of conferring any preferments No member of the privy council, no judge of the common law, or in chan^
:

ceryj was to be put in or diiplaced but by confent of parliament And the fame precaution was extended to the military part of the government ; to the lord lieutenants and deputy lieutenants of the
:

counties,

chancellor, of himfelf, added,

"
*'
^'

^'

*^
^^

of the navy. The It is hard to invent another reflraint confidering how much the revenue will depend upon the confent of parlia-^ mentj and how impoffible it is to jaife money without fuch confent- But yet, if any thing elfe can occur to the wildom cf parliament, which,

and

to

all

officers

"

may

farther fecure religion and liberty againfl a

itfelf, his

"^

popifii fucceffor, without defeating the right of fuc-

*'

ceflion

m.ajefly will readily confent to it."

It

is

remarkable that, when thefe limitations

laid before the

were
them.

firfc

council, Shaftefbury

and

Temple

v/ere the only

members who argued

which

againfl

The

reafons

they employed were

diametrically oppofite.

Shaftefbury's opinion was,

; and that nothing but the total exclufion of the duke could give a Temple, on the proper fecurity to the kingdom. other hami, thought that the reftraints were fo rigorous as even to fubvert the conftitutiun ; and that Ihackles, put upon a popilli fucceffor, would not afterwards be eafily cad: offby a proteftant. It is certain that the duke was extrem.ely alarmed when he heard of this ftep taken by the king, and that he was better pleafed even with the bill of exclufion itfelf, which, he thought, by reafon of its violence and in-

that the reilraints were infuflicient

juftice,

could never pollibly be carried into execution. There is alfo reafon to believe that the king would not have gone fo fir, had he not expeded, from the extreme fury of the comm.ons, that his conceffions would be rejected^ and that the blame

of

C H A R L E
by
that

II,

105

of not forming a reafonable accommodation v/ould

chap,
vii31L
j^^^^

means

lie

entirely at their door.

It foon appeared that Charles had entertained a So juft opinion of the difpofitions of the houfe. aftuated by the cabals of commons much were the malcontents iuch violent other Shaftcfbury and ; antipathy prevailed againft popery, that the king's conceffions, though much more important than could reafonably have been expefted, were not embill was brought in for the total exclubraced. fion of the duke from the crown of England and

Bill

of ex^

clulion.

Ireland.

of

thefe

It was there declared, that the fovereignty kingdoms, upon the king's death or reilg-

nation, fhould devolve to

ceiTion after the

the perfon next in fucall

acts of royalty which perform, iliould not that prince fliould afterwards only be void, but be deemed treafon that if he fo much as entered any of thefe dominions, he fnouid be deemed guilty of the fame offence ; and that all who fupported his title fliould be puniflied as rebels and traitors. This important bill, which implied banifhment as well as exclufion, palled the lower houfe by a majority of feventy-nine. The commons were not fo wholly employed ^bout the exclufion-bill as to overlook all other fecurities to liberty. The country party, during all the laft parliament, had much exclaimed againfl the bribery and corruption of the members ; and the fame reproach had bern renewed againfl the prefent parliament. An inquiry was made into a complaint which was fo dangerous to the honour of that afjTembly, but very little foundation was found for it. Sir Stephen Fox, who was the pay-mailerj confefTed to the houfe that nine members received penfions to the amount of three thoufand four hundred pounds ; ^nd after a rigorous inquiry by a fecret committee,
;

duke

that

dght more penfioners were difcovered.

5|l|c,

funi

about

twelve

thoufand pounds,

had been
QCcafion'

to6

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

The writers occafionally given or lent to others. of that age pretend that Clifford and Danby had adopted oppofite maxims with regard to pecuniary The former endeavoured to gain the influence. leaders and orators of the houfe, and deemed the The latter thought it others of no confequence. fufficient to gain a majority, hov^ever compofed. It is likely that the means, rather than the intention, were wanting to both thefe minillers.
Pensions and
tirely to

CHAP.
LXVII.
1679.

bribes,

though

it

be diiHcuIt en-

Habeas
corpus
biil.

exclude them, are dangerous expedients for government ; and cannot be too carefully guarded againft, nor too vehemently decried, by every one who has a regard to the virtue and liberty of a naThe influence, however, which the crown tion. acquires from the difpofal of places, honours, and preferments, is to be efteemed of a different naThis engine of power may become too forture. cible, but it cannot altogether be abolifhed, without the total defl:ru6tion of monarchy, and even of all But the commons at this time regular authority. were fo jealous of the crown, that they brought in a bill, which was twice read, excluding from the lower houfe all who poflefled any lucrative office. The fl:anding army, and the king*s guards, were new pre.. by the commons voted to be illegal for the but neceflary tenfion it mufl be confefied conft:itution. limited full fecurity of liberty and a Arbitrary imprifonment is a grievance which, in /ome degree, has place almoft in every government, except in that of Great Britain ; and our ab:

folute fecurity

from

it

we owe

chiefly to the prefent

parliament, a merit which makes fome atonement for the fadion and violence into which their prejudices had, in other particulars, betrayed them. The great charter had laid the foundation of this valuable part of liberty ; the petition of right had

yeaewed and extended

it

but feme provifions were

ftiU

C H A R L E

ir.

107

Hill wanting to render it complete, and prevent all The evafion or delay from minifters and judges. aft of habeas corpus, which palTed this feffion, ferved

c hap.
.

_
1679.

'^

thefe purpofes.

By

this

a6t

it

was prohibited to
fea.

fend any one to a prifon beyond

No

judge,

under fevere penalties, muft refufe to any prifoner a writ of habeas corpus, by which the gaoler was direfted to produce in court the body of the prifoner (whence the writ has its name\ and to certify the If the gaol caufe of his detainer and imprifonment. lie within twenty miles of the judge, the writ mull be obeyed in three days ; and fo proportionably for greater diftances : Every prifoner muft be indided the firft term after his commitment, and brought to

And no man, after trial in the fubfequent term. being enlarged by order of court, can be recomThis law feems nemitted for the fame offence. ceffary for the protection of liberty in a mixed monarchy ; and as it has not place in any other form of government, this confideration alone mny induce us to prefer our prefent conftitution to all others. It mulf, however, be confeiled, that there is feme difficulty to reconcile with fuch extreme liberty the full fecurity and the regular police of a ftate, efpeIt may alfo be cially the police of great cities. doubted whether the low ftate of the public revenue in this period, and of the military power, did not ftill render fome difcretionary authority in the crown neceffary to the fupport of government. During thefe zealous efforts for the protedion of liberty, no complaifance for the crown was difcovered by this parliament. The king's revenue lay under great debts and anticipations : Thofe branches granted in the year 1669 and 1670 were ready to And the fleet was reprefented by the king expire as in great decay and diforder. But the commons, inftead of being affefted by thefe diftreffes of the crown, trufted chiefly to them for pafiing the ex:

"

clufion-bill,

and for punifliing and difplacing

all

the

minifters

io8

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

i

CHAP.
*^Ti^'
jg-j.

to them. They were no halle to relieve che hing and grew only the more afluming on account of his complaints and uneafinefs. Jealous, howsver, of the army, they granted the fame fum of 206,000 pounds, which had been voted :or difbanding it by the laft parliament ; though the vote, by reafon cf -"e fubfequent proro* gation and dilfolution, joined to fome fcruples of This the lords, had not been carried into an ad. money was appropriated by very ftriO: claufes but the commons infifted not, as formerly, upon its being paid into the chamber of London. The impeachment of the five popifli lords in the Tower, with that of the earl of Danby, was carried on with vigour. The power of this minifter, and

mlnlPters

who were obnoxious

therefore in

his credit

with the king, rendered him extremely

to the popular leaders
;

obnoxious

and the commons

he were pufhed to extremity, he would be obliged, in order to juftify his own conduft, to lay open the whole intrigue of the French aUiance, which they fufpe6:ed to contain a fecret of the moft dangerous nature. The king, on his part, apprehenfive of the fame confequences, and defirous to

hoped

that, if

proted his minifter, who was become criminal merely by obeying orders, employed his whole interefl to fupport the validity of that pardon which had been granted him. The lords appointed a day for the examination of the queftion, and agreed to hear counfel on both fides But the commons would not fubmit their pretentions to the difcullion of argument and inquiry. They voted, that whoever ihould prefume, without their leave, to maintain before the houfe of peers the validity of Danby's pardon, fhould be accounted a betrayer of the liberties And they made a deof the EnglijQi commons. mand, that the bifliops, whom they knew to be devoted to the court, fhould be removed, not only when the trial of the earl fiiould commence, but alfo when the validity of his pardon fliould be difculTed.
:

The

C H A R L E

11.

109

enjoyed a

had always parliament : But fo far were they anciently from regarding that dignity as a privilege, that they affeded rather to form a feparate order in the flate, independent of the civil magiftrate, and
bifhops before the reformation
feat in

The

chap.
i^^vii.
j^^^.

accountable only to the pope and to their own order. the conflitutions, however, of Clarendon, en* aded during the reign of Henry II. they were obliged to give their prefence in parliament ; but as the canon law prohibited them from allifting in capital trials, they were allowed in fuch cafes the pripractice, which vilege of abfenting themfelves. was at fird voluntary, became afterwards a rule ; and on the earl of Strafford's trii\], the bifhops, who would gladly have attended, and v*ho were no longe? bound by the canon law, were yet obliged to withIt had been ufual for them to enter a proteft, draw. afferting their right to fit ; and this proteft, being confidered as a mere form, was ahvays admitted anddifregarded. But here was ftarted a new quepLioii of no fmall importance. The commons, who v/ere Slow enabled, by the violence of the people and the neceflities of the crown, to make new acquifitions of

By

'

powers and privileges, infifted that the biihops had no more title to vote in the queftion of the earl's pardon than in the impeachment itfelf. The bifhops afferted that the pardon was merely a preliminary j and that, neither by the canon law nor the practice

were they ever obliged, in capita! withdraw till the very commencement of the trial itfelf. If their abfence was confidered as a privilege, which was its real origin, it depended on their own choice, how far they would infill upon it. If regarded as a diminution of their right of peerage, fuch unfavourable cuftoms ought never to be extended beyond the very circumftance eilabliilied by them ; and all arguments, from a pretended parity of reafon^ were in tliat cafe of little or no
cafes, to

of parliament,

authority,

Th

no CHAP.
LXVii.
1679.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

The
houfe of lords was fo

much

influenced

by

thefe reafons. that they admitted

the bifhops right

^^ v*^^^' when the validity of the pardon fhould be examined. The commons infifted ftill on their withdrawing ; and thus a quarrel being commenced between the two houfes, the king, who expe6led nothing but frefh inftances of violence from this parliament, began to entertain thoughts of laying hold of fo favourable a pretence, and of finifiiing the feffion by a prorogation. While in this difpofition, he was alarmed with fudden intelligence, that the houfe of commons was preparing a remonflrance, in

37th

May. favorite

Prorogation and diflblution of the parliament,

order to inflame the nation ftill farther upon the topics of the plot and of popery. He haftened, therefore, to execute his intention, even without confulting his new council, by whofe advice he had promifed to regulate his whole conduct. And thus were difappointed all the projefts of the malcontents, who were extremely enraged at this vigorous meafure of the king*s. Shaftefbury publicly threatened that he would have the head of whoever had advifed it. The parliament was fooa after diflfolved without advice of council ; and writs

were

iflTued

for a

new

willing to try every

parliament. The king was means which gave a profped of

loth July.

more compliance
failure, the

in his fubje<5ts ; and, in cafe of blame, he hoped, would lie on thofe

whofe obftinacy forced him

to extremities.

But, even during

was no interruption

the recefs of parliament, there

to the profecution
:

Trial and execution of the five

Jefuits,

of the caking found himfelf obliged to give way to this popular fury. Whitebread, provincial of the Jefuits, Fenwic, Gavan, Turner, and Harcourt, all of them of the fame order, were firft brought to their trial. Belides Gates and Bedloe, Dugdale, a new witnefs, This man had been appeared againft the prifoners". fteward to lord Afton, and though poor, polTeffed a character fomewhat more reputable than the other
tholics accufed of the plot

The

two;

C H A R L E
two
:

II.

Ill

But

his

account of the Intended maffacres and

chap.
^'^^^^'
i^^^.

aflaffi nations was equally monftrous and incredible.

He
by

even afferted that 200,000 papifts in England were ready to take arms. The prifoners proved,
fixteen witnefles

mod

from St. Omers, ftudents, and of family, that Gates was men young them of

in that feminary at the time when he fwore that he was in London : But as they were catholics, and
their teilimony, both with totally difregarded. Even was jury, and judges the with full met in court was which they reception the of them faying that mockery. One and outrage of Oates always continued at St. Omers, if he could
difciples of the Jefuits,

believe his fenfes

juftice,
It

" You

papifts," faid the chief

"

are taught not to believe your fenfes."

muft be confeiled that Oates, in oppofition to the fludents of St. Omers, found means to bring evidence of his having been at that time in LonBut this evidence, though it had, at that don appearance of fome folidity, was afterthe time, when Oates himfelf was tried for difcovered, wards deceitful. altogedier In order farbe perjury, to witnefs, the that to difcredjt ther Jefuits proved, by that he had perjured himfelf teftimony, undoubted trial, whom they fhewed to have father Ireland's in the time when Oates in StafFordfhire at very been treafon committing in LondoUc fwore that he was them nothing againfl the pleas availed But all thefe
:

They received general prejudices. perfifting executed, death ; and were breath in the mofl folemn, earneft, rate, though difregarded, proteflations

fentence
to

of

their laft

and delibeof their in-

nocence. The next triaJ was that of Langhorne, an emi- and of nent lawyer, by whom all the concerns of the Je- ^'^^^' Oates and Bedloe fwore, that fuits were managed. all the papal commiflions, by which the chief offices in England were filled with catholics, palled through his hands. When verdi'5l was given againfl the
8
prifoner.

212

HISTORY OF GREAT BRiTAlM.

the fpedators exprelTed their favage jof acclamations. So high indeed h:^d thd ^y popular rage mounted, that the witiieiTes for thig unhappy man, on approaching the court- were almoft
prlfoner,
Iqih\

CHAP,
LXVII.
16-0,

torn in pi, ces by the rabble : Oae in particular was bruifed ro fuch a degree as to pu: his life in danger : And another, a woman, declared that, uniefs the court could afFoid her protection, fhe durft not

But as the judges could go no farther than promife to puniih fuch as fhould clo her any
give evidence
:

injury, the ptifoner himfeif had the humanity to wave her teftimony. So far the informers had proceeded with fuccefs *

Their accufation was hitherto equivalent to a fenThe firft check which they receivtence of death. Wakeman ed was on the trial of fir. Geprge Wakeman, the ^^^s^'s phyfician, whom they accufed of an inteu* xith juT^'' It was a ftrong circum-* tion to poifon the king.
ftance in favour
firft

of Wakeman, that Gates, in his information before the council, had accufed him only upon hearfay ; and when afked by the chancellor, Vv'hether he had any thing farther to charge him with ? he added, " God forbid I fhould " fay any thing againft hr George For 1 know *' nothing more againft him." On the trial he gave pofitive evidence of the prifoner's guilt. There were many other circumftances which fa^ voured Wakeman But what chiefly contributed to his acquittal, was the connexion of his caufe with that of the queen, whom no one, even during the highefl prejudices of the times, could fincerely beThe great importance of the trial Heve guilty. made men recoiled themfelves, and recal that good fenfe and humanity which feemed, during fome
:
:

juftice himfeif,

The chief time, to have abandoned the nation. who had hitherto favoured the witnefles, exaggerated the plot, and railed againft the
prifoners,
fied,

was obferved to be confiderably mollito give a favourable

and

charge to the jury. Uates

CHARLES

IL

113

Dates and Bedloe had the afifurance to attack him c H A P, LXVii. to his face, and even to accufe him of partiality '^^' The whole party, who had before the counci'.o formerly much extolled his conducl, now made him the object of their refentment. Wakeman's acquittal was indeed a fenfible mortification to the furious profecutors of the plot, and fixed an indelible (lain

upon the

witneiTes,

"

But VXakeman,

af-

he recovered his hberty, finding himfeifexpofed to fuch inveterate enmity, and being threatened with farther profecutions, thought ic prudent to retire beyond lea And his flight was interpreted as a proof of guilt, by thofe who were ftiil reiolved to perlift in the belief of the confpiracy. The great difcontents in England, and the refraclory difpofition of the parliament, drew the attention of the bcottuh covenanters, and gave them a profpeft of fome time putting an end to thofe opprelLoiis, under which they had fo long laboured. It was fufpeded to have been the policy of Lauderdale and his alTociates to pufh .thefe unhappy men to extremities, and force them into rebellion, with 'a view of reaping profit from the forfeiture? and attainders which would enfue upon it. But the covenanters, aware of this policy, had hitherto forborne ail afl:s of hoilihty 'and that tyrannical minifler had failed of his purpofe. An incident at lad happened, which brought on an infurrection in
ter
:

State
;;,'^^"/

of
"]

that country.

The covenanters were much cm-aged againfl Sharpe, the primate, whom they confidered as au apoitate from their principles, and whom they ex-perienced to be an unrelenting perfecutor of all
thofe

who

diflented
officer

He
lefs

had an

from the eitabHflied worfliip. under him, one Carmichael, no

who by

zealous than himfelf againft conventicles, and his violent profecutions had rendered himfelf extremely obnoxious to the fanatics. A company of thefe had waylaid him on the road near St.

Vol. VIIL

Andrews,

114

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Andrews, with an
intention,
if

CHAP.
y,^^,^,^,.,,^

not of killing him,

at leail of diaftizing

1679. 3d

May.

him fo feverely as would afterwards render him more cautious in perfecuting the non-conformifts ^ While looking out for their
coach pals by

prey, they were furprifed at feeing the archbiihop's

; and they immediately interpreted incident as a declaration of the fecret purpofe of providence againfl him. But when they obferved that almoft ail his fervants, by fome accident, were abfent, they no longer doubted, but heaven had here delivered their capital enemy into their

this

hands.

Without

farther deliberation, they

fell

upon

him

dragged him from his coach ; tore him from the arms oi his daughter, who interpofed with cries and tears and pierced him with redoubled wounds, Idi him dead on the ipot, and immediately difperfed
; ;

themfelves.

Tills atrocious adion ferved the miniftry as a pretence for a more violent perfecution againrt the

on whom, without diftindion, they threw the guilt of thofe furious afiaiTms. It is indeed certain, that the murder of Sharpe had excited an. univerfal joy among the covenanters, and that their
fanatics,

blind zeal had often led them,

in their

books and

fermons, to praife and recommend the affaffination ef their enemies, whom they confidered as the enemies of all true piety and godhnefs. The ilories of Jael and Sifera, of Ehud and Eglon, refounded from every pulpit. The officers, quartered in the
weft, received
dii'perfe
all

more

ftrid orders to find out

;

conventicles

and and for that reafon the

were obliged

covenanters, inftead of meeting in fmall bodies, to celebrate their worfhip in numerous affemblies, and to bring arms for their fecurity. At Rutherglen, a fmall borough near Glafgow, they

openly

fet

forth a declaration againil prelacy

and

in the market-place
c

burned

feveral

ads of

parlia-

Wcdrow's Hiflory of the

ii.

Sufferings of the

Church of Scotland,

vol.

p. a8.

snent

t
nient

ti

A R

LE

ii.

115

aci:s of council, which had eftablilhed that of ecclefiaftical government, and had prohibited conventicles. For this infult on the fupreme authority, they purpofely chofe the 29th of May, the anniverfary of the reftoration ; and previoufly extinguifhed the bonfires W:ich had been kindL^d for that folemnity. Captain Graham, afterwards vifcount Dundee^ an adive and enterprifing officer, attacked a grean conventicle upon Laudon-hili, and was repulfed with the lofs of thirty men. The covenanters, finding that they M^ere unwarily involved in fuch deep guilt, were engaged to perfevere, and to feek,

and

chap,
Lxvi).
j^yj^,

mode

their valour and fortune alone, for that indemnity, which the fe verity of the government left them no hopes of ever being able otherwife to ob<* tain. They pufhed on to Glafgow ; and though at firft repulfed, they afterwards made themfelves maflers of that city ; difpofleifed the eftabliflied clergy ; and iffued proclamations, in which they declared that they fought againfl the king's fupremacy, againfl; popery and prelacy, and againil a

from

popifh fucceifor.
accidental foever this infurrecllon might appear, there is reafon to fufped: that fome great men, in combination with the popular leaders in

How

England, had fecretly Inftigated the covenanters to proceed to fuch extremities ^ and hoped for the fame effeds that had forty years before enfued from the diforders in Scotland* The Idng alfo, apprehenfive of like confequences, immediately difpatched thither Monmouth with a fmall body of Englifh
cavalry.
Scottiili

'

That nobleman joined to thefe troops the guards, and fome regiments of militia, levied from the welUaffeded counties and with great celerity marched in quefl: of the rebels. I'hey had taken pofl: near Bothwel-cafl:le, between Hamilton
;

g''ttle

of

bridge,

Algernon Sidney's

letters, p. 90.

Is

and

ji6

HISTORY OF GREAT
P.

BRITAI!^.
accefs to theiil-

HA
__

^^^ Glafgow

where there was no

J^

1675,

ftadjune.

but over a bridge, which a fmall body \vas able todefend againft the king's forces. They fhewed judgment in the choice of their poft ; but dilcovered neither judgment nor valour in any other ftep of No nobility and few gentry had their conduct. joined theni : The clergy were in reality the generals ; and the v/hole army never exceeded 8000 men. Monmouth attacked the bridge ; and the body of rebels who defended it, maintained their poll as When they fent long as their ammunition lalled.
for more, they received orders to quit their

and

ground, backwards. This imprudent meafure occafioned an immediate defeat to the covenantersMonmouth palTed the bridge without oppofition^ and drew up his forces oppofue to the enemy. His cannon alone put them to rout. About 700 fell inthe purfuit for properly fpeaking there was no aftion. Twelve hundred were taken prifoners ; and were treated by Mormouth with a humanity which they had never experienced in their own countryto retire
;

men.

Such of them a^ would promife to live peaceAbout three hundred, who ably were dihniifed.
fo obftinate as to refufe this eaiy condition,

were

were

ihipped for Barbadoes ; but unfortunately perifhed Two of their clergy were hanged, in the voyage. Monmouth was of a generous difpoiition ; and beUdes aimed at popularity in Scotland. The king intended to- intruft the government of that kingdom
in his hands.

He had married a Scottifli lady, heir of a great family, and allied to all the chief nobility,^. And Lauderdale, as he waS' now declining in his parts, and was much decayed in his memory, began to lofe with the king that influence which he had maintained during fo many years ; notwithllanding the efforts of his numerous enemies both in Scotland and England, and notwithllanding the many violent and tyrannical aflions of which he had been
guilty.

Even

at prefent

he retained

fo

much

influ-

enc

C
nce
liing either

HAR

L E

ir.

^2f

good intentions, which the of himfelf, or by Monmouth's fuggellion, had formed with regard to Scotland An but Lauderdale took, 3,61: of indemnity was granted j care that it fhould be fo worded as rather to afford protedi in to himfelf and his alfociates, than to the And though orders were unhappy covenanters. given to connive thenceforwards at all conventicles,
as to polfon all the
lie

CHAP,
-^^^^I.

1679

found means, under a variety (;f pretences, to It muft be owned elude the execution of them. however, to his praise, that he was tlje chief perfon, who, by his couni'el, occafioned the expeditious march of the forces ^nd the prompt orders given to

Monmouth

and thereby difappointed

all

the ex-

peftations of the Englift malcontents, who, reflect-

ing on the difpofition of men's minds in both kingdoms, had entertained great hopes from theprogrefs

pf the Scottifh infurre6tion=

f ^

liS

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAi:

CHAP.

LXVIIL

Meal-? State of parties State of the mlnlfiry new parlia'Whig and Torytub plot

Vicnt

..

Exclufion of the commons Arguments for and againji the exclufion Jp'tll rTrial of Stafford Exclufion bill rejededViolence

His

execution

Violence

'-Diffolution Farli anient at

of

the

of the commons parliament 'Neixx

Parliament
royalifts.

Fitzhavris^s Oxford cafe Vidory of the diffolved

CHAP.
J679.

r-fnj-jE

king,

concurred

at firft in the belief

obfervin^ that the whole nation and profecution

of the popifh plot,

hau found

it

necellary for his

own

fafety,

to pretend,

in all public fpeeches

and

State of
parties.

an entire belief and acquiefcence in that famous abfurdity, and by this artifice he had eluded the violent and irrefiflible torrent of the people. When a little time and recolleftion, as well as the execution of the pretended confpirators, had lomewhat moderated the general fury, he was now enabled to form a confiderable party, devoted to the interefts of the crown, and determined to oppofe the
tranfaftions,

preteriucns of the malcontents.

-

In every mixed government, fuch as that of England, the bulk of the nation will always incline to preferve the entire frame of the conftitution \ but according to the various prejudices, intcrcfts, and diipofitions of men, fome will ever attach themiclves wich
'

more
his

pairion to the regal, others to the

popular,

part

of the

king,

after

government. Though the reftoration, had endeavoured to,

aboliih

C H A R L E
abollfli

II.

119

the diftlnftion of parties, and had chofen

chap.
vll.^.l.v'-O

his

miniilers

from among

all

denominations

no

fooner had he loft his popularity, and expofed himfelf to general jealoufvj than he found it necelTary to court the old cavaiier party, and to promife them full compenfation for that neglect of which they had
hitherto complained.
it
(till

1679.

The

prefent emergence

made

apply for their fupport ; and there were many circumftances which determined them, at this time, to fly to the affillance of the crown, and to the protection of the
neceflary for
to

more

him

royal family.

PARTY,

ftrongly attached to

monarchy,

will

naturally be jealous of the right of fucceffion, by

which alone they be'ieve

liability to

be prefer ved

in the government, and a barrier fixed againft the

encroachments of popular affemblies. The project openly embraced, of excluding the duke, appeared And the deto that party a dangerous innovation fign, fecre"tly projedted, of advancing Monmouth, made them apprehenfive left the inconveniencies of a difputed fucceffion, fliould be propagated to all pofterity. While the jealous lovers of liberty maintained, that a king, whofe title depended on the parliament would naturally be more attentive to the in:

humours, of the people f the monarchy confidered all dependence as a degradation of kingly government, and a great ftep towards the eflablifhment of a commonwealth of England. But though his union with the political royalifts brought great acceffion of force to the king, he derived no lefs fupport from the confederacy, which he had, at this time, the addrefs to form with the church of England. He reprefented to the ecclefiaftics the great number of preibyterians and other fetaries, who had entered into the popular party ; the encouragement and favour which they metterefts, at leaft to the

paffionate admirers of

with

the loudnefs of their cries with regard to

I

popery

I20

'

HISTORY or GREAT BRITAINAnd

clergy

C H A
i<57o.

P.

popery and arbitrary power.

|3ii|]^e^

LXVlii.

and

their adherents

he made the eftaapprehend, that

monarchy was
the

the old fcheme for the abolition of prelacy as well as revived, and that the fame miferies

and oppreffions awaited them, to which, during civil wars and ufurpations, they had fo long been expofed.

The memory
many
indifferent

alfo

of thofe difmal times united

and impartial perfons to the crown,

and begat a dread leil the zeal for liberty fliould engraft itfelf on fanaticiivn, and fliould once more Flad not the, kindle a civil war in the kingdom. king ftill retained the prerogative of diffolving the parliament, there was indeed reafon to apprehend the renewal of all the pretenfions and violences which had ufliered in the lad commotions. The one. period appeared an exact counterpart to the other But ftill difcerning judges could perceive, both the fpirit of the paiiies and in the genms of the prince, difference; by means of which Charlea a, m.aterial v/as enabled at laft, though with the imminent peril

of

liberty,

to preferve the peace of the nation.

Vi^as

The
ceeded

cry againft popery

lefs

loud

but

it

proin

from

religious

than from party

zeal,

thofe who propagated- and even in thofe who adopted The fpirit of enthufiafm had occafioned fo much it. inifchief. and had been fo fuccefsfully exploded, that it was not poffible, by any artifice again to reCant had been ridiculed, hyvive and fupport it. to a more thorough pretenfions pocrify detected the had become purity, greater \o and reformation, themfelves of denominating inftead and fufpicious
;
;

the 9ocIIy party, the appellation affeifled at the beginning of the civil wars, ine prefent patriots were content with calling themfelves the good and the bo^ fure prognoftic that their meafures nefi party : ^ere not to be fo furious, nor their pretenfions fo,

^xorbilanto
^

Temple,

vol.

i,

p. 335.

CHARLES
The

II.

i2i

king too, though not endowed with the inte- ^^^^p^' grity and ftricl principles of his father, was happy in ^^^^^.^ 167^. a more amiable manner, and more popular addrefs, had he referved, or (lately, diliant, from being Far not a grain of pride or vanity in his whole compofition but was the mod affable, bed bred man alive. He treated his fubjedts like noblemen, like gentlemen, like freemen not like valTals or boors. His profefTums were plaufible, his whole behaviour en gaging; fo thac he won upon the hearts, even while he ioit the, .s^ood opinion, of his fubjects, and ofcen
; ;

balanced" their i'ldgment of things

inclination
.

by

their perfonal

though he had Ibmetimes embraced meafuTes dangerous to the liberty and religion of his people, he had never been found to perfevere obflinately in them, but had always returned into that path, which their And united opinion feemed to point out to him.
in his public condutt iikewife,

ppon the whole,

it appeared to many., cruel, and even iniquitous, to remark too rigoroufly the tailings of a prince, who difcovered i'o much facility in correfting his errors, and fo much lenity in pardoning the offences committed againfl himfeif The general afFedion borne the king appeared

fignally about' this time.

He
fits

fell

fick at

Windfor

and had two or three

of a fever, fo violent as general made his life be thought in danger. conflernation feized all ranks of men, increafed by

In the apprehenfions entertained of his fuccelTor the prefent difpofition of men's minds, the king's
to ufe an expreffion of fir William TemTlje was regarded as the end of the world. ^ malcontents, it was feared, would proceed to extremities, and immediately kindle a civil war in ithe kingdom. Either their entire fuccefs, or entire

death,
ple

Temple,

vol.

i-

p. 449.

e Diflert.ition^on Parties, letter

viu

^ Vol.i. p. 34a.

iailure^

122

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

failure, or

HA P.

^^^^^J^
1679. State of
L.i^e^mini-

feemed

all

even the balance and contefl of parties, of them events equally fatal. The king's

^^^^^ counfeliors

therefore, EfTex, Halifax, and flood on bad terms with Shaftef^^^^ ^^j ^-^^ popular party, advifed him to fend fecretly for the duke, that in cafe of any fmifter accident, that prince might be ready to aifert his

Sunderland,

who

right againft the oppofition

meet with.
ad Sept.

When

the

brother out of danger ; the invitation which he had received. His journey, however, was attended with important confequences. He prevailed on the king to difgrace

which he was likely to duke arrived, he found his and it was agreed to conceal

Monmouth, whofe
avowed
to

projects

were now known and

deprive him of his command in the ; army ; and to fend him' beyond fea. He himfelf returned to Bruifels ; but made a fliort flay in that place. He obtained leave to retire to Scotland, under pretence dill of quieting the apprehenfions of
the Englifh nation
cuiring that
;

but in reality with a view of

in his interefls.

fe-

kingdom

Though Eflex and Halifax had concurred in the refolution of inviting over the duke, they foon
found, that they had not obtained his confidence, and that even the king, while he made ufe of their fervice, had no fmcere regard for their perfons. Eflex in difgull refigned the treafury Halifax retired to his country-feat Temple, defpairing of any accommodation among fuch enraged parties, withdrew almoft entirely to his books and his gardens. The king who changed minifters as well as meafures with great indifl-erence, bellowed at this time his chief confidence on Hyde, Sunderland, and Godolphin. Hyde fucceeded EfTex in the treafury.
:

All

the king's minifters, as well as himfelf, were

extremely averfe to the meeting of the new parliament, which they expeded to find as refractory as any of the preceding. The elections had gone moflly

C H A R L E
rors of the plot had

II.

T23

The ter- chap. moflly in favour of the country party. Lxviji. flill a mighty influence over the populace ; and the apprehenfions of the duke*s ^ifi^T"^ bigoted principles and arbitrary chara6ler weighed

The king therewith men of fenfe and refleftion. fore refolved to prorogue the parliament, that he might try, whether time would allay thofe humours,
which, by every other expedient, he had in vain attempted to mollify. In this meafure he did not He knew expect the concurrence of his council. that thofe popular leaders, whom he had admitted, would zealoufly oppofe a reiblution, which difconcerted all their fchemes and that the royalifts would not dare, by fupporting it, to expofe themfelves to the vengeance of the parliament, when it fliould be affembied. Thefe reafons obliged him to take this ftep entirely of himfelf ; and he only declared his reiblution in council. ;t is remarkable, that, though the king had made profeffion never to embrace any meafure without the advice of thefe counfellors, he had often broken that refolution, and had been neceffitated, in affairs of the greatefc confequence, to control their opinion. Many of them in difgufb threw up about this time particularly lord Rulfel, the moll popular man in the nation, as well from the mildnefs and integrity of his charader, as from his zealous attachment to the religion and liberties of his country. Though carried into fome exceiles, his intentions were ever efteemed upright and be,

ing heir to the greatell fortune in the kingdom, as well as void of ambition, men believed that nothing but the laft neceffity could ever engage him to em-

brace any defperate meafures. thaftefbury, who was, in moft particulars, of an oppofite character, was removed by the king from the office of prefident of the council ; and the earl of Radnor, a man who polfeiTed whimfical talents and fplenetic virtues, was
iubflituted in his place.

It

124

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

A V.

T-i

LXYIIT.
'1675,

It w?.s the favour and countenance of the parlia? v^-^iich had chiefly encouragecJ the rumour of plots; but the/nation had gotten fo much mto that vein of credulity, and every neceffitous villain was fd much incited by the fuccefs of Gates and Bedloe, that, even during the prorogation, the people were
iQip^i-_^

jnot

allowed to remain in tranquillity. There was one Dangerfieid, a fellow who had been burned in the hand for crimes, tranfported, whipped, pilloried
four times, fined for cheats, out-lawed for felony^ convicted of coining, and expofed to all the public infamy which the laws could inflict on the bafeft and mod Oiameful enormities. The credulity of the people, and the. humour of the times," enabled even He this man to become a perfon of confequence.
^y^g the

'

^Teal tub
'

author of a

new

incident, called the

7?iea/-

f^

tub plot, from the place where

to
it,

'

were found. and not very material, to difcover. It only appears, that Dangerfieid, under pretence 'of betraying the confpiracies of the preibyterians, had been, countenanced by fome catholics of condition, and' had even been admitted to the duke's prefence and And that, under pretence of revealing the king's he had obtained accefs to Shaftefplots, popifh new of the popular leaders. Which fide fome and bury or whether he did is uncertain cheat, to intended lie But he foon found to cheat both mean not rather more open to a ponation was the of belief the that refolved to and he plot prefbyterian a than pifh Though no humour. prevailing with the in flnke weight could be laid on his teflimony, great clamour was railed as if the court, by way of rctaliationj
difficult,
:

fome papers relating The bottom of this affair it is

had intended
falfe

with the guilt that the confeiTed muTt be of a prefent period, by the prevalence and fufpicion of fuch mean and ignoble arts on all fides, throws ^
to load the prefbyterians
It

confpiracy.

great ftain on the Britilli annals.

^:

On35

Charles
One
of the

!L

125

mod

innocent

artifices, pTaiSlifed

by

|)arty men at this time, was the additional ceremony, pomp, and expence, with which a popeburning, was celebrated in London The (jDectacle ferved to entertain, and amufe, and inflame, the The duke of Monmouth likewile came populace. over without' leave, and made a triumphant proeefiion through many parts of the kingdom, exAli tremely caraffed and admired by the people. the fupport general to requifite thefe arts feemed
:

chap. j^ /^
i^.^,^.

ii^dn'iov,

prejudices, during the long interval of parliament. Great endeavours were alfo ufed to obtain the king's

Sevenconfent for the -meeting of that alTembly. this petition to purpofe. teen peers prefented a Many of the corporations imitated the example, Notv/ithftanding feveral marks of difpleafure, and even a menacing proclamation from the king, peti*.
tions
feffion

i6Sca

came from

all

parrs, earneftiy infilling cii a

The danger of popery, and of parliament. never forgotten 'm any were the terrors of the plotj

of thefe addrelTes.
i?t/as one of the chief in the lad reiga malcontents artifices by which the though ihc manner the crov^^n And had attacked

Tumultuous

petitionhig

of fubfcribing and delivering petitions was now fomewhat regulated by act of parhani'-nt, the tiling itfelf ftill remained ; and was an admirable expedient
for infefling the court, for fpreading dil'content,

and

As for uniting the nation in any popular clamour. the king found ri.o law, by which he could punifh thofe importunate, and, as he decerned them, undutiful felicitations, he was obliged to encounter them, by popular applications of a contrary tendency.
"Wherever the church and court party prevailed, addrefles were framed, containing expreffions of the
iiighed regard to his majelly, the mod entire acquiefcence in his wifdom, the mod dutiful fubmiilioii
to
his

prerogative,

thofe
,

who endeavoured 4

and the deeped abhorrence of to encroach upon it, by

pre*

126

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITIAN.

him any time for aflembling the parThus the nation came to be dillinguifhed

CHAP,
LXViil.
jgg^^

prefcrlbing to
lianient.

into petitioners

at this time extremely an

Whig
Torv.

?.nd

and abhorrers. Fadions indeed were mated againft each other. The very names, by which each party denominated its antagonifl, difcover the virulence and rancour which prevailed. For befides pedtioner and abhorrer, appellations which were loon forgotten, this year is remarkable for being the epoch of the well known epithets of and TORY, by which, ^3^^ fometimes without any material difference, this

WHIG

illand has beenTo long divided. The court party reproached their antagonifts with their affinity to the fanatical conventiclers in Scotland, who were known by the name of "Whigs The country party found a refemblance between the courtiers and the popifh banditti in Ireland, to whom the appellation of
:

Tory was
ral ufe
;

affixed

And

after this

fooHili terms of reproach

came

into public

manner, thefs and gene-

and even at prefent feem not nearer their end than when they were firft invented. The king ufed every art to encourage his partifans, and to reconcile the people to his government. He perfevered in the great zeal which he affel:ed againft popery. He even allowed feveral priefts to be put to death, for no other crime than their having received orders in the Romifh church* It is fingular, that one of them, called Evans, was
playing at tennis, when the warrant for his immediate execution was notified to him: He fwore, that he would play out his fet firft. Charles, with 'the fame view of acquiring popularity, formed an alliance with Spain, and alfo offered an alliance to Holland But the Dutch, terrified with the great power of France, and feeing little refource in a country fo diftrafted as England, declined acceptance. He had fent for the duke from Scotland, but defired him to return, when the time of alfembling the parliament began to approach.
:

It

C H A R L E

II.

127

It was of great confequence to the popular party, c h a p. while the meeting of parliament depended on the ^,^^J!^ king's will, to keep the law, whofe operations are jc,Zo. The fheiiifs of perpetual, entirely on their fide. London by their office return the juries : It had

been ufual for the mayor to nominate one fheriff by and the common-hall had ever drinking to him Sir without difpute confirmed the mayor's choice. Robert Clayton, the mayor, appointed one who was not acceptable to the popular party : The commonhall rejected him ; and Bethel and Cornifh, two independents, and republicans, and of confequence deeply engaged with the malcontents, were chofen by a majority of voices- In fpite of all remonftrances and oppofition, the citizens perfiiled in their choice ; and the court party was obliged for the pre;

fent to acquiefce.

Juries however were not

but that reafon and
juftice,

fo partial

in

the city;

even when the popiih plot was in queflion, could fometimes prevail. The ^sdjurw, earl of Caftlemaine, hufband to the duchefs of Cleveland, was acquitted about this time, though accufed by Oates and Dangerfield of an intention to aiTaffinate the king. Sir Thomas Gafcoigne, a very aged gentleman in the north, being accufed by tv/o fervants, whom he had dlfmiifed for difhonefly, received a like verdid. Thefe trials were great blows to the plot, vv^hich now began to dagger, in the judgment of moil men, except thofe who were entirely devoted to the country party. But in order ftill to keep alive the zeal againft popery, the earl of Shafteibury appeared in Weftminfter-hall, attended by the earl of Huntingdon, the lords Rullel, Cavendilli, Gray, Brandon, fir Henry Cav'erly, fir Gilbert Gerrard, fir William Cooper,

and other perfons of diftindion, and prefented to the grand jury of Middlefex reafons for indiding die duke of York as a popifh recufant. While the

pry

128

HISTORY OF GREAT BPITAIH.

uirv were delibera^inci on this extraordiDarvprefent-^ ment the chief justice fent for them, and fuddenly,

CHAP, ^^^^^
1680.

tiftoa.
yI^^^i"^'

even fomewhat irre(:3:ular]y, difmified them. Shaftefbury however obtained the end for which he had undertaken this bold meafure Hefliowed to ail his foJ lowers the defperate refolution which he had embraced, never to admit of any accommodation or compofition with the duke. By fuch daring conduct he gave them afiiirance, that he was fully de-^ termined not to defert their caufe and he engaged them to a like devoted perfeverance in ail the meafures which he fhould fuggefl: to them. As the kingdom was regularly and openly divided into two zealous parties, it was not difficult for the king to know that the majority of the new houfe of commons was engaged in interefts oppofite td But that he might leave no expedient the court untried, which could compofe the unhappy differ-^ ences among his lubjecls, he refolved, at aft, after
;
;

jfoJ^g

interval,

to affemble the parliament.

In his

fpeech, he told

them

that the feveral prorogations

which he had made, had been yery advantageous to That his neighbours, and very ufefiil to himfelf iie had employed that interval in perfeling with the crown of Spain an alliance, which had often been defired by former parliaments, and which, he doubted not, would be extremely agreeable to them That, in order to give weight to this meafure, and render it beneficial to Chriftendom, it was necelTary to avoid all domeftic diffenfions, and to unite themielves firmly in the fame views and purpofes That he was determined that nothing on. his part fhould be wanting to fuch a falutary' end ; and proviaed the fucceffion were preferved in its due and legal courfe, he woidd concur in any ex: :

pedient for the fecuriry of the pr.;teilant religion: That the farther examination of the popiih plot and
the puiiifnment of the criminals were requifite for

the

H A R L

II.
:

129

And after c H A p. the fafety both of king and kingdom recommending to them the neceffity of providing, ,_-^-. ^ by fome fupplies, for the fafety of Tangiers, he 1680. proceeded in thefe words " But that which I value above all the treafure in the world, and which I
,

am
can

fure will give us greater ftrength and reputa-

tion both at

home and abroad

a perfedt

than any treafure

do,

is

union

among

ourfelves.

Nothing but this can reflore the kingdom to that ftrength and vigour which it feems to have loft, and raife us again to that confideration which England hath ufually poffeifed. All Europe have their eyes upon this affembly, and think their own happinefs and mifery, as well as ours, wilf depend upon it. If we fliould be fo unhappy as
to fall into mifunderftandings

among

ourfelves to

that degree as

to truft to,

would render our friendfhip unfafe it will not be wondered at, if our

neighbours fhould begin to take new refolutions, and perhaps fuch as may be fatal to us. Let us therefore take care that we do not gratify our enemies, and difcourage our friends, by any unIf any fuch do happen, the feafonable difputes. world will fee that it is no fault of mine For I have done all that it was poiTible for me to do, to keep you in peace while I live, and to leave you But from fo great prudence and fo when I die. fo good alfedion as yours, I can fear nothing of this kind ; but do rely upon you all, that you will do your beft endeavours to bring this parliament to a good and happy conclufion."
:

All thefe

mollifying expreffions had

no influence

violence
^ ^^^

with the commons. Every ftep which they took betrayed the zeal with which they were animated. They voted that it was the undoubted right of the fubjeft to petition the king for the calling and fitting of parliament. Not content with this decifion, which feems juftifiable in a mixed monarchy, they

Vol, VIII.

fell

130

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

fell

CHAP,
LX\aiL
i63o.

with the utmofl violence on

\^ their addrelTes to the

all

thofe ahhorrers^
exprefled.

yj^\^Q^

crown, had

did not refled that it was as lawful for one party of men as for another, to exprefs their fenfe of public
their dirapprobation of thofe petitions.
affairs

They

and that the belt eflablifhed right may, in particular circumftances, be abufed, and even the For exercife of it become an objeft of abhorrence. this offence, they expelled fir Thomas Withens. They appointed a committee for farther inquiry into fuch members as had been guilty of a like and complaints were lodged againft lord crime Paflonj fir Robert Malverer, fir Bryan Stapleton, They addrelfed the king Taylor, and Turner. againll fir George Jefferies, recorder of London, for his adlvity in the fame caufe ; and they frightened him into a refignation of his office, in which he was fucceeded by fir George Treby, a great They voted an imleader of the popular party. peachment againfl North, chief juflice of the common pleas, for drawing the proclamation againfl tumultuous petitions But upon examination found the proclamation fo cautioufly worded, that it A petition afforded them no handle againft him. had been prefented to the king from Taunton,
;

"

dare you deliver me fuch a paper ?" faid *' Sir,*' the king to the perfon who prefented it. " this faucy my name is Dare.'* For replied he,
reply, but

How

under other pretences, he had been tried, The commons fined, and committed to prifon. and for king liberty, for his nov/ addrelfed the alfo remitting his fine. Some printers and authors of feditious Hbels they took under their protedion.

numbers of the abhorrers, from all parts England, were feized by order of the commons, of and committed to cuftody. The liberty of the fubjeft^ which had been fo carefully guarded by the
;

Great

great

H A R

L E

'

IL

13^

A ^' great charter, and by the late law of habeas corpus, c ,J[. Was every day violated by their arbitrary and ca- ^_^^^-,^^

Thechief jealoufy, it is true, of the Englifh conftitution is naturally and juftly nor indeed have the directed againfl the crown commons any other means of fecuring their privileges than by commitments, which, as they cannot beforehand be exaftly determined by law, muft always appear in fome degree arbitrary. Senlible of
pricious commitments.
;

j6io.

thele reafons,

the

people

had

hitherto, v/ithout

murmuring, feen this difcretionary power exercifed by the houfe But as it was now carried to excefs, and was abufed to ierve the purpofes of faction, great complaints, again!!: it were heard from all quarters. At lad, the vigour and courage of one S towel of Exeter, an abhorrer, put an end to the prafliice. He refufed to obey the ferjeant at arms, Hood upon his defence, and laid that he knew of no law by which they pretended to commit him.
:

The

houfe, finding it equally dangerous to proceed They inferted or to recede, got off by an evafion
:

Stowel was indifpofed, and that a month's time was allowed him for the recovery of
in their votes, that
his health.

But
plot,

the phief violence of the houfe of

all their

commons

appeared in
the

tranfaclions with regard to the

which they profecuted with the fame zeal and fame credulity as their predecelTors; They renewed the former vote, which affirmed the reality
of the horrid popifh plot ; and, in order the more to terrify the people, they even aflerted that, notwithftanding the difcovery, the plot ftill fublifted. They expelled fir Robert Can, and fir Robert Yeomans, who had been complained of, for faying that there was no popiih, but there was a preibyterian, plot. And they greatly lamented the death of Bedloe, whom they called a material witnefs, and on whofe teflimony they much depended. He had been feized with a fever at Briftol j had fent for

chief

232

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

p. chief juftice
',.

G HA
^^_

North

confirmed

all

his

former

evi-

j6go.

dence, except that with regard to the duke and the queen ; and delired North to apply to the king for

fome money to relieve him in his neceflities. A few days after, he expired ; and the whole party
triumphed extremely in thefe circumflances of his As if fuch a teftimony could be deemed the affirmation of a dying man, as if his confeflion of perjury in fome inftances could affure his veracity in the reflj and as if the perfeverance of one profligate could outweigh the lafl words of fo many men, guilty of no crime but that of popery. The commons even endeavoured, by their countenance and protedion, to remove the extreme infamy with which Dangerfield was loaded, and to reflore him to the capacity of being an evidence. The whole tribe of informers they applauded and rewarded j Jennifon, Turberville, Dugdale, Smith, la Faria, appeared before them ; and their teftimony, however frivolous or abfurd, met with a favourable reception The king was applied to in their behalf for penfions and pardons : Their narratives were printed with that fandion which arofe from the approbation of the houfe Dr. Tongue was recommended for the firft confiderable church Conpreferment which fhould become vacant. fidering men's determined refolution to believe, inftead of admiring that a palpable falfehood fliould be maintained by witnelTes, it may juftly appear wonderful, that no better evidence was ever produced ae:ainft the catholics. The principal reafons, which ftill fupported the clamour of the popifh plot, were the apprehenfions entertained by the people of the duke of York, and the refolution embraced by their leaders, of Shaftefbury and excluding him from the throne. many confiderable men of the party, had rendered themfelves irreconcilable with him, and could find
death
:
:

Exclufion
^'^'-

their fafcty

no way but

in his ruin.

Monmouth's
friends

C H A R L E
friends

II.

133

hoped that the exclufion of that prince ^S^-J;?*

v/ould

make way

for their patron.

The refentment

_ _ Jj
1680.

againft the duke's apoftacy, the love of liberty, the

zeal for religion, the attachment to fadion, all thefe And above all, motives incited the country party. what fupported the refolution of adhering to the exclufion, and rejefting all other expedients offered, was the hope artfully encouraged, that the king would at hifl be obliged to yield to their demand. His revenues v/ere extremely burdened ; and even if free, could fcarcely fuffice for the neceflary charges of government, much lefs for that pleafure and expence to which he was inclined. Though he had withdrawn his countenance from Monmouth, he was known fecretly to retain a great affedlion for him. On no occafion had he ever been found to perfifl: obftinately againft difFxCulties and importunity. And as his beloved miftrefs, the dutchefs of Portfmouth, had been engaged, either from lucrative views, or the hopes of making the fucceilion fall on her own children, to unite herfelf with the popular party ; this incident was regarded as a favourable prognoftic of their fuccefs. Sunderland, fecretary of ftate, who had linked his intereft with that of the dutchefs, had concurred in the fame meafure. But befides friendlhip for his brother and a regard to the right of fucceflion, there were many ftrong reafons which had determined Charles to perfevere in oppofing the exclufion. All the royalifts and the devotees to the church ; that party by which alone monarchy was fupported ; regarded the right of fucceflion as inviolable ; and if abandoned by the king in fo capital an article, it was to be feared that they would, in their turn, defer t his caufe, and deliver him over to the pretenfions and ufurpations of the country party. The country party, or the whigs, as they were called, if they did not ftill yetain fome propenfity towards a republic, were a

ieaft

1^34

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

lead affecled with a violent jealoufy of regal power ; and it was equally to be dreaded, that, being enraged with pad: oppofition, and animated by prefent fuc-

CHAP,
,

j^8o.

they would, if they prevailed in this pretenbe willing, as well as able, to reduce the prerogative within very narrow limits. All menaces, therefore, all promifes were again employed againft the king*s refolution He never would be prevailed on to defert his friends, and put himfelf into the hands of his enemies. And having voluntarily made fuch important conceflions, and tendered, over and over again, fuch flrong limitations, he was well pleafed to find t-hem rejefted by the obftinacy of the commons ; aad hoped that, after the fpirit of oppofition had fpent itfeif in fruitlefs violence, the time would come, when he might fafely appeal againfl his parliament to his people. So much were the popular leaders determined to carry matters to extremities, that in lefs than a week after the commencement of the fefTion, a motion was made for bringing in an exclufion-bill, and a committee was appointed for that purpofe. This bill differed in nothing from the former, but
cefs,

fion,

in

two

articles,

which lliowed
:

flill

zeal in the

commons

The

bill
all

was

an increafe of to be read to
fupport the

the people twice a-year in

the churches of the

fliould

kingdom, and every one who

duke's
title

icth

was rendered incapable of receiving a pardon but by aft of parliament. The debates were carried on with great violence on both fidts. The bill was defended bv fir William Jones, who had now refigned his office of attorney-general, by lord Rufiel, by fir Francis Winnington, fir Harry Capel. fir William PulteNov. ney, by colonel Titus, Treby, Hambden, Montague. It was oppoled by fir Leoline Jenkins,
fecretary of (late

exchequer,

fir John Ernley, chancellor of the The by Hyde, Seymour, Temple.

argu-

H A R L E
us,

II.

135

arguments tranfmitted to

may

be reduced to Ci^^^P,

'j the following topics. 16^0. In every government, faid the exclufionifLS, there ^'^^K^iis fomewhere an authority abfolute and fupreme ; ments for r r nor can any aetermmation, now unulual loever, andagainft which receives the fanftion of the legiilature, admit t^e excluT
.

.'

The liberty of a afterwards of difpute or control. conflitution, fo far from diminifhing this abfolute power, feems rather to add force to it, and to give The more it greater influence over the people.
members of
fion,

the ftate concur in any legiflative decifree their voice, the lefs like-

and the more

is

lihood

there that any oppofition will be

made

to

thofe meafures
their authority.

which receive the

final

fandion of

In England, the legiflative power is lodged in king, lords, and commons, which comprehend every order of the community : And
there
is

no pretext for exempting any circumftance

not
full

of government, crown, from fo

even the

fucceffion

of the

and

decifive

a jurifdiclion.

Even

exprefs declarations have, in this particular,

:

been made of parliamentary authority Inflances have occurred where it has been exerted : And though prudential reafons may juflly be alleged why fuch innovations fhould not be attempted but on extraordinary occafions, the power and right are for ever vefled in the community. But if any occafion can be deemed extraordinary, if any emergence can require unufual expedients, it is the prefent when the heir to the crown has renounced the religion of the flate, and has zealoufly embraced a faith totally hoflile and incompatible. A prince of that communion can never put trufh in a people fo prejudiced againfl him The people muft be equally diffident of fuch a prince : Foreign and deftruftive alliances will feem to one the only protection of his throne .Perpetual jealoufy, oppofition, faftion, even infurredlions, will be employed by the other as
: :

the

136

'

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

for
their

^^^^^^_^-l
-

the fole fecurities

liberty

and

religion.

,\

Though

theological principles,

when

fet in

oppo^

1680.

fidon to paffions, have often fmall influence on mankind in general, ftill lefs on princes ; yet when they become fymbols of fadlion, and marks of party distinctions, they concur with one of the ftrongefl paffions in the human frame, and are then capable of carrying men to the greateft extremities. Notwithftanding the better judgment and milder difpofition of the king ; how much has the influence* of the duke already difl:urbed the tenor of government? How often engaged the nation into meafures totally deflruftive of their foreign interefts and honour, of their domefliic repofe and tranquillity ^ The more the abfurdity and incredibility of thepopifli plot are infifhed on, the ilronger reafon it aflbrds for the exclufion of the duke ; fmce the univerfal belief of it difcovers the extreme antipathy of the nation to his religion, and the utter impofllbility of ever bringing them to acquiefce peaceably under the dominion of fuch a fovereign. The prince, finding himfelf in fo perilous a fituation, mufl: feek for fecurity by defperate remedies, and by totally fubduing the privileges of a nation which had betrayed fuch hofl:ile difpofitions towards himfelf, and towards It is every thing which he deems the mofl: facred. in vain to propofe limitations and expedients. Whatever fliare of authority is left in the duke's hands, will be employed to the defl:ru6lion of the nation ; and even the additional refliraints, by difcovering the public diffidence and averfion, will ferve him as Incitements to put himfelf in a condition entirely fuperior and independent. And as the laws of England fl:ill make reliftance treafon, and neither do nor can admit of any pofitive exceptions ; what folly to leave the kingdom in fo perilous and abfurd a fitua-r tion; where the greateft virtue will be expofed to thp

mofl fevere profcription, and where the laws can only be

H A R

L E

II.

137

be faved by expedients, which thefe fame laws have chap. LXVIII. declared the highefl crime and enormity. The court party reafoned in an oppofite manner. j^g^^ An authority, they faid, wholly abfolute and uncontrollable is a mere chimera, and is no where to be found in any human inilitutions. All government is founded on opinion and a fenfe of duty ; and wherever the fupreme magiftrate, by any law or pofitive prefcription, fhocks an opinion regarded as fundamental, and eflablifhed with a firmnefs equal to that of his own authority, he fubverts the principle by which he himfelf is eftabliflied, and can no In European molonger hope for obedience. narchies, the right of fucceffion is juftly efteemed a fundamental and even though the whole legiflature be vefted in a fmgle perfon, it would never be permitted him, by an edid, to difmherit his lawful heir, and call a flranger or more diftant relation to the Abufes in other parts of government are throne,
;

capable of redrefs, from more difpaffionate inquiry or better information of the fovereign, and till then ought patiently to be endured : But violations of the
right of fucceffion
after
terrible confequences be paralleled by any other Vainly is it pleaded grievance or inconvenience. that England is a mixed monarchy ; and that a law,

draw fuch

them

as are not to

by king, lords, and commons, is enabled by the concurrence of every part of the (late : there remains a very powerful It is plain that party, who may indeed be out-voted, but who
affented to

never

right, anywife valid

of hereditary or obligatory. Limitations, fuch as are propofed by the king, give no fhock to the conflitution, which, in many particulars, is already hmited ; and they may be fo calculated as to ferve every purpofe fought for by an exclufion. If the ancient barriers againft regal authority have
will

deem

a law, fubverfive

been

able,

during fo

many

ages, to

remain impregnable
J

!'.$

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^"

HAP.

"

how much more, thofe additional ones, pregnable which, by depriving the monarch of power, tend fo far to their own fecurity ? The fame jealoufy too of religion, which has engaged the people to lay thefe reftraints upon the fucceffor, will extremely leifen the number of his partifans, and make it utterly impradicable for him, either by force or artiThe fice, to break the fetters impofed upon him. king's age and vigorous fiate of health promife him a long life And can it be prudent to tear in pieces the whole ftace, in order to provide againfl a contingency, which, it is very likely, may never happen? No human fchemes can fecure the public in and the bill of exa.il poiiible, imaginable events ; clunon itfelf, however accurately framed, leaves room for obvious and natural fuppofitions, to which Should the it pretends not to provide any remedy. duke have a fon, after the king's death, muft that fon, without any default of his own, forfeit his title? or muft the princefs of Orange defcend from the throne, in order to give place to the lawful fuc;
:
.

cefTor? But were all theie reafons falfe, it ftill remains to be confidered that, in public deliberations, we feek not the expedient which is beft in itThe felf, but the beft of fuch as are prafticable. king willingly confents to limitations, and has already offered fome which are of the utmoft importance : But he is determined to endure any extremity rather than allow the right of fucceffion to be invaded. Let us beware of that faftious violence, which leads to demand more than will be granted ; left we lofe the advantage of thofe beneficial con-

and leave the nation, on the king's demercy of a zealous prince, irritated with the ill ufage, which, he imagines, he has already met with. In the houfe of commons^ the reafoning of the exclufionifts appeared the more convincing j and
ceftions,

mife, at the

the

CHARLES
the
bill

II.

139
It

pafTed

by

a great majority.

was

in

the c

H A

p.

houfe of peers that the king expected to oppofe it The court party was there lb prewith fuccefs. valent, that it was carried only by a majority of two to pay fo much regard to the bill as even to When it came to be debated, the commit it. Shaftefbury, Sunderland, and contefl was violent. Halifax chiefly conducted the EfTex, argued for it debate againfl it, and difplayed an extent of capacity, and a force of eloquencej which had never been He was animated, as furpalTed in that affembly.
:

___^^__Jy 1680.

15th

Nov.

fhip

well by the greatnefs of the occafion, as by a rivalwith his uncle Shaftefbury ; whom, during that

day's debate, he feemed, in the

to

judgment of all, The king was prefent have totally eclipfed. during the whole debate, which was prolonged till The bill was thrown out by a eleven at night.
confiderable
majority.

except Befides the influence of the three, voted againft it. the church of England, they court over them imagined oV pretended, was in greater danger from the prevalence of prefbyterianifm than of popery, which, though favoured by the duke, and even by the king, was extremely repugnant to the genius of the nation. The commons difcovered much ill humour upon They immediately voted an this difappointment. addrefs for the removal of Halifax from the kin-^'s councils and prefence for ever. Though the pretended caufe was his advifmg the late frequent prorogations of parliament, the real reafon was apparently his vigorous oppofition to the exclufion-bill. When the king apphed for money to enable him to maintain Tangiers, which he declared his prefect revenues totally unable to defend ; inftead of complying, they voted fuch an addrefs as was in reality a remonitrance, and one little lefs violent than that
All the
biiliops,
;
.

Ex-ciufion billve'"^
'^

'

famous remonftrance, which ufhered in the

civil

wars.

HO CHAP.
i^^^^,,..^^,^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

All the abufes of government, from the bewars. ginning almofl of the reign, are there infifted on; the Dutch war, the alliance with France, the prorogaticns and diflblutions of parliament ; and as all thefe meafures, as well as the damnable and hellijlo plot, are there afcribed to the machinations of papifts, it was plainly infmuated that the king had, all along, lain under the influence of that party, and

i6go.

was

in reality the chief confpirator againft the reliliberties

of his people. though they conducted the great bufmefs of the exclufion with extreme violence and ven imprudence, had yet much reafon for the But their vehement jealoufy which gave rife to it profecution of the popiih plot, even after fo long an interval, difcovers fuch a fpirit, either of credulity or injultice, as admits of no apology. The impeachment of the catholic lords in the Tower was revived ; and as vifcount Stafford, from his age, infirmities, and narrow capacity, was deemed the leaft capable of defending himfelf, it was determined to make him the firfl viftim, that his con^ demnation might pave the way for a fentence againft The chancellor, now created earl of Notthe refl. gion and

The commons,

30th Nov.

tingham, was appointed high fteward for conducing

the
trial.

Trial of Siafiord;

Three
^^^^^
.^

wienefles

were produced againft the

pri-

Gates Gates, Dugdale, and Turberville. fwore, that he faw Fenwic, the Jefuit, deliver to Stafford a commilTion figned by de Gliva, general of the Jefuits, appointing him pay-mafter to the papal army, which was to be levied for the fubduing of England : For this ridiculous impofture ftill maintained its credit with the commons. Dugdale gave teitimony, that the prifoner, at Tixal,
a feat of lord Alton's, had endeavoured to engage him in the defign of murdering the king ; and had promifed him, befidss the honour of being fainted

by

C H A R L E S
fervice.

il.

i4f
for that C h a p, Lxvili.
1,523.

by the church, a reward of 500 pounds

his

own

pofal.

Turberviile depofed, that the prifoner, in houfe at Paris, had made him a like proTo offer money for murdering a king,
laying

without
affaffin

down any fcheme by which

the

feme probability or poffibllity of efcape, is fo incredible in itfelf, and may fo eafily be maintained by any profiitute evidence, that an accufation of that nature, not accompanied with circumftances, ought very little to be attended to by any court of judicature. But notwithftanding the fmall hold which the witneifes afforded, the prifoner was able, in many material particulars, to difcredit It was fworn by Dugdale, their teflimony. that Stafford had afTifted in a great confult of the cabut Stafford proved by untholics held at Tixal doubted teflimony, that at the time alfigned he was Turberviile in Bath, and in that neighbourhood. had ferved a noviciate among the Dominicans but having deferted the convent, he had enlifled as a trooper in the French army ; and being difmiffed that fervice, he now lived in London, abandoned by all his relations, and expofed to great poverty,
infure
; ;

may

Stafford proved, by the evidence of his gentleman

and

his page, that Turberviile

Paris or at

London, been feen

in his

had never, either at company ; and

that a perfon, who it might juftly appear ftrange, had io important a fecret in his keeping, was fo long entirely neglefted by him. The clamour and outrage of the populace, during the trial, were extreme Great abilities and eloquence were difplayed by the managers, fir William Jones, fir Francis Winnington, and ferjeant Maynard Yet did the prifoner, under all
:
:

thefe

than enemies : The unequal conteft in which he was engaged, was a plentiful fource of compaflion to every mind, feafoned with humanity. He reprefented that,
difadvantages,,

make a

better defence

was expeded,

either

by

his friends or his

during.

142

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

during a courfe of forty years, from the very commencement of the civil wars, he had, through many dangers, difficulties, and lofles, ftill maintained his loyalty And was it credible, that now, in his old age, eafy in his circumflances, but difpirited by infirmities, he would belye the whole courfe of his life, and engage againft his royal mafter, from whom he had ever received kind treatment, in the mod defperate and moft Dloody of all confpiracies ? He remarked the infamy of the witneffes ; the contradictions and abiurdlties of their teftimony ; the extreme indigence in which they had lived, though engaged, as they pretended, in a confpiracy with kings, princes, and nob.es ; the credit and opu:

CHAP,
LXVIII.
i68o,

lence to v/hich they were at prefent railed. a fimplicity and tendcrneis more perfuafive

With

than he ftill made proteflations of his innocence, and could not forbear, every moment, expreffing the moft lively furprife and indignation at the audacious jmpudence of the witthe
greateft

oratory,

neffes.

It will appear aftonifliing to us, as it did to Stafford himfeif, that the peers, alter a folemn trial of fix days, ihould, by a majority of twenty-four
voices,

give fentence againit

him.

He

received

however with refignation the fatal verdict. God^s holy name he praifed^ was the only exclamation When the high-fteward told which he uttered. him that the peers would intercede with the king for remitting the more cruel and ignominious parts of the fentence, hanging and quartering, he burfl: But he told the lords that he was movinto tears ed to this v/eaknefs, by his fenfe of their goodnefs, not by any terror of that fate which he was doomed
:

to fuffer.

remarkable that, after Charles, as is ufual had remitted to Stafford the hanging and quartering, the tv/o fheriffs. Bethel and Cornifh, indulging their ov/n republican humour, and complying
is

It

in fuch cafes,

CHARLES

II.

143

complying with the prevalent fpirit of their party, ever jealous of monarchy, ilated a doubt with regard to the king's power of exercifmg even this " Since he cannot pardon fmall degree of lenity. " the whole," faid they, " how can he have power *' to remit any part of the fentence ?" They propofed the doubt to both houfes : The peers pronounced it fuperfluous ; and even the commons, apprehenfive left a queftion of this nature might make way for Stafford's efcape, gave this fmgular " This houfe is content, that the fheriffs anfwer " do execute William late -vifcount Stafford by *' fevering his head from his body o^z/y." Nothing can be a fiironger proof of the fury of the times, -than that lord Ruilel, notwithfcanding the virtue and humanity of his charafter, feconded in the houfe this
:

chap.

r^l\
i^so.

barbarous fcruple of the

iheriffs.

between the fentence and execution, many efforts were made to (hake the refotion of the infirm and aged prilbner, and to bring him to fome confelTion of the treafon for w^hich he was condemned. It was even rumoured, that he had confeffed ; and the zealous partymen, who, no doubt, had fecretly, notwlihftanding their credulity, entertained fome doubts with regard to the reaHty of the popifli confpiracy, expreffed great triumph
interval
,

In the

on the
before
others
lics,

occaiion.

But
of

Stafford,

when again
difcovered

called

the
for

houfe

peers,

many

fchemes,

which had

been

laid

by himfeif and

procuring a toleration to the cathoof the penal laws enacted againft them And he protefted that this was the fole treafon of which he had ever been
at leaft a mitigation
:

guilty.

Staffop.d now prepared himfeif for death W'ich the intrepidity v/hich became his birth and ftation, and which was the natural refult of the innocence and integrity which, during the courfe of a long life,
he had ever maintained
:

His mind feemed even to

colleft

144

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

new force from the violence and opprefliori under which he laboured. When going to execution, he called for a cloak to defend him againfl the " Perhaps,'* faid he, " I may rigour of the feafon " ihake with cold ; but I trufl in God not for fear.'*
colleft
:

CHAP,
1680. 29th Dec.

and execution.

On the fcafFold, he continued, with reiterated and earned alTeverations, to make proteftations of his All his fervour was exercifed on that innocence point : When he mentioned the witnefles, whofe perjuries had bereaved him of life, his expreffions were full of mildnefs and of charity. He folemnly difavowed all thofe immoral principles, which overzealous proteftants had afcribed without diftindtion And he hoped, he faid, to the church of Rome that the time was now approaching, when the prefent delufion would be diffipated; and when the force of truth, though late, would engage the whole world to make reparation to his injured honour. The populace, who had exulted at Stafford's trial and condemnation, were now melted into tears at the fight of that tender fortitude which fhone forth in each feature, and motion, and accent of this aged noble. Their profound filence was only interrupted by fighs and groans. With difficulty they found fpeech to aflent to thofe proteflations of inno" believe cence, which he frequently repeated *' you, my lord God blefs you, my lord!" Thefe expreffions with a faultering accent flowed from them. The executioner himfelf was touched with fympathy. Twice he lifted up the ax, with an intent to Itrike the fatal blow ; and as often felt his refolution to fail him. deep figh was heard to accompany his laft effort, which laid StaffiDrd for ever at All the fpeftators feemed to feel the blow. reft. And when the head was held up to them with the ufual cry, This is the head of a traitor^ no clamour of affent was uttered. Pity, remorfe, and aftonifhment, had taken poifelTion of every heart, and dif: :
:

We

played

itfelf in

every countenance.

This

H A R L

li.

14S

This is the lad blood which was fhed oiAac- c H A Pcount of the popllh plot: An incident which, for ^^^""'^^ the credit of the nation, it were better to bury in jj^so. eternal oblivion ; but which it is necefiary to perpetuate, as well as to maintain the truth of hiftory, as to warn, if pollible, their pofterity and all mankind never again to fall into fo fnameful, fo barbarous a
delufion.

The

execution of Stafford gratified the prejudices

of the country party ; but it contributed nothing to On the contrary,' by extheir power and fecurity citing commiferation, it tended ftill farther to inCreafe that diibelief of the whole plot, which begaa now to prevail. The commons, therefore, not to lofe the prefent opportunity, refolved to make both They friends and enemies fenfible of their power.
:

paffed a bill for eafnig the proteflant diffenters,

fifth

and

for repealing the perfecuting ftatute of the thirty-

of Elizabeth

This laudable

bill

was likewife
chief juilice

carried through the houfe of peers.

The

was very obnoxious for difraiffing the. grand jury in an irregular manner, and thereby difappointing that bold meafure of Shaftefbury and his friends, who had prefented the duke as a recufant. For this crime the commons fent up an impeachment againfl him ; as alio againft Jones and Weflon, two of the judges, who, in fome fpeeches from the bench, had gone
fo far as to give to

many

of the

firft

reformers the

appellation of fanatics.

king, in rejefting the exclufion bill, had authority of the houfe of peers ; and the commons had been deprived of the ufual pretence, to attack the fovereign himfelf, under colour of attacking his miIheltered himfelf fecurely behind the
niiters

The

and counfellors. In profecution, however, of the fcheme which he had formed, of throwing the blame on the commons in cafe of any rupture, he

made them
*

new
'

fpeech.

that a neglect of this opportunity

After warning them, would never be

retrieved

Vol. Vill.

I,

?4^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

retrieved, he

CHAT,

added thefe words

^^^^
loso.

" you
'^ *'

the fulleiL fatisfaclion,

" I did promife which your heart?

:

'*

*' ** *' ** '^

*'
**

could wifh, for the fecurity of the proteftant religion, and to concur with you in any remedies, which might confiil with preferving the fucceilion of the crown in its due and legal courfe of defcent. I do again, with the fame refervations, renew the fame promifes to you : And being thus ready on my part to do all that can reafonably be expeded from me, 1 fliould be glad to know from you, as foon as may be, how far I fliall be ailifted by you, and what it is you defire

**

from me."

reafonable objeciion againft the limitaby the king, is, that they introduced too confiderable an innovation in the government,, and almofl totally annihilated the power of the future monarch. But conildering the prefent difpo^
tions propofed
fition fairly

The mod

Violence

of the commons and their leaders, we may prefume, that this objedion would have fmall weight with them, and that their difgull againft the court would rather incHne them to diminifh than fupport regal authority. They ftill hoped, from the king's urgent neceilities and his ufual facility, that he would throw himfelf wholly into their hands and that thus, without waiting for the acceffion of the duke, they might immediately render themfelves The comabfolute mafters of the government.

of the

mons, therefore, befides

iion,

infifling; ftill

on the exclu-

bills or an nnportant, proceeaed to brmg and fome of them of an alarming nature: One to renew the triennial a6b, which had been fo inadvertfeently repealed in the beginning of the reign : cond to make the office of judge during good behaviour A third to declare the levying of money witliout ccnfent of parliament to be high treafon : fourth to order an aflbciation for the fafety of his

majefty's perfon, for defence of the proteftant religion, for the prefervation of the protcltant fubjefts againft

CHARLES
agamfl
all

IL

147

invafions and oppofition whatever,

for preventing the

duke of York or any

paplfl

and from

HA
jgo

p.

J^-^^'^^--

fucceedfng to the crown. The memory of the covenant was too recent for men to overlook the confe^ quences of fuch an aiTociation And the king, who was particularly converfant in Davila, could not fail of recollecling a memorable foreign inftance, to fortify this domeftic experience. The commons alfo paiTed miany votes, which, though they had not the authority of laws, ferved
:

however

to difcover the

temper and difpofitlon of

the houfe.

voted, that whoever had advifed his majefly to refufe the exclu (ion-bill, were pro-

They

moters of popery and enemies to the king and kinp-dom. In another vote, they named the marquis of Worcefter, the earls of Clarendon, Feveriham, and Halifax, Laurence Hyde, and Edv/ard Seymourj as thofe dangerous enemies ; and they requefted his majefty to remove them from his perfon and councils for

ever

They voted

that,

till

the exclufion-

were paffed, they could not, confident with the truil repofed in them, grant the king any manner of fupply. And left he fliould be enabled, by any other expedient, to fupport^the government, and preferve
biii

himfelf independent, they paifed another vote, in which they declared that whoever (hould hereafter lend, by way of advance, any money upon thole

branches of the king's revenue, arifmg from cufloms, excife, or hearth -money, Ihould be judged a hinderer of the fitting of parliament, and be refponfible
for the fame in parliament.
rejefted the exciufion-biil,

who had would ftiil condnue to defend the throne, and that none of the dangerous
king might prefame that the psers,
introduced into the other houfe, wor.ld ever

The

bills,

be prefented for the royal aiient and approbation. But as there remained no hopes of brinoino- the commons to any better temper, and as their farther fitting ferved only to keep faction alive, and to per-

petuate

it4

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

i^^

CHAP,
^^^
i68r. 3oth Jan.

petuate the general ferment of the nation, he fecretly to a refolutlon of proroguing them.

cams They

tion'o^the
pariia-

^''^^'

got intelligence about a quarter of an hour before the black rod came to their door. Not to lofe fuch P^ecious time, they palled in a tumultuous maiiner fome extraordinary refolutions. They voted-, that whofoever advifed his majeily to prorogue this parliament to any other purpofe than in order to pafs the bill of excluiion, was a betrayer of the king, of the proteftant rehgion, and of the kingdom of England ; a promoter of the French interefi, and a penfioner of France That thanks be given to the city of London for their manifeft loyalty, and for their care and vigilance in the prefervation of the king, and of the proteftant religion 'That it is the opinion of this houfe, that that city was burned in the year 1666 by the papills, defigning thereby to introduce arbitrary power and popery into the kingdom That humble application be made to his majefty for reftoring the dake of Monmouth to all his offices and commands, from v/hich, it appears" to the houfe, he had been rem.oved by the influence of the duke of York: And that it is the opinion of the houfe that the profecution of the proteftant diffenters upon the penal laws is at this time grievous to the fubjecl, a weakening of the proteftant intereft, an encouragement of popery, and dangerous to the peace of the kingdom. The king pafted fome laws of no great importance But the bill for repealing the thirty-fifth of Elizabeth, he privately ordered the clerk of the crown not to prefent to him. By this artifice, which was equally difobliging to the country party as if the bill had been rejeOied, and at the fame time implied fome timid'ty in the king, that falutary acl was for the prefent eluded. The king had often of himfelf attempted, and fometimes by irregular means, to give indulgence to uon-conformifts:
: : : :

But

befides that he

had

ulually expected to

compre-

hend

CHARLES
tory difpofidon of the

ir.

149

fiend the catholics In this liberty, the prefent refrac-

chap.
,^[^;3^;^
1681.

him

them to keep them ftill

againft

feclaries had much inccnfed and he was refolved, if poifible,

at

mercy.

The lail votes of the commons feemed to be an attempt of forming indirectly an aflbciation againft the crown, after they found that their aflbciation The diflenting intereft, the bill could not pafs city, and the duke of Monmouth, they endeavoured to conne^Sl with the country party. A civil v/ar indeed never appeared fo likely as at prefent ; and It was high time for the king to diffolve a pailiament, which feemed to have entertained fuch dangerous projefts. Soon after, he fummoned another. Though he obferved, that the country party had
:

ellablifhed their intered fo ftrongly in all the elect-

ing boroughs, that he could not hope for any difpofition more favourable in the new parliament, this expedient was ftili a profecution of his former project, of trying every method by w^liich he might form And if all an accommodation with the commons failed, he hoped that he could the better juftity to his people, at lead to his party, a hnal breach with them. It had always been much regretted by the royalills, during the civil wars, that the long parliament had been affembled at Weflminfter, and had there:

by received force and encouragement from the vicinity of a potent and faftious city, which had zealoully embraced their party. Though the king was now polfefied of guards, which in fome meafure overawed the populace, he was determined ftill farther to obviate all inconveniencies and he fummoned the new parliament to meet at Oxford. The city of London Ihovved how jull a judgment he had formed of their difpofitions. Befides reelefting the fame members, they voted thanks to them for their former behaviour, in endeavouring to djfcover the depth of the horrid and hcllijh popilh
;

plot,

150 C H

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^

A P ^"^^^
263x,

exclude the duke of York, the princi-? impending over the natioi]. Monmouth with fifteen peers prefented a petition againfc aifembling the parliament at Oxford, " where the two hcufes/' they faid, " could not be in fafety ; but v/ould be eafily e: pofed to the fwords of the papiils and their adherents, of whom " too many had creeped into his majefty's guards.'^ Thefe infmuations, which pointed fo evidently at the king himfelf, were not calculated to perfuade him, but to inflame the people. The exclufionifts might have concluded, both from the king's diiTclution of the laft parliament, and from his fummoning of the prefent to meet at Oxford, that he was determined to maintain his declared refolution of rejecting their favourite bill : But they ftiil flaitered themfelves that his urgent necefiities would influence his cafy temper, and finally gain them the afcendant. The leaders came to parliament, attended not only by their fervants, but by num.erous bands of their parrifans. The four city members in particular Vv^ere followed by great multitudes, wearing ribbons, in which were woven thefe words, No popery ! no JIavery ! The king had his guards regularly mullered His party likewife enplot,

and

to

p.d caufe of the ruin and mifery

deavoured to make a fliow of their ftrength : And on the whole, the affembly at Oxford rather bore the appearance of a tum.ultuous Polifli diet, than of a
March
21.

regular EngHlh parliament. The king, who had hitherto employed the mofl gracious expreffions to all his parliaments, particularly the

thought proper to addrefs himfelf to the prefent in a more authoritative -manner. Nev/ par- He complained of the unwarrantable proceedings commons ; and laid that, as oTo d^^ of the former houfe of he would never ufe arbitrary government himielf, By callneither would he ever fuffer it in others. fuffihad he ing, however, this parliament fo foon, incould ciently fhewn that no pail irregularities

two

laft,

fpire

C H A R L E
fpire

IL

151

him with a prejudice

againft thofe aiTemblies. c

H .A

P,

He now afforded them, he added, yet another op- v..^^^.^ 1681. portunity of providing for the public fafety ; and to all the world had given one evidence more, that on his part he had not negleded the duty incumbent on
him.

The commons
flerial air

were not overawed by the magi-

They confifted alof the king's fpeech. mod entirely of the fame members ; they chofe the fame fpeaker ; and they inPcantly fell into the fame meafures, the im.peachment of Danby, the repeal
into the popilli plot,
violent v/ere they

of the perfecuting llatute of Eiizabethj the inquiry and the bill of exclufion. So

on

this laft article,

that

no other

expedient, hov/ever plaufible, could fo much as be hearkened to. Ernley, one of the kino's minilfers, propofed that the duke fhould be banifhed, during
life,

five

hundred miles from England, and that on

the king's demife the next heir fiiould be conllituted regent with regal power : Yet even this expedient,
left ,the duke only the bare title of king, could not, though feconded by fir Thomas Littleton and fir Thomas Mompellbn, obtain the atten-r The paft difapj^ointments of tion of the houfe. the country party, and the oppoiition made by the court, had only rendered them more united, more No method but haughty, and more determined. -their own, of excluding the duke, could give them

which

jiny fatisfaftion.

There was one Fitz-harris, an Irifli catholic, who had infmuated himlelf into the dutchefs of
Portfmouth's accqaintance, and had been very bufy in conveying to her, intelligence of any libel written by the country party, or of any defigns entertained againlt her or againft the court, iror fervices of this kind, and perhaps too, from a regard to his father, fir Edward Fitz-harris, who had been an eminent royal ill, he had received from the king a This man met vvith one pvefent of 3^0 potrnds. Ever^rd^ h 4

Fitz-hirr^s'sy^-i^,

352

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

Everard. a Scotchman, a fpy of the exclufiomfts, concerning the popifh plot ; and he

CHAP.
1081.

i^^^V^ and an informer

engaged him to write a libel againil the king, the duke, and the whole adminiflratlon. What Fitzharris's intentions were, cannot well be afcertained It is probable, as he afterwards afferted, that he

meant to carry this Hbel to his patron, the dutchefs, and to make a merit of the difcovery. Everard, who fulpeded fome other deiign, and who was well pleafed on his fide to have the merit of a difcovery

He with his patrons, refolved to betray his friend poiled hr William Waller, a noted jufllce of peace, and two perfons moie, behind the hangings, and gave them an opportunity of feeing and hearing the whole tranfaclion. The libel, fl^.etched out by Fitz-, harris, and executed partly by him, partly by Everard, was the moil furious, indecent, and outrageous performance imaginable ; and fuch as was fitter to hurt than ferve any party, which fhould be fo imprudent as to adopt it. Vv^aller carried the intelligence to the king-, and obtained a warrant for committing Fitz-harris, who happened, at that very time, to have a copy of the libel in his pocket. Finding himfeif now delivered over to the law, he refolved to pay court to the popular party, who were alone able to prote6l him, and by whom he obferved He almoil all trials to be governed and directed. affirmed, that he had been employed by the court to write the libel, in order to throw the odium of it on the exclufionifts But this account, wlrich was within the bounds of credibility, he difgraced by circumftances which are altog;ether abfurd and improbable. The intention of the minillers, he faid,was to fend about copies to all the heads of the country party ; and the moment they received them, they wei-e to be arrefted, and a confpiracy to be imputed to them. That he might merit favour by dill more important Intelligence, he commenced a diicoverer of the great popilli plot 5 and he failed not to confirm
:

all-

CHARLES
all

II.

153

the tremendous clrcumflances infifted

predeceflbrs.

He

faid,

that the fecond

on by his c H a p. Dutch war ^^Viii.

was entered into with a view of extirpating the proboth abroad and at home ; that father Parry, a Jefuit, on the dlfappointment by
teftant religion,

""^g^

the
in

murder
tiiat

peace, told him, that the catholics refolved to the king, and had even engaged the queen

delign

that the

him 10,000 pounds

refufal the
rine,

to kill the kinp;,

envoy of Modena offered and upon his

dutchefs of

envoy

faid,

that the

Mazafilter,

who was

as expert at poifoning as

her

the countefs of SoiiTons, would, with a little phial, execute that defign ; that upon the king's death, the

army

in

Flanders was to
;

the proteflants
recruits

that

come over, and money was raifed in

maffacre
Italy for

and fupplies, and there fhould be no more parhaments ; and that the duke was privy to this whole plan, and had even entered into the defign of Godfrey's murder, which was executed in the manner related by Prance. The popular leaders had, all along, been very defirous of having an accufation againft the duke ; and though Oatesand Bedloe, in their firft evidence, had not dared to go fo far, both Dugdale and Dangerfield had afterwards been encouraged to fupply fo material a defeft, by comprehending him in the
confpiracy.
Fitz-harris

The commons,

therefore, finding that

was alfo wilhng to ferve this purpofe, were not afhamed to adopt his evidence, and refolved for that end to fave him from the deflruftion with which he was at prefent threatened. The king had removed him from the city-prifon, where he was expofed to be tampered with by the exclufionifl-s had lent him to the Towner and had ordered him to be profecuted by an indidment at common law. In order to prevent his trial and execution, an impeachment was voted by the commons againft him, and fent up to the lords. That they mig'ht fhew the
;

greater

154

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

contempt of the court, they ordered, by the impeachmerxt lliould be carried up by fecretary Jenkins ; who was fo provoked by the intended affront, that he at nrft though afterwards, being threatrefufed obedience ened with commitment, he was induced to comply.
greater

way of

derifion, that

The

lords voted to remit the affair to the ordinary

of judice, before whom, as the attorney, general informed them, it was already determined The commons maintained, that to try Fitz-harris.
courts

ment from

the peers were obliged to receive every impeachthe commons ; and this indeed feems to have been the firft inftance of their refufal : They
therefore voted,
that the lords,
jufiice,

in rejefting their

impss diment, had denied

and had violated

They alfo declared, the conflitution of parliament. that whatever inferior court fhould proceed againfl: Fitz-harris, or any one that lay under impeach^ ment, would be guilty of a high breach of privi= lege. Great heats were likely to enfue ; and /as the
Parilarr.ent dif-

king faw no appearance of any better temper in the commons, he gladly laid hold of the opportunity, afforded by a quarrel between the two houfes ; and he proceeded to a diffolution of the parliament.^ The fecret was fo well kept, that the commons had no intimation of it, till the black rod came to their doors, and fummoned them to attend the king at the houfe of peers. This vigorous meafure, though it might have been lorefeen, excited fuch aftonifliment in the countn' party, as deprived them of all fpirit, and reduced them to abfolute defpair. They were fenfible, though too late, that the king had finally taken his refolution, and was determined to endure any extremity rather than fubralt to thofe terms which they had refolved to imp jfe upon him. They found, that he had patiently waited till affairs fliould come to full maturity j and having now engaged a
national

C H A R L E

II.

151

national party on his fide, had boldly fet his enemies c H a p. No parliament, thdy knew, would be ,_^^ J, at defiance. and during that long j68i. fummoned for fome years interval, the court, though perhaps at the head of
;

an inferior party, yet being pofleifed of all authowould have every advantage over a body difThefe reflections crowded perfed and difunited. upon every one; and all the exclufionifts were terrified, left Charles fliould follow the blow by foms adlion more violent, and immediately take vengeance on them for their long and obllinate oppoThe king on his part was iition to his meafures. po lefs apprehenfive, left defpair might prompt them to have recourfe to force, and make fome Both parties fudden attempt upon his perfon. therefore hurried from Oxford ; and in an inftant, that city, fo crovv/ded and bufy, was left in it's ufual emptinefs and tranquillity. The court party gathered force from the difperfion and aftonifhment of their antagonifis, and adhered more firmly to the king, whofe refolutions, they now faw, could be entirely depended on. The viaoryof violences of the exclufionifts where every where ex- ^^^- ^"y^lclaimed againft and aggravated ; and even the reality of the plot, that great engine of their authority, was openly called in queftion. The clergy efpecially were bufy in this great revolution ; and being moved, partly by their own fears, partly by the infmuations of the court, they reprefented all their antagonifts as fe6laries and republicans, and rejoiced, in efcaping thofe perils, which they believed to have been hanging over them. Principles the moft oppofite to civil Hberty were every where enforced from the pulpit, and adopted in numerous addrefl'es ; where the king was flattered in his prefent meafures,
rity,

and congratulated on his efcape from parliaments. Could words have been depended on, the nation
appeared to be running faft into voluntary fervitude, and feemed even ambitious of lefigning into the
king's

156

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

P,

^ ii^

king's hands
j-}^j-Qug|-i

all

Lxviii.

fQ

many

the privileges, tranfmitted to them, ages, by their gallant anceftors.

But Charles had fagacity enough to dilliinguifh between men's real internal fentiments, and the language which zeal and oppofition to a contrary facNotwithtion may fometimes extort from them. ilanding all thefe profeflions of duty and obedience, he was refolved not to truft, for a long time, .the people with a new eledion, but to depend entirely on his own ceconomy for alleviating thofe neceflities under which he laboured. Great retrenchments Even his favourite were made in the houf(^hold Tangiers, though it had coft navy was negleOied fev/ years after abangreat fums of money, was a mole was entirely The doned and demoliihed. garrifon, being brought over to and the dellroyed that fmaU which augment army, England, fervedto
: :
_;

the king relied on, as the folid bafis of his authority. It had been happy for the nation, had Charles ufed his victory with juftice and moderation equal to the prudence and dexterity with which he obtained it.

The

firfl:

ftep,

taken by the court, was the

trial

of Fitz-harris. Doubts were railed by the jury with rep-ard to their power of trying him, after the conBut the judges took cluding vote of the commons queftion in the affirmative ; decide the upon them to The writing proceed. obliged to were and the jury Fitz arris upon proved clearly was of the libel h's intenwith regard to was queilion The only fpy the he of court, was a that aiferted, tions. He and had accordingly carryed the libel to the dutches and he v/as defirous that the jury of Portfmouth confider him as a cheat, tranfaclion, this in Ihould, failed however fomewhat in He traitor. not as a guilty of treafon by brought in was and proof; the
:
'"^

the jury.

hands of the former impoflures with regard to the popifli plot, and even endeavoured

Finding himfelf

entirely in
all

the

king, he

now

retracted

his

to

CHARLES

II.

i^^

to atone for them by new impoftures agalnft the chap. He affirmed, that thefe fictions ^^^^^^^country party. had been extorted from him by the fuggeflions and j^ssi. artifices of Treby the recorder, and of Bethel and This account he perfiited Cornifli, the two ilieriffs
:

and though men knew, that nothing could be depended on, which came frqm one fo corrupt, and fo loft to all fenfe of honour yet were they inclined, from his perfeverance, to rely fomewhat more on his veracity in thefe laft affeverations. But it appears, that his wife had fome connexions with Mrs. Wall, the favourite maid of the dutchefs of Portfmouth ; and Fitz-harris hoped, if he perfifted in a ftory agreeable to the court, that fome favour might, on that account, be fliown to
in even at his execution
;
;

his family.
reflect: on the feveral lights has been reprefented by the opThe country party affirmed, that pofite fadions. Fitz-harris had been employed by the court, in order to throw the odium of the libel on the exclufionifts, and thereby give rife to a proteftant plot The court party maintained, that the exclufionifls had found out Fitz-harris, a fpy of the minifters,

It

is

amufmg

to

in

which

this ftory

and had

fet

him upon

this

undertaking, from an

intention of loading the court with the imputation

Rather of fuch a defign upon the exclufionifts. than acquit their antagonifts, both fides were wiU ling to adopt an account the moft intricate and incredible. It was 2, ftrange fituation, in which the people, at this time, were placed ; to be every dav tortured with thefe perplexed ftories, and infiamed. with fuch dark fufpicions againft their fellow-citizens. This was no lefs than the fifteenth falfe plot, or fliam-plot, as they were then called, with which the court, it was imagined, had endeavoured to load their adverfaries '.
1

College's trial.

The

i58

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

The
country pa'ty had intended to

CHAP.
LXViii
568i.

make

ufe

of

Fitz-h arris'- evidence againft the duke and the cathoand his exigcution was therefore a great morlics ;
tification to thetn.

But the king and

to

his minifters

be contented with fo fiender an. advantage. They were determined to purfue the victory, and to employ againft the exclufionifts thofc very cffenfive arms, however unfair, which that

were reiolved not

party had laid up in (lore againft their antagonifts. The whole gang of fpies, wirneifes, informers, fuborners, who had fo long been fupported and encou-

raged by the leading patriots, finding now that the kinn^ was entirely mafter, turned fhort upon their old

To

patrons, and offered their fervice to the minifters. the difgrace of the court and of the age, -they

were received with hearty welcome and their teftiniony or rather perjury made ufe of in order to commit legal murder upon the oppofite party. With an air of triumph and derifion it was' sfked, " Are not " thefe men good witneffes, who have eftablifhed the " popifn plot, upon whofe teltimony Stafford and fo " many catholics have been executed, and whom you yourfelves have fo long celebrated as men of *' credit and veracity ? You have admitted them into " your bofom They are beft acquainted with your
;

*^'

" "
*'

"
'^

are determined in another fhape king and country : And you cannot complain, that the fame meafure, which you meted to others, fhould now, by a righteous doom or vengeance, be meafured out to you." It is certain, that the principle of retaliation may
treafons
:

They

to ferve their

ferve in

fome

cafes as a full apology, in others as

an

alleviation, for a

condud which
But

v/ould otherwife be
thefe

expof^d to great blame.

infamous

arts,
all

which poifon
the bands of

juflice in its

very fource, and break

human

fociety, are fo deteftable

danp-erous, that

no pretence of retaliation pleaded as an apology or even an alleviation of the crime

and can be

CHARLES

it.

ISO

On the contrary, the crime incurred by them. greater indignation the king and his minifters felt, when formerly expofed to the perjuries of abandoned men, the more reluftance ilrould they now have difcovered againft employing the fame inllruments of
vengeance upon their
antfigonills.

chap.
l^J^}
z63z.

The

firft

perfon,

on

whom

the minifters

fell,

was one College, a London joiner, who had be-

come extremely noted for his zeal againfl popery, and was much connected v/ith Shaftefbury and the
as they relied of College's rank and ftation were ufeful tb them. College had beea in Oxford armed with fword and piftol during the fitting of the parliament ; and this was made the foundation of his crime. It was pretended that a confpiracy had been entered into to feize the king's perfon, and detain him iri confinement, till he fhould make the conceffions demanded of him. The fheriffs of London were in ftrong oppofition to the court ; and it was not ftrange, that the grand jury named by them rejeded the bill againft College. The prifoner was therefore fent to Oxford, where the treafon was faid to have been committed. Lord Norn's, ^ courtier, was fheriff of the county ; and the inhabitants were in general devoted to the court party. A jury was named, confifting entirely of royalifts ; and though they were men of credit and charatler, yet fuch was the fadious rage which prevailed, that little juftice could be e>;pefted by the prifoner. Some papers, containing hints and diredtions for his defence, were taken from him, as he was conduced to his trial An iniquity, which fome pretended to juftify by alleging, that a like violence had been pradtiied againft a prifoner during the fury of the popilh plot. Such wild notions of retaliation were at tnat time propagated by the

leaders of the country party

For

much upon

the populace,

men

court party.

The

t6o

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

The wItnelTes produced agalnil College wer^ Dugdale, Turberville, Haynes, Smith men who ^'^^ before given evidence againfl the catholics ; and
;

CHAP.
LXVlll.
'^

i6Si.~'

whom

the jury, for that very reafon, regarded as the moft perjured villains. College, though befet with fo many toils, and oppreflTed with fo many iniquities, defended himfelf with fpiritj courage, capacity, prefence of mind ; and he invalidated the evidence of the crown, by convincing arguments and undoubted teflimony Yet did the jury, after half an hour's deliberation, bring in a verdict againfl him. The inhuman fpeftators received the verdid: with a fliout of applaufe But the prifoner was nowife difmayed. At his execution, he maintained the fame manly fortitude, and ftill denied the crime imputed to him. His whole conduct and demeanour prove him to have been a man led aftray only by the fury of the times, and to have been governed by an honed, but indifcfeet, zeal for his country
:

and

his religion.

the two parties, actuated by mutual rage, but cooped up within the narrow limits of the law, levelled with pcifoned daggers the moft deadly blows againft each other's breafl, and buried in their factious divifions all regard to truth, honour, and hu*
Rianity,

Thus

C H A R L E

II.

i6i

CHAP.
.

LXIX.

Shaftejhiiry acquitted State of affairs in Irelayid State of affairs in Scotland Argyle^s trial

t^euo noState of the miniftj'y in England warrantos Great mination of Sheriff's confpiracy Shaftef-power of the crown ConRye-houfe plot bury retires and dies

^o
A

Execution of the confpirators fpiracy difcovered His execution Trial of lord Ruffcl JUs execution Trial of Algernon Sidney
State of the nation

King^ s ficknefs and death

State offoreign affairs arid chara^er,

HEN the Cabal entered into

alliance

the myflerious ^

hap
i6Si.

with France,

they

took care to

(^_^,1.^^^

remove the duke of Ormond from the committee of foreign affairs and nothing tended farther to in;

^^^^:^'^-^

creafe the national jealoufy, entertained againfl the

Ireland.

meafures, than to fee a man of fo much loyalty, as well as probity and honour, excluded from pubHc

new

They had even fo great intereft with the king as to get Ormond recalled from the government of Ireland ; and lord Robarts, afterwards earl of Radnor, fucceeded him in that important employment. Lord Berkeley fucceeded Robarts and the
councils.
;

earl of Effex,

At laft, in the year 1677, Berkeley. Charles cafl his eye again upon Ormond, whom he had fo long neglecled ; and fent him over lieutenant *' I have done every thing,'* laid the to Ireland. king, " to difoblige that man ; but it is not in my
*'

power

to

make him my enemy."

Ormond,

during his difgrace, had never joined the malcontents, nor encouraged thofe clamours, which, with too much reafon, but often for bad purpofes, were ralfed againll the king's meafures. He even thought it his duty, regularlv, though with dignitv, to pay '

Vol. VIII.

'

his

i6%

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

court at Whitehall ; and to prove that his attachments were founded on gratitudcj inclination, and principle, not on any temporary advantages.
his

CHAP
^^^^^^'
1681,

All the expreffions, which dropped from him, while negleded by the court, Ihowed more of good humour, than any prevalence of fpleen and indigna" I can do you no fervice," faid he to his tion, friends, " I have only the power left by my appli-

you fome hurt.'* When colonel him to fecond his pretenfions for an office, and urged that he had no friends but God and his grace: " Alas! poor Cary*' replied Thou couldfl not have the duke, " I pity thee '^ two friends that polTefs lefs interefl at court." ^^ I am thrown by," faid he, on another occafion, ** like an old rufty clock even that negleded , yet
*'

cations to do

Cary Dillon

lolicited

^^

'

machine, twice in twenty- four hours, points right." fuch occafions, when Ormond, from decency, pa"d his attendance at court, the king, equally afhamed to Ihow him civility and to negiedt him, was abafhed and confounded, " Sir,'* faid the pro fiigate Buckingham, " I wifh to know whether it be *' the duke ot Oimond that is out of favour with <' your majefty, or your majefty with the duke of <f Ormond for, of the two, you feem the mod out ; *' of countenance." Charles found it his intereft: to (how favour to the old royalifts, and to the church of England, Ormond, who vj2ls much revered by that whole party, could not fail of recovering, together with the government of Ireland, his former credit and authority. His adminiftration, v/hen lord lieutenant, correfponded to the general tenor of his hfe ; and tended equally to promote the interefts of prince

On

When

and people, of

proteftant and catholic. Ever firmly attached to the eflabliflied religion, he was able, even during thofe jealous times, to efcape fufpicion, though he gratified not vulgar prejudices by any perfecution of the popifh party. He increafed the

revenue

e
a-year

H A R L E

11.

163

revenue of Ireland to three hundred thoufand pounds c H A P. He maintained a regular army of ten thou- LXix. He fupported a well-difciplined militia j^gj^ fand men of twenty thoufand : And though the aft of fettlement had fo far been infringed, that catholics were permitted to live in corporate towns, they were guarded with fo careful an eye, that the molt timorous proteflant never apprehended any danger from them. The chief objeft of EfTex's ambition was to return to the ftation of lord lieutenant, where he had behaved with honour and integrity : Shaftefbury and Buckingham bore an extreme hatred to Ormond, both from perfonal and party confiderations : The great aim of the anti-courtiers was to throw reflections on every part of the king's government. It could be no furprife, therefore, to the lord lieu:

tenant to learn, that his admInifl:ration was attacked in parliament, particularly by Shaftefbury ; but he had the fatisfaftion, at the fame time, to hear of the keen, though 'police defence, made by his fon, After juftifying feveral partithe generous Offory. of Ormond's adminiflration culars againft that intriguing patriot, Oflbry proceeded in the following words : " Having fpoken of what the lord lieutenant " has done, I prefume with the fame truth to tell ** your lordfliips what he has not done. He never *' advifed the breaking of the triple league; he " never advifed the fhutting up of the exchequer j " he never advifed the declaration for a toleration ; "^ he never advifed the falling out with the Dutch *' and the joining with France : He was not the " author of that moft excellent pofition Delenda eji

" "

Carthago,

that

Holland,
I

a protellant country,

England, beg that your lordfhips " will be fo juft as to judge of my father and all *' men, according to their adions and their coun*^ fels." Thefe few fentences, pronounced by a plain
fhould, contrary to the true interefls of
'^

be

totally deftroyed.

gallant

i64

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

gallant foldler, noted for probity,

CHAP,
^^'^.

effed

had a furprlfmg upon the audience, and confounded all the

i6gi.

^/

rhetoric of his eloquenee and factious adverfary. The prince of Orange, who efteemed the former character as much as he defpifed the latter, could not forbear congratulating by letter the earl of Oflbry on this new fpecies of victory which he had obtained.
at a diflance from was the mod popular man in the kingdom ; though he never made any compliance with the corrupt views of the court, was beloved and refpefted by An univerfal grief appeared on his death, the king. which happened about this time, and which the populace, as is ufual wherever they are much affedted,

OssoRY, though he ever kept

faction,

Ormond bore the lofs with patience and dignity; though he ever retained a pleafmg, however melancholy, fenfeof the fignal merit " I would not exchange my dead fon,** of Offory. faid he, " for any living fon in Chriflendom." These particularities may appear a digreffion but it is with pleafure, I own, that I relax myfelf for a moment in the contemplation of thefe humane and virtuous characters, amidfl: that fcene of fury and faftion, fraud and violence, in which at prefent our narration has unfortunately engaged us. Besides the general Intereft of the country party to decry the conduft of all the king's minifters, the prudent and peaceable adminiftration of Ormond was in a particular manner difpleafmg to them. In,
foolifhly afcribed to poifon.

England, where the catholics were fcarcely one to a hundred, means had been found to excite an univerfal panic, on account of infurrections, and even mafl'acres, projected by that fed: ; and it could not but feem ftrange that in Ireland, where they exceeded the protefhants fix to one, there Ihould n6 fymptoms appear of any combination or confpiracy. Such an incident, when duly conhdered, might even in England fliake the credit of the plot, and diminifli the authority of thofc leaders, who had fo long, with
8

fuch

H A R LE

IL

165

fuch hiduflry. Inculcated the belief of it on the c H A P. '^ Re\Vards, therefore, were publifhed in Ire- j^ nation. land to any that would bring intelligence or become ,6g,. witnefTes ; and fome profligates were fent over to that kingdom, with a commiffion to feek out eviUnder pretence of dence againd the catholics. fearching for arms or papers, they broke into houfes, They threw Innocent men and plundered them
:

into prifon, and took bribes for their releafe

after all their diligence,
it

And

was with difficulty that that country, commonly fertile enough in witnefTes, could furnifli them with any fit for their purpofe. At lafl, one Fitzgerald appeared, followed by Ivey, Sanfon, Dennis, Bourke, two Macnamaras, and fome others. Thefe men were immediately to over England fent and though they poffelfed
;

gain belief even for nor fenfe truth, to invent a credible falfehood, they were careffed, rewarded, fupported, and recommended by the earl of Shaftefbury. Oliver Plunket, the titular primate of Ireland, a man of peaceable difpofitions, was condemned and executed upon
neither charafter fufficient to

fuch teftimony.

And

the

Oxford parliament entered

the horrid

were and damnable Irifh plot. But fuch decifions, though at firfl regarded as infallible, had now lofl much of their authority; and the public flill remained Ibmewhat Indifferent and incredulous. After the dlfiblution of the parliament, and the fubfequent vidory of the royahfls, Shaftefbury 's evidences, with Turberville, Smith, and others, addrelfed themfelves to the minilters, and gave information of high treafon againft their former patron.
entirely fatlsfied in the reality of
It
is

fo far Into the matter as to vote, that they

fufficiently fcandalous, that intelligence,

con-

veyed by fuch men, fhould have been attended to; but there is fome reafbn to think, that the court agents, ay the miniflers, nay the king himfelf %
* $'ce C3pt:iin Wilkiiifon's narritivot

?,

went

i66

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

went
jjj

CHAP,
LxiX.
1681.

farther,

and were

aclive in endeavouring,

though

vain, to find

more reputable perfons

Irifli

to fupport

the blafted credit of the

witnefles.
his

was committed

to prifon,

and

Shaftefbury indiClment was

(lieriffs

prefented to the grand jury.

The new

of

London, Shute and Pilkington, were engaged as deeply as their predeceflbrs in the country party and
;

they took care to name a jury devoted to the fame caufe ; precaution quite neceflary, when it was

fcarcely poflible to find

Shaftefquitted.'

indifferent or attached fwearing could go, the treafon was clearly proved againfh Shaftefbury ; or rather fo clearly as to merit no kind of credit or attention. That veteran leader of a party, enured

men

to neither party.

As

far as

fi'oni

his early

youth to faftion and intrigue,

to

cabals and confpiracies, was reprefented as opening without referve his treafonable intentions to thefe

obfcure banditti, and throwing out fuch violent and outrageous reproaches upon the king, as none but men of low education, like themfelves, could be fuppofed to employ. The draught of an affociation, it is true, againfl popery and the duke, was found in Shaftefbury's cabinet ; and dangerous inferences might be drawn from many ckufes of that paper. But it did not appear, that it had been framed by Shaftefbury, or fo much as approved by him. And as projefts of an alfociadon had been propofed in parliament, it was very natural for this nobleman, or his correfpondents, to be thinking of fome plan, which it might be proper to lay before that affembly. The grand jury, therefore, after weighing all thefe clrcumflances, rejefted the

indidment; and the people,

who

attended the hall,teflified their joy by the loudeft acclamations,which were echoed throughout the wholecity. About this time a fcheme of oppreflion was laid in Scotland, after a manner flill more flagrant, againft a nobleman much lefs obnoxious than Shaftefbury; and as that country was reduced to a ftate of ahnofl total fubjedioDjthe projed had the goodfortune tofucceed.

The

C H A R L E S

11.

167

youth, had dif- chap, tinguifhed himfelf by his loyalty, and his attachment ^^^^^^^ jr^si. to the royal family. Though his father was head of

The

earl

of Argyle, from

his

the covenanters, he himfelf refufed to concur in any of their meafures ; and when a commiflion of colonel was given him by the convention of dates, he forbore to a<El upon it, till it fhould be ratified by the king. By his refpeftful behaviour, as well as by his fervices, he made himfelf acceptable to Charley, when that prince was in Scotland : And even after the battle of Worcefter, all the miffortunes, which attended the royal caufe, could not engage him to defert it. "Under Middleton he obftinately perfevered to harafs and infeft the vi6torious Englifh ; and it was not till he received orders from that general, that he would fubmit to accept of a
capitulation. Such jealoufy of his loyal attachments was entertained by the commonwealth and proteftor, that a pretence was foon after fallen upon to commit him to prifon ; and his confinement was

^|"^^^''*

rigoroully continued

till

the reiloration.

The

king,

had remitted to him his father*s forfeiture, and created him earl of Argyle; and when a moft nnjuft fentence was paffed upon, him by the Scottlfh parliament, Charles had a new
fenfible of his fervices,

remitted

it.

In the fubfequent part of this reign,

Argyle behaved himfelf dutifully ; and though he feemed not difpofed to go all lengths with the courts he always appeared, even in his oppofition, to be a man of mild difpofitions and peaceable deportment. A PARLIAMENT was fummoned at Edinburgh this fummer, and the duke was appointed comjniflioner.

Bcfides granting

money

to

the king,

and voting the

indefeafible right of fucceffion, this

parliament enacted a teft, which all perfons, pofmilitary, or ecclehaaical, Ifcffed of offices, civil, were bound to take. In this telt, the king's lupremacy was afferted, the covenant renounced, palfive obedi4

i68

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

obedience affented to, and all obligations difclaimed Qf endeavouring any alteiation in civil or ecclefiThis was the ftate of the aflical eftablifliments. courtiers ; but the country the propofed by teilj as party propofed alfo to infert a claufe, which could

CHAP,
LXix.
idsT""^

not with decency be refufed, expreffing the perfon's adherence to the proteftant religion. The v/hole was of an enormous length, confidered as an oath and what was worfe, a confeffion of faith was there ratified, which had been impofed a little after the reformation, and which contained many articles altogether forgotten by the parliament and nation. Amone others, the dodrine of refiftance was inculcated ; fo that the teft, bemg voted in a hurry, was found on examination to be a medley of contraSeveral perfons, the mofl diction and abfurdity. The attached to the crown, fcrupled to take it The biihops and many of the clergy remonftrated earl of Queeniberry refufed to fw^ar, except he might be allowed to add an explanation And even the privy council thought it neceffary to publiili for general fatisfadion a folution of fome difficulties
: : :

attending the teft. Though the courtiers could not rejed the claufe of adhering to the proteftant religion, they propofed, as a necelfary mark of refped, that all princes of the blood lliould be exempted from taking the
oath.

This exception was zealouOy oppofed by Argyle ; who obferved, that the fole danger to be dreaded for the proteftant religion muft proceed from the perverfion of the royal family. By infilling on fuch topics, he drew on himfelf the fecret indignation of the duke, of which he foon felt the
fatal

confequences.
the
teft as

When Argyle took

a privy counfellor,

he fubjoined, in the duke's prefence, an explanation, which he had beforehandcommunicatedtothatprince, and which he believetl to have been approved by him. " I have confidered the teft, It was in thefe words
:

and

C H A R L E
*f ^f

II.

169

and
as
I

am

can.

very defirous of giving obedience as far c I am confident that the parliament

HA
i68i.

p.

,^_^,_^^,^

*' **
'-

*'

**
*' *' ^^

never intended to impofe contradictory oaths : Therefore 1 think no man can explain it but for himfelf. According-lv, I take it as far as it is confident with iti^eU, and the proteftant rehgion. And. I do declare, that I mean not to bind myftation, and in a lawful way, from and endeavouring any alteration, which and I think to the advantage of church or ftafe, not repugnant to the proteftant religion and my
felf,

in

my

wifhing,

*^

" loyalty " oath."

part of my heard thefe words with great tranquillity : No one took the leaft offence Argyle was admitted to fit that day in council And it was impoffible to imagine that a capital offence had been committed, where occafion feemed not to have been given, fo much as for a frown or reprimand. Argyle was much furprifed, a few days after, to find that avvarrant was iffued for committing him to prifon ; that he was indifted for high-treafon,
:

And this I underftand as a The duke, as was natural,

:

and that from thele and perjury words an accufation was extra<Sled, by which he was to forfeit honours, life, and fortune. It is needlefs to enter into particulars, where the Iniquity of the whole is fo apparent. Though the fword of jultice was difplayed, even her femblancc was not put on and the forms alone of law were
;

leafing- making,

innocent

preferved, in order to fanftify, or rather aggravate,

the

oppreffion.
to

Of

five

judges,

three

did

not

fcruple

find

the guilt of treafon and leafing:

making to be incurred by the prifoner A jury of fifteen noblemen gave verdid againft him And the
:

king, being confulted, ordered the fentence to be pronounced ; but the execution of it to be fufpended
till

farther orders.

It was pretended by the duke and his creatures, ^Iiat Argyle's life and fortune v ere not in any danger,

and

170

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

and that the
fole reafon for

CHAP
.^^
;_

pufhing the

trial to

fuch

'j

1681.

extremities againfl him was in order to make him renounce fome hereditary jurifdiclions, which gave his family a dangerous authority in the highlandsa

and obilruded the courfe of public juftice. But allowing the end to be juflifiable, the means were infamous ; and fuch as were incompatible, not only with a free, but a civilized government. Argyle had therefore no reafon to truil any longer to the He made his juftice or mercy of fuch enemies efcape from prifon ; and till he fhoeld find a fhip for Holland, he concealed himfelf during fome time The king heard of his lurking-place^ in London. All the but would not allow him to be arrefted '. parts, however, of his fentence, as far as the government in Scotland had power, were rigoroufly
:

executed

his eftate conlifcated,

liis

arms reverfed

and
State of
affairs in

torn.

Scotland.

It would feem, that the genuine pafTion for liberty ^^s at this time totally extinguiihed in Scotland There was only preferved a fpirit of mutiny and fe= dition, encouraged by a miftaken zeal for religion. Cameron and Cargil, two furious preachers, went a They publicly exHep beyond all their brethren communicated the king for his tyranny and his breach of the covenant ; and they renounced all Cameron was killed by the allegiance to him. Cargil was taken troops in an action at Airs-Mofs and hanged. Many of their followers were tried and convicted. Their lives were oiFered them if they would fay, God/ave the king : But they would only agree to pray for his repentance. This obftinacy was much infifted on as an apology for the rigours of the adminiftration : But if duly conlidered,
:

it

will rather afford reafon for a contrary inference.

is
:

Such unhappy delufion

snL^eration than of anger

an objed: rather of comAnd it is almoll impofi,

B^metj

vqI.

p. 5^l.

fible

CHARLES
fible that

11.

171

men could have been carried to fuch a de- ^^^A-^* gree of frenzy, nnlefs provoked by a long train of _ ^ violence and oppreflion. As the king was mafter in England, and no longer ^S2. dreaded the clamours of the country party, he permitted the duke to pay him a vifit ; and was foon after prevailed on to allow of his return to England, and of his bearing a part in the adminiftration. The duke went to Scotland, in order to bring up his family, and fettle the government of that country ; and he chofe to take his paiTage by fea. The fliip The duke flruck on a fand-bank, and was loft efcaped in the barge ; and it is pretended that, while many perfons of rank and quality were drown'
.

ed, and among the reft Hyde, his brother-in-law, he was very careful to fave feveral of his dogs and For thefe two fpecies of favourites are priefts coupled together by fome writers. It has likewife been aflerted, that the barge might fafely have held more perfons, and that fome who fwam to it were thruft off, and even their hands cut, in order to dilengage them. But every action of every eminent perlbn, during this period, is fo liable to be mifinterpreted and mifreprefented by faftion, that we ought to be very cautious in paffing judgment on
:

too flight evidence.

failors

It

is

remarkable,

that

the

on board the ftiip, though they felt themfelves fmking, and faw inevitable death before their eyeSj, yet, as foon as they obferved the duke to be in fafety, gave a loud fliout, in teftimony of their joy and

fdtisfadlion.

The duke, during his abode in Scotland, had behaved with great civility towards the gentry and and by his courtly demeanor had much nobility
;

won upon
enthufiafts

their afPedions

was

ftill

But his treatment of the fomewhat rigorous and in many

:

inftances he appeared to be a

man

an unrelenting temper. It is fometimes allifted at the torture of criminals, and

I
.

of a fevere, if not even afferted, tliat he

looked

i-jt

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

p.

C H A

looked on with

tranquillity, as if

he were confider-

"". He left the autho,J;^JJ^ ing fome curious experiment rity in the hands of the earl of Aberdeen, chanceli6gz. very lor, and the earl of Queenfberry, treafurer. arbitrary fpirit appeared in their adminiftration : gentleman of the name of Weir was tried, becaufe

bellion

he had kept company with one who had been in rethough that perfon had never been marked ; The inferences out by procefs or proclamation. upon which Weir was condemned (for a profecution by the government and a condemnation were in Scotland the fame thing) hung upon each other after the following manner : No man, it was fuppofed, could have been in a rebellion without being expofed to fufpicion in the neighbourhood If the neighbourhood had fufpecled him, it was to be prefumed that each individual had likewife heard of the grounds of fufpicion Every man was bound to de:
:

clare to the

government

his fufpicion againll every

traitors
:

man, and

to avoid the

company of

in this duty

was conclufion on the whole was, You have converfed with a rebel ; therefore you are yourfelf a rebel. A reprieve was, with fonie difficulty, procured for Weir but it was ferioully determined to make ufe of the precedent. Courts of judicature were ereded in the fouthern and weftern counties, and a flricl inquifition carried on againfl: this new fpecies of crime. The term of three years was appointed for after which an inthe continuance of thefe courts would take the promifed. Whoever demnity was entitled to the benefit of this ininftantly tefl, was alarmed with fuch prefoyterians, The demnity. tyranny, from which no man could deem himfelf fafe, began to think of leaving the country ; and
to participate in the treafon
:

To fail The

">

Burnet, vol.

i.

p. 583.
tlie

author,

who

is

uch

Wodnny, vol. ii. p. 169. This laft better authority, mentions only one into have been an extraordinary

ftance, that of Spreul,

which feems

eae-

fome

C H A R L E
fome of
their agents

n.
England, in order ^
,

273
IJ

were

fent to

p.

to treat with the proprietors of Carolina for a fettle-

'j^
1682.

condition feemed preferable to their living in their native country, which, by the prevalence of perfecution and violence, was become as infecure to them as a den of robbers. Above two thoufand perfons were outlawed on
in

ment

that colony.

Any

pretence of their converfmg or having intercourfe with rebels ", and they were continually hunted in their retreat by foldiers, fpics, informers, and oppreffive magiftrates.
It

was ufual

to

put enfnaring

queftions to people living peaceably in their

own
to

houfes

fuch as,

*'

Will you renounce the coverifing at

" nant
" be " of

Do

you efteem the

?

Bothwel

rebellion
St.

Was

Andrews

the killing of the archbifhop murder ?" And when the poor

deluded creatures refufed to anfwer, capital punifliments were inflicted on them". Even women were brought to rhe gibbet for this pretended crime. number of fugitives, rendered frantic by opprellion, had publllhed a feditious declaration renouncing allegiance to Charles Stuart, whom they called, as they, for their parts, had indeed fome reafon to efteem him, a tyrant. This incident afforded the privy-council a pretence for an unufual kind of oppreltion. Soldiers were dilperfed over the country, and power was given to all commillicn-officers, even the lowefl, to oblige every one they met with to abjure the declaration; and, upon refufal, inflantly, without farther queitions, to fhoot the delinquent ^ It were endlefs, as well as fhocking, to enumerate all the inllances of perfecution, or, in other words, of abfurd tyranny, which at that time prevailed in One of them, however, is io fmgular, Scotland. forbear relating it, cannot that I

"

Wodrow,

vol.
ii.

ii.

Appem^ix,

94.

" Ibid. vol.

ii.

paflim-

P Ibid. vol.

p.

434-

ThrC

174-

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Three women were
feized
''<

CHAP.
T 'VTX'

and the cuftomary ; tendered to them, by which they were to was oath ^J^^.^^^ abjure the feditious declaration above mentioned. i68a. They all refufed, and were ondemned to a capital One of them was an punifhment by drowning. elderly woman : The other two were young ; one eighteen years of age, the other only thirteen. Even thefe violent perfecutors were afhamed to put
1

But the other two were conthe youngeft to death cluded to the place of execution, and were tied to conflakes within the fea-mark at low water : trivance which rendered their death lingering and
:

dreadful.

The

elderly

woman was placed fartheft in,

firft

and by the

rifing

of the whalers was

fufFocated.

The

younger, partly terrified with the view of her companion's death, partly fubdued by the entreaty of her friends, was prevailed with to fay, God fave Immediately the fpedators called out that the king. ihe had fubmitted ; and flie was loofened from the Major Winram, the officer who guarded the flake. execution, again required her to iign the abjuration j and upon her refufal, he ordered her inftantly to be plunged in the water, where flie was fufFocated. The feverity of the adminiflration in Scotland is in part to be afcribed to the duke's temper, to whom the king had configned over the government of that country, and who gave fuch attention to affairs as to allow nothing of moment to efcape him. Even the government of England, from the fame caufe, began to be fomewhat infefted with the fame The duke's credit was great at court. feverity. Though neither fo much beloved nor eileemed as the king, he was more dreaded ; and thence an attendance more exal, as well as a fubmiilion more obfequious, was paid to him. The faying of Waller was remarked, that Charles, in fpite to the parliament, who had determined that the duke Ihould
9

Wodrow, vol.

ii, p.

jo^.

not

CHARLES

II.

375

not fucceed him, was refolved that he fhould reign even in his lifetime. The king, however, who loved to maintain a balance in his councils, dill ftipported Halifax, whom he created a marquis, and made privy feal, though This man, who ever in oppofition to the duke. poffeiTed the fined; genius and moH extenfive capacity of all employed in public affairs during the prefent reign, affefted a fpecies of neutraliry between the parties, and was eileemed the head of that fmall body known by the denomination of Trinwiers, This condud, which is more natural to men of integrity than of ambition, could not, however, procure him the former character ; and he was always, with reafon, regarded as an intriguer rather than a patriot. Sunderland, who had promoted the exclufion-biii, and who had been difplaced on that account, was again, with the duke's confent, brought
into the adminillration.

CHAP.
LXIX.
i6Sz.

State of
^^^^

^^"^"

England,

The extreme

dupliciry, at

lead variablenefs, of this man's condud, through the whole courfe of his life, made it be fufped:ed that it was by the king's direction he had mixed with the country party. Hyde, created earl of Rochefter, was firll commiffioner of the treafury, and was entirely in the duke's interefts. The king himfelf was obliged to ad: as the head

of a party a difagreeable fituation for a prince, and always the fource of much injuftice and oppreffion. He knew how obnoxious the diifenters were to the church ; and he refolved, contrary to the maxims of toleration which he had hitherto fupported in England, to gratify his friends by the
;

perfecution
conventicles

of

his

enemie?.

The

laws

againfl

were now rigoroufly executed ; an expedient which, the king knew, would diminifh neither the numbers nor influence of the nonconformifts j and which is therefore to be deemed

more

the refult of paffion than of policy.

Scarcely

any

176

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

any perfecution ferves the intended purpofe but fuch
^^ a^mounts to a total extermination.
'

CHAP\^^^^
1683.

made every day with met confiderabie obgreat advances, it which the city, was entirely flacles, chiefly from
the Idng's authority
llill

Though

New

no-

in the hands of the

malcontents.

The

juries, in

of fhSs. particular, named by the fheriffs, were not likely to be impartial judges between the crown and the

24th of June.

people ; and, after the experiments already made in the cafe of Shaftefbury and that of College, treafon, it was apprehended, might there be comThere could not therefore mitted with impunity. fervice to the court than to important more be a put affairs upon a different footing. Sir John Moore, the mayor, was gained by lecretary Jenkins, and encouraged to infift upon the cuilomary privilege of his office, of naming one of the flieAccordingly, when the time of election rifts. came, he drank to North, a Levant merchant, who accepted of that expenlive office. The country party faid, that, being lately returned from Turkey, he was, on account of his recent experience, better qualified to ferve the purpofes of the poll was opened for the eledion of ancourt. The other Iheriff; and here began the conteft. majority of the common-hall, headed by the two Iheriffs of the former year, refufed to acknowledge the mayor's right of appointing one ilieriff', but infifted that both muft be elefted by the livery. Papillon and Dubois were the perfons whom the country party agreed to elet : Box was pointed out The poll was opened j but by the courtiers. as the mayor would not allow the eledion to proceed for two vacancies, the Iheriffs and he feparated, and each carried on the poll apart. The country party, who voted with the ftierift's for Papillon and Dubois, were much more numerous than thofe who voted with the mayor for Box But as the mayor

infiited

C H A R L E
infifted,

11.

177

was the only legal one, he c H a p. be duly elefted. All difficulties, Lxix. however, were not furmounted. Box, apprehenjgg^^ iive of the confequences which might attend fo dubious an eledlion, fined off; and the mayor found it neceflary to proceed to a new choice. When the matter was propofed to the common-hall, a loud cry was raifed. No eledion No eledion The two fherilFs already elected, Papillon and Dubois, were
that his poll
to

declared

Box

on as the only legal magiftrates. But as the mayor ftill maintained, that Box alone had been legally chofen, and that it was now requilite to fupply his place, he opened books anew ; and during the tumult and confufion of the citizens^ a few of the mayor's partlfans eledted Rich, unknown to and unheeded by the reft of the livery. North and Rich were accordingly fworn in fheriffs for the enfuing year ; but it was necelfary to fend a guard of the train bands to protect them in entering upon
infifted

their office.

A new mayor of
by means,
irregular.

the court party v/as

as
is

foon after chofen,

pretended,

ftill

oHob.

15.

more

violent

and

Thus the country party were diflodged from their ftrong hold in the city ; where, ever fmce the commencement of faftions in the Englifli government,
they had, without interruption, almoft without moleftation, maintained a fuperiority.
It

had been happy,

had the

objeted to juries, been correfted, without giving place to partialities of an oppofite kind But in the prefent diftraled (late of the nation, an equitable neutrality was almoft impartialities, hitherto
:

poffible

to

be attained.
nov>^

party,

who were

The named on

court
juries,
;

and church

made

juftice

fubfervient to their fatftious views

had a profpeft of obtaining full It was not long before the etieiSts of thcfe mies. alterations were feen. When it was lirft reported. Vol. VIII. "N that

and the king revenge on his ene-

17

HISTOUY OF GREAT BUlTAm.

that the duke intended to leave Scotland, Pilking^ ton, at that time fherifF, a very violent man, had

CHAP,
t^

-//_
i$Sz.

broken out in thefe terms, " He has already burned " the city ; and he is now coming to cut all our *' throats !'* For thefe fcandalous expreffions, the duke fued Pilkington ; and enormous damages, to the amount of 100,000 pounds, were decreed him. By the law of England, ratified in the great charter, no fines or damages ought to extend to the total
Sir Patience Ward, formerly yuin of a criminal. mayor, who gave evidence for Pilkington, was fued

for

perjury,

fevere fentence,

and condemned to the and fufficient to deter

pillory
all

witnefles

5(^83.

from appearing in favour of thofe who were profecuted by the court. But though the crown had obtained fo great a vidory in the city, it was not quite decifive ; and the conteft might be renewed every year at the elecfore,

Quo warjaH-tos.

of magiflrates. An important proje6^, therewas formed, not only to make the king mafter of the city, but by that precedent to gain him un^'^or

controlled influence in

all

the corporations of

Eng-

2nd thereby give the greateft wound to the legal conflitution, which the mofl: powerful and moft: arbitrary rnonarchs had ever yet been able to inlii6t A writ of quo warranto was iffued againft the city that is, an inquiry into the validity of its charter. It was pretended, that the city had forfeited all it* privileges, and ought to be declared no longer a corporation, on account of two offences which the court of aldermen and common council had committed. After the great fire in 1666, all the markets had been rebuilt, and had been fitted up with
land,

many

conveniencles ; and, in order to defray the expence, the magiflrates had impofed a fmall toil on goods brought to market: In the year 1679, they had addreffed the king againfl the prorogation of

CHARLES
t>f

ir.

179

parliament,
:

and had employed the following ^-^tf^'

^^.^
1683.

terms
**

"
^^

petitioners are greatly furprifed at the late prorogation, v;hereby the profecution of the public juftice of the kingdom, and the making of necelTary provifions for the prefervation of
*'

Your

" your majeily and your protedant

*'

fubjedls,

have

Thefe words were prereceived interruption." tended to rontain a fcandalous reflection on the king

and

his meafures.

The

caufe of the city was defolicitor generals

fended againft the attorney and

by

that, fmce the foundation of the monarchy, no corporation had ever yet been c^pofed to forfeiture, and the thing itfelf implied an. abfurdity : That a corporation, as fuch, was inca~

Treby and Pollexfen. These lafl pleaded

pable of all crime or offence, and none were anfwerable for any iniquity but the perfons themfelves who committed it : That the members in choofmg snagiflrates, had entrufled them Nvith legal powers only; and where the magiftrates exceeded thefe powers, their acts were void, but could never involve the body itfelf in any criminal imputation That fuch had ever been the practice of England, except at the reformation, when the monalleries

were abolifhed ; but this was an extraordinary cafe ; and it was even thought neceifary to ratify afterwards the whole tranfadion by aft of parliament That corporate bodies, framed for public good, and calculated for perpetual duration, ought not to be annihilated for the temporary faults of their members who might themfelves, without hurting the community, be queftioned for their offences That even a private eftate, if entailed, could not be forfeited to the crown, on account of treafon committed by the tenant for life but upon his demife went to the next in remainder That the offences, objeded to the city, far from deferving fo fevere a punifhment, were not even worthy of the fmallell reprehenfioa: N 2
:

i8o

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

'
.
,

CHAP,

1683.

henfion: That all corporations were invefted with the power of making bye-laws j and the fmalleft borough in England had ever been allowed to carry the exercife of this power farther than London had done in the inftance complained of: That the city, having, at its own expence, repaired the markets, which were built too on its own efhate, might as lawfully claim a fmall recompence from fuch as brought commodities thither, as a man might require rent for a houfe of which he was poflfelTed That thofe who difliked the condition might abftain from the market j and whoever paid had done it voluntarily That it was an avowed right of the fubjedls to petition ; nor had the city in their addrefs abufed this privilege That the king himfelf had often declared, the parliament often voted, the nation to be in danger from the popifli plot ; which, it is evident, could not be fully profecuted but in a parliamentary manner : That the impeachment of the popifli lords was certainly obftrufted by the frequent prorogations ; as was alfo the enacting of necelfary laws, and providing for the defence of the nation : That the loyalty of the city, no lefs than their regard to felf-prefervation, might prompt them to frame the petition ; fmce it was acknowledged, that the king's life was every moment expofed to the mod imminent danger from the popilh confpiracy : That the city had not accufed the king of obftrutting juftice, much lefs of having any fuch intention fmce it was allowed, that evil counfellors were alone anfwerable for all the pernicious confequences of any meafure : And that it was unaccountable, that two public deeds which had not, during fo long a time, fubjected to any, even the fmalleft penalty, the perfons guilty of them, fhould now be puniflied fo feverely upon the corporation, which always was, and always muft be, innocent.
:
:
,

It

C H A R L E
It
is

II.

i8i
apologife for c

evident, that thofe

who would

HA

p.

the meafures of the court, muft, in this cafe, found their arguments, not on law, but reafons of ftate. 1683. The judges, therefore, who condemned the city, nth June, are inexcufable ; fmce the fole object of their deter-

and

minations mull ever be the pure principles of juftice equity. But the office of judge was at that time held during pleafure ; and it was impoffible that any caufe, where the court bent its force, could ever be carried againfl it. After fentence was pronounced, the city applied in a humble manner to the king; and he agreed to reftore their charter, but in return they were obliged to fubmit to the following regulations That no mayor, fheriff, recorder,
:

common

ferjeant,

town
:

clerk, or coroner, fhould

his office

be admitted to the exercife of

majefly's approbation

without his

That

if

the king difapprove

mayor or Iherilfs elefted, he may by commiffion appoint thefe magillrates That the mayor and court of aldermen may, with his majefly's leave, difplace any magiflrate : And that no alderman, in cafe of a vacancy, fliall be elected without confent of the court of aldermen, who, if they difapprove twice of the choice, may fill the
twice of the
:

vacancy.

All the corporations in England, having the Great example of London before their eyes, faw how vain po^er it would prove to contend with the court, and were, moft of them, fucceffively induced to furrender
their

of

charters into the king's hands.

Confiderable

fums were exafted for reftoring the charters ; and all offices of power and prolit were left at the difpofal of the Crown.

dependent

feems ftrange, that the innever meant to make the crown abfolute, fhould yet be fo elated with the vifiory obtained over their adverfaries, as to approve of a precedent, which left no national privileges in fecurity, but enabled the king, under like pretences, and by means of like inftruments, to
It

royalifts,

who

'I

recall

lU
CHAP,

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

recall

anew

all

tliofe

charters,

which

at

prefent

j633.

he was pleafed to grant. And every friend to liberty muft allow, that the nation, whofe conftitution was thus broken in the flioc of faftion, had a right, by every pruden: expedient, to recover that fecurity of v/hich it Y^^as fo unhappily bereaved. While fo great a faction adhered to the crown^
.

it is

apparent,

that refinance,

however

juftifiable,

, '
)

could never be prudent ; and all wife men faw no expedient but peaceably to fubrnic to the prefent grievances. There was, however, a party of malcontents,
fo

turbulent in

their

difpofition,
laid the

that,

even before

this lafl iniquity,

which
time

conftitution at the

mercy of the king

;

whole they had meit

ditated plans of refiflance

at a

when

could

Aeonfpiiacy.

be as little juftifiable as prudent. In the fpring 1681 ^ a little before the Oxford parliament, the king was feized with a fit of fickn efs at V/indfor, which gave great alarm to the public. The duke of Monmouth, lord RufTd, lord Gray, inftigated by the reillefs Shaftefoury, had agreed, in cafe the king's ficknefs fhould prove mortal, to rife in arms,
to oppofe the fuccefiion of the duke. Charles recovered ; but thefe dangerous projeds were not laid afide/ The fame conlpirators, together with EiTex and Saliibury, were determined to continue the Oxford parliament, after the king, as was daily expefted, fhould diifolve'it; and they engaged fome leaders among the commons in the fame defperate meafure. They went fo far as to detain, feveral lords in the houfe, under pretence of figning a proted againft rejecting Ficz-harris's impeach' Lord Gray's Secret lliftory of the Rye-honfe Plot This is the moft full and authentic account of ail thefe tranfaLiions; but is in the main confirmed by bifhdp Sprat, and even Burnet, as well as by the trials and dying con'^efrions'of the confpiratoVs So that nothing can be more unaccountable thafi that any one fliould pretend that
:

and

'

this confpiracy

was an

impoftiire like the poplfh plot.

iiiext

Monmouth's
'

declaration, publiflied in the

reign, confcITes a confult for extra

'

ordinary remedies,

'4

ment;

C H A R L E
ment up in
:

11.

iSj

But hearing that the commons had broken great confternation, they were likewife obliged Shaftefbury's imprifonmcnt and Sit laft to feparate. trial put an end for fome time to thefe machinations 5 and it was not till the new IherifFs wer^ impofed on the city that they were revived. Th^ leaders of the country party began then to apprehend themfelves in imminent danger and they wer^ well pleafed to find that the citizens were ftruck with the fame terror, and were thence inclined to undertake the mod perilous enterprifes. Befides the city, the gentry and nobility in feveral counties of England were folicited to rife in arms. Monmouth engaged the earl of Macclesfield, lord Pran* don, fir Gilbert Gerard, and other gentlemen in Chelhire ; lord Ruffel fixed a corre'pondence with lir William Courtney, fir Francis Rowes, fir Francis Drake, who promifed to raife the weft and Trenchard in particular, who had intereft in the difafFe6led town of Taunton, affured him of confiderable affiftance from that neighbourhood. Shaftef^ jbury, and his emiffary Fergufon, an independent clergymen, and a reftlefs plotter, managed the correfpondence in the city, upon which the confederates chiefly relied. The whole train was ready to take fire ; but was prevented by the caution of lord Ruflel, who induced Monmouth to delay the enterprife. Shaftefbury, in the mean time, was fq much afFeded with the fenfe of his danger, that he had left his hqufe, and fecretly lurked in the city; meditating all thofe defperate fchemes, which difappointed revenge and ambition could infpire. He exclaimed loudly againft delay, and reprefented to Jiis confederates, that having gone fo far, and entrufted the fecret into fo many hands, there was no fafety for then> but in a bold and defperate profecution of their purpofe. The projeds were therefore renewed Meetings of the confpirators were appointed in different houfes, particularly in Shep; ;
:

CHAP,
.^'
,682.

'^

N 4

li^^"4*

tt4-

'

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

hard's,

c HAP.
\^^..^,U^^

s68j.

an eminent wine merchant in the city The plan of an infurreifiion was laid in London, Chefhire, Devonfliire, and Briftol : The feveral places of rendezvous were concerted ; and all the operaThe flate of the guards was even viewed tions fixed and Armflrong, and an attack on Pvlonmouth by them pronounced prafticable A declaration to juftify the enterprife to the public was read and agreed to : And every circumilance feemed now to render an infurreftion unavoidable ; when a new delay was procured by Trenchard, who declared, that the rifmg in the weft could not for fome weeks be in fufficient
:
:

forwardnefs.

Shaftesbury was enraged

cautions and
delays
in

at

thefe

perpetual

an enterprife which, he thought, nothing but courage and celerity could He threatened to commence the render effedual infurreclion with his friends in the city alone ; and he boafted, that he had ten tlioufand brij^ hys, as he called them, who, on a motion of his finger, "were ready to fly to arms. Monmouth, Ruffel, and
:

the other confpirators, were, during fome time, in apprehenfions left defpair fhould pufli him into fome dangerous meafure ; when they heard that,
after a

at laft

long combat between fear and rage, he had abandoned all hopes of fuccefs, and had reHe lived in a private mantired into Holland. ner at Amfterdam ; and for greater fecurity defired to be admitted into the magiftracy of that But his former violent counfels againft the city Dutch commonwealth were remembered ; and all
:

Shaftefbu- applications

and^dS!

He died from him were rejeded. ^'^^ ^^^ forrow to neither ^^^ ? S^^^ His furious his friends, nor joy to his enemies. temper, notwithftanding his capacity, had done great injury to the caufe in which he was enThe violences and iniquities which he fuggaged. gefted and encouraged, were greater than even iadion itfeif could endure j and men could not
^^^^ ^^^^^

forbear

CHARLES
who had become
fo

II.

i8S

forbear fometimes recollefting, that the fame perfon,

CHAP,
Lxix.

zealous a patriot, was once a moil proftitute courtier. It is remarkable, that this man, whofe principles and conduct were, in. all other refpefts, fo exceptionable, proved an excellent chancellor ; and that all his decrees, while he
pofleired that high office,

for juftnefs

were equally remarkable So difficult is it to find in hifhory a character either wholly bad or perfectly good though the prejudices of party make writers run eafily into the extremes both of panegyric and of fatire

and

for integrity.

After

Shaftefbury's departure, the confpirators

found fome difficulty in renewing the correfpondence with the city malcontents, who had been accuftomed to depend folely on that nobleman. Their common hopes, however, as well as common fears^ made them at lad have recourfe to each other and a regular projeft of an infurredion was again formed. council of fix was erefted, confifling of Monmouth, Ruffe! Eflex, Howard, Algernon Sidney, and John Hambden, grandfon of the great parliamentary leader. Thefe men entered into an agreement with Argyle and the Scottiih malcontents ; who engaged, that, upon the payment of 10,000 pounds for the purchafe of arms in Holland, they would bring the covenanters into the field. Infurredions, likewife, were anew projected in Chefhire, and the weft, as well as in the city; and fome meetings of the leaders were held, in order to reduce
;

thefe projects into form.

The

confpirators differed

extremely in their views. Sidney was paffionate for a commonwealth. Effex had embraced the fame project. But Monmouth had entertained hopes of
acquiring the crown for himfelf. Ruffel, as well as Hambden, was much attached to the ancient conftitution, and intended only die exclufion of the

duke, and the redrefs of grievances. Lord Howard was a man of no principle, and was ready to embrace

iH6

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

CHAP,

brace any party which his immediate intereH fhould But notwithflanding this dif^^^^^t^^^ recommend to him. of ference characters and of views, their common ^683. hatred of the duke and the prefent adminiftration united them in one party ; and the dangerous experiment of an infurreftion was fully refolved on. While thefe fchemes were concerting among the l^dersj there v^as an inferior order of confpirators, who held frequent meetings ; and, together with the infurrection, carried on projects quite unknown.
Rye-hoHfe to
^'^^'

Monmouth and the cabal of fix. Among thefe men were colonel Rumfey, an old republican officer who had diftinguifned hirafelf in Portugal,
;

and had been recommended to the king by mareSchomberg lieutenant-colonel Walcot, likewife a republican officer Goodenough, underfheriff of London, a zealous and noted party-man ; Weft J Tyley, Norton, Ayloffe, lawyers ; Fergufon, Roufe, Hone, Keiiing, Holloway, Bourne, Lee, Moft of thefe iaft were merchants ox Rumbald. tradefmen ; and the only perfons of this confederacy, who had accefs to the leaders of the party, were Rumfey and Fergufon. When thefe men met together, they indulged themfelves in the mofl They fredefperate and mofl criminal difcourfe quently mentioned the alTaffination of the king and the duke, to which they had given the familiar appellation of lopping : They even went fo far as to Rumhave thought of a fcheme for that purpofe. bald, who was a maltfter, pofleifed a farm, called the Rye-houfe, which lay on the Road to Newmarket, whither the king commonly went once
fchal
;

this

diverfion of the races, A plan of farm had been laid before fonie of the confpirators by Rumbald, who fliowed them how eafy it
a-year, for the

would

be,

by overturning a
;

cart, to flop

at that

place the king's coach

while they might fire upon him from the hedges, and be enabled afterwards, through bye-lanes and crofs the fields, to^ make
their

II.

i2j

But though the plaufibllity of this great gave pleafure to the conipirators, ng fcheme deiign as yet laid, nor any men, was concerted or arms, The whole was little provided : borfes, overflowings of their the than loofe difcourfe, more houfe, rancour in v/hich the king The and zeal accidentally and he Newmarket, took fir<5 lived at ; eight fooner place days to leave that obliged was his fafety To circumftance intended. this he than
their efcape.

CHAP,
v^>ri^
'

j^gj.

was afterwards afcribed, when the confpiracy was and the court party could not fumciently detefted It admire the wife diipenfations of Providence. that the king had thus unexindeed certain, as is pectedly left Newmarket, he wa? worfe attended than ufual and Rumbald informed his confederates with regretj what a fine opportunity was thus un; ;

fortunately

loft.

the confpirators I have mentioned Keil- Confpifalter in London. This man had been en- ''^^y dif. ing, a

Among

gaged in a bold meafure, of arrefting the mayor of London, at the fuit of Papillon and Dubois, the outed fheri'fFs ; and being Hable to profecution for that aftion, he thought ic fafeft to purchafe a pardon, by revealing the confpiracy, in which he was deeply concerned. He brought co fecretary Jenkins intel'igence of the affaffmation plot ; but as 'he was a fmgle evidence, the fecretary, whom many falfe plots had probably rendered incredulous, fcrupled to iffue warrants for the commitment of fo great a number of perfons. Keiling, therefore, in order to fortify his teftimony, engaged his brother in treafonable difcourfe with Goodenough, one of the
confpirators

June 13-

and Jenkins began now to give more The confpirators had got fome hint of the danger in which they were involved ; and all of them concealed themfelves. One
;

attention to the intelligence.

perfon alone, of the

stiiaker^

name
and

of Barber, an inftrument-

was feized

as his confeflion

concurred
in

l88

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

in

C HAP.
^J^^^'
a5g3.

many

particulars with Keiling's information, the

affair

feemed to be put out of all queflion ; and a more diligent fearch was every where made after the
confpirators.

West,

the lawyer, and colonel

Rumfey, finding

the perils to which they were expofed in endeavouring to efcape, refolved to fave their own lives at the expence of their companions ; and they furrendered themfelves with an intention of becoming

Weft could do httle more than confirm the teftlmony of Keiling, with regard the affaflination plot ; but Rumfey, befides giving additional
evidence.

.,^

confirmation of the fame defign, was at iaft, though with much difficulty, led to reveal the meetings at Shephard was imm.ediately appreShephard's. hended J and had not courage to maintain fideHty Upon his information, orders to his confederates. were iffued for arrefling the great men engaged in Monmouth abfconded Ruffel was the confpiracy. fent to the Tower : Gray was arrefted, but efcaped Howard was taken, while he from the meifenger concealed himfelf in a chimney ; and being a man of profligate morals, as well as indigent circumilances, he fcrupled not, in hopes of a pardon and EfTex, a reward, to reveal the whole confpiracy. immediately appreHambden, were Sidney, and hended upon his evidence. Every day fome of the confpirators were detected in their lurking-places,
: :

and thrown
Execution
fpiiators"'

into prifon.

LiEUTENANT-coLONEL Walcot was firft brought This man, who was once noted for ^^ ^^^ trh\.
bravery, had been fo far overcome by the love of life, that he had written to fecretary Jenkins, and had offered, upon promife of pardon, to turn evi-

dence : But no fooner had he taken this mean ftep than he felt more generous fentiments arife in him ; and he endeavoured, though in vain, to conceal
himfelf.

The

witneiTes againft

him were Rumfey,

Weft,

CHARLES

11.

189

Weft, Shephard, together with Bourne, a brewer, His own letter to the fecretary was produced, and rendered the teftimony of the witnefTes unqueftionable. Hone and Roufe were alfo condemned. Thefe two men, as well as Walcot, acknowledged, at their execution, the juftnefs of the fentence ; and from
their trial

chap.
,J^^i^
j^g^,

and confeffion

it is

fufficiently

apparent,

had been regularly formed and that even the alTaffination had been often talked of, and not without the approbation of
that the plan of an infurredion
;

many of

the confpirators.
Trial o'

condemnation of thefe criminals was probably intended as a preparative to the trial of lord Ruffel, and ferved to imprefs the public with a thorough belief of the confpiracy, as well as a horThe Vv'itnefles produced againll the ror againil it. noble prifoner, were Rumfey, Shephard, and lord

The

^^^'
jf^^^

Howard.

introduced

he himfelf had been Shephard's, where Ruifel was prefent ; and had delivered them a meffage from Shaftefbury, urging them to haften the intended infurreftion : But had received for anfwer, that it
fvvore, that
at the cabal at

Rumfey

was found neceifary to delay the defign, and that Shaftefbury muft therefore, for fome time, reft conThis anfwer, he faid, was delivered by tented. Fergufon ; but was aflented to by the prifoner. He added, that fome difcourfe had been entered into about taking a furvey of the guards; and he thought that Monmouth, Gray, and Armftrong, undertook Shephard depofed, that his houfe to view them. had beforehand been befpoken by Fergufon for the fecret meeting of the confpirators, and that he had been careful to keep all his fervants from approachTheir difing them, and had ferved them himfelf. courfe, he faid, ran chiefly upon the means of lurprifing the guards ; and it was agreed, that Monmouth and his two friends fliould take a furvey of them. The report, which they brought next meeting, was,
8
that

iS

HISTORY OF GREAT BRitAIN,

that the guards

CHAP,
^^^^^^^
1683.

practicable

were remifs, and that the defign wai! But he did not affirm that any refolution
;

was taken of executing it. The prifonei, he thought, was prefent at both thefe meetings but he v/as fure that at leafl he was prerenl at one of them. A declaration, he added, had been read byFergufonin
- Ruffel's prefence
:

The
fet

reafons of the intended inforth,

furredifm were there

and

all

the public

grievances fully difp'ayed.

Lord Howard had

ings

cftabiiflied after Shaftefoury's flighr

been one of the cabal of fi^, and two meet;

had been held by the confpirators,

at Ruffel's.

one

at

depofed, that at the firft meeting it was agreed to begin the infurreftion in the country before the city ; the places were fixed, the proper quantity and kind of arms agreed on, and the whole plan of operations concerted : That at the fecond meeting, the converfation chiefly turned upon their correfpondence with Argyle and the difcontented Scots, and that the principal management of that affair was entruftd to Sidney, who had fent one Aaron Smith into He added, that Scotland with proper inftrudions.

Hambden's, another

Howard

m thefe deliberations
collefted
5

no queftion was put, or votes

he took
reff,

it,

but there v/as no contradiftion ; and, as al! of them, and the prifoner among the

gave their confent. RuMSEY and Shephard were very unwilling witIieffes againft lord Ruffel; and it appears from Gray's Secret Hiftory % that, if they had pleafed, they could have given a more explicit teftimony againfl: him. This reluftance, together with the difficulty in recollecting circumftances of a converfation which had paffed above eight months before, and which the perfons had net at that time any intention to
reveal,

may

evidence.

beget fome flight objeftion to their But on the whole it was undoubtedly
'

Page 43'

provedj^

C H A R L E
|3rovedj that the infurredion

li.

291

had

beeii deliberated
;

on

CHAP.
LXIX.
,683

by the prlfoner, and

fully refolved

the furprifal of the

guards deliberated on, but not fully refolved ; and that an alfaifmation had never once been mentioned nor imagined by him. So far the matter of fad: feems certain But flill, with regard to law, there remained a difficulty, and that of an important nature. The Engllfh laws of treafon, both in the manner of defining that crime, and in the proof required, are the mildefl and mod indulgent, and confequently the moft equitable, that are any where to be found. The two chief fpecies of treafon, contained in the ilatute of Edward III. are the compaffing and intending of the king's death, and the aftually levying of war againft him ; and by the law of Mary, the crime mud be proved by the concurring teflimony of two witnelfes, to fome overt ai, tending to thefe purpofes. But the lawyers, partly defirous of paying court to the fovereign, partly convinced of ill confequences which might attend fuch narrow limitations, had introduced a greater latitude, both in It was not the proof and definition of the crime. required that the two witneffes fhould teftify the It was fufficient, that they fame precife overt a6i: both teflified fome overt aft of the fame treafon ; and though this evafion may feem a fubtilty, it had long prevailed in the courts of judicature, and had at laft been folemnly fixed by parliament at the trial of lord StajEFord. The lawyers had ufed the fame freedom with the law of Edward III. They
:
:

had obferved,

that,

by that

ftatute, if a

man

fhould

enter into a confpiracy for a rebellion, fhould even fix a correfpondence with foreign powers tor that

purpofe, fhould provide arms and money, yet, if he were deted:ed and no rebellion enfued, he could
nience, which

not be tried for treafon. To prevent this inconveit had been better to remedy by a new law, they had commonly laid their indictment
for

,92

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

for intending the death of the king,

CHAP,
,53^,

^^^^\ duced

and had prothe intention of rebellion as a proof of that But though this form of indiftOther intention. ment and trial was very frequent, and many cri-

minals had received fentence upon it, it was ftill confidered as fomewhat irregular, and was plainly confounding, by a fophifm, two fpecies of treafon,

which the

ftatute

had accurately
ftill

diftinguifhed.

What
;

made

this

refinement

more exceptionable was,

that a law had pafled foon after the reftoration in which the confuking or the intending of a rebellion

was, during Charles's

lifetime,

declared treafon

and
'

it

was required,

that the profecution fhould be

within fix months after the crime was But notwithftanding this ftatute, the committed. perfevered, had as they ftill do perfevere, in lawyers the old form of indldment ; and both fir Harry Vane> and Oliver Plunket, titular primate of Ireland, had been tried by
it.

commenced

Such was the general

horror entertained againft the old republicans and the popifti confpirators, that no one had murmured againft this interpretation of the ftatute ; and the lawyers thought that they might follow the precedent, even in the cafe of the popular and beloved Ruflel's crime fell plainly within the lord Ruflel. ftatute of Charles the lid ; but the fads fwora to by Rumfeyand Shephard were beyond the fix months required by law, and to the other fads Howard was a fmgle witnefs. To make the indictment, therefore, more extenfive, the intention of murdering the king was comprehended in it ; and for proof of this intention the confpiracy for raifing a rebellioii was afligned ; and what feemed to bring the matter ftill nearer, the defign of attacking the king's guards.

RussEL perceived this irregularity, and defired to have the point argued by counfel The chief juftice told him, that this favour could not be granted,
:

unlefs

C
tinlefs

H A

li

L E

II.

193-

he previoufly confefTed the fafl:s charged The artificial confounding of the two Ipecies of treafon, though a pradice fupported by
iipon him.
is the chief, but not the only of which Ruffe! had reafon to complaia on his trial. His defence was feeble ; and he contented himfelf with protefting, that he never had entertained any defign againfl the life of the king : His veracity would not allow him to deny the conThe jury were men of 'fpiracy for an infurreftion fair aiid feputable characters, but zealous royalifls After a fhort deliberation, they brought in the prifoner guiityo Applications were made to the king for a parEven money, to the amount of a hundred don thoufand pounds, was offered to the dutchefs of Portfmouth by the old earl of Bedford, father to The king was inexorable. He had beeri Ruffel. extremely haraffed with the violence of the country iparty ; and he had obferved, that the prifoner, betides his fecret defigns, had always been carried to the higheil extremity of oppofition in parliament, Ruffel had evert adopted a fentiment, fimilar to what we meet with in a letter ci the younger BrutusHad his father, he faid, advifed the king to rejedb the exclufion-bill, he would be the firfl to move for a parliamentary impeachment againil him. When fuch determined refolution was obferved, his popularity,, his humanity, his jufdce, his very virtues, became fo many crimes, and were ufed as arguments againft fparing him. Charles therefore would go no farther than remitting the more Ignominious part of the fentence, which the law requires to be pronounced againfl traitors. " Lord Ruffel," faid he, " fhall find, that I am poffeffed of that prerogative, *' which, in the cafe of lord Stafford, he thought ^' proper to deny me." As the fury of the country party had rendered it impoffible for the king, with-r out the imminent danger of his crown, tc pardon Vol, VIII. fo

CHAP,

^
16^3.

'

many

precedents,

hirdfliip,

?94

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

P. fo

catholics, whom he firmly believed Inno-. and even affedionate and loyal to him ; he 'wA,"^^ probably thoughtj that, fmce the edge of the law36S3. was novi^ ready to fall upon that party themfelves, they could not reafonably exped that he would in-

HA

many

cent,

terpofe to fave them.

Russel's confort, a woman of virtue, daughter and heir of the good earl of Southampton, threw herfelf at the king's feet, and pleaded with many tears the merits and loyalty of her father, as an atonement for thofe errors. Into which honeft, however miftaken, principles had feduced her hufband. Thefe fupplicatlons were the laft Inftance of female weaknefs (if they deferve the name) which flie betrayed.

Finding all applications vain, fhe colleded courage, and not only fortified herfelf againfl the fatal blow, but endeavoured by her example to ftrengthen the refolution of her unfortunate lord. With a tender and decent compofure they took leave of each other on the day of his execution. *' The bltternefs of death Is now pad," faid he, when he turned from her. Lord Cavendifh had lived In the clofell Intimacy vvith RuiTel, and deferted not his friend in the prefent calamity. He
offered to

manage

his efcape,

with him, and remaining at

Ruffel refufed to fave his

all

own

by changing clothes hazards in his place. life, by an expedient

which might expofe his friend to fo many hardfrnps, "When the duke of Monmouth by meilage offered to furrender himfelf, if Ruffel thought that this meafure would anywife contribute to his fafety ; " It " will be no advantage to me," he faid, " to have *^ my friends die with me." Some of his expreffjons difcover, not only compofure, but good huin this melancholy extremity. The day before execution he was feized with a bleeding at the " I fliall not now let blood to divert this nofe. " diftemper," faid he to doftor Burnet v/ho attended him J " that will be done to-morrow." little behis

mour

fore

C H A R L E

IL

ig'^

fore the fherifFs conduced him to the fcaffold, he V/ound up his watch, " Now I have done," faid he, ^' with time, and henceforth mud think folely of
f

chap. y]^^^
^

,533,

eternity.'*

fcaffold was erefted in Lincoln's Inn Fields, a place diftant from the tower ; and it was probably intended, by conducing Ruffel through fo many llreecs, to fliow the mutinous city their beloved leader, once the objeft of all their confidence, now expofed to the utmoft rigours of the law. As he

The

July ai,

was the mod popular among his own party ; fo was he ever the lead obnoxious to the oppofite fadion
:

And

melancholy fate united every heart, fenfible of humanity, in a tender compaffion for him. Without the lead change of countenance, he laid his head on the block ; and at two drokes, it was fevered from his body. In the fpeech, which he delivered to the flieriffs, he was very anxious to clear his memory from any imputation of ever intending the king's death, or any alteration in the government He could not explicitly confefs the projeded infurreclion without hurting his friends, who might dill be called in quedion for it ; but he did not purge himfelf of that dellgn, which, in the prefent condition of the nation, he regarded as no crime. By many paiTages in his fpeech he feems to the lad to have lain under the influence of party zeal ; a paffion which, being nouriflied by a focial temper, and clothing itfelf under the appearance of principle, it is almod imhis
:

and exc^"'-''^'

man, who has afted in public ever thoroughly to eradicate. He profeiTed his entire belief in the popidi plot : And he faid, that, though he had often heard the feizure of the
poflible for a virtuous
life,

guards mentioned, he had ever difapproved of that attempt. To which he added, that the maflacring of fo many innocent men in cool blood was fo like a popifh practice, that he could not but abhor it. Upon the whole, the integrity and virtuous inten-

tionsj

S9^

HISTORY OF GREAT
tions, rather tba-n the capacltyj

BRITAII^.

CHAP,
^^^^^..^^^^

nobleman, feem
his charafter.

to

of this unfortunat(* have beea the fhining parts of

1683.

Aremo^n
Sidney.

trial.

next broilght to his This gallant perfon, fon of the earl of Leiceller, had entered deeply into the war againft the late king ^ and though no wife tainted with enthufiafm, he had fo far Ihared in all the counfels of the independent republican party, as to have been named on the high Gourt of jullice, which tried and condemned that monarch : He thought not proper, however, to take his feat among the judges. He ever oppofed Cromwel's ufurpation with zeal and courage ; and after making all efforts againft the reitoration, he refolved to take no benefit of the ge-^* neral indemnity, but chofe voluntary banilhment, rather than fubmit to a government and family which he abhorred. As long as the republican party had any exiftence, he was alive in every fcheme-, however unpromifing, which tended to promote their caufe But at length, in 1677, finding it necef-^ fary for his private affairs to return to England, he had applied for the king's pardon, and had obtained
:

Algernon Sidney was

it.

the fadions, arifing. from the popifh began to run high, Sidney, full of thofe ideasof liberty, which he had imbibed from the great examples of antiquity, joined the popular party;, and was even wiUing to leek a feeond time, through. all the horrors of civil war, for his adored replot,

When

public.

condud

this impsrfecl fketch of the chara6^er and of this fingular perfonage, it may eafily be conceived how obnoxious he was become to the court and mmiftry: What alone renders them

From

blameable was the illegal method which they took for effeling their purpofe againft him. On Sidney's: trial they produced a great number of witneffes,. who proved the reality of a plot in general ; and

when

the prifoner exclaimed, that

all

thefe evidences

faJd

CHARLES
Faid

ir.

197

nothing of him, he was anfwered, that this me- chap. thod of proceeding, however irregular, had been ^^^ praclifed in the profecutions of the popifh confpirai68tors ; a topic more fit to condemn one party than to The only witnefs who depofed juflify the other. againft Sidney, was lord Howard ; but as the law r-equired two witneffes, a flrange expedient was In ranfacking fallen on to fupply this deficiency. the prifoner's clofets, fome difcourfes on government were found ; in which he had maintained principles, favourable indeed to liberty, but fuch as the bed and mofl dutiful fubje6ts in all ages have been known to embrace ; the original contract, the fource of power from a confent of the people, the lawfulnefs of refilling tyrants, the preference of liberty to the government of a fingle perfon. Thefe papers were afferted to be equivalent to a fecond witiiefs, and even to many witneffes. The prifoner
'

replied, that there

thefe papers to

for afcribing author, befides a fimilitude of hand ; a proof which was never admitted ia criminal profecutions : That allowing him to be the author, he had compofed them folely for Jiis private amufement, and had never publiihed them to the world, or even communicated them to any fmgle perfon ; That, when examined, they appeared, by the colour of the ink, to have been written many year^ before, and were in vain produced as evidence of a prefent conipiracy againft the government And that where the law pofi^ively requires twQ witneifes, one witnefs, attended with the mod convincing eircumftances, could never fuffice much lefs, when fupported by a circumftance fo

was no other reafon

as the

him

and precarious. AH thefe arguments, though urged by the prifoner with great courage and pregnancy of reafon, had no influence. The violent and inhuman Jefferies was now chief juftice ; and by his direction a partial jury was ^afily prevailed on to give verdict againft Sidney. His O

weak

:!

195

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

His execution followed a few days after : He cornplained, and with reafon, of the iniquity of the fentence ; but he had too much greatnefs of mind to deny thofe confpiracies with Monmouth and RuiTel, in which he had been engaged. He rather gloried, that he now fuffered for that good old caufe^ which, from his earlieit youth, he faid, he had

CHAP.

inhfted himfelf.

The execution of Sidney is regarded as one of the greateft blemiflies of the prefent reign. The evidence agalnfl him, it muft be confeffed, was not
legal
;

and the jury, who condemned him, were

for that reafon, very blameable. But that after fentence pafled by a court of judicature, the king

fhould interpofe and pardon a man, who, though otherwifepoffeffed of merit, was undoubted!)/ guilty, who had ever been a moil inflexible and moil inveterate

enemy to the royal family, and who lately had even abufed the king's clemency, might be an
acl of heroic generofity, but can never be regarded

as a necelfary

Howard
Hambden
;

and indifpenfable duty. was alfo the fole evidence againfl and his teftimony was not fupported by

any material circumdance. The crown-lawyers therefore found it in vain to try the prifoner for trea- fon: Theylaid the indidment only for amifdemeanour, and obtained fentence againft him. The fine impofed was exorbitant j no lefs than forty thoufand pounds.

HoLLowAY,
confpirators,

a merchant of Briflol, one of the

fled to the

Weft-Indies, and was. had been outlawed but the year allowed him for furrendering himfelf was not expired. A trial was therefore offered him But as he had at firlt confeffed his being engaged in a confpiracy for an infurreftion, and even allowed that he had heard fome difcourfe of an affaffmation, though he had not appioved of it, he thought it more expedient to throw himfelf on the

had

ROW brought

over.

He

king's

C H A R L E

II.

199

He was executed, perfiftlng in the ^/^^^* king's mercy. lame conrellion. _ _ ^ i^Sj. Sir Thomas Armflrong, who had been feized in Holland, and fent over by Chidley, the king's minifter, was precifely in the fame fituation with HoN loway Bat the fame favour, or raiiher juftice, was
.

refufed him.

The

lawyers pretended, that, unlefs

he had voluntarily furrendered himfelf before the expiration of the time affigned, he could not claimi
the privilege of a
trial
;

not confidering that the

feizure of his perfon ought in equity to be fuppofed

The king bore the accident which prevented him. a great enmity againll: this gentleman, by v,'hom he believed the duke of Monmouth to have been feduced from
his

duty

He

alfo afierted, that

Arm-

flrong had once promifed

Cromwel

to

afTaffinate

him

though

it

mull: be confefled, that the prifoner

from this imputation by very ftrong arguments, Thefe were the reafons of that injufIt was apprehended tice which v/as now done him. that fufficient evidence of his gujlt could not be produced and that even the partial juries, which were now returned, and which allowed themfelves to be entirely directed by Jefl'eries and other violent judges, would not give fentence againft him. On the day that Ruffel was tried, Eifex, a man eminent both for virtues and abilities, was found in
juilified himfelf
;

The coroner's inthe Tower with his throat cut. queft brought in their verdift, felf-murder : Yet becaufe two children ten years old (one of whom
too departed from his evidence) had affirmed that they heard a great noife from his window, and that they faw a hand throw out a bloody razor ; thefe circumftances were laid hold of, and the murder was afcribed to the king and the duke, who happened that morning to pay a viftt to the Towerc Ellex was fubjed to fits of deep melancholy,, and bad been feized with one immediately upon his
.ommit^ient
;

He was

accuflom^d

to

maintain the
ia\Yfv.lnef!j

4.

20^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

:

e H A p, lawfulnefs of fuiclde And his countefs, upon a ^^]^\ flricl enquiry, which was committed to the care of ^^' Burnet, found no reafon to confirm the fufpi,623. Yet could not all thefe circumftances, joined cion to many others, entirely remove the imputation. It is no wonder, that faftion is fo productive of
:

vices of

all

the paffions,
reftraints,

kinds : For, befides that it inflames all it tends much to remove thofe great

honour and fhame ; when men find, that them the applaufe of their own party, and no innocence fecure them againil the

no

iniquity can lofe

calumnies of the oppofite.

But though there is no reafon to think that Eifex had been murdered by any orders from court, itmufi: be acknowledged that an unjuflifiable ufe in
Ruffel's trial was made of that incident. The king's counfel mentioned it in their pleadings as a ftrong proof of the confpiracy ; a^d it is faid to have had

great weight with the jury.

Sidney's
gtate of thenation.

trial

for tb^e

It w^s infixed on fame purpofe.

in,

Some memorable
^i^oygT^
.|-jgy

caufes, tried about this

time,

^^ relation to the Rye-houfe confpiracy, fhow the temper of the bench and of Oates was convicted of having called the juries. the duke a popiih traitor ; was condemned in damages to the amount of one hundred thoufand pounds and was adjudged to remain in prifon till he fhould make payment. A like fentence was palTed upon Dutton-Colt for a like offence. Sir Samuel Barnardiflon was fined ten thoufand pounds^ becaufe in fome private letters which had been in-* tercepted, he had reflected on the government. This gentleman was obnoxious, becaufe he had been foreman of that jury which rejected the bill againft Shattefbury. A pretence, was therefore fallen, upon for punifhing him though fuch a precedent may juftly be deemed a very unufual ad: of feverity, and fufficient to deftroy all confidence in private friendfhip and correfpondence.
j^^yg
;

THERg;

CHARLES
There
Is

II.

J2oi'

another remarkable trial, which fhows CHAP. fht difpofition of the courts of judicature, and i_^!^', which, though it pafTed in the enfuing year, it may 1623. One Rofenot be improper to relate In this place. wel, a prefbytcrian preacher, was accufed by three >VGmen of having Ipoken treafonable words in a
'

They fvvore to two or three periods, and fermon. agreed fo exactly together, that there was not the
fmalleft variation in their depofitions.

Rofewel on

He the other hand made a very good defence. "proved, that the witneifes were lewd and infamous perfons. He proved, that even during Cromwel's ^furpations, he had always been a royallfl ; that he prayed conftantly for the king in his family ; and
that in his fermons he often inculcated the obliga-

And as to the fermon of which he was accufed, feveral witneifes, who heard it, and fome who wrote it in Ihort-hand, depofed that he had ufed no fuch e^iprellions as thofe which were imputed to him. He oifeyed his own notes as a farther proof. The women could not (how, by any circumllance or witnefs, that they were at his meetAnd the expreflions, to which they depofed, ing. were fo grofs, that no man in his fenfes could be fuppofed to employ them before a mixt audience. It was alfo urged, that it appeared next to impoftions of loyalty.

ble for three

siftly,

women

to

upon one fmgle

regard to
it.

hearing, and to

remember fo long a period remember it fo exwith whole

as to agree to ^ tittle in their depofitions

The
:

prifoner offered to put the

iifue He would pronounce, with his tone of voice, a period as long as that to which they had fworn ; and then let them try to repeat it, if they could. What was more unaccountable, they had forgotten even the text of his fermon ; nor did they remember any fmgle pailage, but the words to which they gave evidence. After fo flrong a defence, the folicitor-general thought

upon

this

ufual

not

oiv

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

not proper to make any reply : Even Jefieries went no farther than fome general declamations againll
conventicles and prefbyterians
:

CHAP,
^^^.,,.,^^

1683.

Yet

fo violent

were

gave a verdict againft the prifoner; which hov^^ever appeared fo palpably unjull, that it was not carried into exeparty
prejudices,
that

the

jury

cution.
firll

duke of Monmouth had abfconded on the the confpiracy ; and the court could get no intelligence of him. At length, Halifax, who began to apprehend the too great prevalence of the royal party, and who thought that Monmouth's interefl would prove the bed counterdifcovery of
poife to the duke's, difcovered his retreat, and prevailed on him to \%Tite tv/o letters to the king, full

The

The king's Monmouth

of the tendered and mofl fubmilTive expreffions. fondnefs was revived ; and he permitted He even endeato come to court. voured to mediate a reconciliation between his fon and his brother ; and having promifed Monmouthj that his tellimony fhould never be employed againfl any of his friends, he engaged him to give a full account of the plot. But, in order to put the country party to filence, he called next day an extraordinary council, and informed them, that Monmouth had fliowed great penitence for the fhare which he had had in the late confpiracy, and had exprefled his refolutions never more to engage in fuch criminal enterprifes. He went fo far as to give orders, that a paragraph to the like purpofe
ihould be inferted in the Gazette. Monmouth kept But filence till he had obtained his pardon in form entirely this itep, he was that, taking finding by difgraced with his party, and that even though he Ihould not be produced in court as an evidence, his teftimony. being fo publicly knov.'n, might have weight with juries on any future trial, he refolved at His emilTarieSj all hazards to retrieve his honour.
:

therefore^

CHARLES
therefore;, received orders to

II.

aoj
p^

deny that he had ever c H A

i^g^.

made any fuch confeffion as that which was imputed to him ; and the party exclaimed, that the whole The king, prowas an import ure of the com-t. voked at this conduct, baniflied Monmouth his prefence, and afterwards ordered him to depart the
kingdom.

^^^'^^

The court was aware, that the malcontents in England had held a correfpondence with thofe of
Scotland ; and that Baillie of Jervifvvood,, a man of merit and learning, vrith two gentlemen of the name of Campbel, had come to London, under pretence of negotiating the fettlement of the Scottifli prefbyterians in Carolina, but really with a view of concerting Baillie was meafures with the Englifh conlpirators. fent prifoner to Edinburgh ; but as no evidence appeared againfc him, the council required him to fwear, that he would anfwer all queftions which Hiould be propounded to him. He refufed to fubmit to fo iniquitous a condition ; and a fine of fix thoufand pounds was impofed upon him. At length, two perfons, Spence and Carflares, being put to the torture, gave evidence which involved the earl of Tarras and fome others, who. in order to fave themfelves, were reduced to accufe Baillie.

He

was brought to

trial

and being- in

fo languifh-

ing a condition from the treatment which he had met with in prifoii, that it was feared he would not furvive that nighty he was ordered to be executed the very afternoon on which he received fentence. The feverities exercifed during this part of the
prefent reign, were much coiitrary to the ufual tenor of the king's conduct; and though thole who fluclied his character more narrowly, have pronounced, that towards great offences he was rigid and inexorable, the nation were more inclined to aicribe every unjuft or hard meafure to the prevalence of the dukCj into whofe haftds the king had.
ironi

so4

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

from indolence, not from any opinion of
ther's fuperior
his

CHAP,
LXIX.
^"^g'TT"'

Lro*

capacity,

refigned the reins of go-

,,

vernment. The crown indeed gained great advantage from the detedion of the conlpiracy, and loft none by the rigorous execution of the confpirators : The horror entertained agalnfl the aifaflination plot, which was generally confounded with the project for

an infurretlion, rendered the whole party unpopular, and reconciled the nation to the meafures of the The moft loyal addrelfes came from all court. parts ; and the doctrine of fubmiffion to the civil Kiagiftrate, and even of an unlimited paffive obedience, became the reigning principle of the times. The univerfity of Oxford paifed a folemn decree, condemning fome dotrines which they termed republican, but which indeed are, moft of them, the only tenets on which liberty and a limited conflitution can be founded.
xfts,

The

faction of the exclufion-

lately fo

%vere at

numerous, powerful, and zealous, the king's feet ; and were as much fallen in

their fpirit as in their credit with the nation.

No-

l^2.

thing that had the lead appearance of oppofition to the court, could be hearkened to by the public ^ The king endeavoured to increafe his prefent popularity by every art ; and knowing, that the fufpicion of popery was of all others the mofl dano-erous, he judged it proper to marry his neice, the lady Anne, to prince George, brother to the king

of Denmark.

All the credit, however, and percould not engage him to call a Halifax, of fuafion parhament, or trail the nation with the eledion of a new reprefentative. Though his revenues were
5

In the

month of November
become an

this year died prince

left his

Rupert,

in the.

fixty-third year o^ his age-

He had

own country

fo early,

that he had

entire Englifhman,

and was even fufpedted,

in his latter days, of a bias to the

country party.

He was

lor that;

reafon

much negkded

at

com t. The duke

of Lauderdale died alfq

this year.

extremelj

CHARLES

11.

205

extremely burthened, he rather chofe to ftruggle chap. with the prefent difficulties, than try an experiment LX(x. which, by raifing afrefh fo many malignant humours, ^^^g?**^ might prove dangerous to his repofe. The duke likewife zealoufly oppofed this propofal, and even engaged the king in meafures which could have no tendency, but to render any accommodation with a parliament altogether impracticable. Williams, who had been fpeaker during the two lad: parliaments, was profecuted for warrants, ilTued by him, in obedience to orders of the houfe breach of privilege, which it feemed not likely any future houfe of commons would leave unqueftioned, Danby and the popifh lords, who had fo long been confined in the Tower, and vmo faw no profpecl of
:

a trial in parliament, applied by petition, and were meafure juft in itfelf, but admitted to bail: deemed a great encroachment on the privileges of The duke, contrary to law, was that aflembly. reitored to the oflicc of high admiral, without taking the tefl. Had the leaft gram of jealoufy or emulation been mixed in the king's charatler ; had he been adtuated by that concern for his people's or even for his own honour, which his high ftation demanded, he would have hazarded many domeftic inconveniencies rather than allow France to domineer in fo haughty a manner as that which at prefent fne affumed in every negotiation. The peace of Nimegoen, im- state oF poled by the Dutch on their unwilling allies, had ^oT^'s" ^"^** disjointed the whole confederacy ; and all the powers ^ engaged in it had difbanded their fupernumerary troops, which they found- it difficult to fubfill, Lewis alone flill maintained a powerful army, and by his preparations rendered himlelf every day more formidable. He now aded as if he were the fole Sovereign in Europe, and as if all other princes were foon 0 become his valTals. Courts cr cham-

bers

50^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

CHAP,

bers were erected in Metz and Brifac, for re-uniting territories as had ever been members of any ^^ch ^Zil^JiZi They made inquiry of his new conquefts. part J684. into titles buried in the mod remote antiquity. They cited the neighbouring princes to appear before them, and iffued decrees, expelling them the The important town of Strafcontefted territories. bourg, an ancient and a free (late, was feized by Lewis : Aloft was demanded of the Spaniards, on a frivolous, and even ridiculous, pretence ; and upou their refufal to yield it, Luxembourg was blockaded, and foon after taken \ Genoa had been bombarded, becaufe the Genoefe had ftipulated to build fome gallies for the Spaniards; and in order to avoid more fevere treatment, that republic was obiip^ed to yield to the moft mortifying conditions.
infulted in its head and principal ufed no other expedient for redrefs, and ; than impotent complaints and remonftrances. Spain was fo enraged at the infolent treatment which Ihe met with, that, without confidering her prefent weak condition^ fhe declared war againft her haughty enemy : She hoped that the other powers of Europe, fenfible of the common danThe prince of ger, would fly to her afTiflance. Orange, whofe ruling paffions were love of war and animofity againft France, feconded every where the applications of the Spaniards. In the

The empire was

members

year i68r, he made a journey to England, in order to engage the king into clofer meafures with He alfo propofed to the States the confederates. augmentation of their forces ; but fean make to even the town of Amprovinces, and the veral of the French, and the gained by been had fterdam,
that the king t It appears from fir John Dalrymple's Appendix, Teeeived from France a million of livre? for his connivance at the feizurc of Luxembourg, befidcs his ordinary peafion,

pro*

CHARLES

II.

2^7

propofal was rejefted. The prince's enemies derived C H a p ^^^x. the mofl: plaufible reafons of their oppofition from \ the known and avowed the fituation of England, and 16S4.

attachments of the Englifh monarch. No fooner had Charles difmilled his parliament, and embraced the refolution of governing by prerogative alone, than he dropped his new alliance with Spain, and returned to his f )rmer dangerous conThis prince had even offernections with Lewis, ed to make him arbiter of his differences with Spain ; and the latter power, fenfible of Charles's partiality, had refufed to fubmit to fuch a difadWhether any money was vantageous propofal. now remitted to England, we do not certainly know: But we may fairly prefume, that the king's necelfities were in fome degree relieved by France". And though Charles had reafon to apprehend the utmofl danger from the great and iliil increafmg naval power of that kingdom, joined to the weak condition of the Englilh fleet, no
confideration was able to roufe
fent lethargy.

him from

his pre-

It

is

here

we

are to fix the point of the highefi:

exaltation,

which the power of Lewis or that of any

" The following p,iffhge is an extradl from M. BanHon's letters kept in the Depot des Affaires etrangeres at Verfailles. It was lately communicated to the author while in France. Convention verbale arretee le i Avril i6?i. Charles 2 s'engage a ne rien omettre pour pouvoir fairc connoitrc a fa majcde qu'elle avoit raifon de prendre confiauce enlui; afedegagerpcua peu de rallianceavecl'Efpagne, a fe mettre en etat de ne pomt etre contraint par fon parlement de faire quelque chofed'oppofe aux nonveaux engagemens qu'il prenoit, Enconfequen6e, le roipromet unfubfide dedeux millions la premiere des trois annees de est engagement & 500,000 ecus les deux autres, fecontentantde la parole de la majeileBritannique,d'agira Pegardde fa majefte ccni'ormement aux obligations qu'il lui avoit. Le Sr. Hyde demanda que le roi s'engagea a ne point attaquer les pays bas meme Strafbourg, temoignent que le roi fon maitre ne pourroit s'empecherde fecourir les pays bas, quand meme fon parlement ne feroit ppint aflemble. M. Barillon lui repondit en termes generaux par ordre du roi, que fa majefte n'avoit point intention de rompre la paix, Sc qu'il n'engageroit pas fa majelte Britannique en chofe contraires a fcs veritablcs intercts,

&

I'v:

European

soS

History of great Britain.

European prince, fmce the age of Charlemagn^> The monarch, mofl capable had ever attained of oppofing his progrefs, was entirely engaged in his interefts ; and the Turks, invited by the malcontents of Hungary, were preparing to invade the emperor, and to difable that prince from making head againd the progrefs of the French power. Lewis may even be accufed bf overfightj in' not making fufficient advantage of fuch favourable opportunities, which he was never afterwards' able to But that monarch, though more governed recall. motives of ambition than by thofe of juftice or by rnoderation, was ftill more a6luated by the fuggeftions of vanity.

CHAP.
^}^^^'
j^g^^

He contented himfelf with infulting and domineering over all the prihces and free ffates of Europe ; and he thereby provoked their While refentment without fubduing their power. every one, who approached his perfon, and behaved with fubmiffion to his authority, was treated with the higheft politenefs ; all the neighbouring potentates had fucceffively felt the elfeds of his haughty And by indulging his imperious difpofition.
poets, orators, and courtiers, in their flatteries, and in their prognoftications of univerfal empire, he conveyed fader, than by the profpeft of his power

alone,
16S5.

the apprehenfion of general conquelt

and

fubjeclion.

French greatnefs never, during his whole any apprehenfions ; and Clifford, it is faid, one of his moil favoured minifters, went lo far as to affirm, that it were better for the king to be viceroy under a great and generous monarch, than a flave to five hundred of
reign, infpired Charles with
his

The

owa

infoknt fubjecls.

The

ambition, therefore,

and uncontrolled power of Lewis were no diminution of Charles's happinefs ; and in other refpefts his condition feemed at prefent more eligible than it had ever been fmce his refloration, A mighty

2:9 H C A mighty faftion, which had fnaken his throne, LX!X.P. and menaced his family, was totally fbbdued and 1625. by their precipitate indifcretion had expofed themfelves both to the rigour of the laws and to public hatred. He had recovered his former popularity in the nation and what probably pleafed him more than having a compliant parliament, he vv^as enabled to govern altogether without one.

CHARLES

IL

But

it

is

certain,

that

the king, am.idft

all

thefe

promifing ciixumftances, was not happy or fatiffied. Whether he found himfelf expofed to dlfhculties for want of money, or dreaded a recoil of the popular humour from the prefent arbitrary Perhaps the violent, immeafures, is uncertain. prudent temper of the duke, by pulliing Charles upon dangerous attempts, gave him apprehenfion and uneafinefs. He v/as overheard one day to fay, in oppofing fcm.e of the duke's hany
counfels,

" Brother,
:

" my

travels

I am too old to go again to You may, if you chufe it." Vv hat-

ever was the caufe of the king's diiTatisfa6i:on, it feems probable, that he was m.editating fome change of meafures, and had formed a nevv^ plan of admiiniftration. He was determined, it is thought, to fend the duka to Scotland, to recall Monmouth, to fummon a parliament, to difmifs all his unpopular mi-nifters, and to throw himfelf entirely on the good will and affecSbions of his fubjeds Amidft thefe truly wife and virtuous defigns, he was feized with a fudden fit, which ^'"g'^ "'^ "' refembied an apoplexy ; and though he was re- "^ covered from it by bleeding, he languidicd only for a few days, and then expired, in the fifty and death, fifth year of his age, and twenty-iifch of his reign. <^'h F'^b. He was io happy in a good confLitution of bodv, and had ever been fo remarkably careful of Ins
'

''.

'^

King James's M'lnoirs confirm

14.

this runiour,

as alfo D'Avaur-.'s

Megotiaiions,

Dec.

16S4.,

Vqi. Viil.

health.

210

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

health, that
his death
as if

CHAP, ^_^^^
J685.

ftruck as

great a furprife

into his iubjeds,

of

his

youth.
to
their

And

he had been in the flower their great concern for him,

for
his

owing

affedlion

perfon,

as

well

very naturally, as their dread of his fuccefibr, critical the time of his death, to joined when of poifon. All fufpicion circumftances the begat however confidered, this fufpicion muft be allowed to vanifn 3 like many others, of which all hiftories
are
full.

the few days of the king's illnefs, clergymen of the church of England attended hirp i but he difcovered a total indifference toCatholic wards their devotions and exhortation. priefts were brought, and he received the facrament from them, accompanied with the other rites Two papers were found of the Romiili church. in his cabinet, written with his ov/n hand, and containing arguments in favour of that commuThe duke had the imprudence immenion. diately to publifli thefe papers, and thereby both confirmed all the reproaches of thofe who had been the greateft enemies to his brother's meafures, and afforded to the world a fpecimen of his own
bigotry.
a.iuichajp- ^g {urvcj the charafter of Charles II. in the different lights, which it will admit of, it will appear various, and give rife to different and even oppofite fentim.ents. When confidered as a companion, he appears the mofl: amiable and engaging of men ; and indeed, in this view, his deportment mufl be allowed altogether unexcepHis love of raillery was fo tempered tionable. v/ith good breeding, tliat it was never offenfive His propenfity to fatire was fo checked with difcrction, that his friends never dreaded their becoming the objeft of k: His v/it, to, ufe the expreiTion of one who knev/ him well, and who was

During

himfelf

C H A R L E
to

IT.

sii
U, '^/^*

himfelf a good judge % could not be faid Co much ^ be very refined or. elevated, qualities apt to beget jealoufy and apprehenfion in company, as to be a plain, gaining, well-bred, recommending kind of wit. And though perhaps he talked more than ftricl rules of behaviour might permit, men
,

/^'
16': 5.

were fo pleafed with the affable, communicative deportment of the monarch, that they always Vv'ent away contented both with him and vvith themfelves. This indeed is the moft fhining part of the king's charafter ; and he fcems to have been fcnfiblc of it: For he was fond of dropping the formality of ftate, and of relapfing every moment into the companion.

In the duties of private life his condu6t, though free from exception, was, in the main, laudable. He was an eafy, generous lover, a civil, obnot
liging hufband, a
father,

friendly

brother,

an

indulgent

and a good-natured mafter \ The voluntary friendfhips, however, which this prince contrafted, nay, even his lenfe of gratitude, were feeble ; and he never attached himfelf to any of his
minifters or courtiers with a fincere affecSlion.

He

believed

them

to
;

but

feif-intereft

turn, to facrifice

have no motive in fervinoO him and he was ftill ready, in his them to prefent eafe or conve-

nience.

With
fet

a detail of his private charafler

to

we mufh

our panegyric on Charles. The other parts of his condu(5l may admit of fome apology, but can deferve fmall applaufe. He was indeed fo much fitted for private life, preferably to public, that he even poffelled order, frugality, and ceconomy, in the former Was profufe, thoughtlefs, and negligent, in the latter. When we con-

bounds

lider

him
^

as a Ibvereign,

his characfter,
^

thoug'i not

Marquis of Halifax.

Duke

of

Buckingham.

altogether

2ia

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

altogether deftitnte of virtue, was in the main dangeroLis to his people, and dilhonoiirable to himfelf.
l^[egligent

c
^

HAP.
f ^^
16S5.

of the

interefts
its

of the nation,
religion,

carelefs-

of

of its of its treafure, fparing only of its he expofed it by his meafares, though he blood ever appeared but in fport, to the danger of a furiouscivil war, and even to the ruin and ignominy of
its

glory, averfe to
lavifli

jealous

liberty,
;

foreign conqueft.

Yet may

all

thefe enormities,

if fairly and candidly examined, be imputed, in a great meafure, to the indolence of his temper fiuk which, however unfortunate in a monarch, it
:

is

impoiTible for us to regard with great feverity. It has been remarked of Charles, that he never
a
fooliili

thing nor ever did a wife one: though too far carried, feems to which, cenfure in his character and deportfoundation have fome was informed of this fayking the When ment. mjatter v/as eafily acthe that obfcrved, ing, he his difcourfe was his ov/n^ For that for counted
faid
:

his actions
'

were the miiniftry's. reflect on the appetite for pov/er inherent we If and add to it the king's edu-nature, human in cation in foreign countries, and among the cavaliers, a party which v;70uld naturally exaggerate the of popular affemblies upon the late ufurpations it is not furprifmg, that civil rights of m,onarchy
;

liberty iliould not tind in

him a very zeaious patron. liaraffed with domeftic fadion, weary of calumnies and complaints, opprefied with debts, llraitened in his revenue, he fought, though with feeble efforts,
for a

form of government, more fimple

in its ftruc-

ture and

more

eaff- in

its

management.

But

his

attachment to France, after all the pains, v/hich we have taken, by inquiry and conjeftu/e, to fathom fomething, it m.uil be confelTed, it, contains ilill The hopes of renmyflerious and inexplicable. dering himfelf abfoiute by Lewis's afTiftance feem fo
3
chimerical.

CHARLES
cliimerical,
:

11.

that they could fcarcely be retained with fuch obftinacy by a prince of Charles's, pene- _ tration And as to pecuniary fubfidies^ he furely 1685 fpent much greater fums in one feafon, during the fecond Dutch war, than were rennitted him from France during the whole courfe of his reign. I am apt therefore to imagine^ that Charles was in this particular guided chiefly by inclination, and by a prepoffeffion in favour of the French nation. He confidered that people as gay, fprightly, polite, elegant, courteous, devoted to their prince, and attached to the catholic faith; and for thefe rcafons he cordially loved them. The oppofite chara6ter of the Dutch had rendered them the objeds of his averfion 5 and even the uncourtly humours of the Englifh made him very indifferent towards them. Our notions of intereil are much warped by our affe6lions ; and it is not altogether without example, that a man may be guided by national prejudices, who has ever been iitde bialled by private and per-

fonal friend iliip.

The
rately

charad:er of this

prince has been

elabo-

drawn by two great mailers, perfedlly well acquainted with him, the duke of Buckinghani and the marquis of Halifax; not to mention feveral elegant ftrokes given by fir William Temple. Dr. Welwood likevvife and bifliop E jrnet have employed their pencil on the fame fubje6l: But tliQ
fdmevvhat partial in his favour as the far too harfli and malignant, Inliead of finding an exa6t parallel between Charles II. and the emperor Tiberius, as afierted by that prelate, it would be more juil to remark a full contrafc and oppofition. The emperor feems as much to have fifrpaffed the king in abilities, as he falls lliort of him in virtue. Provident, wife, aftive, jealous, malignant, dark, fullen, unfociable, referved, cruel, unrelenting, unforgiving ; thefe are the lights under which the Roman tyrant has been tranfmitted to
is
;

former
latter

is

by

^s.

214

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

P, us.

c H A
16S5.

^__^___^.^___^

the only cir cum (lance in which it can he was fimilar to Charles, is pretended be iiiftly his love of women, a paffion which is too general to form any ftriking refemblance, and which that deteftable and detefted monfter fhared alfo with uii-

And

natural appetites.

,//.,,,/,.;/. .//.
/.,/,.,/'/,/;//,,/
,r.-

,/,..!,/ ./,r,:/.-..j:/..-j lJX,,.'y /!

C '"./,//. .I'//.,/,,/.

215

JAMES
CHAP.
King's firft tranJaEilons

IL

LXX.

A 'parliament-' Argurevenue a and againfi for life ments for Dates Monmouth' perjury s invafion conviked of Cruelties of Kirke His defeat and execution State of affairs in Scot'and of Jefferies

land
cution^

Argyle's

invafion

defeat

ayid exe-

parliament

French perjecutions
State

Breach hePvoixt the king and the church Court of ecclefiaflical commiffion Sentence London the hifoop Sufpenfon againfi of of the State of Ireland penal lawsEmhajfy to Attempt upon Magdalen College Rome trials and acquittal of the bifoops Imprifonment

^he

difpenfpig

power

of Ireland

Birth of the prince of IVales,

THE

of James's reign was to aiTemble ^ -^ ^. P* where, after fome praifes '-^^\j ; bellowed on the memory of his predecelTor, he 16R5. made profeffions of his refolution to maintain the ^^mg's _' efliabliflied government, both in church and llatc. aaions.' Though he had been reported, he faid, to have imbibed arbitrary principles, he knew that the laws of England were fuiiicient to make him as great a monarch as he could wilh ; and he was determined And as he had heretonever to depart from them. fore ventured his life in defence of the nation, lie
lirft

a6l

the privy council

P 4

would

2i6

HISTORY CF GREAT BRITAIN.

P. v%'ouid
fliil

C H A
iC^s-

go

as far as

any

man

in

maintaining

all

^^^^

its juiL rights

and

liberties.

This difcGurie was received v/ith great applaufe, The no: only by the council, but by the nation. king univerfaliy paiTed for a man of great fincerity and great honour and as the current of favour
-,

ran

at

that

time

f^r

ihe

court,

men

believed

were conformable to his ex" have now," it was faid, " the preffions. " word of a king j and a v/ord never yet broken." AddreiTes came from all quarters, full of duty, nay of the moft fervile adulation. Every one haitened And James to pay court to the new mjonarch had reafon to think, that^ notwithitanding the violent efforts made by fo potent a party for his exclufion, no throne in Europe was better eUabliilied than that of England. The king, however, in the firfu exercife of his authority, Ihevved, that either he was not fmcere in his profeillons of attachment to the laws, or that he had entertained fo lof:y an idea of his own legal power, that even his utmoll fincerity would tend very little to fecure the liberties of All the cuftoms and the greater part the people. of the excife had been fettled by parliament on the late king during life, and confcquently the grant Vv'as now expired ; nor had the fucceffor any right
that his

intentions

We

'

to levy

But James branches of revenue. ordering the cuftoms and proclamation, ifii.ied a excife to be paid as before ; and this exertion of power he would not deign to quahfy by the leafl It was act or even appearance of condefcenfion.
thefe
>

riefs

and fnnplicity. It was conceived in thefe terms " We are come " to teftify our fbnow for the death of our good friend Charles, anci *' our joy for thy biding made our governor. We are told thou art *' not of the perfuahon of the chuich of England, no more than *' we Vv'herefove we hope thou wilt grant us the fame liberty which " t'.iou allowelt thyfelf. Which doing, we wifli thee all manner of
:
:

The

qiiakers addrefs

was eftcemed fomevvhat

fingular for

its

pialn-

'

happinefs."

propofecl

JAMES

IT.

217

propofed to him, that, in order to prevent the ill ^ }\,^^' effecls of any inrermlffion in levying thefe duties, ^_^^,.^ 1685. entries Ihould be made, and bonds for the Turns be But the taken from the merchants and brewers payment be fufpended till the parliament fhould
:

o-ive authority

recommended

it. This precaution was an ezprefllon of deference to that But for that very affembiy, or rather to the laws reafon, probably, it was rejeded by the king, who thought that the commons would thence be invited to alTume more authority, and would regard the v/hole revenue, and confequently the whole

to receive

as

power, of the crown, as dependent on their gogd will and pleafure. The king iikev.'ife went openly, and with all the enfigns of his dignity, to mafs, an illegal meeting; And by this imprudence he dilplayed at once his arbitrary difpofition, and the bigotry of his principles : Thofe two great charafteriftics of his reign, He even fenc and bane of his adminiftration.
Caryl, as his
agent, to

Rome,

in

order to

make

fubmiffions to the pope, and to pave the Vv^ay for a folemn re-admiilion of England into the bofom

of the catholic church.

The

pope. Innocent the

Xlth, prudently- advifed the king not to be too precipitate in his meafures, nor ralhly attempt what repeated experience might convince him was
imprafticable.
quillo,

The

Spanifli

ambaflfador,

Ron-

of England neceffary for the fupport of Spain, ufed the freedom to make like remonllrances. He obferved to the kins"* how bufy the priefts appeared at court, and advifed him not to affent with too great facility to their '^ dangerous counfels. Is it not the cuftom in '' Spain," faid James, " for the king to confult " with his confeflbr ?" " Yes," replied the ambaflador^ " and it is for that yery reafon our affairs
tranquillity
f^

deeming the

fucceed fo

ill."

Jame

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

_
x6?5.

James gave hopes on his acceffion, that he would hold the Daiance of power more fteadily than his and that France, inftead of rendering predeceffor England fucfervienl: to her ambitious projefts, would now meet with ilrong oppofition from that kingdom. Befides applying himfelf to bufinefs with, induftry, he feemed jealous ot national honour,
-,

care, that no more refpeft French ambaffador at London But thefe appearthan his O'wn received at Paris. ances were not fufficiently fupportedj and he found himfelf immediately under the neceffity of falling into a union with that great monarch, who, by his power as well as his zeal, feemed alone able to affift him in the projefts formed for promoting the catholic religion in England.

and expreiled great

lliould be paid to the

NoTwiTiiSTANDiKG
hands of
proteftants.

the king's

prejudices,
ftill

all

the chief offices of the crown continued

his

in

the

Rochefter was treafurer ; Clarendon chamberlain ; Godolphin chamberlain to the queens Sunderland fecretary of This noftatCj Halifax prefident of the council. oppofition to bleman had flood in James during reign and when he of his brother's the laft years ; to make fome apology the acceffion, on attempted, told him, that he meafures, the king for his late behaviour pall, except his thing every forget Vv'ould On other occafions, during die bill of exclufion. hov^/ever, James appeared not of lb forgiving a
brother

temper.

When

the principal exclufionifts

came

to

pay their refpedTts to the new fovereign, they either were not admitted, or were received very coldly, fometimes even v/ith frowns. This condu6l m.ight fuit the charader, which the king fo much affefted, offincerity: But by fhowing, that a king of England could refent the quarrels of a duke of York, he gave his people no high idea either of his lenity or ma&nanimity.

JAMES
On
that
all

II.

219
in declaring,

occafions, the king

was open

^^t^^P*
,

look for a more a6live and more vigilanc government, and that he would retain no minifters, who did not practife an iinreVv^e are not ferved obedience to his commands. indeed to look for the fprings of his adminifiration fo much in his council and chief officers of ftate, as in his own temper, and in the character of thofe perThe queen fons with whom he fecretly confulted. had great influence over him ; a woman of Ipirit, "whofe condud had been popular till fhe arrived at She was much governed by the that high dignity. and as thefe were alfo priefts, efpecially the jefuits the king's favourites, all public meafures were taken originally from the fuggeftions of thefe men, and bore evident marks of their ignorance in governjnent, and of the violence of their religious zeal. The king however had another attachment, feemingly not very confident v/Ith this devoted regard to his queen and to his priefls It was to Mrs. Sedley, whom he foon after created countefs of Dorchefter, and who expefted to govern him with the fame authority which the dutchefs of Portfmoutli had pofieffed during the former reign. But James, who had entertained the ambition of converting his people, was told, that the regularity of his life ought to correfpond to the fanftity of his' intentions; and he was prevailed with to remove Mrs. Sedley from court refolution in vvhich he had not the courage to perfevere. Good agreement between the miftrefs and the confeffor of princes is not commonly a difficult matter to compafs : But in the prefent cafe thefe two potent engines of command were found very incompatible. Mrs. Sedley, who poffelTed all the wit and ingenuity of her flithcr,
;
: :

men muft now

llll^
1685,

Charles, made the priefts and their counfels the perpetual objects of her raillery j and it is not to be fjoubted, but they, on their part, redoubled their
fir

exhort-

220

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

P.

C H A
j68^.

"""^Jll^f

exhortations with their penitent to break off fo crlminal an attachment.

Ho'vv
his
little

indination foever the king, as well as

queen and priefls, might bear to an Engliih parliament, it was abfolutely neceiTary, at the beginning of the reign, to fummon that aflembly. The low condition, to which the whigs or country pgrty had fallen during the lafc years of Charles's reign, the odium under which they laboured on account of the Rye-houfe confpiracy thefe caufes
;

made
tions.

that party m.eet with litde fuccefs in the elec-

The

general refignation too of the charters

A pai'liapjent.

had made the corporations extremely dependent and the recommendations of the court, though little affifted, at that time, by pecuniary influence, were become very prevalent. The new houfe of commons, therefore, confifted almoft entirely of zealous and were of confequence tories and churchm.en flrongly biaffed, by their affedlionSj in favour of the
;

9tii

of

meafures of the crown. The difcourfe which the king

1

made

to

the parfears

^^^i*

lament,

was more

fitted

to

work on
repeated

their

than their afFeftions. with great folemnity,

He
the

indeed, and

promife which he had

made

the privy- council, of governing according to the laws, and of preferving the eilaBut at the fame time he told blifhed religion them, that he pofitively expefted they would fettle

before

and during life too, as in the time of " I might ufe many arguments," faid " the benefit of trade, to inforce this demand he, ' the fupport of the navy, the necefiities of the " crov;n, and the well-being of the government *^ itfelf, which I mull not fuffer to be precarious : " But I am co/ifident, that your own confideration " arrd-.your fenfe of what is juft and reafbnable, *' v,?ill fuggeft to you v/hatever on this occafion "might be enlarged upon. There is indeed one " popular
his revenue,

his brother.

-,

JAMES
'^
*'

II.

221

popular argument," added he, " which may be chap. '^ urged againft compliance with my demand Men " may think, that by feeding me from time to i6?5s. f* time with fuch fupplies as they think convenient, *' they will better fecure frequent meetings of par*' liament But as this is the firft time I fpeak to '^ you from the throne, I mud plainly tell you, that *.^ fuch an expedient would be very improper to " employ with me, and that the beft way to engage '^ me to meet you often, is always to ufe me well." It Vv^as eafy to interpret this language of the He plainly intimated., that he had refources king's. in his prerogative for fuppordng the government, independent of their fupplies ; and that fo long as they complied with his demands, he v/ouid have rebut that any ill ufage on their part courfe to them would fet him free from thofe m.ealures of 2:overnment, which he feemed to regard m.ore as voluntary It muH be confeffed, that no than as necefiary. parliament in England was ever placed in a more critical fituation, nor where more forcible arguments could be urged, either for their oppofition to the court, or their compliance with it. It was laid on the one hand, thatjealoufy of royal Reafons -^"^ pov/er was the very bans of the Engiiih conftitution, and the principle to which the nation was beholden revenue for all that liberty which they enjoy above the fub- ^"""'"g life. je6ts of other monarchies. That this jealoufy, though, at different periods, it.^may be more or lefs intenfe, can never fafeiy be laid aileep, even under the befc and v/ifefl" princes. That the charafter of the prefent fovereign afforded caufe for the higheft vigilance, by reafon of the arbitrary principles which he Irad imbibed and ftill more, by reafon of his religious zeal, vvhich it is impofllble for him ever to gratify, without affuming more authority than the conftitution allows him. That power is to be watched in its very firft encroachments i nor is any thing ever gained by timidity and
:

!J'"

fubmiiTion.

222

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

fubmiffion.
to uf-arpation

CHAP,
^^^'
16S5.

That every
;

conceiTion adds

new forc^

fame time, by difcovering the dallardly difpofitions of the people, infpires it That as arms with new courage and enterprife. were intrufted altogether in the hands of the prince, no check remained upon him but the dependent condition of his revenue ; a fecurity therefore which it would be the moft egregious folly to abandon.
and
at the

That

all

the other barriers, which, of late years,

againfl: arbitrary povv'ei-,
article,

had been erefted

would be
in the

found, without this capital

nicious and deftruclive.

to be rather per-

That new Irmitations

conftitution fiimulated the monarch's inclination to

.-

furmount the iavv's, and required frequent meetings of parliament, in order to repair all the breaches, which either time or violence may have made upon That recent experience that complicated fabric. during the reign of the late king, a prince who wanted neither prudence nor moderation, had fufficiently proved the folidity of all thefe maxims. That his parliament, having raflily fixed his revenue for life, and at the fame time repealed the triennial bill, found that they themfelves were no longer of importance, and that liberty, not prote6led by national affemblies, was expofed to every outrage and violation. And that the more openly the king made an unreafonable demand, the more obftinately ought it to be refufed ; fince it is evident, that his purpofe in making it cannot poffibly be juftifiable. On the other hand it was urged, that the rule of watching the very firft encroachments of power could only have place, where the oppofition to it could be regular, peaceful, and legal. That though the refufal of the king's prefent demand might fecm cf this nature, yet in reality it involved confequences, which led much farther than at firft fight might be apprehended. That the king in his fpeech had intimated, that he had refources in his prerogative, which, in cafe of oppofition from parliament, he thought 10

JAMES

IT.

223
C
.

That if tliousht himfelf fully entitled to employ. the parliament openly difcovered an intention of
reducing him to dependence, matters muft prefently be brought to a crifis, at a time the moll favourable to his caufe, which his moil fanguine wiihes could That if we caft our eyes ever have promifed him. affairs on the continent, and abroad, to the flate of and Ireland j or, whac Scotland to the fituation of we confider importance, if the difpofitioii is of more at home, every circumftance minds of men's would be found adverfe to the caufe of liberty. That the country party, during the late reign, by their violent, and in many refpeds unjuftifiable mcafures in parliament, by their defperate attennpts out of parliament, had expoled their principles to general hatred, and had excited extreme jealoufy in all the royalifts and zealous churchmen, who now formed That it would not be acthe bulk of the nation. ceptable to that party to fee this king worfe treated than' his brother in point of revenue, or any attempts made to keep the crown in dependance. That they thought parliaments as liable to abufe as courts, and defired not to fee things in a Rtuation, where the king could not, if he found it neceflary, either prorogue or diilblve thofe affemblies. That if the prefent parliament, by making great conceffions, could gain the king's confidence, and engage him to obferve the promifes now given them, everv thing would by gentle methods fucceed to their wiHies. That if, on the cor^^rary, after fuch inftances of compliance, he formed any defigns on the liberty and religion of the nation, he would, in the eyes of

Ha
"

p.

'^

i6Sj.

mankind, render himfelf altogether inexcufable, and the whole people would join in oppolition to him. That refittance could icarcely be attempted twice J and there was therefore the greater neceffity for waiting till time and incidents had fully prepared the nation for it. That the king's prciudices in favour of popery, though in the main pernicious, were
all

224

HISTORY OF GREAT
vyere

BRITAIN".

CHAP,
^^
1685.

l'_f connexion

yet fo far fortunate, that they rendered the infeparabie between the national religion

and national liberty. And that if any illegal attempts were afterwards made, the church, which was at prefent the chief fupport of the crown, would furely catch the alarm, and would foon difpofe the people to an effe6lual refiftance. These laft reafons, enforced by the prejudices of and the commons, party, prevailed in parliament belides giving thanks for the king's fpeech, voted unanimoully, that they would fettle on his prefent majefty during life, all the revenue enjoyed by the late king at the time of his "demiife. That they might not detrad from this generofity by any fymptoms of diiirufc, they alfo voted unanimoufly, that the houfe entirely relied on his majeily's royal word and repeated declarations to fupport the religion of the church of England ; but they added, that that religion was dearer to them than their lives. The fpeaker, in prefenting the revenue- bill, too.k care to inform the king of their vote with regard to religion but could not, by fo fignal a proof of confidence, extort from him one word in favour of that religion, on which, he told his majefly, they fet lb Notwithfcanding the grounds of high a value. afforded, the houfe fufpiciori, which this iilence continued in the fame liberal dlfpofition. The king having demanded a further fupply for the navy and other purpcfes, they revived thole duties on wines and vinegar, which had once been enjoyed by the late king and they added fome impoiitions on tobacco and fugar. This grant amounted on the whole to about hx hundred thoufand pounds a-year, Tke houfe of lords were in a humour no lefs compliant. They even went fome lengths towards breaking in pieces all the remains of the popifh plot ; that ouce formidable engine of bigotry and
; } ;

iadion.

LITTLE

II.

225

A LITTLE before the meeting of parliament, Gates had been tried for perjury on two indi6tments.
One
for

Chap.
^
-.-'-/

depofing that he was prefent at a confult 1685. of jefuits in London the twenty-fourth of April ^^^^% 1679: Another for depofing that father Ireland was orpe'ijury. in London between the eighth and twelfth of Augufl,, and in the beginning of September in the fame year. Never criminal was convidled on fuller
,

and more undoubted evidence. Two and twenty who had been ftudents at St. Omers, moft of them men of credit and family, gave evidence, that Oates had entered into that feminary about Chriitmas in the year 1678, and had never been abfent but one night, till the month of July following. Forty- feven witnelTes, perfons alfo of
perfons,

untainted charafter, depofed, that father Ireland, on the third of Auguft 1679, had gone to Staffordfhire,

where he refided till the middle of September; and, what fome years before would have been regarded
as a very material circumftance, nine of thele witnefles were proteftants, of the church of England.

Oates's fentence was, to be fined a thoufand marks on each indidtment, to be whipped on two different days from Aldgate to Newgate, and from Newgate to Tyburn, to be imprifoned during life, and to be pilloried five times every year. The impudence of the man fupported itfelf under the conviction, and

courage under the punifiiment. He m.ade foto Heaven, and proteftations of the veracity of his teilimony Though the whipping was fo cruel, that it was evidently the intention of the court to put him to death by that punifhment, he was enabled, by the care of his friends, to recover And he lived to king William's reign when a penfion of four hundred pounds a-year was fettled on him. confiderable number ftill adhered to him in his diftrefles, and regarded him as the martyr of the proteftant caufe. The populace were Vol. VIII. affeaed CL
his

Icmn appeals

-,

History of great Britain.

afFe6led with the fight

vere than
zsls'
illegal.

of a punifhmentj more feinflicted in England. And ^^^ fentence of perpetual imprifonment was deemed
is

commonly

convi6lion of Oates''s perjury was taken noBefides freeing the of by the houfe of peers. popifli lords, Powis, Arundel, Bellafis, and Tyrone, together with Danby, from the former impeachment by the commons, they went fo far as to vote a reverfal of Stafford's attainder, on account of the falfehocd of that evidence on which he had been condemned. This bill fixed fo deep a reproach on the former proceedings of the exclufionifls, that it met with great oppofition among the lords ; and it was at lail, after one reading, dropped by the commons. Though the reparation of injuftice be the fecond honour which a nation can attain ; the prefent emergence feemed very improper for granting fo full a juftification to the catholics, and throwing
tice

The

fo foul a ftain

on the

protefiants,

Monmouth
invalion.

The

courfe of parliamentary proceedings was in-

terrupted by the news of Monmouth's arrival in the weft with three fhips from Holland. No fooner was this intelligence conveyed to the parliament,

than they voted that they would adhere to his

jefty with their lives

ma-

and fortunes.

They

pafied a

bill of attainder againft Monmouth ; and they granted a fupply of four hundred thoufand pounds for

Having thus ftrengthfuppreffjng his rebellion. ened the hands of the king, they adjourned themfeives.

MoNMouTHj when
dom, during
and
as
it

ordered to depart the king;

the late reign, had retired to Holland

ftill

enjoyed the tavour of his indulgent father, all marks of honour and ditlin6lion were beftowed upon him by the After the accellion of James, prince of Orange.
the prince thought
it

was well known that he

necelTary to difmifs

Monmouth
and

J and
all

JI.

227

; and that illuflrioiis fun;itive Finding himfelf frill purfued by the king's fe verity, he was piiflied, contrary to his judgment as v/ell as inclination, to make a rafh and He faw that premature attempt upon England. James had lately mounted the throne, not only without oppofition, but feem.ingly with the goodparliament will and affeftions of his fubjeds. was fitting, v/hich difcovered the greatefi difpofition to comply with the king, and whofe adherence, he knew, would give a fan6tion and authority to all public meafures. The grievances of this reign were and the people were hitherto of fmall importance not as yet in a difpofition to remark them v/ith great feverity. All thefe confiderations occurred to Monmouth; but fuch was the impatience of his followers, and fuch the precipitate humour of i\rgyle, who fet out for Scotland a litde before him> that no reafons could be attended to ; and this un-

his

followers

Chap.
'
,

retired to BrufTels.

_,

1685.

happy man

v/as

driven upon his

fate.

The
not

imprudence, however, of this enterprife did nth June.

at firft appear.

I'hough on

his

landing at

Lime

he had fcarcely a hundred followers j fo popular was his name, that in four days he had alTembled above two thouland horfe and foot. They were, indeed, almoft all of them, the loweft of the people and the declaration which he publiflied, was chiefly calculated to fuit the prejudices of the vulgar, or the mofb bigoted of the Vvdiig- party. He called the king duke of York and denominated him a traitor, a tyrant, an aflalTin, and a popifh ufurper. Fie imputed to him the fire of London, the murder of Godfrey and of E&x, nay the poifoning of the late king. And he invited all the people to join in oppofition to his tyranny. The duke of Albermarle, fon to him who had reftored the royal family, afiembled the militia of Devonfhire to the number of 4000 men, and took
in Dorfetfhire,
;
;

..

0^2

poll

228

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

poft at Axminfter, in order to oppofe the
rebels

CHAP,

^ I _'_, but obferving that his troops bore a great afFeftioii to Monmouth, he thought proper to retire. Moni68j.
mouth, though he had formerly given many proofs of perfonal courage, had not the vigour of mind requifite for an undertaking of this nature. From an ill- grounded diffidence of his men, he negle6led te> attack Albermarle ; an eafy enterprife, by which he might both have acquired credit, and have fupplied himfelf v/ith arms. Lord Gray, who commanded his horfe, difcovered himfelf to be a notorious coward ; yet fuch was the foftnefs of Monmouth's nature, that Gray was ftill continued in his command. Fletcher of Salton, a Scotchman, a man of fignai probity and fine genius, had been engaged by his republican principles in this enterprife, and commanded the cavalry together with Gray But being infulted by one who had newly joined the army, and whofe horfe he had in a hurry made ufe of, he was prompted by paffion, to which he was much fubjett, to difcharge a piftol at the man and he killed him on the fpot. This incident obliged him immediately to leave the camp and the lofs of ih gallant an officer was a great prejudice to Monmouth's enterprife. The next ftation of the rebels was Taunton, a difaffeCced town, which gladly and even fondly received them, and reinforced them with confiderable numbers. Twenty young maids of fome rank prefented Monmouth vv'ith a pair of colours of their handiwork, together with a copy of the bible Monmouth vv'as here perfuaded to take upon him the tide of king, and alTert the legitimacy of his birth a claim which he advanced in his firil declaration, but v/hofe difcuffion he was determined, he then faid, during fome time to poilpone. His numbers had now increafed to fix thoufand and he was obliged every day, for want of arms, to difmifs
:

a great

JAMES
:

II.

229

a great many who crowded to his flandard. He entered Bridgewater, Wells, Frome and was proclaimed in all thefe places But forgetting that fuch defperate enterprifes can only be rendered fuc-,

^^'\^*
_^^

._

'^

1685,

cefsful by th,e moft adventurous courage, he allowed the expeftations of the people to languifhj without attempting any confiderable undertaking. While Monmouth, by his imprudent and mifplaced caution, was thus wafting time in the weft, the king employed himfelf in making preparations to oppofe him. Six regiments of Britifh troops were called over fi'om Holland The army was
:

confiderably augmented
the

And

regular forces,

to

number of 3000 men, were

command

difpatced under the of Feverfham and Churchill, in order to

rebels.

check the progrefs of the

obferving that no confiderable men joined him, finding that an infurreftion, which was projefted in the city, had not taken place, and hearing that Argyle, his confederate, was already defeated and taken funk into fuch defpondency^ that
;

Monmouth,

he had once refolved to withdraw himfelf, and leave

unhappy followers to their fate. His followers more courage than their leader, and feemed determined to adhere to him in every forhis

exprefied
tune.
at

The

negligent difpofition,

iham, invited
this aftion

Monmouth

to attack the king's

his

made by Fever- 5th July, army ^"-

Sedgemoor near Bridgewater; and

men

in Sd';"^^'
'

fhowed what a native courage and a principle of duty, even when unafiifted by difcipline,
is

able to perform.
;

into diforder

They threw the veteran forces drove them from their ground; con-

tinued the fight till their ammunition failed them; and would at lad have obtained a viftory, had not the mifconduft of Monmouth and the cowardice of Gray prevented it. After a combat of three hours the rebels gave way; and were followed with p-reat (laughter. About 1500 fell in the battle and purfuit. And thus was concluded in a few weeks this

0^3

enter-

230

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

enterprile,
railily

CHAP,

undertaken,

and feebly

cort-

wfiLj
1685.

dufted.

Monmouth fled from the field of battle above twenty miles till his horfe funk under him. He then changed clothes with a peafant in order tQ conceal himfelf. The peafant was difcovered by the purfuerSj who now redoubled the diligence of their
At lafi, the unhappy Monmouth was found lying in the bottom of a ditch, and covered with fern: His body deprelTed with fatigue and hunger; his mind by the memory of paft misforFluman tunes, by the profpe6l of future difafters. nature is unequal to fuch calamitous fituations; much m.ore, the temper of a man, foftened by early profperity, and accuilomed to value himfelf folely
fearch.

on

military

bravery.
;

He

burft

into

tears

when

and he feemed ftill to inThough dulge the fond hope and defire of life. he mi2;ht have known, from the 2;reatnefs of his own offences, and the feverity of James's temper, that no mercy could be expecSled, he wrote him the moll fubmifiive letters, and conjured him to fpare the iffue of a brother, who had ever been fo firongly attached to his intereil. James, finding fuch fymptoms of deprciTion and defpondency in the unhappy prifoner, admitted him to his prefence, in hopes of extorting a difcovery of his accomplices But Monmouth would not purchafe life, however loved, at the price of fo much infamy. Finding all efforts vain, he affumxd courage from defpair, and prepared himfelf for death, with a fpirit better fuited to his rank and charader. This favourite of the people was attended to the fcaffold with a plentiful effufion of tears. He warned the executioner not anti executcd, j.j,g error which |.Q f^ij jj.|-Q he had committed in J">^5 beheading Ruffel, where it had been neceffiiry to repeat the blow. This precaution ferved only to difmay the executioner. He ftruck a feeble blow on Monm.outh, who raifed his head from the block, and
feized by his enemies
:
^

JAMES
and looked him
for
his
failure.

II;

in

the face, as if reproaching

him

He

gently laid

down

his

head a

fecond timej and the executioner ftruck him again and again to no purpofe. He then threw afide the axe, and cried out that he was incapable of finifhing
the bloody office.

The
and
in at

fherifF obliged

him

to re-

new

the attempt

-,

two blows more the head

was fevered from the body.

Thus

perifhed,

age, a nobleman, who, in

well qualified to be an
to

the thirty-fixth year of his lefs turbulent times, was

ornament of the court, even be ferviceable to his country. The favour of his prince, the careffes of fadlion, and the allurements of popularity, feduced him into enterprifes which exceeded his capacity. The good- will of the people ftill followed him in every fortune. Even after his execution, their fond credulity flattered them with hopes of feeing him once more at their head. They believed that the perfon executed was riot Monmouth, but one who, having the fortune to refemble him nearly, was willing to give this proof of his extreme attachment, and to fuffer death in
his ftead.

This vi6lory, obtained by the king" in the commencement of his reign, would naturally, had it been managed with prudence, have tended much to increafe his power and authority. But by reafon of
the cruelty with which the temerity with which
it
it it

was profecuted, and of

afterwards infpired him,

was a principal caufe of his fudden ruin and

downfal.

had the court inftilled Feverlham, immediately after the viftory, hanged above twenty prifoners ; and was proceeding in his executions, when the biiliop of Bath and Wells warned him, that thefe unhappy men were now by law entitled to a trial, and jthat their execution would be deemed a real murder. This remonftrance, however, did not flop the favage Q.4.
arbitrary principles
fervants, that

Such
all

into

its

232

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

.

CHAP,
^^^'
^

1685
Cruelty of
Kirke.

vage nature of" colonel Kirke, a foldier of fortune, who had long ferved at Tangiers, and had contraded, frona his intercourfe with the Moors, an inhumanity lefs known in European and in free At his firft entry into Bridgewater, he countries. hanged nineteen prifoners, without the leaft inquiry

As if to make fport into the merits of their caufe. with death, he ordered a certain number to be executed, while he and his company fhould drink the king's health, or the queen's, or that of chief-juftice Obferving their feet to quiver in the Jefferies. agonies of death, he cried that he would give them mufic to their dancing and he immediately commanded the drums to beat and the trumpets to By way of experiment, he ordered one man found. to be hung up three times, queftioning him at each But the interval, whether he repented of his crime man obftinately afferting, that, notwithllanding the paft, he ftill would willingly engage in the fame caufe, Kirke ordered him to be hung in chains. One ftory, commonly told of him, is memorable for the treachery, as well as barbarity, which atyoung maid pleaded for the life of tended it. her brother, and flung herfelf at Kirke's feet, armed with all the charms which beauty and innocencCj The tybathed in tears, could beitow upon her. rant was inflamed with defire, not foftened into love He promifed to grant her requeft, or clemency. provided that (he, in her turn, would be equally The maid yielded to the concompliant to him. had pailed the night with fhe after But, ditions next morning, fhowed favage, the wanton him, her, from the window, her brother, the darling objeft for whom fhe had facrificed her virtue, hanging on a gibbet, which he had fecretly ordered to be Rage and defpair there erefted for the execution. and indignation took poflfeffion of her mind, and All the inhadeprived her for ever of her fenfes. bitants of that country, innocent as well as guilty, were 4
;

JAMES

II.

233

were expofed to the ravages of this barbarian. foldiery were let looie to hve at free quarters and his own regiment, inftru6ted by his example, and encouraged by his exhortations, diftinguiflied themfelves in a particular manner by their outrages. By way of pleafantry he ufed to call them his lambs an appellation which was long remembered with horror in the weft of England. The violent J efFeries lucceeded after fome interval and fhowed the people, that the rigours of law might equal, if not exceed, the ravages of m.ilitary
; j

The chap.
'
,

i65.

This man, who wantoned in cruelty, had already given a fpecimen of his chara6ler in many trials, where he prefided and he now fet out with a f;wage joy, as to a full harveft of death and deilru6lion. He began at Dorchefter and thirty
tyranny.
; ;

rebels being arraigned, he exhorted them, but in vain, to fave him, by their free confeflion, the

trouble of trying

them

And when
them,

twenty- nine
as

were found

guilty, he ordered

an addi-

of their difobedience, to be led Moft of the other prito immediate execution. foners, terrified v/ith this example, pleaded guilty and no lefs than two hundred and ninety-two received fentence at Dorchefter. Of thefe, eighty were executed. Exeter was the next ftage of his cruelty: Two hundred and forty-three were there tried, of whom a great number were condemned and executed. He alfo opened his commiffion at Taunton and Wells and every where carried confternation along with him. The juries Vv'ere fo ftruck with his menaces, that they gave their verdift with precipitation ; and many innocent perfons, it is faid, were involved with the guilty. And on the whole, befides thofe who were butchered by the military commanders, two hundred and fifty-one are computed to have fallen by the hand of jullice. The whole country was ftrowed with the heads and limbs of traitors. Every village aimoil beheld the dead
tional punifliment
;

234

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

And all the dead carcafe of a wretched inhabitant. rigours of juftice, unabated by any appearance of Clemency, were fully difplayed to the people by the
inhuman
JefFeries.

CHAP, f^^^^
1685.

Of
the

the executions, during this difmal period, mofc remarkable were thofe of Mrs. Gaunt
all

and lady Lifle, bouring traitors.

noted for
perfons of
all

who had been

accufed of har-

Mrs. Gaunt was an anabaptift, her beneficence, which fne extended to

profeffions

and perfuafions.

One of

the rebels, knowing her humane difpofition, had recourfe to her in his diftrefs, and was concealed by Hearing of the proclamation, which offered Iier.

an indemnity and rewards to fuch as difcovered criminals, he betrayed his benefaclrefs, and bore evireceived a pardon as a redence againfl her.

He

compenfe
'

for his

treachery

fne was burned ahve

for her charity.

Lady
who had
tion, to

Lifle was widov/ of one of the regicides enjoyed great favour and authority under

Cromwel, and who having fled, after the reftoraLauzanne in Swifferland, was there affaflinated by three Iriih ruffians, who hoped to make His widow their fortune by this piece of fervice. was now profecuted for harbouring two rebels the day after the battle of Sedgemoor; and Jefferies
puilied on the
trial with an unrelenting violence. In vain did the aged prifoner plead, that thefe criminals had been put into no proclamation ; had been convi6ted by no verdil; nor could any man be

denominated a traitor, till the fentence of fome That it appeared leo-al court was paffed upon him not by any proof, that flie was fo much as acquainted with the guilt of the perfons, or had heard of That their joining the rebellion of Monmouth though fhe might be obnoxious on account of her family, it v/as well known, that her heart was ever loyal, and that no perfon in England had fhed more tears for that tragical event, in which her hufband had
: :

JAMES
liad

II.
:

235

unfortunately borne too great a fnare

And chap.
,_

fame principles, which Ihe herfeif had ever embraced, flie had carefully inftilled into her fon, and had, at that very time, fent him to fight againft thofe rebels whom fhe was now accufed of harbouring. Though thele arguments did not move they had influence on the jury. Jefferies, Tvv'ice they feemed inclined to bring in a favourable v ^rdi(5t They were as often fent back with menaces and reproaches and at lad were conftrained to give
that the
:

- ^\i
16^:5.

fentence againft the prifoner.

ecuted.

Notv/ithftanding

all

applications for pardon, the cruel fentence v/as ex-

The king

faid,

that he had given Jefferies

:

a promife not to pardon her An excufe, which could ferve only to aggravate the blame againft himfelf

It might have been hoped, that, by all thefe bloody executions, a rebellion, fo precipitate, fo ill fupported, and of fuch lliort duration, w'ould have been fufficiently expiated But nothing could fatiate the fpirit of rigour which poftefTed the adminiftra:

Even thofe multitudes, who received pardon, were obliged to atone for their guilt by fines, which reduced them to beggary or where their former poverty made them incapable of paying, they were. condemned to cruel whippings or fevere imprifonments. Nor could the innocent efcape the hands, no lefs rapacious than cruel, of the chief juftice. Prideaux, a gentleman of Devonftiire, being thrown into prifon, and dreading the fevere and arbitrary fpirit, which at that time met with no pontrol, Vv'as obliged to buy his liberty of Jefteries at the price of fifteen thoufand pounds i though he could never fo much as learn the crime of which he
tion.
;

was accufed.
don,

GooDENOuGH, the feditious under-flierift' of Lonwho had been engaged in the moft bloody and
part

defperate

of the
after

taken prifoner

fefolved to fave his

Rye-houfe confpiracy, was Sedgemoor, and own life by an accufation of

the battle of
Cornillij

236

HISTORY OF GREAT BRIT A IK,

Cornilh, the (herift,

CHAP.
^^^^'
16S5.

whom
;

obnoxious to the court.

he knew to be extremely Colonel Rumfey joined

him in the accufation and the profecution was fo haftened, that the prilbner was tried, condemned, and executed, in the fpace of a week. The perjury
of the witneffes appeared immediately after and the keined to regret the execution of Corniili. He granted his eftate to his family, and condemned the witneffes to perpetual imprifonmeni\ The injuftice of this fentence againfb Cornifii, was
;

kino-

State of
affairs^-n

not wanted to dilguft the nation with the court continued rigour of the other executions had already impreffed an univerfai hatred againfc the minillers of juft:ice, attended with compaiTion for the unhappy fufFerers, who, as they had been feduced into this crime by miftaken principles, bore their nunilliment with the fpirit and zeal of martyrs. The people might have been willing on this occafion to diftinguiilt between the king and his miniBut care was taken to prove, that the latter llers had done nothing but what was agreeable to their Jefixries, on his return, v^as immediately^ mafter. and was for thofe eminent fervices, created a peer dignity of chancellor. It the with foon after vefted appearance fome of v/ith however, is pretended, authority, that the king was difpleafed with thefe cruelties, and put a ftop to them by orders, as foon as proper information of them was conveyed to him". muft now take a view of the ftate of affairs where the htt of Argyle had been dein Scotland

The

We

Scotland.

(,^(^(1

before that of

Monmouth.
a
;

Immediately
affairs

after

the king's acceffion,

parliament had been fum-

moned at Edinburgh conduced by the duke

and

all

were there

of Qneenfberry the commifchancellor. The forPerth of earl the and fioner, of the furrender entire an make to refolved had mer determined ftill to was but country j his of liberties
a

Life of lord-keeper North, p. 260.

K.

James's Memoirs, p. 144.

adhei^e

JAMES
:

II.

adhere to its religion The latter entertained no fcruple of paying court even by the facrificeof both. But no courtier, even the moft proftitute, could go farther than the parliament itfelf towards a refignaIn a vote, which they called tion of their liberties. an offer of duty, after adopting the fabulous hiftory

lo's,?.

of a hundred and eleven Scottifli nnonarchs, they acknowledged, that all thefe princes, by the primary and fundamental law of the ftate, had been vefted They declared with a folid and abjohite authority. their abhorrence of all principles and pofitions, derogatory to the king's facred, fupreme, fovereign, abfolute power, of which none, they faid, whether
can participate, but in dependance on him and by commiflion from him. They promifed that the whole nation, between fixteen and fixty, iTiall be in readinefs for his majefty's fervice, where and as oft as it Ihall be his royal pleafure to require them. And they annexed the whole excife, both of inland and foreign commodities, for ever to the crown. All the other a6ls of this alTembly favoured of
fingle perfons or coile6live bodies,

They declared it treafon for any the fame fpirit. perfon to refufe the teft, if tendered by the council. To defend the obligation of the covenant, fubjefted a perfon to the fame penalty. To be prefent at any conventicle, was made punifhable with death and
confifcation of moveables. Even fuch as refufed to give teftimony, either in cafes of treafon or nonconformity, were declared equally punifhable as if guilty of thofe very crimes An excellent prelude
:

to

all

the rigours of an inquifition.

It

mud

be con-

fefled,

that nothing could equal the abject fervility

this period,

of the Scottifh nation during

It was
in vain that

but the arArgyle'?

'"^afion*

bitrary feverity of the adminiftration.

fo loft to all fenfe

Argyle fummoned a people, of liberty, (b degraded by repeated

in

indignities, to rife

vindication of their violated

laws

23S

HtStORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Even thofe who declared for laws and privileges. part, his own valTals j greater the for were, }ilm, ftili nnore funk in flavery were ifporfible, who, men

CHAP.
^^^,685.

He arrived, after a than the reft of the nation. profperous voyage, in Argyiefhiire, attended by fome
fugitives from Holland ; among the reft, by fir Patrick Hume, a man of mild difpofitions, who had been driven to this extremity by a continued train of oppreffion. The privy council was beforehand

defeat;

The whole militia apprifed of Argyle's intentions. of the kingdom, to the number of twenty-two and a third thoufand men, were already in arms part of them, with the regular forces, were on their march to oppofe him. All the confiderable gentry of his clan were thrown into prifon. And two jfliips of war were on the coaft to watch his motions. Under all thefe difcouragements he yet made a fliifr, partly from terror, partly from afFeftion, to collect and arm a body of about two thoufand ii\'e hundred men; but foon found himfelffurrounded on all fides His arms and amwith infuperable difiiculties. munition were feized: His provifions cut off: The marquis of Athole preffed him on one fide lord Charles Murray on another; the duke of Gordon hung upon his rear; the earl of Dumbarton met
-,

him

in front.

His

followers daily

fell

off

from him

-mdexecution.

at laft with into the difaffed:of his troops remains the fliattered which he had en-. countries, low the ed part of declarations for the him by allure to to deavoured courage or fliowed either inclione No covenant. ftill his and decreafing and fmall him tojoin nation army, after wandering about for a little time, was at laft defeated and diffipated v/ithout an enemy. Argyle himfelf was feized and carried to Edinburgh ; wherCj after enduring many indignities with a galHe fuffered lant fpirit, he v/as publicly executed. on the former unjuft- fentence which: had been pafled

but Argyle,

refoluue to perfevere,

broke

upon

JAMES
upon him.

II.

239

The

reft

of

his followers either efcaped

:

chap.
/
1635.
.

or were punifhed by tranfportation

Ayloffe, two Engliihmen,

Rumbold and ^

who had

attended Argyle

on

this expedition,

were executed.
fo elated with this

The

king was

continued tide

9^^^

Nov.

of profperity, that he began to undervalue even an Englifh parliament, at all times formidable to his family; and from his fpeech to that affembly, which he had aJTembled early in the winter, he feems to have thought himfelf exempted from all rules of prudence, or neceffity of diffimulation. He plainly told the two houfes, that the militia, which had formerly been fo much magnified, was now found, by experience in the laft rebellion, to be altogether ufelefs ; and he required a new fupply, in order to maintain thofe additional forces which he had levied. He alfo took notice, that he had employed a great many catholic officers, and that he had, in their favour, difpenfed with the law, requiring the teft to be taken by every one that poffeffed any public office. And to cut fliort all oppofition, he declared, that, having reaped the benefit of their fervice during fuch times of danger, he was determined, neither to expofe them afterwards to difgrace, nor himfelf^
in cafe

^en^''^"

of another rebellion, to the want of their

violent averfion did this parliament bear to
;

afTiftance.

Such

oppofition

fo great dread had been inftilled of the confequences attending any breach with the king; that it is probable, had he ufed his difpenfing powei* without declaring it, no inquiries would have been made, and time might have reconciled the nation to this dangerous exercife of prerogative. But to invade at once their conftitutlon, to threaten their religion, to eftablifh a ftanding army, and even to require them, by their concurrence, to contribute towards all thefe meafures, exceeded the bounds of their patience;, and they began, for the Rril time,

to

240

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

to difplay

CHAP,
^
1685.
'_.

fome fmall remains of Englifh

fpirit

and

generofity.

When

the king's fpeech was taken into

confideration by the comnnons,

tions

many

fevere reflec-

were thrown out againft the prefent meafures j and the hoiife was with Teeming difficulty engaged to promife in a general vote, that they would grant fome fupply. But inftead of finifhing that bufinefs, which could alone render them acceptable to the king, they proceeded to examine the difpenfing power ; and they voted an addrefs to the king Before this addrefs was prefented, they againft it. refumed the ccnfiderarion of the fupply; and as one million two hundred thoufand pounds were demanded by the court, and two hundred thoufand propofed by the country-party, a middle courfe was chofen, and feven hundred thouland, after fome difpute,
v/ere
at laft

voted.

The

addrefs againft the dif-

penfing power v^'as exprelTed in moft reffpeftful and fubmiffive terms ; yet was it very ill received by the kincr, and his anfvver contained a flat denial, uttered

warmth and vehemence. The commons daunted with this reply, that they kept and when Coke, member for filence a long time Derby, rofe up and faid, " 1 hope we are all Englifh'' men, and not to be frightened with a few hard " words ;" fo little fpirit appeared in that aflfembly, often fo refradory and mutinous, that they fent him to the Tower for bluntly exprefi^ing a free and geneThey adjourned, without fiixing a rous fentiment. day for the confideration of his majefty's anfwers and on their next meeting, they fubmiffively proceeded to the confideration of the fupply, and even went fo far as to eltablifli funds for paying the fum The king, there-voted, in nine years and a half conteft or viowithout almoft forc, had in efre6t, the comover viftory complete a lence, obtained guarding their inftead of aflembly, that mons and peril, conferred manifeft expofed to libeities, now an
with great
fo

were

JAMES

II,

24r

an additional revenue on the crown ; and by ren- ^ dering the king in fome degree independent, contributed to increafe thofe dangers with which they had fo much reafon to be alarmed. The next oppofuion came from the houfe of peers,

^^ ^

which has not commonly taken the lead on thefe occafionsi and even from the bench of bifliops, where the court ufually experts the greateft comThe upper houfe had plaifance and fubmlffion. of the feffion, to firft days in the brought, been fpeech by which thanks for the king's general give compliment they were underflood, according to the
;

pradiice of that time, to have acquiefced in every

part of

Yet notwithftanding that ftep, CompLondon, in his own name and that of ton, biihop moved that a day fhould be aphis brethren, of pointed for taking the fpeech into confideration He was feconded by Halifax, Nottingham, and Mordaunt. Jefferies, the chancellor, oppofed the motion; and feemed inclined to ufe in that houfe the fame arrogance to which on the bench he had fo long been accuflomed. But he was foon taught to know his place, and he proved, by his behaviour, that infolence, when checked, naturally fmks into meannefs and cowardice. The bilhop of London's
it:
:

motion prevailed. The king might reafonably have prefumed, that, even if the peers fhould fo tar refume courage as to make an application againft his difpenfing power, the fame fteady anfwer which he had given to the commons would make them relapfe into the fame timidity; and he might by that means have obtained a confiderable fupply, without making any conceffions in return. But fo imperious was his temper, fo lofty the idea which he had entertained of his own authority, and fo violent the fchemes fuggefted by his own bigotry and that of his priefts, that, without any delay, without waiting for any farther R Vol. VIU.

242

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

"

LXX.
1635.

y^^f-^s,^^.,^

provocation, he immediately proceeded to a prorogation. He continued the parliament during

^^^^'^'^^^

a year and a half by four more prorogations ; but having in vain tried, by_feparate applications, to break the obflinacy of the leading members, he at
lall diflblved that

affembly.
to find

And

as

it

was plainly

impolTible for
jecls a fet of
it

him

among

his proceftant fub-

men more
to

was

univerfally

thenceforth ments.

devoted to royal authority, concluded, that he intended govern entirely without parlia-

king mounted the throne of England with advantages than James ; nay, poffeffed greater facility, if that Avere any advantage, of rendering himielf and his pofiierity abfolute : But all thefe fortunate circumitances tended only, by his own mifcondu6l, to bring more fudden ruin upon him. The nation feemed difpofed of themfelves to refign their liberties, had he not, at the fame time, made an attempt upon their religion: And he might even have fucceeded in furmounting at once their liberties and religion, had he condu^Sted his fchemes with common prudence and difcretion. Openly to declare to the parliament, fo early in his reign, his intention to difpenfe with the teiis, ftruck an univerikl alarm throughout the nation; infufed terror into the church, which had hitherto been the chief fupport of monarchy ; and even difgufted the army, by whofe means alone he could now purpofe to govern. The former horror againft popery was revived by polemical books and fermons ; and in every difpute the viftory feemed to be gained by the protellant divines, who were heard with more favourable ears, and who managed the controverfy with more learning and eloquence. But another incident happened at this time, which tended mightily to excite the animofity of the nation
greater
againft the catholic

Never

communion
Lewis

AMES
lall

IT.

543

Lewis XIV. having

the proteftants, at

lono- haraffed

and molefled

CHAP,
1625,

revoked entirely the edict of v^^,^,,.^

which had been enacted by Harry IV. for fecuring them the free exercife of their religion; which had heen declared irrevocable and which, during the experience of near a century, had been All the attended with no fenfible inconvenience. iniquities infeparable from perfecution were exefv/ho becifed againil thofe unhappy religionifts
; ;
;

Nantz

came obitinate in proportion to the oppreffions which they fuffered, and either covered under a feigned converfion a more violent abhorrence of the
catholic communicrn, or fought
tions for that hberty of their native country.

among

foreign na-

which they were bereaved in

Above

half a million of the

mod: uiefui and induflrious fubjeds deferted France; ?nd exported, together with immenfe funis of money, thofe arts and manufactures which had chiefly tended to enrich that kingdom. They propagated every where the moft tragical accounts of the tyranny exercifed againil them, and revived among the proteftants all that reientment againifc the bloody and perfecuting fpirit of popery, to which fo many incidents in all ages had given too much foundation. Near fifty thoufand refugees paffed over into England ; and all men were difpofed, from their reprefentations, to entertain the utmofl horror againft the projeds which they apprehended to be formed by the king for the abolition of the proteftaht religion. When a prince of fo much humanity, and of fuch fignal prudence as Lewis could be engaged, by the bigotry of his religion alone, without any provocation, to embrace fuch fanguinary and impolitic meafures, what might not be dreaded, they afked, from James, who was fo much inferior in thefe virtues, and who had already been irritated by fuch obitinate and violent oppolition ? In vain did the king alfe6t to throw the highelt blame on the perfecutions in France: In vain did R 2 he

244-

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

he afford the mofl real proteftion and afTiflance to diftrefle'd Hugonots. All thefe fymptoms of toleration were regarded as infidious; oppofite to the avowed principles of his feet, and belied by the fevere adminiftration which he himfelf had exercifed againft the non-conformifts in Scotland.

CHAP,
J685.

^j,^^^^^ the

j686.

Difpenfing

power.

The fmalleft approach towards the introdudion of popery, muft, in the prefent difpofition of the people, have afforded reafon of jealoufy; much more fo wide a ftep as that of difpenfmg with the tefts, the fole fecurity which the nation, being difappointed of the exclufion-bill, found provided againft thofe dreaded innovations. Yet was the king refolute to perfevere in his purpofe; and having failed in bringing over the parliament, he made an attempt, with more fuccefs, for eftablifhing his difpenfmg power, by a verdidt of the judges. Sir Edward Hales, a new profelyte, had accepted a commiffion of colonel and directions were given his coachman to profecute him for the penalty of five hundred pounds, which the law, eftablifliing the tefts, had granted to informers. By this feigned action, the king hoped, both from the authority of the decifion, and the reafon of the thing, to put an end to all queftions. with regard to his difpenfmg power. It could not be expected that the lawyers ap pointed to plead againft Hales v,?ould exert great force on that occafion: But the caufe was regarded with fuch anxiety by the public, that it has been thoroughly canvaffed in feveial elaborate difcourfes';, and could men diveft themfelves of prejudice, there want not fufficient materials on which to form a true judgment. The claim and exercife of the difpenfmg power is allowed to be very ancient in England ; and though it feems at firft to have
Particularly
fir

Edward Herbert's Defence

In the State Trials,

and

fir

Robert

/itkins's

Enquiry concernius the Difpenfing Power.

been

JAMES
public adminiftratlon
;

II.

245

been copied from papal ufurpatlons, it may plainly C HA P. be traced up as high as the reign of Henry III. In ^^^^.^^J^ ,6S6. the feudal governments, men were more anxious to
fecure their private property than to fhare in the

were attempted on

and provided no innovations and polfcffions, the care of executing the laws, and enfuring general fafety, was without jealoufy entrufled to the fovePenal ftatutes were commonly intended to reign.
their rights

arm
pofe

the prince with

;

more authority

for that pur-

and being in the main calculated for promoting his influence as firfl maglftrate, there feemed no danger in allowing him to difpenfe with their execution, in fuch particular cafes as might require That practice had fo an exception or indulgence. much prevailed, that the parliament itfelf had more than once acknowledged this prerogative of the crown ; particularly during the reign of Henry V. when they enacted the law againft aliens ^ and alfo when they paffed the ftatute of provifors ^ But though the general tenor of the penal ftatutes was
fuch as gave the king a fuperior intereft in their execution beyond any of his fubjefts, it could not but fometimes happen in a mixed government, that the parliament would delire to enad laws, by which the regal power, in fome particulars, even where private property was not immediately concerned, might be regulated and reflrained. In the twentythird of Henry VI. a law of this kind was enafted,
prohibiting any
Iheriff

man from ferving in a county as above a year ; and a claufe was inferted by which the king was difabled from granting a diipenfation. Plain reafon might have taught, that
I Hen. V. n. xv. Hen. V. n. xxii. It is rem.irkable, however, that In the reign or' Richard the Second, tlie parliament granted the king only a temporary power of difpenfing with t'le ftatute of provifors. Rot. Pari. 15 Rich. II. n.i. plain imphcation that he had not, of him>

Rot- Pari.
Ibid.
I

<^

felf,

fuch prerogative.

So uncertain were many of thcfe points at

that time.

this

.24.6

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

t^is

^LXX^*
V

h\v, at leaft, fliould be exempted from the king's prerogative: But as the difpenfmg power .-i^ flill prevailed in other cafes, it was foon able, aided 1686.

by the fervility of the courts of judicature, even to overpower this ftatute, which the legiflature had
evidently intended to fecure againfl violation. In the reign of Henry VII. the cafe was brought to a trial before all the judges in the exchequer- cham-

and k was decreed, that, notwithftanding the claufe above mentioned, the king might difpenfe with the ftatute He could hrfl:, it was alledged, difpenfe with the prohibitory claufe, and then with the Aatute itfelf. This opinion of the jud^^-es, though feemingly abfuid, had ever fnice paffed for undoubted law The practice of continuing the fheriffs had prevailed And mofl of the property in England had been fixed by decifions, which juries, returned by fuch iheriffs, had given
;

ber

Urid

in the courts of judicature. Many other difpenfations of a like nature may be produced ; not only

fuch as took place by intervals, but fuch as were uniformly continued. Thus the law was difpenfed with, which prohibited any man from going a judge of aiTize into his own county: that which rendered all Welchmen incapable of bearing offices in Wales ; and that which required every one, who received a pardon for felony, to find fureties for his good behaviour. In the fecond of James I. a new confultation of all the judges had been held upon a like queftion This prerogative of the crown was again
;

unanlmouHy affirmed
blifhed
principle
in

"^

And

it

became an

efta-

Engllfh juriiprudence, that though the king could not allow of what was morally unlawful, he could permit what was only prohibited by pofitive flatute. Even the jealous houfe of conmions, who extorted the petition of right

from Charles
d Sir

I.

made no

fcruple,

by the mouth of
Report.

Edward Coke's Reports,

fe\''enth

Glanvillej

JAMES
power
'^

II.

247

Glanvllle, their manager, to allow of the difpenfing c n in its full extent ; and in the famous trial

p.

of fliip-money, Holborne, the popular lawyer, had freely, and in the moil explicit terms, made the
Sir Edward Coke, the great oracle of Englilh law, had not only concurred with all other lawyers in favour of this prerogative, but

.J^^^
j^g^,

fame conceffion

".

feems even to believe it fo inherent in the crown, that an at of parliament itfelf could not abolifli it ?. And he particularly obferves, that no law can impofe fuch a difability of enjoying offices as the king may not difpenfe with becaufe the king, from the law of nature, has a right to the fervice of all his
;

fubjecls. This particular reafon, as well as ail the general principles, is applicable to the queflion of the tefts ; nor can the dangerous confequence of grant-

ing difpenfations in that cafe be ever allowed to be pleaded before a court of judicature. Every prerogative of the crown, it may be faid, admits of abufe: Should the king pardon all criminals, law mull be Should he declare and continue totally diffolved perpetual war againft all nations, inevitable ruin mufl enfue Yet thefe powers are entruded to the fovereign^ and we mud be content, as our anceflors were, to depend upon his prudence and difcretion in the exercife of them. Though this reafoning feems founded on fuch principles as are ufually admitted by lawyers, the people had entertained fuch violent prepofleffions againft the ufe which James here made of his prerogative, that he was obh'ged, before he brought on Hales's caufe, to difplace four of the judges, Jones, Montague, Charleton, and Nevil ; and even fir Edward Herbert, the chief juftice, though a man of acknov/ledged virtue, yet, becaufe he here fupported the pretenfions of the crown, was expoled
:

State TvIhIs, vol

^

vii,

firft

edit.

p.

205.
firft

Pari. HilL vol. viii.

edit. p. 171.

p. 132.

State Trials, vol.

v.

X Sir

Edward Coke's Reports,

twelfth Report, p. iS.

to

248 C

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

and general reproach. Men deemed a difpenfing to be in eifed the fame with a repeaHng power ; and they could not conceive that lefs au-s' thority was neceffary to repeal than to enaQ any If one penal law was difpenfed with, any ftatute. And by what other might undergo the fame fate even the laws which define property could principle from fecured violation The teft act ? be afterwards conceived the barrier of the been great had ever
to great
:

HAP.
^^^*
1686.

religion under a popifti fuccelfor As infilled been on by the parliament ; as had fuch, it king the granted by the during as fuch, fuch, ;
eflablifhed
:

debates with regard to the exclufion, recommended by the chancellor. By what magic, what chicane of law, is it now annihilated, and rendered of no validity ? Thefe quellions were every where afked ; and men, ftraitened by precedents and deciiions of
great authority, were reduced either to quefhion the
antiquity of this prerogative
itfelf,

or to affert, that

even the pratlice of near five centuries could not beflow on it fufficient authority ^. It was not confidered, that the prefent difficulty or feeming abfurdity had proceeded from late innovations introduced into the government. Ever fince the beginning of this century, the parliament had, with a laudable zeal, been acquiring powers and eftablifhing principles favourable to law and liberty : The authority of the crown had been limited in many important particulars And penal ftatutes were often
:

calculated to fecure the conflitution againft the at-

tempts of minifters, as well as to preferve a general peace, and reprefs crimes and immoralities. prerogative, however, derived from very ancient, and almofl uniform pradice, the difpenfing power, or was fuppofed to remain, with ftill remained, the crown ; fufficient in an inftant to overturn this whole fabric, and to throw down all fences of the

Sir

Robert Atkins,

p. ai.

con*

JAMES
conflitution.

II.

249
carries

If this prerogative,

which

on c

ha p.
,_.^,_

the face of

it

fuch ftrong fymptoms of an abfolute ^

',_,

authority in the prince, had yet, in ancient times,

1686.

fome degree of Hberty in the fubjet only proves, that fcarcely any human government, much lefs one ereled in rude and barbarous times, is entirely confident and uniform in But to exped: that the difpenfmg all its parts. power could, in any degree, be rendered compatible with thofe accurate and regular limitations, which had of late been eftablilhed, and which the people were determined to maintain, was a vain hope; and though men knew not upon what principles they could deny that prerogative, they faw that, if they would preferve their laws and conflitution, there was an abfolute neceiTity for denying, at lead for abolifhing it. The revolution alone, which foon fucceeded, happily put an end to all thefe difputes By means of it, a more uniform edifice was at laft
fabfifted with
this fact

The monftrous inconliflence, fo vifible erefted between the ancient Gothic parts of the fabric and the recent plans of liberty, was fully correded And to their mutual felicity, king and people were finally
:
:

taught to

know

their

proper boundaries

'.

* It is remarkable, that the convention, fummoned by the prince of Orange, did not, even when they had the making of their own terms in the declaration of rights, venture to condemn the difpenfing power in gener.ii, which had been uniformly exercifed by the former kings of England. They only condemned it fo +ar, as it had been ajfumed and exercifed of late, without being able to tell wherein the diffei-ence lay But in the hill oj rights which palled about a twelvemonth after, the parliament took care to fecure theniftlves more efFedtually againlt a branch of prerogative incompatible with alllegal liberty afid limitations; and they excluded, in pofitive terms, all difpenfing power in the crown. Yet even then the houfe cHords rejected that claufe of the bill, which condemned the exercife of this power in former kings, and obliged the commons to reft content with abolifhing it ior the future. There needs no other proof of the irregular nature of the old Engliih govcnmieiit than the exiftence of fuch a prerogative, always cxcrcifed and never

queftioned, till the acquifition ot real liberty difcovered, at danger of it. See the Journals.

lalt,

the

What-

^50

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

"Whatever topics lawyers might find to defend James's difpenfmg power, the nation thought it ^""^^^^^ dangerous, if not fatal, to liberty, and his refolution of exercifmg it may on that account be efleemed no lefs alarming, than if the power had been founded on the moft recent and mod flagrant ufurpation. It was not likely, that an authority, which had been allumed, through fo many obftacles, would in his hands He long idle and unemployed. Four

CHAP.
LXX.

catholic lords were brought into the privy-council,

Powis, Arundel, Bellafis, and Dover. Halifax, finding that, notwithifanding his paft merits, he
poifeiTed

no

real credit or authority,

;

became
open

refracfeal

tory in his oppofition was given to Arundel.

and

his office
vv^as

of privy
;

The king

as well

as zealous, in the defire of

making converts

and

men

plainly faw, that the only

way

to acquire his

affection
religion,

and confidence was by a facrifice of their Sunderland, fome time after, fcrupled

Rochefler, the not to gain favour at this price. treafurer, though the king's brother-in-law, yet, becaufe he refufed to give this inftance of complaiThe treafury fance, was turned out of his office was put in commiffion, and Bellafis was placed at All the courtiers were difgufted, the head of it. even fuch as had httle regard to religion. The difhonour, as well as diftruft, attending renegades, made mofl men refolve, at all hazards, to adhere to
:

their ancient
State of Scotland,

fiiith.

In Scotland, James's zeal

for

more

fuccefsful.

The

earls of

profelytifm was Murray, Perth, and

Melfort, were brought over to the court religion ; and the two latter noblemen made ufe of a very courtly reafon for their converfion : They pretended, that the papers found in the late king's cabinet, had opened their eyes, and had convinced them of
berry,

the preference due to the catholic religion. Queenfwho fliewed not the fame complaifance, 1^11
into

JAMES
into total difgrace,
vices,

II.

'i^t

notwithftanding his former

facrifices

fer-

chap.
Lxx.
j^g^.

which he had made to the meafures of the court. Thefe merits

and the important
could not even enfure him of fafety againfl the venHis rival, geance to which he flood expofed. Perth, who had been ready to fink under his fuperior intereft, now acquired the afcendant ; and all the complaints exhibited againft him, were totally obliterated. His faith, according to a faying of Halifax, had made him whole. But it was in Ireland chiefly, that the mafk was wholly taken off, and that the king thought himfeif at Hberty to proceed to the full extent of his zeal and his violence. The duke of Ormond was recalled ; and though the primate and lord Granard, two protelfants, ftill polfeffed the authority of juftices, the whole power was lodged in the hands of Talbot, the general, foon after created earl of Tyrconnel ; a man who, from the blindnefs of his prejudices and fury of his temper, was tranfported with the mofl immeafurable ardour for the catholic caufe. After the fupprellion of Monmouth's rebellion, orders were given by Tyrconnel to difarni all the proteftants,'on pretence of fecuring the public peace, and keeping their arms in a few magazines for the ufe of the militia. Next, the army was new-modelled ; and a great number of officers were difmiffed, becaufe it was pretended that they or their fathers had ferved under Cromwel and the republic. The injuflice was not confined to them. Near three hundred officers more were afterwards broken, though many of them had purchafed their commiffions About four or five thoufand private foldiers, becaufe they were proteftants, were difmified ; and being ftripped even of their regimentals, were turned out to flarve in the ftreets. While thefe violences were carrying on. Clarendon, who had been named lord lieutenant, came over ; but he foon found, that, as he had refufed to give the king
:

State of
^^*^^'*"'^-

254

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

j^jg

CHAP,
Lxx.

king the defired pledge of fidelity, by changing religion, he pofleffed no credit or authority. He ^""^^""^ was even a kind of prifoner in the hands of Tyrconnel ; and as he gave all oppofition in his power to the precipitate meafures of the catholics, he was foon after recalled, and Tyrconnel fubflituted in his The unhappy proteftants now faw all the place.
civil authority,

as well as the military force, tranf-

ferred into the hands of their inveterate enemies inflamed with hereditary hatred, and flimulated by every motive, which the paffion either for power, Even the barproperty, or religion, could infpire. barous banditti were let loofe to prey on them in renewal of their prefent defencelefs condition. the ancient maifacres was apprehended ; and great multitudes, flruck with the beft-grounded terror, deferted the kingdom, and infufed into the Englifh nation a dread of thofe violences, to which, after fome time, they might juflly, from the prevalence of the catholics, think themfelves expofed. All judicious perfons of the catholic communion were difgufled with thefe violent meafures, and could eafily forefee the confequences. But James was entirely governed by the rafli counfels of the queen and of his confefibr, father Peters, a jefuit, whom he foon after created a privy-counfellor. He

thought too, that, as he was now in the decline of to life, it was neceifary for him, by hafty fleps, carry his defigns into execution ; left the fuccefllon of the princefs of Orange Ihould overturn all his In vain did Arundel, Powis, and Belprojefts. lafis, remonftrate, and fuggeft more moderate and Thefe men had feen and felt, cautious meafures. profecution of the popifli plot, the exduring the nartion bore to their reliwhich the treme antipathy incidents had fubfequent gion ; and though fome knew they that the that fpirit, feemingly allayed the itill were fame, and of the people fettled habits
that

the
8

fmalleft

incident

was

fufficient

to

re-

new

JAMES
new

II.

2^3

the former anhnofity. very moderate in- C H A p. ^^^ dulgence, therefore, to the catholic religion would have fatisfied them ; and all attempts to acquire j^^g^. power, much more to produce a change of the national faith, they deemed dangerous and deftructive

the firfl broaching of the popifli plot, the Brendibeclergy of the church of England had concurred in [f^^^^ ^^^ the profecution of it, with the fame violence and the

On

cre^uHty as the reft of the nation : But dreading church, afterwards the prevalence of republican and prefbyterian principles, they had been engaged to fupport
the meafures of the court
chiefly,
;

and

to their affiftance

James had owed

all

his fucceffion to the

Finding that
ite,

thefe fervices

crown. were forgotten, and

was the king's fole favourhad commenced an oppofition to court meafures and popery v/as now acknowledged the more immediate danger. In order to prevent inflammatory fermons on this popular fubjeft, James revived fpme direftions to preachers, which had been promulgated by the late king, in the beginning of his reign, when no defign againft the national religion was yet formed, or at leaft apprehended. But in the prefent delicate and interefting fituation of the church, there was little reafon to expeft that orders founded on no legal authority, would be rigidly obeyed by preachers, who faw no
that the catholic religion

the church

fecurity to themfelves but in preferving the confi-

dence and regard of the people. Inftead of avoiding controverfy, according to the king's injunctions, the preachers every where declaimed againft poand, among the reft. Dr. Sharpe, a clergyof London, particularly diftinguillied himfelf, and affeded to throw great contempt on thofe who had been induced to change their religion by fuch pitiful arguments as the Romifli miffionaries could

pery

man

D'Avaux. lo January

1687.

fuggeft.

254

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIM.

fuggeft.

CHAP
LXX.
1686,

This topic, being fuppofed to refled oil the kixHg, gave great offence at court ; and pofitive orders were iffued to the bifhop of London, his diotill

cefan, immediately to lufpend Sharpe,

jefty's

his ma->

Ihould be farther known. The prelate replied, that he could not poffibiy obey thefe commands, and that he was not empowered, in fuch a fummary manner, to inflid: any puniihment even upon the greateft delinquent. But neither this obvious realon, nor the mod dutiful fubjniffions, both of the prelate and of Sharpe himfelf, The lung was determined could appeafe the court. with In the profecution of this violence to proceed bifhop himfelf he refolved to puniffi The affair.
pleafure

commands and the expeemployed for which he that purpofe, was of dient, moil illegal molf at once the and alarming. a nature Among all the engines of authority formerly employed by the crown, none had been more danger*
for difobedience to his
;

OU3, or even deftruclive, to liberty, than the court of high commiffion, which, together with the ftar-

chamber,
Charles
I.

had been abolifhed by act of parhament

;

in
in

the

reign of

which a claufe

was

alfo inferted, prohibiting the ereilion, in all fu-

ture times, of that court, or any of a like nature*

Court of
ccclefiafti.

cal

com-

raiflion.

But this law was deemed by James no obftacle ; and an ecclefiaflical commiffion was anew iffued, by which feven ^ commiffioners were veiled with full and unlimited authority over the church of EngOn them were beftowed the fame inquifitoland. poffeffed by the former court of high powers, rial They might proceed upon bare fufcommiffion and the better to fet the law ac defiance, it picion was exprefsly inferted in their patent itfelf, that they were to exercife their jurifdidion, notwithftanding
:
,

The

perfons

crofti the biihop of

named were the archbifliop of Canterbury, SanDurham, Crew; of Rochefter, Sprat; the earl

of Rochclter, Sunderland, chancellor Jetferics, and lord chiei Juftice Herbert, 'ihe archbifhop reiufed to ad, and the biihop of Lhelter

was

fubftituttd in his place.

^^y

JAMES

II.

255

any law or ftatute to the contrary. The king's de- c n^A P. fign to fubdue the church was now fufficiently .^^^..^^^ j6S6. known ; .and had he been able to eftabliih the authority of this new-erefted court, his fuccefs was A more fenfible blow could not be infallible. and given, both to national liberty and religion happily the conteft could not be tried in a caufe more iniquitous and unpopular than that againfl Sharpe and the bifhop of London. The prelate was cited before the commiffioners. After denying the legality of the court, and claimj

ing the privilege of all Chriftian bilhops to be tried by the metropolitan and his fuffragans ; he pleaded in his own defence, that, as he was obliged, if he had fufpended Sharpe, to aft in the capacity of a judge, he could not, confiitent either with lav/ or equity, pronounce fcntence vv'ithout a previous citation and trial : That he had by petition reprefented
this difficulty to his majefty ; and not receiving any anfwer, he had reafon to think that his petition had. That in order to ihew fargiven entire fatisfacHon ther his deference, he had advifed Sharpe to abflaiii from preaching, till he had juftified his conduct to the king ; an advice which, coming from his fuperior, was equivalent to a command, and had accord:

ingly met with the proper obedience : That he had thus, in his apprehenfion, conformed himfelf to hi3

but if he fliould ftill be found ; duty in any particular, he was now willing to crave pardon, and to make reparation. All this fubmillion, both in Sharpe and the prelate, had no efted It was determined to have an example : Orders were accordingly fent to the commif- Sentence iioners to proceed And by a majority of votes the bhh"p of
majefty's pleafure

wanting to

his

bifliop,

as well as the doftor,

was fufpended.
illegal,

Luudou,

Almost

the whole of this fhort reign connffs of

attempts always imprudent, often

fometimes

both, againft whatever was molt loved

and revered by

3*56

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Even fuch fchemes of the king's as by the nation might be laudable in themfelves, were fo difgraced by his intentions, that they ferve only to aggravate the charge againfl him. James was become a great patron of toleration, and an enemy to all thofe per* fecuting laws which, from the influence of the church, had been enaded both againfl the diffenters and catholics. Not content with granting difpenfations to particular perfons, he afTumed a power of iifuing a declaration of general indulgence, and of fufpending at once all the penal flatutes, by which a conformity was required to the eftablifhed religion. This was a (train of authority, it mufl be confeffed, quite inconfiflent with law and a limited conftitution ; yet was it fupported by many flrong preceEven after the dents in the hiflory of England. principles of liberty were become more prevalent, and began to be well underftood, the late king had, oftener than once, and without giving much umHe had, in brage, exerted this dangerous power the execution of a law which re1662, fufpended During the two Dutch wars, he gulated carriages adt of navigation And the had twice fufpended the being refolved, contrary to the commons, in 1666,
:
: : :

CHAP,
^ ^^'
1686.

f T^^

dT

king's judgment, to enal that iniquitous law againfl the importation of Irifh cattle, found it neceifary,

in order to obviate the exercife of this prerogative, which they defired not at that time entirely tq deny or abrogate, to call that importation a nuifance. Though the former authority of the fovereign

was great
fiaflical
;

in civil affairs,

it

was

flill

greater in eccle-

and the whole defpotic

power of the popes

was often

believed, in virtue of the fupremacy, to

have devolved to the crown. The lafl parliament of Charles I. by abolifliing the power of the king and convocation to frame canons without confent of parliament, had fomewhat diminifhed the fuppofed extent of the fupremacy j but flill very confideyable remains
'''

JAMES

ir.

C257

mains of it, at lead very important claims, were pre- ^,^^ ^^ ferved, and were occafionaily made ufe of by the fo- v.^,^^-^^^ 1027. vereign. In 1662, Charles, pleading both the rights of his fupremacy and his fufpending power, had granted a general indulgence or toleration ; and in 1672 he renewed the fame edift : Though the remonllrances of his parliament obliged him, on both Gccafions, to retra61: ; and in the lafl inftance, the triumph of law over prerogative was deemed very In general we may remark, great and memorable. that where the exercife of the fufpending power was agreeable and ufeful, the power itfelf was little queftioned : Where the exercife was thought liable to exceptions, men not only oppofed it, but proceeded to deny altogether the legality of the prerogative on which it was founded. James, more imprudent and arbitrary than his
predeceffor, iffued his proclamation,

the penal laws in ecclefiailical

afl^iirs

fufpending all and granting

a general liberty of confcience to all his fubjedls. He was not deterred by the refleftion, both thar this fcheme of indulgence vv'as already biafted by two iruitlefs attempts ; and that in fuch a goverment as chat of England, it v/as not fufEcient that a prerogative be approved of by fome lawyers and antiquaries If it was condemned by the general voice of the nation, and yet was ftill exerted, the viftory over national liberty was no lefs fignal than if obtained by the moft flagrant injuftice and ufurpation. Thefe two confiderations indeed would rather ferve
:

to

recommend

this project to

James

who deemed

himfelf fuperior in vigour and adivity to his bro-

and who probably thought that his people enjoyed no liberties, but by his royal conceflion and indulgence. In order to procure a better reception for his edicl: of toleration, the king, finding himleif oppofed by the church, began to pay court to the diffent(ers and he imagined that, by plaving one party
ther,
;

Vol.,

VIIL

'
'

agaijjft

258

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

A
P.

II

^ ^^'
163^.

againd another, he Ihoiild eafily obta.m the victory a refined poHcy which it much exceeded over both his capacity to condud:. His intentions were fo
;

obviouSj that it was impoffible for him ever to gain' the fincere confidence and regard of the non-con*

They knew that the genius of their religion was diametrically oppofite to that of the catholics, the fole obj'edt of the king's aftedion. They were fenfible, that both the violence of his temper, and the maxims of his religion, were repugnant to the principles of toleration. They had feen that, on his acceffion, as well as during his brother's reign, he had courted the church at their expence ; and it was not till his dangerous fchemes were rejefted by the prelates, that he had recourle to the non-conformiils. All his favours, therefore, mufl, to every man of judgment among the feclaries, have appeared infidious Yet fuch was the pleafure reaped from prefent eafe, fuch the animofity of the dillenters againft the church, who had fo long fubjected them to the rigours of perfecution, that they every where expreiled the mod entire duty to the king, and compliance with his meafures-; and could not forbear rejoicing extremely in the prefent depreflion of their adverfaries. But had the diffenters been ever fo much inclined to fhut their eyes with regard to the king's intenformifts.
:

tions,

the

manner of conducing

his

fcheme in

Scotland was fufficient to difcover the fecret. The king fir ft applied to the Scottilh parliament, and defired an indulgence for the catholics alone, without comprehending the preibyterians : But that affembly, though more difpofed than even the parliament of England, to facrifice their civil liberties, refolved likewife to adhere pertinacioufly to their religion ; and they rejeded for the fird time the king's
application.

James therefore found himfelf obliged to exert his-prerogative ; and he now thou^it it prudent to interelt a party among his fubjects, be,

fides

JAMES
rity.

II.

259
of autho- C H A
P.

fides the catholics, in fupporting this a6l

the furprife of the harafled and perfecuted prelbyterians, they heard the pririciples of tolera-

To

^xx.
^cz-j.

where extolled, and found that full permiffion was granted to attend conventicles an offence, which, even during this reign, had been deThe king's clared no lefs than a capital enormity. however, of indulgence contained declaration, As if popery claufes fufficient to deprefs their joy. were already predominant, he declared, '^ that he " never would ufe force or invincible 7zfrf//^/y againll: *' any man on account of his perfuafion or the protion every
;

promife furely of toleration teitant religion:'* given to the protellants with great precaution, and admitting a confiderable latitude for perfecution and violence. It is likewife remarkable, that the king declared in exprefs terms, *' that he had rhou2;ht
*'

fit, by his fovereign authority, prerogative royal, and abfolute power, which all his fubjeds were *' to obey -icitbout rcferve, to grant this royal tole" ration."- The dangerous dcfigns of other princes are to be colle6led by a companion of their feveral actions, or by a dilcovery of their more fecret counfels But fo blinded was James with zeal, fo tranfported by his imperious temper, that even his proclamations and public edicls contain exprellions
*'

'^

which, without farther inquiry, condemnation.

may

fuffice to his

The

Englifh well knew, that the king,

by the

conflitution of their government,

entitled, as
his

thought himfclf
:

fouthern,

therefore,
publiflied

indeed he was, to as ample authority in as in his northern kinodom and though the declaration of indulgence

England was more cautioufly exalarmed by the arbitrary treatment to which their neighbours were exfor
prelfed, they could not but be
pofe.d.
It
is

even remarkable,

that

the Englifh

declaration contained claufes of a ilrange import.

The king

there proinifed, that he

would maintain
hi^

^5?J

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITATN.

p.

HA
,(iS7.

his loving fubjefts in all their properties

and

poffef-

^_J^^^^_^^

of church and abbey lands as of any other. Men thought, that if the full eflablifhment of popery were not at hand, this promife was quite luperiiuous ; and they concluded, that the king was lo replete with joy on the profpect of that glorious event, that he could not, even for a moment, refions, as well

fVain
State of Ireland,

from

ervprefiing

it.

But
^^g and
^j^g

vv^hat

afforded the moil alarming profpecl,

continuance and even increafe of the violent

precipitate condutl of affairs in Ireland.

Tyr-

connel was novv- vefted with full authority ; and carried over with him as chancellor one Fitton, a man who was taken from a jail, and who had been convifted of forgerv and other crimes, but who conipenfated for all his enormities by a headlong zeal for the catholic religion. He was even heard to fay from the bench, that the proteilants were all rogues, and that there was not one anioncr fortv thoufand The that vv^as not a traitor, a rebel, and a villain. whole drain of the adminiftration was fuitable to fuch fentiments. The catholics were put in polTef* fion of the council-table, of the courts of judicature, In order to make and of the bench of jufliices. them maders of the parliament, the fame violence was exercifed that had been praftifed in England* The charters of Dublin and of all the corporations were annulled ^ and new charters were granted, fubjecling the corporations to the will of the fovereign. The proteftant freemen vv-ere expelled, cathohcs introduced ; and the latter feft, as they always were the majority in number, were now inverted with the The acl pf,fet|;lewhole power of the kingdom. iTient was the only obflacle to their enjoying the whole property ; and Tyrconnel had formed a fcheme for calling a parliament, in order to reverfp that acl, and empower the king to bellovv' all the
this

But ia 3andsofIreland.cn his catholic fubje6ts. fcheme he met with oppcfition from the moderate

11.

261

rate caiholics in the king's council.

Lord

Bellafis

CHAP,

an oath, " that ^^^^11^ " that fellow in Ireland was fool and madman 16S7. " enough to ruin ten kingdoms." The decay of

went even

fo far as to affirm

Vv^ith

trade,

from the
;

defertion of the proteftants,

;

was

re-

prefented
'citions

the fniklng of the revenue

to

the alarm

communicated

England

And by

thefe confider-

fome time fufpended ; though it was eafy to forefee, from the ufual tenor of his condud, which fide would at lafl preponderate. But the king was not content with difcovering in his Own kingdoms the imprudence of his conduft Me was refolved, that allEurope Ihould be witnefs of it. He publicly fent the' earl of Caftlemaine am- Embafly bafiador extraordinary to Rome, in order to exprefs his obeifance to the pope, and to make advances for reconciling his kingdoms, in form, to the catholic
the king's refolutions were for

Never man, who came on fo important an errand, met with fo many neglefls,' and even

communion.

aiironts,

as Caftlemaine.

The

pontiff,

inftead of

being pleafed with this forward ftep, concluded that

a fcheme, conducted with fo much indifcretion, And as he was could never poffibly be fuccefsful. engaged in a violent quarrel with the French mo= narch, a quarrel which interefted him more nearly ihan the converfion of England, he bore little rer gard to James, whom he believed too clofely connected with his capital enemy. The only proof of compiaifance which James received from the pontiff was his fending a nimcio to England, in return for the enibaify. By aft of parliament any communication with the pope was made treafoti Yet fo little regard did the king pay to the laws, that he gave the nuncio a public and folemn reception at Windfor. The diike of Somer* fer, one of the bed-chamber, becaufe he refufed to
:

afliil

at this

ployment.
<

ceremony, was difmiifed from his emThe nuncio refided openly in London S 3 during

262

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^ JVy^' during the refl of this reign. Four catholic bi1^^,^^^ (Iiops were publicly coiifecrated in the king's chapel, 1687. and fent out, under the title of vicars apollolical, to
exercife the
diocefes.

epifcopal function in their refpeftive

Their pafloral letters, directed to the laycatholics of England, were printed and difperfed by the exprefs allowance and permiflion of the king. The regular clergy of that communion appeared at and feme of court in the habits of their order them were fo indifcreet as to boaft, that, in a little tim^e, they hoped to walk in proceffion through the
;

capital.

While
Titr all

the king fliocked in the moil open

man-

the principles and prejudices of his protefiant

fubjets,

he could not fometimes but be

fenfible,

that he flood in need of their ailiflance for the exe-

cution of his defigns. He had himfelf, by virtue of his prerogative, fufpended the penal laws, and difpenfed with the teft but he would gladly have obtained the fandion of parliament to thefe afts of power and he knew that, without this authority, his edicls alone would never afford a durable fecurlty to the catholics. He had employed, therefore, with the members of parliament many private conferences, which w^ere then ciiWQd.'c io/ethigs ; and he ufrd every expedient of reafons,. menaces, and promiles, to break their obftinacy in this particular. Finding all his efforts fruitlefs, he had diflblved the parliament, and was determined to call a new one, from which he expeded more complaifance and fubmiffion. By the practice of annulling the charters, the king was become mailer of all the corporations, and could at pleafure change every where the whole magiftracy. The church party, therefore, by whom the crown had been hitherto fo remarkably fupported, and to whom the king vifibly owed his fafety from all the efforts of his enemies, was deprived of authority ; and the diffenters, thofe very enemies, were, firfl in London, and after;
;

wards

JAMES
to

II.

263

wards in every other corporation, fubflituted in their c ^^ A,^'place. Not content with this violent and dangerous v.^,^-0
innovation, the king appointed certain
regulators
;

i6?7.

examine the qualifications of electors and diredlions were given them' to exclude all fuch as ad(faeries to hered to the ted and penal ftatutes '. this purpofe were openly propofed in all pl:ices, in order to try the fentiments ot" men, and enable the king to judge of the proceedings of the future parThe power of the crown was at this time liament. and the revenue, managed by James's fo great that, if frugality, fo confiderable and independent he had embraced any national party, he had been and might have carried his auenfured of fuccefs But the cathothority to what length he pleafed. lics, to whom he had entirely devoted himlelf, were Even fcarcely the hundredth part of the people.
; ; ;

the pioteftant non-conformiils,

courted, were
little

whom

he

fo

much
;

more than

the twentieth

and
un-

what was worfe, repofed no confidence

in the

natural alliance contracted with the catholics, and in

the principles of toleration, which, contrary to their ufual pradice in all ages, feemed at prefent to be
little

The king, therefore, finding adopted by that feci. hopes of fuccefs, delayed the fummoning of a parliament, and proceeded ftill in the exercife of
his illegal

The whole power

and arbitrary authority. in Ireland had been committed

to cathohcs. In Scotland, all the minifters whom the king chiefly trufted, were converts to that religion. Every great office in England, civil and
military,

was gradually transferred from the pro-

eleflions in fome places, pavticulaily in York, were tranffrom the people to the m.iyiftrates.who, by the ne^v charter, were all named by the crown. Sir John Rerefby's Memoirs, p. a-a. This was in reality nothing difterent from the king's naming the members. The fame ad ot authority hud been employed in all the boroughs of Scotland,

The

ferred

S 4
lobfio.i

tedants.

^64.

HISTORY OP GREAT BRITAIN.

Rocheiler and Clarendon, the king's brow though they had ever been faithful to his interefts, could not, by all their fervices, atone for their adherence to the national religion ; and had been difmiffed from their employments. The violent Jefferies himfelf, though he had facrificed juftice and humanity to the court ; yet, becaufehe reteilants.

thers-in-Iaw,

36S7,

religion, was declining in Nothing now remained but to open the door in the church and univerfities to the ihtrufron of the catholics. It was not long before the king made this rafli effort ; and by conllraining the prelacy and ellabliflied church to feek protection

fufed alfo to give

up

-his

favour and

intereft.

in the principles of liberty, he

entirely without friends

at

laft:

left

himfelf

and adherents.
Benedicline,

Father
mended by
it

Francis,

was recom5

the king's mandate to the univerfity of

Cambridge for the degree of mailer of arts and as was ufual for the univerfity to confer that degree on perfons eminent for learning, without regard to their religion and as they had even admitted lately the the fecretary to the ambaffador of Morocco king on that account thought himfelf the better entitled to compliance. But the univerfity confidered,
; ;

that there was a great diiference betv.^een a compli-

ment bellowed on foreigners, and degrees which gave a title to vote in all the eleclions and ilatutes of the univerfity, and which, if conferred on the catholics,

would

infallibly in

time render that fett

tO'

en-*

,tirely fuperior.

They

therefore refufed

obey the

king's mandate,.and were cited to appear before the

court of ecclefiaflical commiifion. The vice-chancellor was fufpendcd by that court ; but as the univerfity chofe a man of fpirit to fucceed him, the King thought proper for the prefent to drop his pretenfions.
Attempt
.

'1h attempt upon the univerfity of Oxfordwas Masdaien profecuied with more inflexible obltinacy, and NVas
college.
-h J -i-..,> '.-:.

:j

,;,,;>),;;,.,.

attended

JAMES
ijtttended

II.

-265

with more important confequences.

This C

HA
1687.

p..

univerfity had lately, in their famous decree, made a folemn profeffion of pafTive obedience ; and the court probably expected, that they would Ihow their fmcerity, when their turn came to pradcife that doctrine ; which, though, if carried to the utmoll extent, it be contrary both to reafon and to nature, to meet with the more effelual oppofition is, ap>c from the latter principle. The prefident of Mag-

i^^^-^^l-,^

dalen college, one of the richeft foundations in Europe, dying about this time, a mandate v/as fent in favour of Farmer, a new convert, but one who, befides his being a catholic, had not, in
other
refpefts,

the

qualifications required
office.

by the

(latutes

for enjoying that

The

fellows of

the college

made

fubmiffive applications to the king

;

for recalling his

mandate

but before they received

an aniwer, the day came, on which, by their flalutes, they were obliged to proceed to an eledion.

They chofe Dr. Hough, a man of virtue, as well as of the nrmnefs and vigour requifite for maintaining his own rights and thofe of the univerfity. In I rder to puniih the college for this contumacy, as it was called, an inferior ecclefiaftical commiffion was
fent

.'

.'

down, and the nev/ prelident and the fellows were cited before it. So little regard had been paid to any confideration befides religion, that Farmer^ on inquiry, was found guilty of the lowell and moft fcandalous vices; infomuch that even the ecclefiaftical commiffioners were aihamed to infifl on his eleclion. A new mandate, therefore, was iilued in favour ^f Parker, lately created bifliop of Oxford, a man of a proftiture charaQer, but who, like Farmer, atoned for all his vices by his avowed wiilingnefs to embrace the -catholic religion. The college reprefented, that all prefidents had ever been appointed by eledion, and there, were few inilances of the king's interpofing by his recommendation in favour of any candidate j that having already made
i

re,i;ular

a66

HISTORY OF GREAT

BRITAIN'.

CHAP,
^^^ V^
J6S7.

a regular election^ of a prelident, they could not deprive him of his office, and, during his life-time,
in his place ; that, even if Parker, by the ftatuies of founder, could not be chofen j that they had them bound themfelves by oath to obferve ftatutes, and never on any account to accept difpenfation ; and that the college had at ail

fubllitute

any other

there
their
all

v/ere a vacancy,

of

thefe

of a times fo much diflinguifhed itfelf by its loyalty, that nothing but the moft invincible necelfity could now oblige them to oppofe his majefty's inclinations. All thefe reafons availed them nothing. 'The prefident and all the fellows, except two who complied, were expelled the college ; and Parker was put in pofleiTioii of the office. This aft of violence, of all thofe which were committed during the reign of James, is perhaps the mofl illegal and arbitrary. When the difpenfmg power was the molf ftrenuoufly infilled on by court lawyers, it had ilill been allowed, that the ftatutes which regard private property, could not legally be infringed by that prerogative. Yet in this inltance it appeared, that even thefe were not now fecure from invafion. The privileges of a college are attacked : Men are illegally difpolTelTed of their property, for adhering to their duty, to their oaths, and to their religion : The fountains of the church are attempted to be poifoned ; nor would it be long, it was concluded, ere all ecclefiaifical, as well as civil preferments, would be bellowed on fuch as, negligent of honour, virtue,

and fmcerity, bafely facriiiced their faith to the reigning fuperflition. Such were the generial fentiments and as the univerfides have an intimate connexion with the ecclefiaflical eftabliffiments, and mightily intereft all thofe who have there received
;

their

education,

this

arbitrary
u'jrl-l

proceeding begat
^-t^jvf

an univerfal difcontent againit the king's adminiilration^'"'"' i:23^'iJ"f3"'T X^"^^^

01 .*jldEt)3i3B

JAMES
The
ftill

II.

267

next meafare of the court was an infult C H A p. Lxx, the ecclefiaflics, and rendered the breach between the king and that powerful body ^'''"TgJT^

more open on

fatal, as well as incurable.

It is

fhrange

tliat

James,

from the fentiments of his own heart, what a mighty influence rehgious zeal had over him, Ihould yet be fo infatuated as never once to fufpect that it might poffibly have a proportionable authoCould he have profited by rity over his fubjefts. repeated experience, he had feen inftances enow of their flrong averfion to that communion, which, |rom a violent imperious temper, he was determined, by every poilible expedient, to introduce into his kingdoms.
felt,

when he

king publiflied a fecond declaration of inalmolt in the fame terms with the former ; and he fubjoined an order, that, immediately after divine fcrvice, it fliould be read by the clergy in all the churches. As they were known
dulgence,
univerfally to difapprove of the ufe made of the fufpending power, this claufe, they thought^ could be meant only as an infult upon them ; and they

The

,ggg^

were

fenfible, that, by their compliance, they fhould expofe themfelves, both to public contempt, on account of their tame behaviour, and to public

hatred, by their indireclly patronizing fo obnoxious a prerogative '". They were determined therefore,

almoft univerfally, to preferve the regard of the people ; their only protedion, while the laws were become of fo little validity, and while the court was fo deeply engaged in oppofite interefts. In order to encourage them in this relblution, fix prelates,

namely Lloyde

bifliop

of

St.

Alaph,

Ken of

When

Cliarles cliflolved his laft parliament, he fct forth a decla-

and this declaration the clergy had been ordered lo read to the people after divine fervicc. Thele orders were agreeable to their party prejudices, and they willingly fubmitted to them.

ration giving his reafons tor that mcafure,

The

contrary was

now

the cale.

Bath

2G%

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Bath and Wells, Turner of Ely, Lake of Chichcf^'sr. White of Pt^terborough, and Trelavv-ney of Brhtol, met privately with the primate, and concerted the form of a petition to the king. They there reprefent in few words, 'thai, though poffeffed of the highefc fenfe of loyalty, a virtue of which the church of England imd given fuch eminent teilimonies; and though defirous of affording eafe, in a legal way, to ail proteftant diffenters 5 yet, becaufe ihe declaration of indulgence was founded on a prerogative formerly declared illegal by parliament, they could not, in prudence, honour, or,
themfelves parties as the over the kingdom would be interpreted to amount to. They therefore befought the king, that he would not infiif upon their reading
confcience, fo far
diiiribution of
it all

^LXX^*
v,,,.,^.^-w*

loSs.

make

that declaration",

The
to

king was incapable, not only of yielding the greateil oppofition, but of allowing the

Hightell:

andmoft refpedful contradiction to pafsuncenfured. He immediately embraced a refoluition- (and his refolutions, when once embracedy
The words of the petition v/ere : That tlie grent a verftncfs found themfelve.s to their diftributiiit,' and publilaiugiii ali their chuichca your majefty's late declaration for liberty of confcieixe, proceeds scithtr from any vrant or duty and obedience to your mrijedy (our holymother the clu^rch of Englanrl, beisig both in her principles antl Uer conftant practice unqueftionahly loyal, and ha\iiig to I.er great
^

.in

lionour becTi more than once publicly acknowled,. ed to be ib by yovu* gracious majefty), nor yet from any want of tendernefh to difTenter.-;, in relation to whom we are vriliins: to cotne to fuch a temper as fhal! be tho-::ight fit, when the matter fhall be confidered and fettled iri parliament and convocation. But amonp: many other cojifideratiopt-^ from this efpecially, becaufe that declaration is founded upon fuch r firfpenhng po'tver as hath' bee often declared illc,ial i-n p;irliaraeii-t,' and particularly in the years 1662 and 1673, and in the beginning ofc your majefty's reign, and is a matter of ib great moment and confequcnce to the whole naticMi botii in church and Itate, that your j'>c;i.t^oners cannot in prudence, honour, qv confcience-, fo far itiake themfelves parties to it as. a diiiribution of it all over the nation, and fne foiemn publication of it once and again, even in God's houfe, and' irt.lbe. tJKie ofdiviuie ftpvicc, mijft: .im^^iuvt In coKim-on and reafari-

JAMES
were

n,
l-i

26q)

inflexible) of punifhing the biOlops, for a peti- c

i\

^;.^^tioA fo popular in its matter, and fo prudent and As was exprellion. the petition cautious in the ^TT^^""^^ deUvered him in private, he fammoned them before the council; and queftioned them whetherThe bifhops faw his they ^vould acknowledge it. to decline anfeemed long defirous and intention, pufiied chancellor, they being by the But fwering petition. give On their refufal to the avowed at lad immediately their comwas drawn for order bail, an, mitment to the. Tower ; and the crown lawyers received direcliGns to profecate them for the feditious libel which, it was pretended, they had compofed
:

and

uttered.

The
with

people were already aware of the danger

prelates \iere

imprifor""-"^

to which the

raifed to the highell pitch

and were of anxiety and attention

expofed
this
;

regard

to

the

iil'ue

of

extraordinary

But when they beheld thefe fathers of the affair. church brought from court under the cuftody of when they faw them embarked in vefa. guard, the river, and conveyed towards the on fels all their afFeftion for liberty, all their zeai Tower, religion, blazed at for up once ; and they flew to this alfeding f^iectacle. The whole fliore behold was covered with crowds of proflrate fpedators^
once implored the bleffmg of thofe holy and addreffed their petitions towards Heaveii for protection during this extreme danger to which their country and their religion (tood expofed. Even the foldiers, feized with the contagion of the fame fpirit, flung themlelver> on their knees before the didrelfed prelates, and craved the benedicl:ion of thole criminals whom they v/ere appointed to guard. Some perfons ran into the water, that they might participate more nearly in thofe blelfings, which the prelates were diflributing on all around them. The bifiiops themfelves, during this triumphant fuffering, augmented the general
at

who

pallors,

favour.

if6
,

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

c HAP. favour, by the moft lowly fubmiffive deportment ^ ^J^^^l, ^nd they flill exhorted the people to fear Godj hdnoiir the king, and maintain their loyalty ; ex,i53g preffions more animating than the moft inflammatory fpeeches. And no fooner had they entered
the precinfts of the Tower than they hurried to chapel, in order to return thanks for thofe afflictions, which Heaven, in defence of its holy caufe, ''-^'H^ jjii.-.had thought them worthy to endure.
trial.

Their

pillage,

when conduced

to

their tna!,

was, if pofTible, attended by greater crowds of anxious fpeftators. All men faw the dangerous crifis to which aifairs were reduced, and were fenfible that the king could not have put the ifl'ue on a cpufe more unfavourable for himfelf than that in which he had fo imprudently engaged. Twentynine temporal peers (for the other prelates kept aloof) attended the prifoners to Weitminfter-hall and fuch crowds of gentry followed the proceffion, that fcarcely was any room left for the populace The lawyers for the bifhops were fir to enter. Robert Sawyer, fir Francis Pemberton, Pollexfen, Treby, and Sommers. No caufe, even during the profecution of the popifli plot, was ever heard with fo much zeal and attention. The popular torrent, which, of itfelf, ran fierce and ftrong. Was now farther irritated by the oppofition of go-

vernment.
that the they thought themfelves aggrieved in any particular, to apply by petition to the king, provided they kept within certain

The

counfel for the bifliops pleaded,

fubjefts,
if

law allowed

bounds, which the fame law prefcribed to them, and which, in the prefent petition, the prelates had ftriftly obferved That an active obedience, in cafes which were contrary to confcience, was never pretended to be due to government ; and law was allowed to be the great meafure of the comThat when any pliance and fubmiiTion of fubjeits
:

perfon

JAMES

n.

- .7 :.

271

perfon found commands to be impofed upon him C H .1 p. which he could not obey, it was more refpedful ^^,,,.^^,^,^ in him to offer his reafons for refufal, than to rei6S8. main in a fullen and refraclory fdence : That it "was no breach of duty in fubjeds, even though not called upon, to difcover their fenfe of public meafures, in which every one had fo intimate a concern That the bifhops in the prefent cafe were called upon, and muff either exprefs their approbation by compliance, or their difapprobation by That it could be no fedition to deny the petition becaufe there prerogative of fufpending the laws prerogative, nor could be, fuch ever really was no limited government That even if in a legal and real, had yet frequent-* it been this prerogative were ly controverted before the whole nation, both in Weflminfler-hall, and in both houfes of parliament ; and no one had ever dreamed of punifhing That the prelates, inthe denial of it as criminal ftead of making an appeal to the people, had applied in private to his majedy, and had even delivered their petition fo fecretly, that, except by the confellion extorted from them before the council, it was found impoflible to prove them the authors i And that though the petition was afterwards printed and difperfed, it Vv^as not fo much as attempted to be proved that they had the leafl knowledge of
: : ;
: :

the publication.

These arguments were convincing in themfelves, and were heard with a favourable dilpofition by the audience. Even fome of the judges, though their feats were held during plcafure, declared themfelves in favour of the prifoners. The jury, however, from what caufe is unknown, took feveral hours to deliberate, and kept, during fo long a time, the people in the mofl anxious expe6lation. But w'hen the wifhed-for verdict, jwt gmii)'i was at laft pronounced, the intelligence was echoed through the
hall,

xrth June,
g'lfttai "of

the m. ^''^'-

^t
CHAP,
'^-^^'
i6s?.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

was conv.eyed to the crowds without, was carand was propagated with infinite py throughout the kingdom. Ever fmce Monmouih's rebeilion, the king had, every fummer, encamped his army. on Hounflowheath, that he might both improve their difcipline, and by fo unufual a fpedacle overawe the mutinous people. A popifli chapel was openly erected in the midil of the camp, and great pains were taken, though in vain, to bring over the foldiers to that communion. The few converts, whom the priefts had made, were treated with fuch contempt and ignominy, as deterred every one from following the example. Even the Irifh oiFicers, whom the king introduced into the army, ferved rather, from the averlion borne them, to v/eaken his interefl amon? them. It happened, that the very day on which the trial of the bifiiops was iiniflied, James had reviewed the troops, and had retired into the tent of lord Feverfham, the general Vv'hen he was furprifed the to hear a great uproar in camp, attended with the moft extravagant fymptoms of tumultuary joy. He fuddenly inquired the caufe, and was told by Feverdiam, *' It was nothing but the rejoicing of
hall,

ried into the city,

"
"
*'

the

foldiers

Do

you

much

of the bifnops." nothing:'* replied he, " but fo, the worfe for them.**
for the acquittal
call that

king was flill determined to rufii forward in the fame courfe, in which he was already, by his I'hough he precipitate career, fo fatally advanced. knew that every order of men, except a handful of catholics, were enraged at his paft meafures, and itill more terrified with the future profpe(!:l; ; though he faw that the fame difcontents had reached the army, his fole refource during the general difaffection ; yet he was incapable of changing his meafureS|, or even of remiiting his violence in the profecution of them. He flruck out two of the judges,

The

Powel

JAMES
is,

IL

^^i^H
to favour c

5^3

Powel and Holloway, who had appeared

K A
^j^jg,

p.

the bifhops: He iiTued orders to profecute alt thofe clergymen v/ho had not read his declaration ; that
the whole church of England, two hundred excepted : He fent a mandate to the new fellows,

^''^i_,

he had obtruded on Magdalen college, to ieled for prefident in the room of Parker, lately deceafed, one Gilford, a dolor of the Sorbonne, and titular bifliop of Madura And he is even faid to have nominated the fame psrfon to the fee of Oxford. So great an infatuation is perhaps an obAnd is than of anger je5l of compafhon rather refpefts, really furpriling in a nian who, in other was riot wholly deficient in fenfe and accompliHi-^
: :

whom

tnents.

A
on

FEW

days before the acquittal of the

all

bi(lio*ps,

an event happened, which, in the king's fentiments,

iiiuch

overbalanced
occafion.

the mortifications received

loth June

that

fon,

who

The queen was delivered of a was baptifed by the name of James.

theVr^oL-e

This bleiling was impatiently longed for, not only ofWaks, by the king and queen, ^ but by all the zealous caThey faw, that tholics both abroad and at home. the king was paifed middle age ; and that on his death the fuccellion mull devolve to the prince and princefs of Orange, two zealous proteftants, who would foon replace every thing on ancient foundations. Vows therefore were offered at every llirine for a male fucceffor Pilgrimages were under take:i, particularly one to Loretto, by the dutchefs of Modena; and fuccefs was chiefly attributed to that pious journey. But in proportion as this event was
:

agreeable to the catholics,

it

increafed the difgufl of

the proteftants, by depriving

them of

that pleafing,

though fomewhat

diflant profpeft, in

which

at pre-

Ibnt they flattered chemfelves.

fo far as to afcribe to the

Calumny even went

king the defign of impofing on the world a fuppofititious child, who might be educated in his principles, and after his death

Vol.

VIII,

fupport

274

HISTORY OF GREATBRITAIN.
^^PP^- ^'"^ catholic religion in his dominions. The nation almoll univerfally believed him capable,

? \^'
5

^^^^^^^^^^
688.

from bigotry, of committing any crime ; as they, had feen, that, from like motives, he was guilty of every imprudence And the affedions of nature, they thought, would be eafiiy facrificed to the fuperior motive of propagating a catholic and orthodox faith. The prefent occafion was not the firfl:^, whjsn, that calumny had been invented. In the year i6"82, the queen, then dutchefs of York, had been pregnant; and rumours were fpread that an impollure wduld at th^-t time be obtruded upon the nation: But, happily, the infant proved a female, and thereby fpared the party all th^troublg p^^.fupppirt^ig
:

their

improbable
ftory
is

fi6lion.

"V!Ja .v^^^

V-

-^i

/.^I^

W This
r

taken notice of

in a

ivcekW paper, the Obfei-vator,

publifhed at that very time, 13d of Auguft 16Z2. Pai ty zeA is capable of fwaHowing the mofl incredible ftory ; but it is furely fiiigular, that the

fame calumny, when once

fuccefs.

baflled,

fhouW

ytt be se-

newed with fuch

s-

r.

r:

-:

V
orilfii
^Yfilsb
Ji>ori3r.v
2i
^}

Dflfi

ACIKI

artoTrtt

mf J^A^bs

.5Qn3i'ani 3iii

doiil v:ix
.--

.nfji3';r

i-noil ip'si 5iJ? bir/

r.^
jr.rt

c1

:.

insi^msvog

nv7o ZY^X^ if^^^ D3fflddsilf> to

bjid

,Jiiri:

.alno'iiiobTiissd'^mxiriissd

r.i^^Ibb in'^btq lisda ni b3nLm3't .^vsri is jdgim83m4 Liis\{)^.i sid iti baiixivstq 3vj-fl ^.fii

hn^

,i: ...

.....

viIATii-^:
^flT

^.^^^--

ilftOTt^lH
^^^^^

275

immh
^z

diii muoi-gile-i -n^oiimo

Wvh
.

mail )Aiiur:>xaii':^nmirnmo:> lo eXi'osid bfid >r 3d' .gaVilofii 3.^ii mo-tt ,i^nJ .xTtasi
10

.:ri

^n^fi#%34; bnf^^pfi^binqfniyia^

moAoduo
Conduct
king

a gobfi^i^qoiq kj '^viiom ton

of Orange

of the prince
refolves
to

-r-He

forms a
applied to
Prince's,

league agaitiji

France refufcs

to

concur with the

Is

oppofe the ki?ig Coalition of parties

by the Englifh
preparations
rejeEted

Offers of France to the king Siippofed league with France

Ge*

the king retra^s his mcafures neral difcontents Princess declaration Fhe prince lands in

England General commotion Defertion of army and of prince George and of the Jnne King's conjlernation and princefs General confifion King feized at flight
the

Feverfham
land

Second efcape

King's character
Settlement

Convention
Englifd
the parties

fummoned
convention

meets

of ScotViews of

Free conference between the houfes

-Commons prevail Settlement of the crozvn Manners and fciences.

every motive, civil and religious, concurred to alienate from the king every rank and denomination of men, it might be expected that his throne would, without delay, fall to pieces by its own weight But fuch is the influence of eftablifhed government ; fo averfe are men from beginning hazardous enterprifes ; that, had not an attack been made from abroad, affairs might long have remained in their prefent delicate fituation, and James might at lafl have prevailed in his raih and
:

WHILE

CHAP,
i-^"^-^"'-

j^iS

ill-concerted projeds.

Th^

21^:

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

P'_f

c HA
^-

The

prince of Orange,

ever fmce his marriage

t^^-

i6S8. Coridiia
prince of

^^^y ^'^^^Jy ^^^ti maintained a very prudent conduft ; agreeably to that found underftanding with;
'^'^^^h ^^^^

v^-hich
3.

Orange,

he was fo eminently endowed. He made ic to concern himfelf little in Englidi aflairs. ^nd never by any meafure to difgull any of the

maxim

factions, or give

umbrage

to

the prince v/ho filled

His natural inclination, as well as his interefh, led him to employ himfelf with aifiduous induftry in the tranfaftions on the continent, and to oppofe the grandeur of the French monarch, againfl whom he had long, both from perfonal and political
the throne.

conceived a violent animofity. By conduft, he gratified the prejudices of the whole Engliih nation : But as he croffed the inclina.tions of Charles, who fought peace by compliance with France, he had much declined in the favour and affeQioiis of that monarch.
confiderations,
this

Jam us on
tereft to live

his acceffion

found

it

fo

much

his in-

on good terms with the heir apparent, that he Ihowed the prince fome denionftrations of friendfnip and the prince, on his part, was not wanting in every inllance of duty and regard towards the king. On Monmouth's invafion, he im;

mediately difpatched over

troops,
offered to take the

fix

regiments of Britifh
fervice
;

which were in the Dutch

and he

of the king's forces How little foever he might apagainft the rebels. prove of James's adminiftration, he always kept a total filence on the fubjeft, and gave no counte-

command

nance to thofe difcontents which were propagated fuch induilry throughout the nation. application of James himfelf, ^c>.-.l;rt was -from the that the prince firfl openly took any part in EngHniNotwithflanding the lofty ideas which the ^ifairs. king had entertained of his prerogative^ he found that the edicls emitted from it flill w^ltited' much of the authority of laws, and that the continuance
..'^yjth
.

:9

of

oF^thetti

-/"'I*^

M
ifTue

IL

'
77

might in the

become dangerous, both

iC2^^

whom he defired to of parliament alone could infure ihe' indulgence bttbleration, which he had laboured to' eftabhfli ; arid he hoped that, if the prince would declare in favour of that fcheme, the memto hinifelf and to the catholics,

favour.

An

acl

bers,

who had
would

hitherto refifted all his

at
laft

own

appli-

-cations,

be prevailed with to adopt it. The confent, therefore^ of the prince to the repeal of the. penal ftatutes and of the ted was flrongly foliclted by the king; and in order to engage him to agree to that meafurc;, hopes were given p, that England v/ould feeond him in all thofe enterpriie:^ which his adive and extenfive o e:enius had with fucli fuccefs planned on the continent. He was at this time the centre of all the negociations of Chriflen-

dom.
emperor and the king of Spain, as the He forms prince well knew, were enraged by the repeated in- ^^^fit" Juries which they had fuffered from th-e ambition of Fiau.'c.e, Lewis, and ftili more by the frequent infults which his pride had made them undergo. He was apprifed of the influence of thefe monarchs over the catholic princes of the empire : He had himfelf ac-

The

And quired great authority with the proteftant he formed a proie<5t of unking Europe in one general league againft the encroachments of France, which feemed fo nearly o threaten the independence
:
it

oi' all its

neighbours.

No

charafters are

more incompatible than thofe

of a conqueror and a perfecutor ; and Lewis foon found, that befidcs his weakening France by the
banilliment of fo many ufeful fubjects, the refugees had inflamed all the proteftant nations againil him, and had raifed him enemdes who, in defence oi
.|:heir

religion as well as liberty, were-^obftinately re-

folved to oppofe his

P ^iH-nct, vol.
i.

progrefs.

The

city

of

Am.

p. 7JI.

D'Avaux, ijth of April

i6S5i.

ilerdanv

^78

HISTOR.Y OF GREAT BKITAIN.

<n

^L^xr'
v-^v ri6'j'g.

and otli^r towns in Hptland, whfch had before-falkn intaa dcpendance on France, being ter^ rified with the accounts which they every momenfe
fe^^'i"^

received, .of the-fvirious perfecations againft the

Hu-

'-j?e5;yb>"
.I'f^J^^^--

gonots, had now dropped all. doieftic faftion, and ^ad entered into an entire confidence with the prince pf Orange^. The proteftant princes of the empire
fcirmed a feparate league defence of their religion.
at

".^ah;

Magdebourg
Englifti

for the

The

enraged at the- blind bigotry of their were difppfed to embrace the mofi defperate refoiur tions, againft him. From a view of the flate of Europe during this period, it appears, that Lewis, befides fuliying an iiluftrious reign, had wantonly

were anew fovereign, and

by

this

perfecution raifed invincible barriers to his

it

arms, which otherwife

impoffible, to
-,;

had been

difficult,

if

not
.

refifr.

The

prince of

Orange knew how

to avail himfelf

of all thefe advantages. By his intrigues and influence there was formed atAugfbourg a league, in which the whok empire united for its defence againft the French monarch. Spain and Holland

became parties in the alliance. Savoy was afterwards obtained.

'

The

acceffion

of

mark feemed
thefe

to favour the fau\e

Sweden and Dencaufe. But though

ftates compofed the greater part of Europe, the league was ftill deemed imperfect and unequal to its end, fo long as England maintained that neiitraji^y,, in which ihf, ha^^iJiithe^to pgrfe-

numerous

James,

though
to
-y

more prone

to bigotry,

wa^

nvor^ fenfible

his

own and

tp national

hono^

than his brother and had he not been reftrained t^y the formeip, motive, he would have maintained with more fpirit ihp ihterefts and independence of hi^ kingdpms.; When a prpipeft,^ t|ierefor,e, appeare4
;,

?.flOtfi?'

i<d

iBfit

hdiihb
vol.
iv.

3fi

J;l-I>'<tyaur, 24th or Jnly j68i;i

ildth

f^noiiuTiloi i'jji.nr.ln]f. of June, 15th of Oftober,

nth

ot

November, iC82;

p. 30.

of

J
of dfecling
his

AMES
religious

11^.^

^^^^

^79

fchemes by oppofing.the CLH.A-E,

pfogrefs of France, he was not averfe to that liieav he gave his fon-in-Iaw room to hope, lure;

Z^?*^.
i6gJ8^'~

aM

th^tj

by concurring with his views in England-, fie might prevail with him to fecond thofe projets which the prince was fo ambitious of promoting. '^ A MORE tempting offer could hot be made to^a

Refufcsto

perfon of bis enterprifing character : But the objec- Sith^hc tlons to that meafure, upon deliberation, appeared king, The king, he obferved, to him unfurmountable had incurred the hatred of his own fubjeds : Great apprehcnfions were entertained of his defigns: The only refource which the nation faw, was in the fu-, ture fuccellion of the prince and princefs: Should he concur in thofe dreaded meafures, he would draw on himfelf all the odium under which the king laboured The nation might even refufe to bear the expence of alliances, which would in that cafe become fo fufpicious: And he might himfelf incur the danger of lofing a fucceffion which was awaiting him,' and which the egregious indifcretion of the king feemed evem to give him hopes of reaping, before it hould devolve to him by the courfe of
:

nature.

The

prince, therefore,

would go no

far-

ther than to promife his confent to the repeal of the

penal ifatutes, by M'hich the non-conformlfts as

as catholics

weH
teft

were expofed

to

punilhment

The

he deemed a fecurity abfolutely neceflary for the

eftablilhed religion.
-

i:pi!nrf
farisfied

The

king did not remain

with a fihgle

triaL

There was one

;

Stuart, a Scotch lawyer,

who

had
tices

ibeen banifhed for

but

who

pretended treafonable prachad afterwards obtained a pardon,-

and

4iad been recalled.

By

the king's directions,

wrote fever'al letters to peniionary Fagel,^ with- whom he h^id contracted an acquaintance in Hdlfehd-, and befldes Wging all the motives for an unlimited tQleration, he defired that his reafons
Sttitirc

^|

HISTORY OF GREATaBRITAIN.
fiiould,- in ;the

CRAjp. LaXL

jj^^
a.

king's name, be communicated tq prince and princefs of Orange. Fagel during long time made no reply; but finding that hi^

ftlencewas conftrued into. an

preffed his
neffes.)

own

afient, he at laft exi fentiments and thofe of their Hight

it

was their fixed opinion; differed from the eilabliitied.fyith, (hr.uld ever, while he remained a peaceable fubjed, be exp fed to any punifhment or even V2jation. Ihat the prince and princefs gave
iaid, that

He

that

no man, merely becaule he

heartily their

confent for . repealing legally all the penal ftatuteSj as well thofe which had been enacted
againft the catholics as againft the proteftant non*

conformiils

would 'concur with the king in ; and any meafure for that purpofe. That the teft was not to be.confidered as a penalty inflicted on the profeffors of any religion, but as a fecurity provided for the eilabiifhed worfhip. That it was no punilhnient on men to be excluded from public offices, and to live peaceably on their own revenues or induftry. That even in the United Provinces, which were fo often cited Jis models of toleration, though all feds were admitted, yet civil offices were enjoyed by the profeffors of the eftabliffied religion alone. That military commands, indeed, were fometimes bellowed on catholics j but as they were conferred with great precaution, and ftill lay under the control of the magi Urate, they could ^ive no, juft reafon for umbrage. And that their Highneffes, however defirous of gratifying the king, and of endeavouring, by every means, to render his reign peaceable and happy, could not agree to any meafure which would expofe their religion to fuch imminent danger. FjVj When this letter was publifhed, as it foon was, it
all

.^nrpired great courage into the proteftants of

de-

nominations, and ferved to keep them united in their oppofition to the encroachments of the catholics.
-b35ibDib-iG

r^.

"^'

ATT J. A

S'

i^n^-7..

^5^

Qm. the other hand, the king, \yho v>^as not content with La fimple toleration for his own religion, but was refolved that it fhould enjoy great credit, if not an abfoUite fuperiority, was extremely dif^fted, and took every occafion to exprefs his difple^fure, |is well againft the prince of Orange as the United Provinces. He gave the Algerine pirates, who preyed on the Dutch, a reception in his harbours-, and hberty to difpofe of their prizes. He revived fome complaints of the Eaft India company with regard to the affair of Bantam '. He required the fix Britifli regiments in the Dutch fervice to be He began to put his navy in a formidafent over.
ble condition.

chap.
^^^^^,
"

j^g^f.

And

from

all

his

movements, the

Hollanders entertained apprehenfions, that he fought only an occafion and pretence for making war upon them. The prince in his tnrn refolved to pufli affairs Refokcs
vvith

more
n
.

vig^our,

proteitants

and
n

to preferve all the Encrlifh ^? "pp^=

Ti
.

his mtereits, as well as maintain

them

the king.

firm in their prelent union againft the catholics. He knew that men of education in England were, many of them, retained in their religion more by

4ionour than by principle '; and that, thoujTh every one was afhamed to be the firft profelyte, yet if the example were once fet by fome eminent perfons, interefl would every day make confiderable con-

communion, which v.'as fo zealoufly encouraged by the fovereign. Dvkvelt therefore was fent oyer as envoy to England ; and the prince gave him inftruftions, befides publicly remonftrating on the conduct of affairs both at home and abroad, to apply in his name, after a proper manner, to every fe6l and denomination. lo the church parry, he fent affurances of favour and regard, and |)rotefted, that his. education in Holland had nowife
verfions to a
'
:

.1

Ui D i

'

.-.!

''
1

1 J

'^ -' >'

'

.j.-\jLiJi.ii>

..:

I-

a:

>.

^9

prejudiced-

aS^

HISTORY OF GREAT .BRITAIN.

c HAP. prejudiced him againfl cpifcopal government. The Lxxi. iion-conforniifh were exhorted not to be deceived 1688**^ by the fallacious careiTes o a popifli court, but to
-

waitipatiencly

till,

in the fuUnefs of time,Jaws, enr

acted by proteflants, ihould give them that toleration -which, with fo much reafon, thty had long

I?

spnlifd

demanded. Dykvelt executed -Ins commillionwith fuch dejxtrity, that ail. orders of men call their eyes towards Holland, and expected thence a deliverance fcom thofe dangers with which their j:,eiig^ipn aud liberty were fo nearly threa ened. rnjL. 2-. ;/!.'^^* '^^a Many of the mofl confiderable perfons, botii 11%
church and (late, made fecret applications to Dyk^^ and through him to the prince of Orange!^ Admiral Herbert too, though a man of great exj)ence, and leemingly of little religion, had thrown up his employments, and had retired to the Hague,; where he allured the prince of the difaffeclion of the feamen, by whom that admiral was extremely be^ loved. Admiral Rufiel, coufm-german to the unfortunate lord of that name, paifed frequently between England and Holland, and kept the communication open with all the great men of the prc^. teltant party. Henry Sidney, brother to Algernon^ and uncle to the earl of Sunderland, came over under pretence of drinking the waters at Spaw, and conveyed flill ih'onger aifurances of an univerfal combination againd the meafures of the king. Lord Dumblaine, fon of the earl of Danby, being mailer of a frigate, made feveral voyages to Holland, and, carried from many of the nobihty tenders of duty, ai^d even confiderable fums of money', to the prince of Orange. ,_ ,_^ There .remained, hbv/ever, fome reafbns^.wihipli
velt,
,
,

jLnZS^

retained
.

all

p9..rties -in

avv^e,-

.and

kepf,
'

,tbenTb.jfii;p^^

b^e^iking out into, inijnediate hqiifli ty^.

*

The.

pfiiinq^i!]

D'Avaiix, T4thanJ aith

oi"

^epLember^ Stt

a'nJ 'istli.oT'0(Socer,

pnthe
lerit

orie"hand, was afraid of hazarding," b)r' vio- C meafures, an inheritance which the laws en-

H A
J
,6i?3

P-

fured to the prindefs; and the Enghfh proteilants,on the other, from the profpect of her fucceffion, ftiil entertained hopes of obtaining at laft a peaceBut able and a fafe redrefs of all their grievances. the both prince king, to the born when a fon was

^'

\^

and the Englifh nation were reduced to defpair, and faw no refource but in a confederacy for their muAnd thus the event, whicli James tual interefls. had fo long made the object of his moft ardent prayeVs, and from which he expected the firm eftablifhment of his throne, proved the immediate caufe of his ruin and downfal. ZuYtESTEiN, who had been fent over to congratulate the king on the birth of his fon, brought back to the prince invitation from moft of the great men in England, to affift them, by his arms, iii the recovery of their laws and liberties. The bifhop of London, the earls of Danby, Nottingham, Devonfhire, Dorfet, the duke of Norfolk, the lords Lovelace, Delamere, Paulet, Eland, Mr. Hambden, Powle, Lefter, befides many eminent citizensof London ; all thefe perfons, though of oppofite

concurred in their applications to the prince. whigs, fuitably to their ancient principles of CoaHt'on ^^^ ^^^' liberty, which had led them to attempt the exclu- fion billj eafily agreed to oppofe a king, whofe conparties,

The

duct had juftified whatever his worft enemies had

prognofticated concerning his fucceffion. The tories" and the church party, finding their pad fervices
forgotten, their rights invaded, their religion threat-

ened, agreed to drop for the prefent all over- {trained doftrines of fubmiflion, and attend to the great and powerful dictates of nature. The non-conformifts, dreading the ca'refles 6f known and inveterate endmi^s, deemed the offers of toleration more fecure from a prince, educated in thofe principles, and accuftomed to that pradice. And thus all fadion

was

^%4-

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

P.

LXXL

HA

was for a time

laid afleep in

England

and

rival

parties, forgetting their animofity, had fecretly con-

curred in a defign of refilling their unhappy and mifguided fovereign. The earl of Shrewfbury, who

had acquired great popularity by defertjng, at this time, the catholic religion, in which he had been educated, left his regiment, mortgaged his eftate for forty thoufand pounds, and made a tender of Lord his fword and purfe to the prince of Orange. Wharton, notwithllanding his age and infirmities, had taken a journey for the fame purpofe. Lord Mordaunt was at the Hague, and pulhed on the enterprife with that ardent and courageous fpirit, for which he was fo eminent. Even Sunderland, the
kind's favourite minifter, is believed to have entered into a correfpondence with the prince; and at the expence of his own honour and his mailer's iii^ terefts, to have fecretly favoured a caufe, which, he forefaw, was likely foon to predominate ". The prince was eafily engaged to yield to the applications of the Englifh, and to embrace the de-

fence of a nation, which, during its prefent fears and diflreifes, regarded him as its fole proteftor. The great objed of his ambition was to be placed at the head of a confederate army, and by his valour to avenge the injuries, v/hich he himfelf, his country, and his allies, had fuflained from the haughty Lewis, But while England remained under the prefent government, he defpaired of ever forming a league which would be able, with any probability of fuccefs, to make oppofition againft that powerful mo^ The ties of affinity could not be fuppofed jiarch. to have great influence over a perfon of the prince's
.they

rank and temper ; much more as he knew, that were at firft unwiUingly contrafted by the king, and had never fmce been cultivated by any effential
u

'

?nd ioth

Cn

See his negotiations 61-h rtf that opinion. i8th, aythoi September, zxd of Nyvpiribt-r, 1688. the :vho!c, that ci^iniop is {;he moft probai)lc.
o:

W^vmx was alwnys

May,

favours

Jam
vate
life
;

it.'.^-;^.'

2^5

favours or good- offices. Or fhould any reproach c remain upon him for violating the duties of pri- ^

ha
'[,

p.

the glory of delivering opprefled nations would, he hoped, be able, in the eyes ox rcafonable

168S-.-

men,
prife,

well expect,

make ample compenfation. He could not on the commencement of his enterthat it would lead him to mount the throne of
to

England: But he undoubtedly forefaw, that its would eftablilh his authority in that kingdom* And fo egregious was James's temerity, that there was no advantage, fo great or obvious, which that prince's mdifcretion might not afford his enemies.^yr The prince of Orange, throughout his whole life, was peculiarly happy in the fituati^ns in which he was placed. He faved his own country from ruin, he reflored the liberties of thefe kingdoms, he fupported the general independency of Europe. And thus, though his virtue, it is confeffed, be not the pureft which we meet with in hiftory, it will be difficult to find any perfon, whofe anions and conducl; have
fuccefs

contributed, more eminently to the general intereits of fociety and of mankind.

on his enterprife, was well chofen; as the people were then in the highefl: ferment, on account of the infult which the imprifonment and trial of the bilhops had put upon the church, and indeed upon all the proteH:ants of the nation. His method of conducting his preparations was no lefs wife and politic. Under other pretences he had beforehand made confiderable augmentations to the Dutch navy and the Hiips were at that time lying Jn harbour. Some additional troops- jvvere. alfo levied^ and fums of money, ralfed for other purpofes,, were, diverted by
time,

The

when

the prince entered

Piince's
fio'rfg^'^"

the prince tq the ufe of this expeditions -Th<? States had given him their entire confidence^j and partly

irom

terror of the

guft- at

fome

xefliraints laid

power of France, partly from difon .their, cojnmerc^,, in

%M\. kijigdbm'i -We^i-^ifTifiiile' how^^iecrrfAry fuceefo

a86

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

in this enterprife was
pinefs

CHAP,

become

to their domeftic hap-.

^
i6.!i8^

'
1

and

fecurity.

Many

of the neighbourine

princes regarded
tor,

him

as their guardian

and protec-

and were guided by him

in all their counfel'^.

He

held conferences with Caftanaga, governor 6^ the Spanifli Netherlands, whh the electors of Brandenburgh and Saxony, with the landgrave of HefleCaflel, and with the whole houfe of Lunenbour^l

It

was agreed, that thefe princes fhould replace the troops employed againft England, and fliould protedt the United Provinces during the abfence of the prince of Orange. Their forces were already

'

on their march for that purpofe : A confiderable encampment of the Dutch army was formed at Nimeguen: Every place was in movement; and though the roots of this confpiracy reached from one end of Europe to the other, fo fecret were the prince's counfels, and fo fortunate was the fituation of affairs, that he could flill cover his preparations under other pretences ; and little fufpicion was entertained
of his real intentions. The king of France, menaced by the league Si Augfbourg, had refolved, to ftrike the firft bloW^ againft the allies; and having fought a quarrel with the emperor and the eledor palatine, he had invaded Germany with a great army, and had laid fiege to Philipfbourg. The ele<Stor of Cologne, who was alfo bifhop of Liege and Munfter, and whofe territories almolt endrely furrounded "jhe United Provinces, had died about this time; ah3 the candidates for that rich fucceiTion were prince Clement of Bavaria, fupported by the houfe of Auftria, and the cardinal of Furitemberg, a prelate dependent on France. The pope, who favoured the allies, was able to throw the balance between the parties, and prince Clement was chofen ; a circumftance which contributed extremely to the fecurity of the States. But as the cardinal kept pofleffion of many of the fortrefles, and had applied to
'''^''

"France-

..:

JAMES
..

II.

'

"287

France for fuccour,. the neighb.ourln^ territories chap. full of troops; and by this nieans the prepa- ^^^irations of the Dutch and their allies feemed intend,552^^ ed merely for their own defence againft the dilfereiit: enterprifes of Lewis. .,: All the artifices, however,, of the prince coul^^ not entirely conceal his real intentions from the fa^-^ gacity of the French court. D'Avaux, Lewis's en-i; voy at the Hague, had been able, by a comparifon^, of circumftances,. to trace the purpofes of the pre-, parations in Holland and he inftantly informed his Lewis conveyed the inmafter of the difcovery. telligence to James ; and accompanied the information with an important offer. lie was willing to Offers of join a fqiiadron of French fliips to the Englifh fleet ; fu ^'L^^ l:^ ^'' and to fend over any number of troops, which James fhould judge requifite for his fecurity. When this propofal was rejeded, he again offered to raife the fiege of Phillpibourg, to march his army into the Netherlands, and by the terror of his arms to detain the Dutch forces In their own country. This

were

"^

propofal

met with no
not,

better reception.

James was

as yet, entirely convinced, that rejeae-L

his fon-in-law intended an invafion upon England. Fully perfuaded, himfelf, of the facrednefs of his own authority, he fancied that a like belief had made deep impreffion on his fubjecls ; and notwithftanding the llrong fymptoms of difcontent which, broke out every where, Inch an univerfal combina-ti.pn in rebellion appeared to him no-wife credible.,.

His army,
cpJifi^erably

in v/hich he trufted,

and which he had,

eafily

augmented, would
repel
.

be able,

he'

foreign force, and to fupprefs any tedltion among the populace. fmall number^ of, French troops, joined to thefe, might tend only.' and afford them a pretence for to breed difcontent

thought,

to

.j

mutinying again It^foreigners, (o much feared and"A great body' of auxiliaries., hatc<d by the nation. mi^iit, indeed fecurc him both againll an invafion
'

from

M
*^

HISTORY OF GREAt BRITAIN.

A P. from
- Jj

f*
-

^_

filbjeds

^682.

Holland, and agalnfl the rebellion of his owri but would be able afterwards to reduce ; hjni t-o dependence, and render his authority entirely precariavis. Even the French invafion of the Low Countries might be attended with dangerous confequences ; and would fuffifce, in thefe jealous times, to revive the old fufpicion of a combination. againfl: Holland, and againft the proteilant religion ; a fufpicion, which had already produced fuch difThefe were the views fugcontents in England. gelled by Sunderland and it mufl; be confelfed, that the reafons on which they were founded, were tcf fufliciently plaufible ; as indeed the fituation, which the Idng had reduced himfelf, was, to the
;

'

iall

degree, delicate and perplexing.

ally,

Still Lewis was unwilling

and
whofe
interefts

to abandon a friend he regarded as clofely con-

neded with

his ov;n.

Bythe fuggeftion of Skelton, the

king's minifler at Paris, orders were fent to D'Avaux to remonflrate with the States, in Lewis's name,
againfl thofe preparations

which they were making

flrid amity,
faid

to invade England.

The

the

French minifler, which fubfifts between the two monarchsj will make Lewis regard every attempt
againfl his ally as an at of hoftility againft himfelf.

This remonftrance had a bad effed,

States in a flame.

and put the

they
aftced,

What

is

this alliance,

between France and England, which has been fo carefully concealed from us ? Is it of the fame nature >?s?ith the former; meant for our deflruftion, and for
the extirpation of the proteftant religion ? If fo, it is high time for us to provide for our own defence^

and

to anticipate

thofe projeds
difpleafed

which are forming

with
this

againft us.

Even James was

flep taken

oflicious

not reduced, he faidj to the condition of the cardinal of Furftemberg, and obliged to feek the proteftion of He recalled Skelton, and threw him into France.

by Lewis

for his fervice.

He was

the

j
the

IL

^^
folemhly
dif^j.

Tower

for his rafli conduft.

;

He

and protefled, that avowed D'Avaux's memorial no alliance fubfifted between him and Lewis, but what was public and khov/n to all the world. The
States,

yxr^'
Ij

__I^^

1688.

on

however, ftill affected to appear incredulous head " ; and the Engliih, prepoiTeffed againit their fovereign, firmly believed that he had concerted a project with Lewis for their entire fubjection. Portfmouth, it was faid, was to be put into England was the hands of that ambitious monarch to be filled with French and Iriili troops : And every man, who refufed to embrace the Romifn fuperflition, was by thefe bigoted princes devoted ta
that
:

certain deftrudion.

These
both the

fuggeftions were everywhere fpread abroad,

to

augment the difcontents, of which and army, as well as the people, beThe trayed every day the mod evident fymptoms. becaufe Striciand, the fleet had begun to mutiny admiral, a Roman catholic, introduced the mafs aboard his fhip, and difmiffed the proteitant chapIt was v/ith fome difficulty the feamen could lain. be appeafed ; and they ftill perhiled in dechrlng, that they would not fight againft the Dutch, whom they called friends and brethren, but would willand tended
fleet
;

battle to the French, whom they reThe king had intendgarded as national enemies. ed to augment his army with Irilh recruits, and he refolved to try the experiment on the regiment of the duke of Berwic, his natural fon But Beaumont, the lieutenant-colonel, refufed to admit them and to this oppofition five captains fleadily adhered. They were all caihiered j and had not the difcon-

ingly give

* That there really was no new alliance formed betwixt France and Engl:inci appears both iVom Snnderlaiid's apology, and troin D'Avaux's negotiations, lately publifncd Seevol. iv. p. i8 Eng tranflationsj a^th of September 1687, i6th of March, 6th of May, loth of Anguft, 2d, ajdj and a 4th of September, jth and 7th oi
:

Odober,

ith oi

Novembtrj 1688.

Vol. VilL

tents

iqo

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

tents

CHAP,
^^^^^^
j638.

of the army on this occafion become verf

it

apparent,

was refohed

to

have puniflied thofe

offi-

cers for mutiny.

The king made a trial of the difpofitions of his army, in a manner ftill more undifguifed. Finding oppofition from all the eiyrl and ecclefiaftical orders ef the kingdom, he refolved to appeal to the mihtary, who, if unanimous, were able alone to ferve all his purpofes, and to enforce univerfal obedience. His intention was to engage all the regiments, one
after another, to give their confent to the repeal of

the

tell and penal- ftatutes and acsordinglv, themajor of Litchfield's drew out the battalion before the king, and told them, that they were required
;

cither to enter into his majefty's views in thefe particulars, or to lay

down

their arms.

prifed to find that, two captains

ibldiers excepted,

James was furand a few popifh^

Sjid Sent,

the whole battalion immediately embraced the latter part of the alternative. For fome time h'j remained fpeechlefs but having recoveredirom his allonilhrnent, lie commanded them to take up their arms adding with a fullen, difcontented air, " That for the future, he would not do them ^^ the honour to apply for their approbation." Whii.e the khig was difmayed with thefe fymptoms of Q-cneral difaffedion, he received a letter fromthe marquis of Albeville, his miniiler at the Hague, which informed him with certainty, that he wasfoon to look for a powerful mvafion from Hollandy, and that penfionary Fagei had at length acknow; ;

ledged that the feope of

parations

all

the

Dutch

naval pre-

was to tranfport: forces into England. Though James could reafonably expecl no other inHe telligence, he was aflonifhed at the news grew pale, and the letter dropped from his hand : His eyes were now opened, and he tound himfelf on the brink of a frightful precipice, which his deHis milufions had hitherto concealed from him. niilers and counfcilors, equally aJioniibed, faw no rdburse
:

JAMES
into any alliance with

II.

291

tefource but in a fuddea and precipitate retra'^t'on c li a p. of all thofe fatal meafures by which he had credited _'^,^ tohinifeiffo many enemies, foreign and domeicic. 1633, He paid court to the Dutchj and offered to enter

them

for

common

fecurity

He

replaced in

all

the

counties the deputy-lieute- The king

[jf'''*^!'"

hancs and juflices, who had been deprived of their commiflions for their adherence to the teft and the penal laws He i-ei1ored the charters of London, and of all the corporations He annulled the court
:
:

f.uvs.

of ecclenaftical comm.iflion He took off the bifliop of London's fufpenfion He reinffated the ej^pelled preiident and feiiov/s of Magdalen college And he was even reduced to carefs thofe bifnops whom he had fo lately profecuted and infulted. All thefe meafures were regarded as fymptonis of fear, not of repentance. The bifliops, inlliead of proniifmg fuccour, or fuggefling comfort, recapitulated to him all the inlhinces of his mal adminiilration, and advifed him. thenceforwards to follow more falutary counfel. And as intelligence arrived of
:

a great difafler which had befallen the

it

Dutch

fleet,

is

commonly

believed,

that the king recalled,

for
to in
his

fome time, the conceflions which he had made Magdalen college A bad fign of his fmcerity his other conceflions. Nay, fo prevalent were
:

unfortunate prepoffeffions, that, amidft

all

his

prefent diifreiles, he could not forbear, at the baptifm of the young prince, appointing the pope to be

one of the o o-od-fathers.

The report, that a fuppofitltious child was to be impofed on the nation, had been widely fpread, and greedily received, before the birth of the prince of Wales But the king, who, without feemirig to take notice of the matter, might eahly have quafned. that ridiculous rumour, had, from an iil-timed haughtinefs, totally neglected it. He difdained, he
:

faid,

to fatisfy thofe

who

could
2

deem him capable

Finding that
the

offobafe and villanous an

action,

292
^"

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^ PV
._

"

the

calumny gained ground,

and had made

d'ee{>

^,._

impreflion on his fubjefts, he was

.reality

now

obliged to

688.

fubmit to the mortifying talk of afcertaining the

of the birth.

Though no

particular atten-

tion

had been beforehand given

to enfure proof, the

evidence, both of the queen's pregnancy and deli-

Prince's declaration.

and fo much the ; more, as no argument or proof of any importance, nothing but popular rumour and furmife, could be thrown into the oppofite fcale. MEANWHILE, the priuce of Grange's declaration was difperfed over the kingdom, and met with univery, was rendered indifputable
verfal approbation.

All the grievances

:

tion were there enumerated

The

of the nadifpenfmg and

fufpending power
niillion
;

the court of ecclefiaftical

all offices

com;

the filling of

with cathoHcs, and

the

the raifmg of a Jeiuit to be privy counfellor

open encouragement given to popery, by building every where churches, colleges, and feminaries, for
that fed
;

the difplacing of judges,

if

they refufed

to give fentence according to orders received

from

court

the annulling of the charters of

all

the cor-

and the fubjeding of elections to arbiand pleafure the treating of petitions, even the mofl modeft, and from perfons of the the comhigheft rank, as criminal and feditious the of mitting of whole authority Ireland, civil and military, into the hands of papifts ; the aflimiing of an abfolute power over the religion and laws of Scotland, and openly exacting in that kingdom aa obedience without referve ; and the violent prefumptions againfh the legidmacy of the prince of Wales.
porations,
trary will
;
;

faid that

In order to redrefs all thefe grievances, the prince he intended to come over to England with an armed force, which might protedl him from the
king's evil counfellors
:

And

that his fole

aim was

to have a legal and free parliament affembled,

who

might provide for the fafety and liberty of the nation, as well as examine the proofs of the prince of Wales's 7

JAMES

II.

293

Wales's legitimacy. No one, he added, could en- c H a p* ^^^ ^tertain fuch hard thoughts of him as to ima'^^ine, that he had formed any other defign than to procure it>i;3, the full and lalting fettlement of religion, liberty, and property. The force which he meant to bring with him was totally difproportioned to any views of conqueft ; and it were abfurd to fufpeft, that fo many perlbns of high rank, both In church and ftate, would have given him fo many folemn invitations for fuch a pernicious purpofe. Though the Englifh minifters, terrified with his enterpriie, had pretended to redrefs fome of the grievances complained of; there flill remained the foundation of all grievances, that upon which they could In an inftant be again ereftcd, an arbitrary and defpotic power in the crown. And for this ufurpation there was no poffible remedy, but by a full declaration of all the rights of the fubjedl in a free parliament. So well concerted were the prince's meafures, that, in three days, about four hundred tranfports

were hired ; the army quickly fell down the rivers and canals from Nimeguen the artillery, arms, itores, and horfes, were embarked ; and the prince fet fail from Helvoet-Sluice, with a fleet of near five hundred velfels, and an army of above fourteen thoufand men. He firft encountered a ftorm, which drove him back But his lofs being foon repaired, the fleet put to fea under the command of admiral Herbert, and made fail with a fair wind towards the wed of England. The fame wind detained the king's fleet In their flation near Harwich,
;
:

2ifi:

of

^*^^^^^'"-

and enabled the Dutch to pafs the flreights of Dover without oppofition. Both fljores were covered with multitudes of people, who, befides admiring the grandeur of the fpeclacle, were held in anxious fufpenfe by the profped; of an enterprlfe, the moll important, which, during fome ages, had been undertaken in Europe. The prince had a profperous voyage. 3

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

the iifth of
j68s.

voyage, snd landed his army fafely in Torbaycn November, the anniverfary of the gun-

pov/fc^.er-treafon.

The Dutch army marched

firft

to

Exeter

and

the prince's declarrition was there publilhed. That v/hole county was fo terrified with the executions

which had enfued upon Monmouth's rebelHon, that HO one for feverai days joined the prince. The bifhop of Exeter in a fri-jht iied to London, and
carried fo court intelligence of the invafion.

As

reward of his zeal, he received the archbifhopric of York, which had long been kept vacant, with an
intention, as vvas univerfaily believed, of bellowing

The hrlt perfon who joined the it on fome catholic. prince was major Burrington ; and he was quickly followed by the gentry of the counties of Devon and Somerfet. Sir Edward Seymour made propofais
for an
ailociation, which every one figned. By degrees ihQ earl of Abingdon, Pvlr. RufTel, fon of the earl of Bedford, Mr. Wharton^ Godfrey, Howe,

Cereral

commo

to Exeter. All Ena;land was in commotion. Dehimere took arms in ChePnire, the earl of Danby feized York, the ear! of Bath, governor of Plymouth, declared for the prince, the earl of Devonihire made a like declaration in DerbyThe nobility and gentry of Nottinghamfiiirc embraced and every day there appeared fome the fame caufe effeft of that univerfal combination into which the nation had entered againft the meafures of the king.' Xven thofe who took v.ot the field againft him, were able to embarrafs and confound his counfels. A petition for a free parliament was figned by twenty^, four billiops and peers of the greatell diftinftion, and was prefented to the king. No one thought of
l^QJ-^;|
;

came

oppofing or refilling the invader. But the moft dangerous fymptom was the difi. affeftion which from the general fpirit of the nation, not from any particular reafon, had creeped into
the army.

The

officers

feemed

aii

difpofed to prefer

J
fer the Interejfls

AMES

11.

C95

of their country and of their religion to thofe principles of honour and fidelity, which are commonly efteemed the mod facred ties by men of ihat profelllon. Lord .Colchefter, fon of the earl of Rivers, was the iirft ofiicer that deferted to the prince and he ivas attended by a few of his troops. Lord Lovelace made a like effort ; but was intercepted by the militia under the duke of Beaufort, and taken prifoner : Lord Cornbury, fon of the eari He attempted ,of Clarendon, was more fuccefsful. regiments of cavalry and he ; to carry over three confiderable part them to the aftually brought a of diuinction inSeveral officers of prince's quarters. generalj could the that not they formed Feverfliam, in confcience fight againlt the prince of Orange. Lord Churchill had been raifed from the rank of a page, had been invefted with a high command in the army, had been created a peer, and had owed his vi'hole fortune to the king's favour Yet even he could refoivej during the prefent extremity, to de; :

chap.
LXXI,
j^gg^ Deiert on
.Q^y^

unhappy mafler, who had ever repofed enconfidence in him. He carried with him the duke of Grafton, natural fon of the late king, colonel Berkeley, andfome troops of dragoons. This
fert his tire

conducl Vv'as a fignal facrifice to public virtue of every duty in private life and required, ever after, the moft upright, difmterefled, and public-fpirited behaviour, to render it judifiable. The king had arrived at Salifbury, the headquarters of his army, when he received this fatal
;

intelligence. That prince, though a fevere enemy, had ever appeared a warm, fleady, and fincere friend, and he was extremely fhocked with this, as with many other indances of ingradtude, to which There remained none iii he vi^as now expofed. whom he could confide. As the whole army had difcovered fymptcms of difcontent, he concluded it full of treachery; and being deferted by thofe whom he had moll favoured and obliged, he no longer ex-

\J

peeled

496

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

pefted that others would hazard their lives in his During this diflradion and perplexity, he Service.

CHAP,
"^^ "^^'
1688.
2.?th

oF
"
.

bgr.

and of
prince^
'
'

embraced a fudden refolution of drawing off his army, and retiring towards London A mcafure "which could only lerve to betray his fears, and provoke farther treachery. But Churchill had prepared a ftill more mortal blow for his diitreffed benefactor. His lady and he had an entire afcendant over the family of prince George of Denmark and the time now appeared feaforiabie for overwhelming the unhappy king, who was already llaggering v>-'ith the violent iliocks which he had received. Andover v as the firlt (lage of and there prince James's retreat towards London
: ; ;

and of the
Anns!*^

young dukeof Ormond % and fome other perfons ot diffir George Lluet tinftion, deferted him m the night-time, and retired to the prince's camp. No fooner had this news reached London, than the princefs Anne, pretending fear of the king's difpleafure, withdrew herfelf in company with the bifliop of London and lady where the Churchill. She fied to Nottingham earl of Dorfet received her with great refpeft, and the gentry of the county quickly formed a troop for
Qi^oY^e. t(~igether with the
;

her protection. The late king. In order to gratify the nation, had entrufled the education of his nieces entirely to proteilants;

and

as thefe princelfes

were deemed the

chief refource of the eliabhlhed religion after their father's defedion, great care had been taken to
inllil

into

them, from their

too

earlieft

infancy, the

flrongeft prejudices

againft popery.

During the
as

violence

of fuch
all

popular

currents

now

prevailed in England,

private confiderations are

;

commonly
principle

lofh in

the general paffion

poiitffes,

and the more

apt
is

any perfon

the

more

he,

His grandfather, the

.

firft

duke of Ormond,had died

;,

this year,

pjftthe a?ftof July.

j,..,^^

.,.\

.,:-,,,

.,,,,,/.

..,-.._

JAMES
on medic
for

II.

297
his do-

fuch occafions, to
duties.

negled and abandon

thefe caufes

chap.
LXaI.
i^gg,

Though

may account

the behavi Air of the princefs, they had novviie prepared the king to expeft fo aflonifhing an event.

He

burft into tears,

when

the

firft

intelligence of

it

K^n-'s

was conveyed

to him.

Undoubtedly he forefaw

in

con vernation.

of his royal authointimate nearer and more concern of rity : But the of his hold heart; when he found a parent laid his in uttermoil abandoned diftrefs by a hunfelf chi;d, virtuous vv^hom had he ever rechild, and a " tender molt affedion. help God garded with the *' me," cried he. in the extremity of his agony, *' my own children have forfaken me I" It is indeed fmgular- that a prince whofe chief blame confided in imprudences, and mifguided principles, Ihould be expokd, from religious antipathy, to fuch treatment as even Nero, Domitian, or the mod enormous tyrants that have difgraced the records of hidory, never met with from their friends and
this inci lent the total expiration
"

family.

So

violent were the prejudices

which

at this

time
been'
it

prevailed, that this

unhappy

father,

who had
:

defcrted

by

his favourite child,

was believed, upon

her difappearing, to have put her to death

And

was fortunate,

was timely difcovered otherwife the 'populace, even the king's guards' themfelves, might have been engaged, in revenge,' to commence a maflacre of the prieds and cathat the truth
tholics.

The king's fortune ,tempt of his enemies

and adherents.

to the conbehaviour was not fuch as could gain him the edeem of his friends
;

now expofed him

and
his

Unable

to refid the torrent,

he

preferved not prefence of

mind

in yielding

to it;'

but feemed in this emergence as much deprefled with adverfity, as he had before been vainly elated by profperity. Recalled a council of all the peers

^nd

prelates

who were

in

London

and followed
their

s^f

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

their advice in iiruing writs for
'-'^*^

C HAP.

a new parliament, fending Halifax, Nottingham, and Godol^'^ii_j phin, as conimiiTionei-.s to treat with the prince of s^ss, Orange. But thefe were the laft acts of royal au"^

which he exerted. He even hearkened to imprudent c-ounfei, by which he was prompted to defert the throne, and to gratify his enemies beyond what their fondeft hopes could have promifed them. The queen obferving the fury of the people, and knowing how much fne was the objed of general hatred, was ilruck with the deepeft terror, and began to apprehend a parliamentary impeachment, from which, {he was told, the queens of England were not exempted. The popiih courtiers, and above all, the prieils, were aware, that they fliould be the frrll facrince, and that their perpetual banifliment was the fmalleft penalty which they muft ex^ ped from national reientment. They were, therefore, defirons of carrying the king along with them ; whofe prefence, they^knew, would flill be fome refource and protection to them in foreign countries, and whofe refioration, if it ever happened, would The again reinflate them in power and authority. general defedlon of the proteftants made the king regard the catholics as his only fubjecls, on whofe and the fataKcataflrophe of counfel he could rely his father aiiorded them a plaufible reafon for makThe great differing him apprehend a like fate. ence of circumflances was not, during men*s prethority
;

fent diftradions,

fuiliciently

weighed.

Even

after

the people v/ere inflamed by a long execution of Charles I. could not be

tional deed
:

civil

war, the deemed a na-

It was perpetrated by a fanatical army, pufned on by a daring and enthuliaflical leader; and the whole kinedom had ever entertained, and did dill entert2iin, a violent abhorrence againft that enormity. -The fituatioii_ of public afiairs, there-

fore,

no more

ref:;nibled

what

it

v/as forty years be-

fore.

JAMES

II.

299

fore, than the prince of Orange, either in birth, C ft a p, ^ _^charafter, fortune, or connexions, could be fuppofed ^

a parallel to Cromwel. The emiffaries of France, and the king

i(;s2.

among

the reft,

Barillon, the Frtnch amballador, were bufy about

and they had entertained a very jfalfe nowhich they infti'led into him, that nothing would more certainly retard the public fettlement, and beget univerfal confufion, than his deferting The prince of Orange had with the kingdom. and he good reafon embraced a contrary opinion deemed it extremely difficult to find expedients for fecuring the nation, fo long as the king kept poffefActuated, therefore, by this fion of the crown. public motive, and no lefs, we may well prefume, by private ambition, he was determined to uie every expedient which might intimidate the king, and make him quit that throne which he himfelf was alone enabled to fill. He declined a perfonal conferrence with James's commiffioners, and lent the earls of Clarendon and Oxford to treat with The terms which he propofed, implied althem
;

tion,

raoft a prefent participation of the fovereignty

And

he flopped not a moment the march of his armyv towards London. The news which the king received from all quarters, ferved to continue the panic into which he was fallen, and which his enemies expefted to improve to their advantage. Colonel Copel, deputy governor of Hull, made himfelf mafter of that important fortrefs ; and threw into prifon lord Langdale, the governor, a catholic
;

together with lord

Montgomery, a nobleman of the fame religion. The town of Newcallle received lord Lumley, and declared for the prince of Orange and a free parliament. The duke of Norfolk, lord lieutenant of
the county of that name, engaQ;ed
liieafure.
it

in

the
at

fame

The

prince's declaration

was read

Oxford

30*

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

ford by the duke of Ormond, and was received with great applaufe by that loyal univerfity, who alfo made an offer of their plate to the prince. Every

CHAP,
^^^|i62s,

fome perfon of quality or diflintlioni and the reft the duke of Somerfet, went over to the enemy. A violent declaration was difperfed in the prince's name, but without his participation; in which every one was commanded to feize and punifh all papifts, who, contrary to law, pretended
day,

among

any act of authonot be unworthy of notice, that a merry ballad, called Lilliballero, being at this time publilhed in derifion of the papifts and the Irifti, it was greedily received by the people, and was fung by all ranks of men, even by the king's army, who were ftrongly feized with the national fpirit. This incident both difcovered, and ferved to iucreafe, the
either to carry arms, or exercife
rity.
It

may

general difcontent of the kingdom. The contagion of mutiny and difobedience had alfo reached Scotland, whence the regular forces, contrary to the advice of Balcarras, the treafurer, were withdrawn, in order to reinforce the Englifh army. The marquis of Athole, together with vifCount Tarbat, and others, finding the opportunity favourable, began to form intrigues againft Perth, the chancellor ; and the prefbyterians and other mal-

contents flocked from all quarters to Edinburgh. The chancellor, apprehenfive of the confequences, found it expedient to abfcond ; and the populace, as if that event were a fignal for their infurredion, immediately rofe in arms, and rifled the popifli ehapel

All the catholics, even all the zealous royalifts, were obliged to conceal themfelves ; and the privy council, inftead of their former fubmiffive ftrains of addrefs to the king, and violent
in

the king's palace.

ediOis againft their fellow fubjects,

now made
, .

appli-

cations to the prince of Grange,

as the refterer
,.

of

law and

liberty.

The

JAMES

II.

301

The king every moment alarmed, more and C 11 A p. more, by thefe proofs of a general difaffeclion, not j isss. daring to repofe truft in any but thofe who were expofed to more danger than himfelf, agitated by difdain towards ingratitude, by indignation againit difloyalty, impelled by his own fears and thofe of others, precipitately embraced the refolution of efcaping into France ; and he fent off beforehand the queen and the infant prince, under the conduct of count Lauzun, an old favourite of the French He himfelf difappeared in the night- and flf^bt,. monarch. time, attended only by fir Edward Hales ; and made i^^^i^tc. the bed of his way to a fhip which waited for him As if this meafure had near the mouth of the river. not been the moil grateful to his enemies of any that he could adopt, he had carefully concealed his intenand nothing could equal tion from all the world the furprife which feized the city, the court, and the kingdom, upon the difcovery of this ftrange event. Men beheld, all of a fudden, the reins of government throvi^n up by the hand which held them ; and faw none, who had any right, or even pretenfion, to take pofleifion of them.
'
.

The more
confufion,

eifelually to involve every thing in

the king appointed not any one, who fhould, in his abfence, exercife any part of the adminiftfation
;

he threw the great

feal Into

the river

and he

recalled all thofe writs

which had been

iifued

for the eledion of the new parliament. It is often fuppofed, that the fole motive which impelled him, to this fudden defertion,
.

was

his reluctance to meet,

a free parliament, and his refolution not to fubmit to thole terms which his fubjeds would deem requifite for the fecurity of their liberties and their
religion.

But
firil

it

mud

be confidered, that

his

fub-

jeds had
fidence
;

deferted him., and entirely loft his conlife

that he might reafonably be fuppofed to

;

entertain fears for his liberty, if not for his

and

35ft

HISTORY OF GREAT
and
that
^^'_>

BRITA!r4.

CHAP,
f^^
1688.

the conditions would not probably be mo* which the nation, fenlible of his inflexible temper, enraged with the violation of their laws and the danger of their religion, and forefeeing his refentment on account of their pad refiftance, would, in his prefent circumilances, exal from him. By this temporary dillblution of government, the populace were mailers and there was no diforder which, during their prefent ferment, might not be dreaded from them. They rofe in a tumult and
derate,
;

deftroyed

all

the mafs-houfes.

They even

attacked

and

rifled

the houfes of the Florentine envoy

and

Spanifh ambaifador, where many of the cathohcs had lodged their moll valuable effeds. Jefferies, the chancellor, who had dilguifed himfelf, in order to fly the kingdom, was difcovered by them, and fo abufed, that he died a httle after. Even the army, which fliould have fuppreifed thofe tumults, wouldj it was apprehended, ferve rather to increafe the ge-

Feverlham had no fooner heard of than he diil^anded the troops in the neighbourhood, and without either difarming or p^-ying them, let them loofe to prey upon the
neral diforder.

the king's

flight,

country.

In were

this

extremity,

the

bifliops

and peers who

town, being the only remaining authority of the ftate (for the privy council, compofed of the king's creatures, was totally difregarded), thought proper to affembie, and to interpofe for the prefervation of the community. They chofe the marquis of Halifax fpeaker I'hey gave direclions to the mayor and aldermen for keeping the peace of the city: They iffued orders, v/hich were readily obeyed, to the fleet, the army, and all the garrifons And they made applications to the prince of Orange, whofe enteiprife they highly applauded, and whofe
in
:

fuccefs they joyfully congratulated.

TH

A M E

II.

30-5

on his part, was not wanting to the c ha p, ^''^ ^^which jSowed in uponhim, nor backtvard in afl'uming that authority which the prefent i(^%i. exigency had put into his hands. Befides the gene-

The

prince,

tide of fuccefs

ral popularity attending

his

caufe, a
ftill

new

incident

made
either
Irifli

his

approach to London

the prefent trepidation of the from chance or defign,

more gratefuL In people, a rumour arofe,

that the diibanded

had taken arms, and had commenced an uni-

verfal maifacre of the proteftants.

1 his

ridiculous

over the kingdom in one day 5 and begat every where the deepeft conflernation. The alarm bells were rung ; the beacons fired ; men fancied that they faw at a diftance the fmoke of the burning cities, and heard the groans of thofe who were flauc-htered in their neio-hbourhood. It is furprifmg, that the catholics did not all perifli, in the rage which naturally fucceeda to fuch popular
belief

was fpread

ail

panics.

While

every one,

from

principle^ intered, or

unhappy king, unwelcome news arrived, that he had been feized by the populace at Feverfiiam, as he was making his efcape in difguiie ; that he had been much abufed, till he was knov/n but that the gentry had then interpofed and protedicd him, though they ftill refufed to confent to

animofity, turned his back on the

who had abandoned

his ov/n caufe, the

King
i'-'''-^-^''^

a-

fiiam*.'

his efcape.

confufion.

all parties inta prince fent Zuylellein with orders, that the king fhould approach no nearer than Ro-

This intelligence threw

The

cheder ; but the mefiage came too late. He was already arrived in London, where the populace, moved by compaffion for his unhappy late, and actuated by their own levity, had received him viih Shouts and acclamations. During the king's abode at Whitehall, little attention was paid to him by the nobility or any perfoiis of diftindion. They had, all of them, been

,.

prevloufiy

jo^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

previoufly difgufled
gjjj.y J.Q |.j^g

CHAP,
l*xxi.
x68S.

on account of his blind pahiand they knew that they were ; ^ow become criminal in his eyes, by their late
catholics

He public applications to the prince of Orange. himfelf fhewed not any fymptom of fpirit, nor difcovered any intention of refuming the reins of go*
His vernraenc, which he had once thrown afide. authority was now plainly expired ; and as he had exercifed his powerj while poffefled of it, with very

and haughty counfels, he relinquifned by a defpair equally precipitate and pufiiianimous. Nothing remained for the now ruling powers but to deliberate how they fhould difpoie of his perfon. Befides that the prince may juilly be fuppofed to have polTeffed more generofity than to think of oifering violence to an unhappy monarch, fo nearly related to him, he knew that nothing would fo effectually promote his own viev^'S as the king's retiring into France, a country at all times It was determined*^ obnoxious to the Englilh. therefore, to puili him into that meafure, which, of himfelf, he feemed fufficiently inclined to embrace. The king having fent lord Feverfnam on a civil meifage to the prince, deiiring a conference for an
precipitate
it

accommodation in order to the public fettlement, that nobleman was put in arreft, under pretence of The Dutch guards his coming without a paifport were ordered to take polfeffion of Whitehall, where James then refided, and to difplace the Englifli And Halifax, Shrewfbury, and Delamere, brought a meffage from the prince, which they delivered to the king in bed after midnight, ordering him to leave his palace next morning, and to depart for
:

Ham,
tiring

delired permiilion,

He a feat of the duchefs of Lauderdale's. which was eafily granted, of reto Rochefler, a

was perceived,

that

town near the fea-coaft. It the artifice had taken effed j and

JAMES

il/""'''*'

^05

and that the king, terrified with this harfh treatment, c H A r. had renewed his former refo-lution of leaving the ,^_^1..._^ kingdom. loa^s. He lingered, hovv^ever, fome days at llochefter, under the protedion of a Dutch guard, and Teemed defirous of an invitation ftill to keep polTeffion of He was undoubtedly fenfible, that, as the throne. he had at firft trufted too much to his people's loyalty, and, in confidence of their fubmiffion, had offered the greatefc violence to their principles' and fo had he, at lall, on finding his difapprejudices polntment, gone too far In the other extreme, and had haftily fuppofed them deftitute of all fenfe of duty or allegiance. But obferving that the church,
;

the nobility, the city, the country, all concurred in negleling him, and leaving him to his own counfels, he fubmitted to his mehincholy fate ; and be-

ing urged by earnell letters from the

privately

queen, he

embarked on board a

frigate v.'hich waited Second

fj'^j'n'^n

him ; and he arrived fafely at Ambleteufe in Picardy, Vv'hence he haflened to St, Germalns. Lewis received him with the higheft generofity, fympathy, and regard ; a conduct v\^hich, more than his moil
for
fignal victories, contributes to

the

honour of that

great monarch.

Tpius ended the reign of a prince, whom. If v\^e Kln^^s confider his perfonal charader rather than his public charaeier^
conduct, we may fafely pronounce more unfortunate than criminal. Ke had many of thofe qualities which form a good citizen Even fome of thofe which, had they not been fwallowed up in bigotry
:

and arbitrary
fovereign.

principles, ferve
life

to

compofe a good

In domeftic

his

condud

v/as irre-

proachable, and Is entitled to our approbation. &e^ vera, but open in his enmities, fteady in his coun-* fels, diligent in his fchemes, brave in his enterprifes, faithful, fmcere, and honourable In his dealings with all men : Such was the character with which th^

Vol. VIIL

duke

3o6

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

A
P.
'

II

duke of York mounted the throne of England.

that high ftatlon, his frugaUty of public

In

money was

i682.

remarkable, his induftry exemplary, his apphcation to naval affairs fuccefsful, hisencouragement of trade judicious, his jealoufy of national honour laudable : What then was wanting to make him an excellent
fovereiQ-n
?

due

resrard

and

affe6lion to the reli-

gion and conftitution of his country. Had he been pofl'efled of this effential quality, even his middling talents, aided by fo many virtues, would have rendered his reign honourable and happy. When it was wanting, every excellency wliich he poflelTed became dangerous and pernicious to his kingdoms. The fmcerity of this prince (a virtue on which he highly valued himfelt) has been much quefhioned in thofe reiterated promifes which he had made of preferving the liberties and religion of the nation. It mud be confelfed, that his reign was almoll one continued invafion of both ; yet it is known, that, to his lafl breath, he perfilled in afferting, that he never meant to fubvert the laws, or procure more than a toleration and an equality of privileges to his catholic fubjedls. This queflion can only affeft the perfonal character of the king, not our judgment of Though by a ftretch of canhis public conducf. dour w^e ihould admit of his fmcerity in thefe profeffions, the people were equally juftiiiable in their refiftance of him. So lofty was the idea which he had entertained of his legal authority, that it left his fubjefts little or no right to liberty, but what was dependent on his fovereign will and pleafure. And fuch was his zeal for profclytifm, that whatever he might at firfl have intended, he plainly Hopped. not at toleration and equality He conhned all power, encouragement, and favour, to the catholics Converts from intereft would foon have multiplied upon him: If not the greater, at lead the better part of the people, he would have flattered himfelf, was
:
:
.

brought

JAMES
:

11.

307

brought over to his religion And he would in a c 11 a p. ^^ ^^' ^ time have thought it juft, as well as pious, to bellow on them all the public eftablilhments. RiloSs, gours and perfecutions againfl heretics would fpeedily have followed ; and thus hberty and the proteilant religion would in the ilTue have been totally fubverted ; though we fhould not fuppofe that James, in the commencement of his reign, had formally And, on the whole, fixed a plan for that purpofe. allowing this king to have poiTelTed good qualities
little

and good
gerous

intentions, his condu61:

to allow

ferves only,

on

that very account, as a ftronger proof,

it is

how dan-

catholic fuperftition,

any prince, infeded with the to wear the crown of thefe

abilities

kingdoms.

After

this

manner, the courage and

of

the prince of Orange, feconded by furprifmg fortune, had effected the deliverance of this iiland ; and

with very little eifufion of blood (for only one officer of the Dutch army and a fevk^ private foldiers fell in. an accidental fkirmifli) had dethroned a great prince, fupported by a formidable fleet and a numerous army. Stili the more difficult talk remained, and what perhaps the prince regarded as not the leaft important The obtaining for himfelf that crown, which had fallen from the head of his fatherin-law. Some lawyers, entangled in the fubtleties and fornij of their profeffion, could think of no expedient, but that the prince Ihould claim the crown by right of conqueft ; fliould immediately affi.ime the title of fovereign ; and fhould call a parliament, which, being thus legally fummoned by a king in polTeffion, could ratify whatever had been tranfafted before they aifembled. But this meafure, being deftrudive of the principles of liberty, the only principles on which his future throne could be eftablillied, was prudently rejected by the prince, who, finding himfelf polTefled of the goodwill of the nation, refolved to leave them entirely to
:

their

3o8

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

P.

C H A

their

own guidance and

direction.

The

peers

and
cir-

bifhops, to the
drefs deliring
C4.ilar

mumber of near him to fummon

to affuine, in the
affairs
;

ninety, mrade an ada convention

by

letters

mean

time, the

ma-

nagement of publick

and

fures for the leciirity of Ireland.

to concert meaAt the fame time,

they refufed reading a letter, which the king had left in order to apologize for his late defertion, by the violence which had been put upon him. This ftep was a fuiFicient indication of their intentions with regard to that unhappy monarch. The prince feemed Hill unwilling to a6l upon an authority, which might be deemed fo imperfeft % He was defirous of obtaining a more exprefs declaration of the public confent. judicious expe-

dient was fallen

bers,

All the memhoufe of commons during any parliament of Charles II. (the only parliaments whole eleftion was regarded as free) were

on for

that purpofe.

who had

fitten in the

Convention fnm-

invited to meet y and to them were added the mayor, This aldermen, and fifty of the common council. was regarded as the moll proper reprefentative of the people that could be fummoned during the prefent emergence^ They unanimoufly voted the fame addrefs with the lords And the prince, being thus fupported by all the legal authority which could poffibly be obtained hi this critical juncture, wrote cir:

moned.

England

counties and corporations of and his orders were univerfally complied with, A profound tranquillity prevailed tliroughout the kingdom ; and the prince's adminiltration was fubmitted to, as if he had fucceeded in the moll recular letters to the
;

gular

manner

to the vacant throne.

:

ceived his orders

The
him

army, without
to

The fleet remurmur or

:

oppofition, ailov/ed

new-model them

And

the city fupplied him with a loan of two hundred thoufand pounds. The conduft of the prince, with regard to Scotland, was founded on the fame prudent and mode7
rate-

JAMES
rate

II.

309

maxims. Finding that there Scotchmen of rank at that time in fummoned them together, laid before tentions, and afked their advice in
emergency. This
affcnibly,

were many London, he

chap.
LXXI.
i^'^ic;.

them
the

his

in-

prefent

^^h Jan.

conafting of thirty m^.nrof

Scotland.

noblemen and about fourfcore genclemen, chofe a man who, being of a duke Hamilton prefident temporiiing charafter, was determined to pay court
;

to the prefent authority

His eldeft fon, the earl of Arran, profeffed an adherence to king James ; a ufual policy in Scotland, where the father and fon, during civil commotions, v/ere often obferved to

take oppofite fides, in order to fecure, in all events, Arran propofed to inthe family from attainder. 'vite back the king upon condiiions ; but as he was vehemently oppofed in this motion by hr Patric Hume, and feconded by nobody, the alfembly made

an offer to the prince of the prefent adminiftration, which he willingly accepted. To anticipate a little in our narration a convention, by circular letters from the prince, was fummoned at Edinburgh on the twenty-fecond of March where it was foon vifible, that the interell of the malcontents would en; ;

tirely prevail.

ing

zealous royalills, regardhad forborn to appear at eletlions ; and the other party were returned for moft places. The revolution was not, in Scotland, as in England, effeded by a coalition of whig and
this alTembly as illegal,

The more

tory

The former party alone had overpowered the government, and were too much enraged by the pall injuries which they had fulfered, to admit of any compofition with their former mafters. As foon as the purpofe of the convention was difcovered, the earl of Balcarras and vifcount Dundee, leaders of the tories, withdrew from Edinburgh and the convention having palled a bold and decifive vote, that king James, by his mal-adminillration and his abufe of power, \idi& forfeited all title to the crown, they
: ;

made

3*0

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

made
a tender of the royal dignity to the prince

and

1689.

Entwh'
cunverition jneets.
'

Orange. The Englifh convention was affembled ; and it immediately appeared, that the houfe of commons, both from the prevailing humour of the people, and from the influence of prefent authority, were moftly chofen from among the whig party. After thanks were unanim.oufly given by both houfes to the prince of Orange, for the deliverance which he had brought them, a lefs decifive vote than that of the Scottifh convention was in a few days paffed by a great majority of the commons, and fent up to the peers for their concurrence. It was contained in thefe words " That king James II. having endeavoured to fub^^ vert the conflitution of the kingdom, by breaking " the original contract betv/een king and people ; *' and having, by the advice of jefuits and other *' wicked perfons, violated the fundamental laws, *' and withdrawn himfelf out of the kingdom, has " abdicated the government, and that the throne is '' thereby vacant." This vote, when carried to the upper houfe, met v/ith great oppofidon ; of which it
princefs of

here neceflary for us to explain the caufes. The tories and the high-church party, finding 'themfelves at once menaced with a fubverfion of 'the Jaws and of their religion, had zealoufly promoted the national revolt, and had on this occafion departed from thofe principles of non-refiftance, of
is

which, while the king favoured them, they had iormerly made fuch loud profeffions. Their prefent "apprehenfions had prevailed over their political tenets ; and the unfortunate James, who had too much' trufted to thofe general declarations which never' will be reduced to praftice, found in the ilTue, that both parties were fecretly united againfl him. Sut ho fooher was the danger paft, and the general fears fomewhat allayed, than party prejudices re.fumed, in fome degree, their former authority j and
the

JAMES
antagonifts,

ir,

311

the tories were abaHied at that vlclory, which their during the late tranfadions, had ob-

chap.
^'^^_^'

tained over them.

They were
;

inclined, therefore,

1689.
Y'<^^^s
ties.

and, though irenerally determined to oppofe the king's return, they refolved not to confent to dethroning hirn, or altering the regent with kingly power was line of fucc:!iTion. the expedient which they propofed ; and a late in> ftance in Portugal feemed to give fome authority and precedent to that plan of government.
to fleer a middle courfe

o?

In favour of this fchenie the tories urged, that, by the uniform tenor of the Knglilh laws, the title to the crown was ever regarded as facred, and could, on no account, and by no mal-adminiftration, be forfeited by the fovereign That to dethrone a king and to elecl his facceflbr, was a practice quite unknown to the conititution, and had a tendency to render kingly power entirely dependent That where the fovereign, from and precarious his tender years, from lunacy, or from other natural infirmity, was incapacitated to hold the reins of government, both the laws and former practice agreed in appointing a regent, who, during the interval, was invefled with the whole power of the adminiflration That the inveterate and dangrerous prejudices of king James had rendered him as unrit to fway the Englifh fceptre, as if he had fallen into lunacy ; and it was therefore natural for the people to have recourfe to the hme remedy That the eleftion of one king was a precedent for the election of another and the government, by that .means, would either degenerate into a republic, or, what was worfe, into a turbulent and feditious monarchy That the cafe was ftill more dangerous, if there remained a prince, who claimed the crown by right of fuccefTion, and difputed, on fo plaufible a ground, the title of the prefcnt fovereign That though the doftrine of noa-refi ftance might not, iri
: :
:

fvery poHible circumflance, be ablblutely true,

yec
^VdS

31$
^"'^'^^

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^^^'^ belief of it very expedient ; and to eftablifh a government, which lliould have the contrary principle for its bafis, was to lay a foundation for perpe-. tual revolutions and convulfions : That the appointment of a regent was indeed expofed to many inconveniencies ; but fo long as the line of fucceffion was preferved entire, there was ftill a profpect of putting an end, fome time or other, to the public

^^T^'^^T^'

diforders

in hiftory, efpecially in the Englifli hiltory,

an inflance occurred where a difputed title had not, in the iffue, been attended with much greater ills, than all thofe which the people had fought to fhun, by departing from the lineal
:

And

that fcarcely

fucceiior.

Tpie leaders of the whig party, on the other hand, afferted, that, if there were any ill in the preing a regent,

would refult as much from eftabliflifrom dethroning one king, and appointing his fuccelTor nor would the one expedient, if wantonly and raflily embraced by the peocedent, that
ill

as

ple,

be

lefs
:

the fource of public convulsions

than

the other

That

if

the laws gave no exprefs per-

milhon

depofe the fovereign, neither did they or feparating the pov/er from the title ; That a regent was unknown, except where the king, by reafon of his tender age or his infirmities, was incapable of a will ; and in that cafe, his will was fuppofed to be involved in that of the regent : That it would be the height of abfurdity to try a man for ading upon a com^ million, received from a prince, whom we ourfelves' acknowledge to be the lawful fovereign; and no jury would decide fo contrary both to law and common fenfe, as to condemn fuch a pretended criminal That even the profpeft of being delivered from this monftrous inconvenience was, in the prefent fituation of affairs, more diflant than that of putting an end to a difputed fuccefiion : That allowing the young prince to be the legito

authorife refifting his authority,

timate

JAMES

ir.

313

timate heir, he had been carried abroad ; he would C H a p. ^^' be educated in principles deftruclive of the confti- y^^ tution and eftablifhed religion; and he would projCi bably leave a fon, liable to the fame infuperable objelion

That if the whole line were cut off by law, would in time forget or negleft their claim an advantage which could not be hoped for, while the adminiftration was conducted in their name, and while they were flill acknov^dedged to
:

the people
;

poffefs the legal title

And

that a nation thus per-

by regents or proteftors, approached much nearer to a republic than one fubjecl to monarchs, whofe hereditary regular fucceiTion, as well as prefent authority, was fixed and appointed by
petually governed

the people.

This
fpeakers

queftion was agitated with great zeal by the

cppofite parties in the houfe of peers.

The

chief

among

the tories were, Clarendon,

;

Roche-

fler, and Nottingham among the whigs, Halifax and Danby. The queftion was carried for a king by two voices only, fifty-one againft forty-nine. All the prelates, except two, the bifhops of London and Briftol, voted for a regent. The primate, a difmterefted but pufillanimous man, kept at a diflance, both from the prince's court and from

parliament.

The houfe of peers proceeded nexC to examine piecemeal the vote fent up to them by the comThey debated, " Whether there were an mons. " original contraft between king and people ?" and the affirmative was carried by fifty- three againd forty-fix J a proof that the tories were already lofmg ground. The next queftion was, " Whether king '' James had broken that original contradl ?" and,
after a
flight

oppolition, the affirmative prevailed.

The

lords proceeded to take into

confideration the

word abdicated ; and it was carried that defcrted was more proper. The concluding queltion was, *' Whether king James, having broken the origi''

nal

314

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

'<

HAP.
^y^^'
j^g^.

nal contracl and deferfed the government,

the

" throne was thereby vacant ?" This quefllon was debated with more heat and contention than any of the former ; and upon a divilion, the tories prevailed by eleven voices, and it was carried to omit
the lafh article, with regard to the vacancy of the throne. The. vote was fent back to the commons with thefe amendments. The earl of Danby had entertained the project of beftowing the crown folely upon the princefs of Orange, and of admitting her as hereditary legal fucceffor to king James ; paffing by the infant
prince,
as

illegitimate

or
lafl

fuppofititious.

His
the

change of party in the

voices.
Free con.

queftion

gave

tories fo confiderable a majority in the

number of

beTv^t
thehouies.

The commons fliil infifted on their own vote, ^^^ ^'^'^^ "P reafons why the lords fhould depart from their amendments. The lords were not convinced and it was necelTary to have a free conference, in order to fettle this controverfy. Never furely was national debate more important, or managed by more able fpeakers ; yet is one furprifed to find the topics infiited on by both fides fo frivo;

lous

more refembling

the verbal difputes of the

fchools, than the folid reafonings of llatefmen

legiflators.

and

In public tranfactions of fuch confequence, the true motives which produce any meafure are feldom avowed. The whigs, now the ruling party, having united with the tories, in order to bring about the revolution, had fo much deference for their new allies, as not to infift that the crovv-n fliould be declared forfeited, on account of the king's mal-adminiftration Such a declaration, they thought, would imply too exprefs a cenfure of the old tory principles, and too open a preference of
:

their

own. They agreed, therefore, to confound together the king's abufing his power, and his wichiirawing from the kingdom 3 ai>d they called the
whole

JAMES

II.

3t5

whole an ahdicatio7i\ as if he had given a virtual, c H a pthough not a verbal, confent to dethroning himfelf. I^^^^The tories took advantage of this obvious improjgg^j priety, which had been occafioned merely by the and they complaifance or prudence of the whigs infifted upon the word defertion, as more fignificant and intelligible. It was retorted on them, that however that exprelTion might be juftly applied to the king's withdrawing himlelf, it could not, with any
;

propriety, be extended to his violation of the fundaAnd thus both parties, while they mental laws. warped their principles from regard to their anta-

and from prudential confiderations, loft the and uniformity. The managers for the lords next infifted, that even allowing the king's abufe of power to be equivalent to an abdication, or, in other words, to a
gonifts,

praife of confidence

civil death, it could operate no otherwife than his voluntary refignation, or his natural death ; and could only make way for the next fuccefibr. It was a maxim of Englifli law, that the throne was never vacant; but inftantly, upon the demife of one king, was filled with his legal heir, who was entitled to all the authority of his predecefibr.

or unfit for government the however unfortunate in his fituation, though he were even a captive in the hands of public enemies yet no juft reafon, they thought, could be afljgned why, without any default of his own, he iliould iofe a crown, to which, by birth, he was iully entitled. The managers for the commons might have oppofed this reafoning by many ipecious, and even folid arguments. They might have faid, that the great fecurity for allegiance being merely opinion, any fcheme of fettlement Ihould be adopted, in which it was mofi: probable the people would acquiefce and perfevere That though, upon the natural death of a king, whofe adniirjfiratioh had been agreeeWe to thelaws, many and
fuccefibr,
; :

And however young

3i6

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

and great inconveniencies would be endured, rather than exclude his lineal fuccellor ; yet the cafe was not the fame, when the people had been obliged, by their revolt, to dethrone a prince whofe illegal meafures had, in every circumftance, violated the
conftitution
tions, the
:

CHAP,
^^^^^
j^gn,

That, in thefe extraordinary revolu-

government reverted, in fome degree, to its hrfl principles, and the community acquired a right of providing for the public interefl by expedients which, on other occalions, might be deemed That the recent ufe of one violent and irregular extraordinary remedy reconciled the people to the pradice of another, and more familiarifed their minds to fuch Hcences, than if the government had run
:

on

in its ufual tenor : And that king James, having carried abroad his fon, as well as withdrawn himfelf, had given fuch jufl provocation to the kingdom,

had voluntarily involved it in fuch difficulties, that the interells of his family were juftly facrificed to Though the public fettlement and tranquillity. thefe topics feem reafonable, they were entirely forborne by the whig managers ; both becaufe they implied an acknowledgment of the infant prince's
legitimacy, which
it

was agreed

to

keep in obfcurity,
a

and becaufe they contained too exprefs

condemna-

They were content to tion of tory principles. the commons by fliifts and maintain the vote of evafions; and both fides parted at laiT without coming to any agreement. But it was impolTible for the public to remain The perfeverance, long in the prefent fituation.
therefore, of the lower houfe obliged the lords to comply ; and, by the defertion of fome peers to the

whig party, the vote of the commons, without any alteration, pafled by a majority of fifteen in the upper houfe, and received the fandion of every part of the legiflature which then fubfifled. It happens unluckily for thofe who maintain an original contract between the magiilrate and people,
that

JAMES
that, great

II.

3J7

revolutions
civil

of government,
are

fettlements of

conflitutions,

and new commonly

;

HA
^^o^

p.

LXXI.

eondu6led with fuch violence, tumult, and diforder,

that the public voice can fcarcely ever be heard

and the opinions of the

minifiration.
it

citizens are at that time lefs

attended to than even in the

common

courfe of ad-

The

prefent tranfactions in England,

mud

be confeffed, are a frngular exception to this

:

The new eiedlions had b-een carried on with great tranquillity and freedom The prince had ordered the troops to depart from all the towns where the voters aifenibled A tumultuary petition to the two houfes having been promoted, he took care, though the petition was calculated for his adobfervation.
:

vantage, effediialiy to fupprefs it He entered inta no intrigues, either with the electors or the members : He kept himfelf in a total filence, as if he had
:

been nowife concerned in thefe tranfadions And, fo far from forming cabals v/ith the leaders of parties, he difdaincd even to beftow carelfes on thofe whofc affiftance .might be ufeful to him. This conduft was highly meritorious, and difcovered great, moderation and magnanimity ; even though the prince unfortunately, through the whole courfe of .his life, and on every occafion, was noted for an addrefs fo cold, dry, and diftant, that it was very difficult for him, on account of any intereft, tofofteii
:

or familiarize

it.

At
and

length, the prince deigned to break filence,

to exprefs, though in a private manner, his fentiments on the prefent fituation of affairs. He called together Halifax, Shrewlbury, Danby, and a

few more
in

and he told them, that having been inj vited over to reflore their liberty, he had engaged
and had at lail happily effected That it belonged to the parliament, now chofen and alfembled'with freedom, to concert meafurcs for the public fettlement and he prethis enterprife,

his purpofe.

tended

not to interpofe

iu

their determinations.

That

3i8

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

bridling the
:

CHAP.
Lxxi.

That he heard of feveral fchemes propofed for eftagovernment Some infifted on a regent 1689?^ others were defirous of beftowing the crown on It was their concern alone to chufe the princefs adminiftration mofl agreeable or advanof the plan That if to them. they judged it proper to tageous he had no objection fettle a regent, He only thought it incumbent on him to inform them, that he was determined not to be regent, nor ever to engage in a fcheme which, he knew, would be exThat no poied to fuch infuperable difficulties. man could have a jufler or deeper fenfe of the princefs's merit than he was impreffed with but he would rather remain a private perfon than enjoy a crown which muft depend on the will or life of anAnd that they mull therefore make account, other. if they were inclined to either of thefe two plans of fettlement, that it v.ould be totally out of his power to aflill them in carrying it into execution; his affairs abroad were too important to be abandoned for fo precarious a dignity, or even to allow him fo much leifure as would be requifite to introduce order into their disjointed government. These views of the prince were feconded by the princefs herfelf, who, as die poifeffed many virtues, was a mofl obfequious wife to a hufband, who, in the judgment of the generality of her fex, would have appeared fo little attractive and amiable. All confiderations v/ere negleded, when they came in competition with what flie deemed her duty to the "When Danby and others of her partifans prince. wrote her an account of their fchemes and proceedand even ings, {lie exprelfed great difpleafure
: : ; ;

tranfmitted their letters to her hulband, as a facrifice

to conjugal fidelity.

The

princefs

Anne

alfo

concurred in the fame plan for the public fettlement and being promifed an ample revenue, was content to be pollponed in the fucceflion to the And as the title of her infant brother was, crown.
;

in

JAMES
The
chief parties,
therefore,
bill,

11.

^19

in the prefent eftablifliment, entirely negleded, fiie ^l^xi^' might, on the whole, deem herfelf, in point of in- ^.^^^.-^ 1689. tereft, a gainer by this revolution.

being agreed, the

which they fettled the ment of crown on the prince and princefs of Orange, the fole t^ecrown. The prinadminiftration to remain in the prince
convention pafTed a
in
:

of Denmark to fucceed after the death of the prince and princefs of Orange ; her pofterity after thofe of the princefs, but before thofe of the prince by any other wife. The convention annexed to this fettlement of the crown a declaration of rights, where all the points which had, of late years, been difputed between the king and people, were fmally determined ; and the powers of royal prerogative were more narrowly circumfciibed and more exally defmed, than in any former period of the Englilh government.
cefs

Thus have we feen, through the whole courfe of Manners^ four reigns, a continual flruggle maintained between J'j^^'f"^ the crown and the people : Privilege and preroga-

And both parties, be: of difpute, had many latent claims, which, on a favourable occafion, they protive

were ever

at

variance

fide the prefent objeft

duced againft their adverfaries. Governments too and uniform, as they feldom are free, [o are they, in the judgment of fonie, attended with another fenfible inconvenience They abate the adive powers of men ; deprefs courage, invention, and genius ; and produce an univerfal lethargy in the
(teady
:

people.
Englifli

Though

this

opinion
it

may be

jufl,

the

iluftuation and contell,

mull be allowed, of the government were, during thefe reigns,

Q

much

%it>

HISTORY OF GREAT
much
the people.

BRlTAIKf.

^LXXI^*

too violent both for the repofe and fafety of Foreign affairs, at that time, were either entirely neglected, or managed to pernicious purpofes : And in the domeftic adminiflration there

continued fever, either fecret or manifeft ; fometimes the mod furious convulfions and diforders. The revolution forms a new epoch in the conftitution and was probably attended with confequences more advantageous to the people, than barely freeing them from an exceptionable adminiflration. By deciding many important queftions in favour of liberty, and ftill more by that great precedent of depofmg one king, and eflablifhing a new family, it gave fuch an alcendant to popular principles, as has put the nature of the Englifli conflitution beyond ail controverfy. And it mayjuilly be affirmed, without any danger of exaggeration, that we, in this ifland, have ever fince enjoyed, if not the befl fyflem of government, at ieall the mod entire fyf^ tern of liberty, that ever was known amongfl man"Was felt a
;

kind.

To

decry with fuch violence,

;

as

is

affe6led

by

fome, the v/hole line of Stuart

their adminiftration

to

maintain, that

was one continued encroach;

is incontejiahle rights of the people not p-iving due honour to that great event, which not only put a period to their hereditary fucceffion, but made a new fettlement of the whole conftitution. The inconveniencies fufFered by the people under the two firft reigns of that family (for in the main they were fortunate), proceeded in a great meafure from the unavoidable fituation of affairs ; and fcarcely any thing could have prevented thofe events, but fuch vigour of genius in the fovereign, attended with fuch good fortune, as might have enabled him entirely to overpower the liberties of his people. VvT^hile the parliaments, in thofe reigns, were taking advantage of the neceffities of the prince, and at-

ment on the

tempting every ^ ^

feffion

to abolifli, or circumfcribe,

or

JAMES

II.

3^1

or define, fome prerocratlve of the crown, and in- c H A p. novate in the ufual tenor of government : What ^___^^.^^2_^ could be expected, but that the prince would exert 16^9. himfelf in defending, agahifl fach inveterate enemies, an authority which, during the moft regular courfe of the former Englifh government, had been And exercifed without difpute or controverfy ? though Charles II. in 1672, may with reafon be

deemed the aggrelTor, nor is it poffible to juftify his conduct ; yet were there fome motives, furely, which could engage a prince fo foft and indolent, and at the liime time fo judicious, to attempt fuch He felt that public affairs hazardous enterprifes. had reached a fituation at which they could not pofFrefibly remain without fome farther innovation. quent parliaments were become almofi: abfolutely yet neceilary to the conduding of public bufmefs of the thefe affembhes v/ere ftill, in the judgment
;

royalifcs,

much

inferior in dignity to the fovcreign,

whom

they feemed better calculated to counfel than The crown fliU polTefled confiderable controul.

power of oppofing parliaments and had not as yet Hence a acquired the means of influencing them.
;

continual jealoufy between thefe parts of the legifiature Hence the inclination niutually to take ad:

vantage of each other's necefiities : Hence the inipoffibility, uiider which the king lay, of finding minifters, who could at once be ferviceable and If he followed his own choice in faithful to him. appointing his fervants, without regard to their parliamentary intereft, a refractory feflion was inllantly If he chofe them from among the to be expected leaders of popular aifemblies, they either loll their influence with the people, by adhering to the crown, or they betrayed the crown, in order to prefcrve their influence. Neither Hambden, whom Charles I. nor Shafteibury, .was willing to gain at any price whom Charles II. after the popifli plot, attempted
:

to

engage in Vol. VIII.

his

counfcls,

would renounce

their

popu^

^:2i o

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

p.

HA
6S9.

LXXI.

popularity for the precarious, and, as they efteemed itj deceitful favour of the prince. The root of their

and

authority they flill thought to lie in the parliament as the power of that affembly was not yet uncontrollable, they ilill refolved to augment it, though
at the

expence of the royal prerogatives. It is no wonder that thefe events have long, by been extremely reprefentations of faction, the man obfcured. No has yet arifen, clouded and paid entire regard truth, and has an to who has her, without covering or difguife, expofe dared to

Even that to the eyes of the prejudiced public. which regard u^, boafts of the higheft amongd party
to liberty,

thought in

fufficient liberty of nor has been able to decide impartially of their ov/n merit, compared with More ncble perhaps in that of tlieir antagoniils. they their ends, and highly beneficial to mankind muit alfo be allowed to have often been lefs jufliftable in the means, and in many of their enterprifes to have payed more regard to political than to maObliged to court the favour of ral confiderations. the populace, they found it neceffary to comply with their rage and folly ; and have even, on many occafions, by propagating calumnies, and by prOf

has

not

poffeiTed

this particular,

jnoting violence, ferved to infatuate, as Well as corrupt that people, to v^hom they made a tender

of liberty and
papift,

juftice. Charles I. was a tyrant, a and a contriver of the Iriili malTacre The church of England v/as relapfmg fail into idolatry: Puritanifm v/as the only true religion, and the cove:

nant

the

favourite

objeft

of

heavenly

regard.

Through thefe dclafions, the party proceeded, and, what may feem wonderful, itill to the increafe of
law and
liberty
;

tiil

they reached the impodure of

the popifli plot, a filion which exceeds the ordinary bounds of vulgar credulity. But however fm-

gular thefe events may appear, there is really nothing altogether new in any period of modern
1

hiilory:

J
lilftory
:

IvI

ir.

523
arts,

And

it is

remarkable, that tribimltian

chap.
^^^^^
,6X5.

though fometiines ufeful in a free conftitution, have ufually been fuch as men of probity and honour
could not bring themfelves either to practife or approve.
lution,

The other faftion, v/hich, fmce the revohas been obliged to cultivate popularity,
it

fometimes found
fices.

necelTary to

employ

like arti-

party, for a courfe of near feventv almoll without interruption, enjoyed the whole authority of government ; and no honours or offices could be obtained but by their countenance and protedion. But this event, which, in Ibme particulars, has been advantageous to the ftate, has proved deftructive to the truth of hiftory, and has eflabli(hed many grofs falfehoods, which it nation could is unaccountable how any civilized have embraced with regard to its domeftic occurCompofitions the moil defpicable, both rences. for flyle and matter, have been extolled, and propagated, and read ; as if they had equalled the mod And forgetting celebrated remains of antiquity K that a regard to libert)'', though a laudable paffion, ought commonly to be fubordinate to a reverence for eltabliflied government, the prevailing faftion has celebrated only the partifans of the former, who purfued as their objed the perfeclion of civil fociety, and has extolled them at the expence of their antagonifls, Vi'ho maintained thofe maxims that are eiTential to its very exiflence. But extremes of all kinds are to be avoided and though no one will ever pleafe either faction by moderate opinions, it is there we are moft likely to meet with truth and certainty. ihall fubjoin to this general view of the Englidi government, fome account of the ftate of the finances, arms, trade, manners, artSj between t^e years,
has,
;

The

whig

We

reftoration
y

and revolution.
Rapin Tho^^as, Locke, SiJney, Hoadley,
'

Such

as

S<c.

'

Ths

324

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^' ^"^^^ revenue of Charles II. as fettled by the long ^i x\"r It 1 '. _, parUament, was put upon a very bad footing. 1689. was too fmall, if they intended to make him inde-

pendent in the common courfe of his adminiftraIt was too large, and fettled during too long a period, if tbev refolved to keep him in entiie deThe great debts of the republic, which pendence. were thrown upon that prince ; the neceffity of fupplying the naval and mihtary ftores, which were enthat of repairing and furnifhing tirely exhaufted 5 AH thefe caufes involved the king in, his palaces great difficulties immediately after his rciloration ; and the parliament was not fufficiently liberal in Perhaps too he had contracted fupplying him. fome debts abroad ; and his bounty to the diflreired cavaliers, though it did not correfpond either to their fervices or expeclations, could not fail, in
tion
:
""

fome degree, to exhauft his treafury. The extraordinary fums granted the king during the firfl
expences ; and the excife and cufioms, the only conilant revenue^ amounted not to nine hundred thoufand pounds a year, and fell much ihort of the The addition of ordinary burdens of government. and in other two branches money 1662, of hearth in 1669 and 1670, brought up the revenue to one million three hundred fiity-eight thoufand pounds, But the as we learn from lord Danby*s account fame authority informs us, that the yearly expence of government was at that time one million three hundred eighty-feventy thoufand i'eyen hundred and feventy pounds*'; v/itbouc mentioning contingencies, which are always confiderabie, even under the
years,
liifiice
:

did not

for thefe extraordinary

2
*

Lord Clarendon's fpeech

R.slph'5 Hiftory, la.
vol.
i,

p. -zS8.

to the pnrii.iment, O-l. 9, 1665. V/e Jearn irom that lord's

o."

^leHiOirs, p

that the receipts

the Excliequer,

during

i\x

from 1673 to 1679, were about eight millions two lumdrcd thoulanJ pounds, or one million three hundred fixty-lix Ihoulaiid
years,
poiiii/';

a y:?.r.

Sec likcwife, p, 169.

mofl

JAMES

II.

325

moH prudent admlnlilration. Thofe branches of C H A P. revenue, granted in 1669 and 1670, expired in '^1,=^ 1680, and were never renewed by parliament: 1689. They were compated to be above two hundred thoufand pounds a year. It mufl be allowed, be"Caufe aflerted by all cotemporary authors of both parties, and even confefled by himfelf, that king Charles was fomewhac profufe and negligent. But it is likewife certain, that a very rigid frugality was requifice to fupport the government under fuch difficulties.
It
is

a familiar rule in

all

bufinefs, that

ihould be payed in proportion to the trufl repofed in him, and to the power which he enjoys ; and the nation foon found reafon, from Charles's dangerous connexions with France, to repent their departure from that prudential maxim. Indeed, could the parliaments in the reign of Charles I. have been induced to relinqulfh fo far their old habits, as to grant that prince the fame revenue vi^hich was voted to his fucceifor, 'or had thofe in the reign of Charles 11. conferred on him as large a revenue as was enjoyed by his brother, all the difoi'ders in both reigns might eafily have been prevented, and probably all reafonable concefiions to liberty might peaceably have been ob-

every

man

tained from both monarchs.

But

thefe alTemblies,

unacquainted with public bufinefs, and often actuated by fa6lion and fanaticifm, could never be made Jfenfible, but too late and by fatal experience, of the incelTant change of tim.es and htuations. The French ambailador informs his court, that Charles was very well fatisfied with his fhare of power, could the parliament have been induced to make him toJerably eafy in his revenue ^ If we eilimate the ordinary revenue of Charles T. at one million two hundred thoufand pounds a year during his whole reign, the computation will rather exceed than fall below the true value. The
t>

Dalrymple's Appendix, p. 14a.

']

convention

326

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

A
P.

convention parliament, nfter all the funis which they y,^^^,^, ^-^d granted the king towards the payment oi old debts, threw, the lail day of their meeting, a debc J685.
II

upon him amounting

forty-three

to

one million (even hundred

thoufand two hundred fixty-three pounds ^ All the extraordinary fums which were afterwards voted him by parliament, amounted to eleven millions four hundred forty-three thoufand which, divided by four hundred and feven pounds twenty-four, the number of years which that king reigned, make four hundred feventy-iix thoufand
;

hundred and eight pounds a-year. During he had two violent wars to fuftain with the Dutch and in 1678, he made expenfive preparations for a war with France, In the firft Dutch war, both France and Denmark were allies to the United Provinces, and the naval armaments in England were very great So that it is impoffible he could have fecreted any part, at lead any confiderable part, of the fums which were then voted him
eight

that time,

by parliament.
lion
thefe fums we mufl add about one miltwo hundred thoufand pounds, which had been detained from the bankers on {hutting up the Ex-

To

chequer
for this

in

1672.

The

king payed

fix per cent,

''.

money during

the refl of his reign

It is

remarkable, that notwithflanding this violent breach of faith, the king, two years after, borrowed money at eight per cent. ; the fame rate of interefl which proof that he had payed before that event ". public credit, inftead of being of fo delicate a nature as we are apt to imagine, is, in reality, fo hardy and robud, that it is very difficult to deftroy it. The revenue of James was raifed by the parliament to about one million eight hundred and fifty thoufand pounds ^ ; and his income, as duke of York, being added, made the whole amount to two miU

'
j>.

Journals, a9th ofDeccn^ber j66o.

^

<*

Danby's Memoirs,
lit

7.

Id. p. 65.

'

Journ.

of

March

1689.

lions

J
lions a-year;

ir.

357

fum v/ell proportioned to the pubbut enjoyed by him in too indepen- .^ dent a manner. The national debt at the revolution 16251. amounted to one million fifty-four thoufand nine
a
lie neceffities,

CHAP,

hundred twenty-five pounds

^.

much to decay during thefe two by the policy of the kings, who had entertained a diffidence of their fubjects, partly by that ill-judged law which limited the king's power of muflering and arraying the.m. Jn the beginning, however, of Charles's reign, the militia was flill deemed formidable. De Wit having propofed to the French king an Invafion of England during the
militia fell

The

reigns, partly

firil Dutch war, that monarch replied, that fuch an attempt would be entirely fruitlefs, and would tend only to unite the Engllfh. In a few days, faid he, after our landing, there will be fifty thoufand men

at leaft

upon us
five

^.

in the beginning of his relgHj had in. thoufand men, of guards and garrifons. At the end of his reign he augmented this number to near eight thoufand. James, on Monmouth's rebellion, had on foot about fifteen thoufand men ; and when the prince of Orange invaded him, there were no fewer than thirty thoufand regular troops in England. The Engliili navy, during the greater part of

Charles^

pay near

Charles's reign,

made ,a

confiderable figure, for

num-

valour of the men, and conduft of the commanders. Even in 1678, the fleet confided ef

ber of

fliips,

eighty-three
that

fliips

'

befides

thirty,

which were

at

time on the (locks. On the king's reftoration he found only fixty-three veifels of all fizes *". During the latter part of Charles's reign, the navy fell fomewhat to decay, by reafon of the narrownefs of the king's revenue : But James, loon after his ace Journ, 20th of March yoth ot'Oftober 1666.
^
i6S(;.
)

^ D'Eftrades,

Popy's Memoirs, p. 4.

Memoirs OiEnglifh

affairs, cliiefly niivala

ce01o!ii.

328

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

former power and glory; throne carried it much farther. The adminiftration of the admiralty under Pepys, is dill regarded as a model for order and ceconomy. The fleet at the revolution confided of one hmidred feventy-three vefTels of all fizes ; and required forty- two thoufand feamen to man it That king, when duke of York, had been the firfl: inventor of fea-fignals. The military genius, during thefe two reigns, had not totally decayed among the young nobility. Dorfet, Mulgrave, Rochefler, not to mention Oifory, ferved on board the fleet, and
cefTion,

HAP.
icSy.

reflored

it

to its

,^____^1,_^

and before he

left

tlie

',

were prefcut in the the Dutch.

mod

furious engagements againlt:

The commerce and

riches of

during any period, increafe

ration to the revolution.

England did never, from the redoThe two Dutch wars, by

fo fall as

didurbing the trade of that republic, prom.oted the navigation of this ifland ; and after Charles had made a feparate peace with the States, his fubjefts enjoyed, unmoleded, the trade of Europe. The only didurbance which they met with, was from a few French privateers who infeded the channel ; and Charles interpofed not in behalf of his fubjefts The recovery or with fufficient fpirit and vigour. conquefr of New York and the Jerfeys was a confiderable acceffion to the drength and fecurity of the Engli& colonies ; and, together with the fettlement of Pennfylvania and Carolina, which was effcB-td during that reign, extended the Englidi emThe perfecutions of the difpire in America. fenters, or, more properly fpeaking, the redraints impofed upon them, contributed to augment and Dr. Davenant affirms "', people thefe colonies. that the dripping of England more than doubled Several new maduring thefe twenty-eight years. nufadures were edablidied ; in iron,, brafs, filk,
'

Lives oF the Aelmirals, vol.

ii.

ii.

p 476.
53.

'"

Diilouvfe on

the Public Revenues, part

p- 29.

36.

hats,

JAMES
hats,

II.

329

Low

One Brewer, leaving the glafs, paper, &:c. Countries, when they were threatened with a French conqueft, brought the art of dying woollen
cloth into England, and by that

CHAP.
^-'^^^
,^g(._

improvement faved The increafe of the nation great funis of money. coinage during thefe two reigns was ten millions two hundred lixty-one thoufand pounds. A board of and the earl of Sandwicli trade was erefted in 1670 was made prefident. Charles revived and fupported the charter of the Ead-India company a meafure whofe utility is by fome thought doubtful He
;

granted a charter to the Hudfon's Bay company ; a meafure probably hurtful. learn from fir Jofiah Child ", that in 1688

We

Change more men worth 0,000 pounds than there were in 1650 worth a thoufand ; that 500 pounds with a daughter was, in the latter period, deemed a larger portion than 2000 in the former that gentlewomen, in thofe earlier times,
there were on the
1 ;

thought themfelves well cloathed in a ferge govvii, which a chambermaid would, in 1688, be afhamed to be feen in ; and that, befides the great increafe pf rich clothes, plate, jevv^els, and houfehold furniture, coaches were in that time augmented a hundred fold. The duke of Buckingham Introduced from Venice the manufafture of glafs and cryftal into England. Prince Rupert was alfo an encourager of ufeful arts and manufaftures He himfelf was the in:

ventor of etching. The fird law for erefting turnpikes was pafled in 1662 : The places of the turnpikes were Wadefmill, Caxton, and Stilton But the c;eneral and ercat improvement of highways took not place till the reign of George II. In 1663, was paffed the iirll; law for allowing the s:p6rtatIon of foreign coin and bullion.
:

"

Brief Obfervations, &:c.

In

350.

HISTORY OF GREAT

BRITAHST.

16^9.

In 1667 was concluded the firil American treaty between England and Spain : This treaty was made more general and complete in 1670. The two ftates then renounced all right of trading with each other's colonies; and the title of England was acknowledged to all the territories in Americaj of which flie was then poifeflred. The French kinr, about the bednning- of
Charles's reign, laid

fome impofitions on Enghfh

commodities : And the Englifli, partly difpleafed with this innovation, partly moved by their animofity againft France, retaliated, by ia}dng fuch
reftraints

on the commerce with

that

amounted
that

alm.ofl to a prohibition.

kingdom as They formed

by which they perfuaded themfelves they were lofers a million and a half, or near two millions a-year, by the French trade. But no
calculations,

good
off

effects
;

itraints

and

were found to refult from thefe re* in king James's reign they were taken
tells

by parliament.
us, that, in

Lord Clarendon
money,

1665, whent

in confequence of a treaty,

mitted to the biihop of Mnnfter, that the whole trade of England could not fupply above 1000 pounds a- month to Frankfort and Cologne, nor above 20,000 pounds a-month to Hamburgh 1 Thefe funis appear furprifmgly
fmall
".

was to be reit was foundj

the fame time that the boroughs of England were deprived of their privileges, a like at-

At

King James tempt was made on the colonies. recalled the charters, by which their liberties were fecured and he fent over governors invefted with abfolute power. The arbitrary principles of that monarch appear In every part of his admj;

Bittration.
Life

of Clarendon,

p. 237'

The

JAMES
queftioned;, whether,

II.

331

The people, during thefe two reigns, were, great meafure, cured of that wild fanatlcifm, by which they had formerly been fo much agitated. Whatever new vices they might acquire, ic may be
by
this

ma chap.
LXXI.
^^^^

change, they were, ia

By the the main, much lofers in point of morals. example of Charles II. and the cavaliers, licentioufnefs and debauchery became prevalent in the nation.

The pleafures of the table were much purfued. Love was treated more as an appetite than a paffion. The one fex began to abate of the national character of
chaftity, without being able to infpire the other with fentiment or delicacy. The abufes in the former age, arifmg from over-

much propagated of irreligion ; and many of the ingenious men of this period lie under the imputation of deifm, Befides wits and fcholars by profeffion, Shaftefbury, Halifax, Buckingham, Mulgrave, Sunderland, Eflex, Rochelter, Sidney, Temple, are fuppofed to have
flrained pretenfions to piety, had
fpirit

the

adopted thefe principles.

The fame

factions

which

formerly

diftrafted

the nation, were revived, and exerted themfelves in the moil ungenerous and unmanly enterprifes King Charles being in his againfl each other. whole deportment a model of eafy and gentleman-like behaviour, improved the politenefs of the nation ; as much as fadion, which of all things
is

permit.
ners.

to that virtue, could poflibly His courtiers were long diflinguifhable in England by their obliging and agreeable man-

mod

deflruclive

Till the revolution, the liberty of the prefs was very imperfedtly enjoyed in England, and during a The liar-chamber, while that very fhort period. court fubfifted, put effeclual reftraints upon printOn the fuppreilion of that tribunal in 1641, ing. ^he long parhamejat, after their rupture with the kin^.

332.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN,

aifumed the fame power with regard to the licenfmg of books; and this authority was continued during all the period of the republic and proteclorfliip ". Two years after the reftoration, an aO: was pafTed reviving the republican ordinances. This aft expired in 1679 but v/as revived in the firll
kinp^,
;

CHAP,
^^^^^^^^^
,689.

The liberty of the prefs did not of king James. with the revolution. It was not till even commence reftraints were taken off; to the great 1694 that the his minifters, who, feeking and the difpleafure of government, during prefent or any in ing no where, pall ages, any example of fuch unlimited freedonip doubted much of its falutary effefts, and probably thought, that no books or writings would ever fq much improve the general underftanding of men, as to render it fafe to entrufl them with an indulgence
fo eafily abufed.

pealed

In 1677, the old law for burning heretics was rea prudent meafure, while the nation was in
;

continual dread of the return of popery. Amidst the thick cloud of bigotry and ignorance

which overfpread the nation, during the commonwealth and proteftorfnip, there were a few fedate philofophers, who, in the retirement of Oxford, cultivated their reafon, and eflabliflied conferences for the mutual communication of their Wilkins, a difcoveries in phyfics and geometry. clergyman, v/ho had married Cromwel's filfer, and was afterwards bifliop of Chefter, promoted
thefe philofophicai converfations.

Immediately

after

the reftoratioR, thefe men procured a patent, and having enlarged their number, were denominated But this patent was all they the Royal Society. Though Charles was a obtained from the king.
lover of the fciences,
particularly

chemiflry and
his

snechanics

he animated
Scobdl,
i.

them by
ii.

example

44,

13.1..

88. 230.

alone

JAMES
his bounty.

IL

333

His craving courtiers and alone, not by he perpetually furrounded, whom was millreffes, by left him neither moexpence, and his engroffed all merit. His contemliterary for attention ney nor porary, Lewis, who fell fhort of the king's genius and knowledge in this particular, much exceeded

chap. i^^^,
j,_gj.

him

in liberality.

Befides penfions conferred

on

learned men throughout all Elurope, his academies were direfted by rules, and fupported by falaries : generohty which does great honour to his memory ; and, in the eyes of all the ingenious pare

be efteemed an atonement for "We may be furprifed, that this example (liould not be more followed by princes; fince it is certain that that bounty, fo extenfive, fo beneficial, and fo much celebrated, cod not this monarch fo great a fum as is often conferred on one ufelcfs overgrown favourite or
of mankind,
will

many of

the errors of his reign.

courtier.

though the French academy of fciences was encouraged, and fupported by the fovereign, there arofe in England fome men of fuperlor genius who were more than fuflicient to caft the balance, and who drew on themfelves and on their native country the regard and attention of Europe. Befides Wilkins, Wren, Wallis, eminent mathematicians Hooke, an accurate obferver by microand Sydenham, the reftorer of true phyfic; fcopes there flouriflied during this period a ^oyle and a I-Jewton men v/ho trod with cautious, and therefore the more fecure fteps, the only read which kads to
diretSted,
;
;

But

true philofophy.

Boyle improved the pneumatic engine invented by Otto Guericke, and w:is thereby enabled to make feveral nev/ and curious experiments on the His chemiltry is air, as v.'ell as on other bodies much admired by thofe who are acquainted with that art His hydroflatics contain a greater mixture of reafoning and inventioa with experiment
: :

than

j334

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^^^^

CHAP,
^^il!li
j5^;^.

than any other of his works ; but his reafoning h remote from that boldnefs and temerity which

had led aftray fo many philofophers. Boyle was a great partifan of the mechanical philofophy; a theory
which, by difcovering fome of the fecrets of nature, and allowing us to imagine the reft, is fo agreeable to the natural vanity and curiofity of men. He died
in
1

69

1,

aged 6^.

In Newton this ifland may boaft of having pro^ duced the greateft and rarefl genius that ever rofe for the ornament and inftruftion of the fpecies. Cautious in admitting no principles but fuch as were founded on experiment; but refDlute to adopt every fuch principle, however new or unufual; From modefty, ignorant of his fuperiority

above the
:

reft

of

mankind

and thence,

lefs

careful to

accommodate

his reafonings to common apprehenlions More anxious to merit than acquire fame He v/as, from but his thefe caufes, long unknown to the world reputation at laft broke out with a luftre, \^hich fcarcely any writer, during his own life-time, had While Newton feemed to ever before attained. draw off the veil from fome of the myfterles of nature, he fhewed at the fame time the imperfections of the mechanical philofophy ; and thereby reftored her ultimate fecrets to that obfcurity in which they ever did and ever will remain. He died in 1727, aged 85. This age was far from being fo favourable to
:

Charles, though fond of wit, though poifeifed himfelf of a confiderable fnare of it, though his tafte in converfation feems to have been found and juft, ferved rather to corrupt than improve the poetry and eloquence of When the theatres were opened at the his time. leftoration, and freedom was again given to pleafantry and ingenuity; men, after fo long an abpolite literature as to the fciences. ftinence, fed

on
tl^e

thefe delicacies with lefs tafte

coarfeft

and
of

avidity,

and

and

mod

irregular fpecies

JAMES
j

IL

335

of wit was received by the court as well as by the c li A p. people. The produdions reprefented at that time LXXi. on the Ttage, were fuch monfters of extravagance and i(^^ folly fo utterly deftitute of all reafon or even common fenfe; that they would be the difgrace of Englifh literature, had not the nation made atonement
for its former admiration of them, by the total oblivion to which they are now condemned. The duke of Buckingham's Rehearfal, v/hich expofed thefe wild produftions, feems to be a piece of ridicule carried to excefs; yet in reality the copy fcarcely equals fome of the abfurdities v/hich we meet with in tlit
originals
''.

This fevere fatire, together with the good fenfe of t^e nation, correled, after fome time, the extravagancies of the fafhionable v.it; but the productions of literature ftili wanted much of that corrednefs and delicacy which we fo much admire in the ancients, and in the French writers, their judicious imitators. It was indeed during this period chiefiy, that that nation left the Englilli behind
them
tory, in the produclions of poetry, eloquence, hif-

and other branches of polite letters; and acquired a fuperiority, which the efforts of Englifh writers, during the fubfequent age, did more fuccefsfully conteft with them. The arts and fciences
into France;

were imported from Italy into this illand as early as and made at firft more fenfible advances. Spencer, Shakefpeare, Bacon, Johnfon, were fuperior to their cotemporaries, who flouriflied in that kingdom. Milton, Waller, Denham, Cowley, Flarvey, were at lead equal to their. cotemporaries. The reign of Charles IT which fome prepofleroully reprefent as our Auguftan age, retarded the progrefs of polite literature in this illand; and it was then found, that the immeafurable licentiouOiefs, indulged or rather applauded at court,

The duke

of Buckingham died on the j6th of April itS8.

was

33'5

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

^Vviis

^^^.:^
16^9.

more

deftruclive to the refined arts, than even

^,..._^,.^

the cant, nonl'enfej and enthufiafm of the preceding period.

Most
bad

of

the,

monuments of

celebrated writers of this an-e o remain genius, perverted by indecency and

tafte ; and none more than Drycien, both by reafon of the greatnefs of iiis talents, and the grofs abufe which he made of them. His plays, ex-

cepting a few fcenes, are utterly disfigured by vice His tranfladons appear too much or folly, or both. the ohspring of hade and hunger Even his fables
:

are ill-chofen tales, conveyed in an incorred, though

fpirited verfihcation. Yet, amidil this great number of loofe productions, the refufe of our language,

there are found fome fmall pieces, his

Cecilia, the greater part of

Ode
fo

to St.

Abfalom and Achitogreat

phel,

and a few more, which difcover

genius, fuch richnefs of expreffion, fuch

variety of

pomp and

numbers, that they leave us equally full of regret and indignation, on account ol the infeof his other WTithigs.
is

riority, or rather great abfurdity

He died in i/Oi, aged 69. The very name of Rocheffer

defl:

ciTenfive to

mo-

ears

yet does his poetry difcover fuch energy

ground what fo fine a genius, had he fallen in a more happy age, and had followed better models,
of (lyle and fuch poignancy of fatire, as give
to imagine

was capable of producing.

their

The

ancient

fatirifts
j

often ufed great liberties in their expreifions

but

freedom no more rcfembles the licentioufnefs of Rochefter, than the nakednefs of an Iniiian does

that of a

common

proflitute,

was ambitious of the reputation of wit and libertinifm; and he attained it: He was probably capable of reaching the fame of true comedy, and inftruclive ridicule. Otway had a genius finely
turned to the pathetic j but he neither obfcrves {fricUy the rules of the dramap nor the rules, ftiil more effential,

Wycherley

JAMES
tial,

ir.

337-

piece, the

By one fingle of propriety and decorum. duke of Bucldngham did both great ier-

CHAP,
LXXI.
itif'j.

Ihe earls vice to his ape, and honour to himfelf. of Mulgrave, Dorfet, and Rofcommon, wrote in a
carelefs.

but their productions are either feeble or of Halifax diicovers a refined genius ; and nothing but kil'ure and an inferior ftation feems wanting to have procured him emitafte,

good

The marquis

nence in

literature.

Of

all

the confiderable writers of this age,

is

fir

almofl the only one that kept himfelf altogether unpolluted by that inundation of vice and licentioufnels which overwhelmed the nation. The flyle of this author, though extremely negligent, and eveH infected with foreign idioms,

William Temple

That mixture of and interesting. which appears in his works, is rather a recommendation to them. By means of it, we
is

agreeable

vanity

enter into acquaintance with the charatler of the

author,

full of

honour and humanity

and fancy that

died in 1698,

we

are engaged, not in the perufal of a book, but in

converfation with a companion.

He

aged 70.

Hudibras was pubhfliedj and probably during the reign of Charles 11. Butler may juflly, as well as Milton, be thought to belong to the foregoing period. No compohcion abounds fo much as Hudibras in flrokes of jufl and inimitable wit yet there are many performances which give us great or greater entertainment on the whole perufal. The allufions in Butler are often dark and far-fetched and though fcarcely any author was ever able to exprefs his thoughts in lo few words, he often employs too many thoughts on one fubje(ff, jind thereby becomes prolix after an unulaal manIt is furprihng how much erudition Butler ner. has introduced with lo good a grace inco a work of plealantry and humour Hudibras is perhaps one of the molt iearijed coinpolitions that is to be found iu
compofed,
;

Though

Vol. VIU.

/^

any

33S

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

language.-

H A P; any
LXXI.

The advantage which

the royal caufe

received from this poem, in

falfe

^"^goT^ and
ty,

was

fanaticifm pretenfions of the former parliamentary parprodigious. The king himfelf had fo good
as to be highly pleafed wich the merit of the

expofmg the

taflcj

work, and had even got a great part of it by heart Yet was he either fo carelefs in his temper, or fo
little

endowed with the virtue of liberality, or, more properly fpeaking, of gratitude, that he allowed the author, a man of virtue and probity, to live in oband die in want ^ Dryden is an inftance His Abfalom of a negligence of the fame kind. fenfibly contributed to the vidory which the tories obtained over the whigs, after the exclufion of parliaments: Yet could not this merit, aided by his great genius, procure him an eflablifhment which might
fcurity,

exempt him from the neceffity of writing for bread. Otway, though a profeffed royalift, could not even procure bread by his writings ; and he had the fingular fate of dying literally of hunger. Thefe incidents throw a great ftain on the memory of Charles, who had difcernment, loved genius, was liberal of money,
but attained not the praife of true generofity.
*=

Buller died in i6So, aged 68.

G E N E R

At

I
"

Isf

D.B
~

X.
-^

n'i ot' r>"

N. B. The Roman Numerals

direft to the

Volume, and

the Figures to the Page.

A.

/jBBET LANDS,
ib.

the immediate inconvenlencies refulting from their

alienation into lay-hands at the reformation, Iv. 327. Ahheys, their rich revenues, iv. 184. The hofpitality excrcifedby

them,

See Monajler'us. Abbot., archbifaop, is fufpended and confined, for refiifing to licenfe Sibthorp's fermon on general loans, vi. 226. Is employed by the lords to moderate the pretcniions of the commons, in the petition of right,
Abbots, are excluded from their feats in the houfe of lords, iv. 205. Monajleries
Ab/jon-eis

See

petitioners, an account of the origin of thofe party diftinc126. The former perfecuted, and the latter countenanced, by the houfe of commons, 129. j/^cadte is yielded to the French by the treaty of Breda, vii. 423. Acca, daughter of iElla king of DcYra, is married to Ethelfred king of

and

tions, viii.

Bernicia,

i.

26.

Acre, a city in Paledlne, bcfieged by the Chriftians, ii. 13. Taken by the aifillance of Richard 1. of England, and Philip of France, 15. The garrifon butchered, 22.
iffue, (hewing the foundation of king Stephen's pretenlions, i. 350. y^<'/t^/7V king of Bernicia, eftablilhes the kingdom of ^'orthumberland, Deltioys the i. 26. 40. Great llaughter of Britifli monks by, 41 vail monallery of Bangor, ib. Defeated and killed by Redwal king of the Eall Angles, 42. Adjournment of parhament, didintlion between that by the king, and of the houfe of commons by themfelves, vi. 275, note. Admiral, lord high, an account of thofe who filled that poll during the Thofe in the rei;?n of Charles I. vii. 153. reign of James I. vi. 156. Adrian, emperor, builds his famous rampart between B.itain and Caledonia, i. 10. Completed by Sevcrus, ib. Adrian III. an Engllfli pope, his motives for making a grant of Ireland

AdeJa, daughter of king William the Conqueror, her

to

Henry

II. of

England,

i.

Adrian VI. 48.

pope, his conduft

426. toward

tlie

reformers,

iv.

39.

Dico,

Adulters,

INDEX.
Ailidkrfi

the legal compofition for,

among our Saxon

and
fiittles in

anceftors,

i.

220.
JElla, a Saxoiij defeats the Britoni,
SufTex, u 22.

See

Sujtx.

JEt'im,

another Saxon of that name, Is made king of D.c'ira, i. 26. why unable to lillen to the embafly of the Britons for affiftance,
or reprefentatives of the army,
87.

Agitators,

in a miHtary parh'ament, Send cornet Joyce to feize the king from HoIdenby 88. Their meetings forbid by Cromwel, 109. Diforders committed by them, 166. Are fuppreiTed by the generals, 167. Jlgnes Sorrel, miilrefs of Charles VII. afliUs the queen in recovering hini from his dejeflion on the fiege of Orleans, ill. 141.

chofen,

vii.

Julius, finally lubdues the Bntons, as far as Caledonia, i. 9. he fecures their fubjeftion, ih. His civil inftitutions, ib. j^gricultitre, evidence of the bad ftate of, in the time of Henry VIII. iv. 278. State of, ^uring the reign of James I. vi. 188. A'tx la Chapellc, treaty of, in refult of the triple alliance, vii. 457. jilnfco, John, a Polifh nobleman, being expelled, turns proteflant preacher, and takes refuge with his congregation in England, iv. 347. Is protected by the council, 11. Is forced to leave England at the acceflion of queen Mary, 3 78. \AlbanOf the pope's legate, excommunicates prince Richard, fon of Henry II. for rebelling againlt his father, i. 460. Albany 1 duke pf, brother to Robert III. king of Scotland, afTumes the adminiftration, iii. 75. Enjoys the regal power by the death of hia brother and the captivity of his nephew, ih. Sends forces to the dauphin of France, who defeat and' kill the duke of Clarence, 114. Dies, 128. Charafler of his foil Mmdac, lb. to ac, duke of, is Invited over by the influence of the lord Hume, cept the reg-^ncy of Scotland, iv. 6. The ilate of the kingdom as it appeared to him at his arrival, ih. Is prejudiced againft Hume by the enemies of that nobleman, 7. The young king carried off by his rriother, ib. Lord Hume makes war againlt him, and is put to death Returns to Scotland, 43. by him, 8. Goes over to France, ib. Concludes a truce with the Englifli, and returns to France, 43. Comes back, but his operations againlt England difconcerted, 45. Leaver
jigricola^

How

vScotland finally,

ib.

Albemarle, earl of, foments a rebellion of the barons againft Henry III. ii. 153. Lofes Rockingham caille, but gains Fotheringay, and others,
ib.

Is

excommunicated by Pandolf the

general

legate, ib.

Submits, and

ii

pardoned, 154.
,

Monk,

created duke of,

^6'6.

vii.

350.

.demjiation of Argjde,

Engages the Dutch admiral

Procures the con^ for iour

days, 4? o.
Albert

His death and character, 467, note. and Theodin appointed legates to inquire into the murder of Thomas a Becket, i. 43 i. Their accommodation with Henry II. or.
bj'

Alhigcnfclf

the account pf It, 432. Abfolve him, 433. who they were, ii. 6,6. A cruiade againft them piibhfhed

pupc Inuoccnilll.

ih.

Exterminated, 67.

INDEX.
AlbifKy, William de, defends the caftle of Rochefter for the baronS agai'h^
Is obliged to furrender, \h. John, ii. 93. clergyman, fent by Oifa, king of Mercia, to the emperor Charlemagne, and becomes his preceptor in the fciences, i. 50. Alderman and Earl, fynonymous terms in the Saxon laws and annals, I.
killer

Alcu'in, a

Aldred, archblfhop of York, crowns king Karold, liam the Conqueror, 236. Dies of grief, 257. Ale^ its price in the reign of Henry III. ii. 224.
Alerii^.on.,

i,

179.

Crowns

^^' 11-

beiieged by John king of England, ii. 50. The iiege ralfed by the addrcfs of Philip of France, 51. duke of, created duke of Anjou, v. 239. , Alexander II. pope, his motives for declaring in favour of the Norman
invafion,
i.

185. 256.

Sends Ermenfroy legate to William the Con-

queror,

ih.

III. pope, driven from Rome, by the antipope Victor IV. 1; 381. Abjedl honours paid to, by the kings of France and England, ib. Annuls the Conllitutions of Clarendon, 396. Deceives the intentions of Flenry II. in the grant of a legatlne commiflion, ih. His honourable reception of archbifhop Becket, and cool behaviour to Henry's einbafry, 403. x^ttempts by his nuncios to reconcile them, 410. Appeafed by Henry's fubmiflions on the occafion of Becket's murder, IfTues bulls at Henry's defire againft C^inonizes Becket, 421 420.
.

437. IV. pope, publlfhes a crufade againft Sicily, ii. 173. His levies on the Englilh clergy to carry it on, lb. Threatens the kingdom with an InterdliR- for non-payment of his demand, 174. VI. pope, fends a nuncio to engage Henry VII. of England in a crufade againll the Turks, ill. 384. III. king of Scotland, efpoufes the filler of Edward I. of England, ii. 245. His death, lb. ^/i.w Comnenus, emperor of Greece, his policy to get rid of the crufaders,
1.

his fons,

309.

Alford, encounter there, between Montrofe and Baillle, vii. 5:. Alfred, accompanies his father Ethelwolf in his pilgrimage to Rome, 1. Sucyr. Affills lus brother king Ethelred agalnit the Danes, 74.
ih,

Is anointed at Rome by pope Leo III. ceeds him to the crown, 76. Is Vv'orfted by the Danes, ih. Progrefs of his education, 77.

Forced to rellnquifh his domiFights feveral battles with them, 79. Anecdote of him during this nions in the dlfguifs of a peafant, 80. Salconcealment, ih. Collefts ome retainers in a fecret retreat, ib. lies, and routs the Danes, 81 Enters their camp difgulfed like a harper,
.

His civil 83. Routs Haftings the Dane, 87. Routs Sigcfert the Northumbrian pirate, 89. His chaDirafter, 90. State of the nation at the defeat of tlie Danes, 91. vides England Into dlllrlds for the eafy c:cecution of juilice, 92. The modes of jullice eftablidied by him, ib. Appoints juries for judicial decifions, 93. His regard for the liberties of his people, 96. His care for the advancement of learning, ib. His oeconomy of his time, 97, How he inculcated morality, io. Hi. literary per82.
fettle,

Defeats them again, and admits them to

inilltutlons, 84. 91.

Forms

a naval force,

85.

3.

formalizes,

INDEX.
formances,
fkftures,

98.

and commerce,

His attention to the promotion of arts, maniiib. His great reputation abroad, 99. His

children, ib.

Alfred, a Saxon nobleman, accufed of confplring againft king Altlielftan, his extraordinary fate, i. 103.
jilfric,

duke of Mercia, his infamous charaifler and liiftory, i. 131. Treacheroufly faves the Danifh fleet, 132. Another inftance of liis perfidy, 142. Algiers is compelled to peace by admiral Blake, vii. 254. jilice Pierce becomes the favourite of Edward HI. but is removed from
court,
^lletiy
ii.

483.
his

charaAer, iv. 17. Is made judge of cardinal Wolfe} 's ib. Is profecuted and convi(fted of iniquity, 18. Alliance, triple, formed againft Lewis XIV. vii. 435. his cruel profecutiou in the ftar-chambcr for ilauder, vi. AlUfoiv,

John,

legatine court,

..^//o^m/ and feudal poffenions, the difference

between, explained, and the preference of the latter in the early ages (hewn, Ii. 105, 106. Alnivick, William king of Scotland defeated and taken prifoner there by the Engllfh, i. 445.
Altar removed from the wall into the middle of the church by the firft Englifh reformers, v, 152. Alva, duke of, concerts with Philip of Spain, Catherine de Medicis,, and the cardinal of Lorraine, a maffacre of the French Protellants, v. See Hugonots, and Medich, Enters Into a negotiation with the 93. earl of Northumberland for an infurrection in England, 163. Is employed by Philip to opprefs the Flemings, 193. His characler, ib. His cruelties, ib. Some money fent for him from Genoa, fclzed by queen Elizabeth, 194. Revenges himfelf on the Englifh merchants, His cruel extortions on the Flemings, ib. Attempts to difturb 195. the Englifh government in favour of Mary queen of Scots, 196. Revolt of Holland and Zealand, Z15. Condemns the prince of Orange as a rebel, and confifcatcs his poffeflions, ib. His crueltv on reducing Harlem, 216. Is finally repulfed at Alcmaer, and iolicits to be recalled from the Low Countries, ib, Boalls of his infamous con-. du6l, 217. Amboyna, cruelties praftlfed by the Dutch towards the Englifh fadors there, vl. 185. Why this injury was not properly refented, ib. Ambrofius commands the Britons agalnfl Htngill, i. 21. Amerciaments , the arbitrary manner of irapofing, by the Anglo-Norman
kings, America,
ii.

136.
firft

when

difcovered,

iii.

404.

Great

alterations in the

Euro-

of this difcovery, ib. The different claims made by the European nations to their drfcoverics in, vi. 95. Colonies ellablifhed there by James I. 186. Amiens, the ftates of France fummoned there by Lewis XT. on the appeal The apto him by Henry HI. and the barons of England, II. 201.

pean nations

in

confequence

'

ib. Treaty of alliance there, between the dukes of Bedford, Burgundy, and Britanny, Iii. 128. Ancram, battle of, iv. 249. Angles, who, and where they fettled in Britain, i. 22. 2^. Angkjeyy

peal decided in favour of Henry,

INDEX,
Anglefey, attacked
there, ib.

by Suetonius Paulinus,

i.

8.

The Druids

deftroycd

AngUa, Eaft, hlftory of the Saxon kingdom of, I. 46. ^n^/o-Norman government, the executive power of, where lodged, ii. 121. The judicial power how dilhibuted, ih. The crown revenue, in what it confifted, 125. Talliages levied by, 126. Angus^ earl of, marries Margaret, widow of James IV. of Scotland, iv. 5. She gets a divorce from him, and marries again, 123. Is forced to fly into England by the young king, lb. Joins the Engliih army againft James V. of Scotland, 228. Returns to Scotland, and Contakes part with the earl of Arran agalnll cardinal Beaton, 232. duls the retreat of th'. Scots army from the Engliih on the flight of Infpires Arran with refolution to face the Englifli again, Arran, 248.
are defeated at Ancram, 249. Commands the van at the battle of Pin key, 303. Anjou, duke of, brother to Charles IX. of France, defeats and kills the Defeats Coligni at prince of Conde at the battle of Jarnac, v. 186. Is propofed as a hufband to Elizabeth queen of Montcontour, 188. Takes poiTcflion of England, 189. Is ele61ed king c^ Poland, 210. the crown of France, on the death of his brother Charles, ib. See Henry III. of France. Sends over Slmier , the duke of Alen^on created duke of, v. 239. See Simier. to profecute his fuit with queen Elizabeth, ib. Pays Elizabeth a private vifit, 240. Articles for his marriage prepared, Is fent in the fervice of the States to the Low Countries, 242. 241. Receives a His operations there, 243. Comes over to England, /^. ring from Elizabeth, 244. The queen breaks off the match with him, Is expelled the Netherlands, returns home and dies, ib, 247. Anlaf h^zds the Danith pirates againii king Athelltan, 1. 105. His ftratagem to gain intelligence in Athclilan's camp, ib, Athellla;i's prudent conduct on the occafion, 106. Annates^ an aft of parliament; palTed by Henry VII [. againft levying, iv. 107. Anne, filler of the emperor Winceflaus, and queen of Richard II. her ineffeftual fuit to the duke of Glouceller in favour of Sir Simon Burley,

who

iii.

22.

of Beaujou, her charader, iii. 335. Vefted with the government of France during the minority ot Charles VIII. ib. The adminiltration difputed by Lewis duke of Orleans, 336, Moprincefs, lady
tives

of her embaffy to Henry VII. of England, 337. of Cleves, is fent over to be married to Henry VIII. of England, iv. 202. Henry fees her privately, and is difgullcd with her, ib. Is neverthelefs married by him, 204. Is divorced from Henry, 209. Her infenfiblllty under this treatment, 2 'o. Refufes to return home, ib. lady, daughter of James duke of York, married to prince George of Denmark, viii. 204. Deferts with her hnihand to the prince of Orange, 296. Is declared fucceffor to the crown on failure of the iffue of her fifter Mary, 3 19. Anfdm, a Norman abbot, appointed archbilhop of Canterbury, bv William Rufus, i. 301. Oppofes the violences of the king, 302. Preaches Z4 iuccefsfuUy

INDEX.
then fafhlonable modes of drefs, 503 Efpoiifss the pretenlions of Urban to the papacy, iii. In what manner he fiirniOied his quota of foldiers demanded by the k\n^ for his expedition againll Wales, 304. Retires to Rome, and his temporahties coaAfiifts at the council of Bari, ilf. tifcated, il). Recalled by Henry 1. 317. Refufes homage to him, 318. Aflills at a council to debate on the king's intended marriage, iL Acquires the king's confidence, 320Procures an accommodation between the king and his brother Robert, 321. Refufes to confecrate the bifhops inverted by Henry, 328. Retires to Rome, and his revenues again coniifcated, Returns to his monallery in Normandy, ii. Compromife 329. with, /|^. 333. Aiicieul liAorj, caufcs of the uncertainty of, pointed out, I. l. 19. uivJonio, Don, prior of Crato, folicits affiftance from England to alTert his pretenfions to the crown of Portugal, v. 348. Obtains a fmall fleet, 349. The expedition fails, 350. A:it-'juerp, joyful reception of the Englilh merchants there, on the renewal of commerce with Flanders by Henry VII. iii. 378. revolt of the proteRants there, againft the catholic worfhip, v. 192. Tlie infurgents fuppreiled by the prince of Orange, tb. Appeals, from inferior to iuperior courts, how appointed by the laws of Alfred, i. 93. From the barons courts, how regulated by parliament, in the reign of Henry III. ii. 223. To P..ome, forbid by parliament, iv. 112. From chancery to the houfe of peers, fird came into praftice, vi. 110, note. Appi-enllces of London petition the long parliament, vi. 475. Archangel, a paflage to, difcovered, and trade opened with Mufcovy,
{"uccefsfully agalnfl: the
.

V.

478.

Arccmboldl, a Genoefe bilhop, farms the fale of indulgences in Saxony, of Magdalen, pope Leo's filler, iv. 34. Appoints the preaching of

them to the Dominicans, lb. See Indulgences and Luther. Jn-hy, the king's fool, lofes his place forexercifing his wit on archbifhop
Laud,
vi.

313.
a plain
near,

Jrdres, interview between

France,

in

Henry Vlil. of England, and Francis I. of iv. 22. Grand tournament held by them

there, 24. Argyle, earl of, with his fon lord Lorn, enters into the alTociatlon of reformers called th.e Congregation of the Lord, v. 22. Attends the

'

queen-regent in her attempt to fupprefs the protellant riots, 27. Signs the new covenant of the Congregation, 30. Enters Into a confpiracy againll Mary at Stirling, 90. Is forced to fly into England, Is invited back by Darnley, 97. Is reconciled to the queen, 98. 91. , earl of, his charader, vi. 336. Subfcribes to the covenant, ib. Deferts his army at the approach of Montrofe, vii. 49. Refufes any intimacy with Charles IL on his arrival in Scotland, i86. ijubmits to the commonwealth, 207. Is tried and executed, 368. , eati of, fee Lorn. Is again condemned for Icafing-making, vi,ii. 169. Efcapes to Holland,- 170. Engages in the duke of iVloniticiuth''^

confpiracy,

i8;;'.

Urges Monmouth
1;;

to rebel againil
z^^'o.

James Ii.

.'28.

Invfedes Scutlund, 237.

taken and cxceuud,

I.

N D

X.

Jlrupis,

rcij^n of James I. vi. 163. Bennet earl of, made fccretary of Hate by Charles It. vii. 393. Becomes one of the cabal miniftry, 458. His charafter, Is fent to Holland, to treat with Lewis XIV. concerning peace 460. with the States, 493. Armada, the Invincible one of Spain, preparations for the equipment of, Its V. 333. Sails from Lisbon, and is fcattered by a ftorm, 339. Makes an unfuccefsful attack on the ftrength when repaired, 340. Englifli fleet, 342. Is attacked and difconcertcd at Calais by the Sails nortliward on its return home, and is Engliih admiral, 343.

two burnt dining the

Arlington,

dellroyed by a ftorm, 344. Armagnacs and Bttrgundians, thefe party denominations in France explained, and the troubles occalioned thereby, iii. 94. 104. Annus, ftanding, the iirfr rife of, iii. 405. When firft introduced into England, vii. 360. Number of ftanding forces kept up from the rcftoratlon to the revolution, vili, 326. ReflecArminlani/m, is perfecuted in the United Provinces, vi. 57. Is attacked by the houfe of com* tions on the opinion of, 166.

mons, 274. Armorica. See Br'itanny.

Arms, coats

cuitom of ufing them {\x^ introduced into Europe of, during the crufades, ii. 38. Armjlrong, Sir Thomas, isieized and executed without trial, for engaging in the dnke of Monmouth's confpiracy, viii. 199. Army, feudal, its difadvantages, ii. 265. Becomes difiifed In favour of a mercenary one, 266.

parliamentary, firft ralfed, and the command given to the earl , of Effex, vl. 490. See its operations under the refpelivc generalsj Mutiny of, vii. 85. Forms a FJfux, Fairfax, Manchcjler, &c. Chufes Cromwel Seizes tlie king, 88. military parliament, 87. Enters into a negogeneral, 90. Is marched to St. Alban's, 91. Accufes the prefbyterlan leaders in tiation with the parliament, 96. Removes to Reading, after obtainparliament of high treafon, th. Marches back to Hounflow-heath, where the ing its demands, 97. fpeakers of the two houfes arrive, and implore its protection, loi.

Arrives
of,

in

I^ondon, and

relnllates
Is

the

fpeakers,

103.

Schemes

reduced to obedience by Cromwel, 109. Subdues the fcattered parties of royallfts, 120. For Is dllbanded lit the reftoratlon, its future operations, fee Cromivcl.
for fettllns the

nation, 108.

355-

', Scots. See Leven, earl of Lep.ev, Montrojr, and Scotland. Arran, James earl of, his pretenlions to the admlnlftration of Scotland, Opduring the minority of Mary, daughter of James V. iv. 232. Gontracls the infant-queen pofes and confines carJIual Beaton, ib. Evades the demand ot the ftiputo prince Edward of England, 233. Atlated hoilages, made by Sadler the Engliih ambadador, 234. tempts to feize the young cpieen, but fails, and enters into an acRenounces the reformed religion, 240. Atcommodation, 235. Forces taches himfelf to Beaton in oppofttion to Lennox, 241. Lennox to fly to England, 245. His feeble oppofition to the Eng-

li.4i

INDEX.
lirti

incurfions,

248.

The

Englifli
z3.

defeated

at

Ancram,
in the

ij^g.

execution of Williart the reformer, 297. Engages the duke of SomerReceives fuccours from France, 310. fet at Pinkey, 303. Obtains a penfion from France, and is created duke of Chatch-auh, 31; . See
Chatelrauli.

Ravages the borders of England,

Refufes to concur

Arrariy

James Stuart of Ochiltree, made earl of, v. 2^5.7. The king taken from the power of him and Lennox, by aa aflbciation of Scots nobility, 248. Is confined to his own houie, 249. Is recalled to court on the king's efcape, 255. His violent tyrannical conduct, Is degraded from his authority, and deprived of his title and 256.
eftate, ib.

VIL of France, and the dukes of 161. Array, commiffions of, iffued by Charles I. in oppofition to the militia under parliamentary authority, vi. 488. Arteville, James de, a brewer at Ghent, becomes a leader of the populace againft the Flemilh nobility, ii. 395. Is employed by Edivard III. of England to bring the Flemings to affill his pretenfions to the crown of France, 396. His death, 437. Arthur, prince of the Silures, is the prince fo celebrated by the Britifh
^^rras, congrefs at,

between Charles
iii.

J^edford and Burgundy,

bards,
'

i.

24.

pofthumous fon of Geoffrey, third fon of king Henry II. of England, inverted in the duchy of Britanny, under the guardianfliip of his grandfather, i. 456, Is declared fucccffor by Richard I. on his entering into a crufade, ii. 40. His title afferted by the barons and of the French provinces, ib. Is taken under proteftion of, educated by, Philip of France, 41. Joins with Philip, and commits hoftilitics againft his uncle John, 46. Is knighted, and marries Philip's daughter, ib. His refoIs taken prifoner by John, ih. lute behaviour in a conference with him, 47. Is murdered by John, lb. Married to eldeft fon of Henry VIL born, iii. 322. , prince, Catharine of Arragon, 385. Dies, 386. Articles, fix, the law of, parted by the parliament, in the reign of Henry VIII. for abolirtiing diverfity of opinions in religion, iv. 194. A view of them, :h. Numerous profecutions commenced on this aft, Is rigorouOy enforced, 212. The penalties on the marriage 200. of priefts mitigated, 222. farther mitigation of this law, 243. This rtatute repealed, 306.
,

Artois,
ii.

Artillery, refleftions

See I^ords. Firft ufed at the on the efi'efts of, in war, ii. 432. I'he art and battle of Crecy, i^. When firft ufed at fieges, iii. 148. management of, improved fooner than fortification, 188.
,

lords of.

Robert de, his character, and how he loft his patrimony, Is favourably received by Edward III. of England, ib. 393. Stimulates Edward to aflert his pretenfions to the crown of France, Is ib. Joins the army of Edward in his invafion of France, 404. routed at St. Omer's, ib. Is fent with Englirti fuccours to Britanny, where he is killed, 420, JrtSf

INDEX.
State of, the advantages .-of -cultivating in fociety, iil. 400. during the reign of Charles 1. vii. 341. Arundely Humphry, an infurreftion in Deyonftjire excited and headed by him, to oppofe the reformation, iv. 330. He is taken by lord
Arts,
'

liuffel,
,

and executed,earl of,

th,

condemned by the houfe of

peers,

and executed,

ili.

31.
,

earl

of, is

appointed one of the commiflioners at

Hampton-

VI.

court, to inquire into the conduct of Mary queen of Scots, v. 139. Was the firft who introduced coaches into Lngland, 484.
,

earl of,

is

fent with an

army

to reduce the Scotch coTenanters,

339Afcham, er.TOy from the Englifh commonwealth to Madrid, murdered there by banifhed royaliils, vii. 250. Afcue^ Anne, cruelly tortured by Wriothefely, chancellor^ for denying Is burnt with other hethe real prefence in the eucharill, iv. 257.
retics, ih.
AJljley, lord,

one of the cabal miniftry,

his

charafler,

vii.

458.

Is

made earl of Shafteibury. See Slmftejhury. AJhe, Mr. raifes an infurrelion in the north of England, againll Henry VIlI. under the name of the Pilgrimage of Grace, iv. 171. Takes Hull and York, 172. Is joined by the archbilhop of York
and lord Darcy,
lent againft him,
ib.

173.
.

His negotiations with the duke of Norfolk, His adherents feparate, 174. Is executed,.
.

^75AJfaffins,

whence the

origin

of the term derived, therr prince, and his

...

dangerous authority and principles, ii. 18. Caufes Conrade marquis of Monferat to be aflaffinated, ig. Ajftmbly, general, of the church of Scotland, addreiTes queen Mary Exon occafion of the riot at the houfe of Alifon Craig, v. 52. Appoints a fall to free king horts Mary to change her religion, 88. Is iummoned by James from the danger of evil counfellors, 247. Votes any fcttlement between James and his mother a James, 248. moll wicked undertaking, 250. Appoints a fail on the Day fixed for entertaining the French ambafladors, ib. Is induced to iubmit to the king's authority, and admit the jurifdi^'tion of biihops, vi. 89. Admits the ceremonies enjoined by the king v.'ith great reluclance, The biOiops negleft to fummon it, 322. One fummoncd 90. under the influence of the covenanters, 333. Meets at Gialgow, and abolifhes epifcopacy, 334. Conceffions obtained of tlie king, Meets by their own authority together with a convention of 343. Hates, 540. Concurs in delivering up the king to the Englilh par,.

liament,
"'

vii.

79.

of divines at Weftminfter, nev/ regulation of religion by, vii. Votes the divine right of prefbytery, 70. Its power rellricled 32. by parliament, ib. AJliey, lord, general for Charles I. is defeated by colonel Morgan, vii.
Atheljlaii,

natural fon of
againft

Edward

the Elder, his reign,

103..

i.

102.

Conthe

fplrcd
.
-

by

Alfred, one of his nobles,

Appoints Sithric

INDEX.
His wars agaiiift Siihric'S the t)ane king of Northumberland, 104. His characftcr, 107. fens and the Scots, ib. Athehuold, favourite of king Edgar, his treacherous behaviour to his Killed by Edgar, 125. mafier in the affair of EhVida, 124.
Atherton moor, battle of, between lord Fairfax and the parliamentary
forces, vi. 535.

Athoky
-

carl of,

forms a confederacy of Scots nobles, to protecfl prince

James from the attempts of Bothwel, and to punifh the murderers of Bothwel efcapes, and Mary refigns herfclf into his father, v, 118.

the hands of the confederacy, 119. heads an infurreclion in the weftj againft Henry VII. iii. Defeated at Blackheath, and executed, 376. 374. -i Sir Thomas, fpeaker of the houfe of commons, made lord chan, cellor on the rellgnation of fir Thomas More, iv. iio. Augment at'ioriy court of, erefted for the management of the revenues of the fuppreffed monafteries, iv. 150* Aiigjhurg, a German league formed there againft Lewis XIV. viii.
.Audley, lord,

277Augujllne, a
in Britain,

Roman monk,
i.

fent

by pope Gregory

to preach chriftianity

Afhfted in his niiffion by queen Brunehaut, ihi 33. His character Is favourably received by Ethelbert king of Kent^ 34. and fuccefsful million, 35. Cafes of confcitnce propofed by, to the Created archbifliop of Canterbury, 37. pope, 36. friars chiirch, granted to Alafco and his followers, iv. 347. Avgujlus Ccijar diffuadts his fuccefibrs from enlarging their empire,
i.

G.

of Gloucefter, married to John, fourth fon by him, 43. Auray, du Giiefclin, defeated by the Engliih near Calais, and taken
Anji/a,

daughter to the
11.
il.

earl

of

Henry

2.

Is divorced

prifoner,

ij.

473.

George, reduces the Ehglifli colonies in America to Engages de Ruyter the obedience to the common-wealth, vii. 205. Dutch admiral, 214. His fliip taken by the Dutch on the Galloperfands, 412. Compared with thofe of Crecy and Azincour, battle of, Iii. 100. Poidiers, ib, 103.
Avfctie, adfniral Sir

B.

Anthony, his charafler, v. 284. Eiigages in the Enters into a confpiracy of Mary queen of Scots, 258. He and his affociatcs feized and againft the life of Elizabeth, 286. executed, 290. Bacon^ Sir Nicholas, is made one of the council, and lord keeper of the A folemn religreat fcal on the acceflion of qneen Elixabethj v. 5. Is appointed one of the comgious difputation held before him, 12. miffioners to inquire into the condutl of Mary queen of Scots, 'i39 Prohibits the parliament by the queen's order from meddling ^Vith any matters of ftate, I73. Reprimands the commons for their pr^fervice

"DAB IN GTON,

fumption, at the clofe

,.:
-^

"of this ftffion,

181.
',.

-.:-"
..

-'
\

'..ti..

...

--.

BacoH,

N D

X.

Bason, lord, remarkfj on his account of Perkin Warbecj iil.' 45'5' Difplays to the privy-council the undutiful expreffions in the ear! of Tlie former friendly patronage afforded hint Effex's letters, v. 414. by Effex, 416. By the queen's order draws up a narrative of Efiex's Elis officious afliilance at the examination before the council, ib. Preferves Hayward, an author, from the indigtrial of Effex, 428. His fpeech. nation of queen Elizabeth; by his pleafantry, 457. Makes a fpeech in parliament in favour againft purveyance, 519. Attempts of an union between England and Scotland, vi. 40 42. without fuccefs to p'-ocure an eflablifhment for the cultivation of naIs difcovered to havr taken bribes while chantural philofophy, 167. Is impeached, confeffes the charge, is fined, and comcellor, 109. Confimitted to the Tower, ib. His writings, and character, ib. dered as a philofopher, and writer, 194, BaMefmere, lord, infults Ifabella, queen to Edward II. and kills fome Is taken at Is puniflied by the king, ib. of her retinue, ii. 347. the defeat of the earl of Lancailer, tried, and executed, 349. Badon, CerdJc, the Saxon, worlted there by the Britons, i. 24. Bagnal, Sir Henrys the Englifh general in Ireland, is defeated and

Bajadox,

v. 403, marquis of, and viceroy of Peru, is, with his wife and tjaughter, burnt on board a Spanifh galleon, by fome of Blake's fquadron, vii. 257. Baillie, of Jcrvifwood, his trial and execution on account of the duke of Monmouth's confpivacy, viii. 203. Bainham, James, cruelly treated by Sir Thomas More, for herefy, iv. Is burnt in Srnithfield, ib. 132. Baldtvin, earl of Flanders, receives Toft duke of Northumberland, I, Affifts the Norrnan invafion, 184. 177. Balfour, Sir James, deputy-governor of Edinburgh caftle, betrays a caflcet of queen Mary's letters to Bothwel into the hands of chancellor Morton, V. 142. ^aliol, John, his preten lions of fucceflion to the crown of Scotland, ii. Recognizes the king of England's fuperiority over Scotland, 248. Swears Edward pronounces decifion in his favour, 258. 256. fealty to Edward, who puts him in poffefTion of the kingdom, it. Forms an alliance Is incenfed by the ufurpations of Edward, 259. Refufes compliance with the fummons with Philip of France, 26^. and demands of Edward, 280. Aflembles an army to oppofe the Swears attacks of Edward, ib. Sets Edward at defiance, 281. fealty and makes his fubmifRons to Edward, on his fubduing Scotland, Carried prifoner to London, and committed to the Tower, 5282. Dies in a 283. Obtains his liberty, and retires to France, ib. private flation, ib. His charafter, and a fummary view of his condudr 312. iEdward, fon of John, the occafion of his renewing his father's , pretenfions to the crown of Scotland, ii, 381. Raifes a force, and is joined by divers Englifh barons, 383. Invades Scotland, ib. Defeats and kills the earl of Mar, regent, 384. Takes Perth, 38 j. Is crowned at Scone, ib. Is routed by Sir Archibald Douglas, and lid,\vard III. undertakes to reftorc bim, i^G. ^its to Englaiidj ib.

killed

by Tyrone,

ii

INDEX.
Is reftored, 388.
retires, ib.

But the. Scots revolt Avhe never tlie Engli'fh king Reiigns his pretenfions to Scotland to Edward, and

lives retired,

453.

Bail, John, a feditious preacher in the reign of Richard II. inculcates

levcliing principles among the people, ili. 7. See Tyler. Ballard, John, a priell of Rhelms, comes to England to concert affafiinalion of queen Elizabeth, v. 2S4. See Bakhigton.

an

Bangor, great flaughtcr of the monks of, by Adelfrid, king of Northumberland, i. 40. The large monaftery of, delcroyed, ib. Bamwcllurn, battle of, between Edward ii. and Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, ii. 340. Banqucting-houje, at Whitehall, when built, vi. 173. Barbadoes, the ifland of, when planted by the Englifli, vl. iS8. Barehone, praife God, a member of Cromwel's parliament, the parliament denominated from him, vii. 229. Origin of the appellation,

230,

note.

Bart, a council called there, i. 304. Barillon, M. his relation of a private contrafl between Charles II. and

Lewis XiV. viii. 207, note. Barnard, letlurer of St. Sepulchre's, prays for the queen's converfion, and is reproved by the high commiflion court for it, vi. 295. Barnes, Dr. procures Lambert to be accuied for denying the real preIs himfelf burnt, 212. fence in the eucharift, iv. 190. Barnet, battle of, between Edwai-d IV. and the earl of Warwic, iii. 249. Barons, of England, the firft indications of a regular affociation and Intimidated by John, and plan of liberty among them, ii. 43. Defert him, and return to attend him in his Norman wars, ih. England, 51. Accufed and fined by him on his return, 54. Again Their fituation and difcontents refufe to affift him in France, 74. Exhorted by cardinal Langton to infifl on a reunder John, 78. newal of the charter of liberties granted by Henry I. 79. ConfeMake a formal derate for that purpofe, at St. Edmond's Bury, ih. Appeal to the pope, 81. demand of the renewal from John, 80. Affemble their retainers, ib. Deliver to the king a lift of their demands, ih. Chufe Robert FItzwalter for their general, on the king's refufal, 83. Commence hollilitles againft John, 84. Obtain the The chief heads of this charter, 85. great charter from him, ih. Remarks upon it, 87. John makes farther conceffions for fecurity of

The Lift of the confervators of this charter, 90. this grant, 89. Langton reiufes to publifli the charter annulled by the pope, 92. The king takes pope's bull of excommunication againft them, ib. Rochefter from them, and the cruel devaftation of the country by both parties, 93. Thofe in the north ally with Alexander king ot Scotland, 94. The reft off'er the kingdom to Lewis, fon of Philip
of France,
ih. Give hoftagcs to Philip for their fidelity, 95. Are Their conteft fufpended by the difgufted at Lewis's behaviour, 96. death of John, 97. The origin of their power, and the nature of

military fervice

explained, 102.

view of their

civil offices,

109.

Their power over their valfalsi 1 10. The power of their courts, ill. Their ufual way of life, ib. Their importance in parliament, 1.15.

The

INDEX.
The
nature of their courts, 117.

Exercifed a kind of fovereign

authoiity, 138. their kings, ib.

aibitraiy in their rcfpcclive jurifdiclions than Obtain a new charter of Hb-rties from Henry IIJ.

More

146.

And

a confirmation

of

it^

147.

Obtain a charter of

forefts, ib.

Are recovered from their foreign alHance by the judicious endeavours Conclude a of the earl of Pembroke, protedtor of the realm, 148. Their commotions on the deati. of the earl of peace with him, 151. Fembroke, 152. Refufe to furrender their fortreffes into the king's reconConfederate againfl Hubert de Burgh, ib. hands, 156. Procure the difmifiion of ciliation effe6led by the prelates, ib. Hubert, 160. Combine againfl: his fuccelfor the bifhop of WinConfederate with Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicefter, chefter, 161.

fupreme AiTemble in parliament dreUed in armour, 183. 182. council of twenty-four chofen by, in parliament, at Oxford, to regulate The Regulations formed by this council, 184. the government, ib.
council combine to perpefiate their authority, of obedience to them on the whole nation, ib.

of equal authority with parliament, to att in Send and propofe the oath of obedience feffions of parliament, 187. to the provifions of Oxford, to Richard King of the Romans on his The people begin to be jealous of intended vifit to England, ib. The knights of the (hires appeal to prince Edward this council, 187. His meffage to them on the occafion, againit their proceedings, z88. The council form a code of trivial ordinances, 189. The pope ib. The pope abfolves Henry and the diiinclined toward them, 191. The parliament empowers nation from their oath to them, 193. Henry to rtfume the .aithority out of their hands, 194. They conImprifon the biOiops who federate with the earl of Lcicefler, 195. Levy war on the king, 198. publifhed the pope's abfolution, 197. Reduce him to comply again with the provifions of Oxford, 199. Their difputes with Henry referred to the arbitration of Lewis king Lewis decides in favour of Henry, 201. They of France, 200. Afibciate with Fitzrejedl Lewis's decihon, and take arms, ib. Mutual hoftiRichard the mayor, and the citizens of London, 202. Defeat Henry at Lewes, lities by them and the king's army, 203. and take him prifoner, 205. Another appeal to arbitration, 206, Arc ill treated by Leicefter, 207. 1 heir army defeated at Evefham. and the earl of Leicefter killed, 215. The lenity of Henry toward them, 218. Prohibited to appear in parliament without being particularly fummoned by writ, 269. The diiLii.clions among them, ib. Confirm the two charters in parliament, which are alio confirmed by Obtain a limitation of forefts, 293. Edward L in Flanders, 291. Obtain a full, free, and final confirmation of the two chartei-s, 294. Are allowed by Edward 1. to entail their ellates, 321. Are diiguiled A con-< at the attachment of Edward H. to Piers Gavafton, 329. federacy of, formed by Thomas eail of Lancafter, againit Gavafton, Procure his banilhment, ib. Procure th- authority of govern331. ment to be veiled in a junto, 333. Seize Gavafton, and put him The king's rage on this murder, ib. He is reconto death, 336. Infill on a renewal of the ordinances after the ciled to them, ib.
defeat
at

Impofe an oath Appoint a committee the intervals between the

1H6.

Bannockburn,

342.
8

They combine

to

ruin the

Dc-

fpenfers,

INDEX.
of their difcontents, 345. They perempof Defpenfer^ z/^. Obtain of the parHameut a fentence of forfeiture and perpetual exile againil the DeThey join the invafion of Jfabellff, 353, fpenfers, 346. Murder Pefpenfer, the father, at Brillol, 356.' Are difcontented with Ancient and modern nobJHty, their ways of Richard 11. iii. 15. life contrafted, 400. JBaronet, \}\-3.t title invented by the earl of Salifbury, and fold to fupply king James with money, vi. 7 1 Burtholomeiv, raafiacre of the Hugonots at Paris, on the eve of that feftival, V. 205. Barton^ a Scotfman, obtains letters of mark of James IV. againft the Portugnfcfe, but commits piracies on the Engliih, iii. 425. Is deftroyed by the Englifh admirals, ib.
fpenfers, 344.
torily

Caufes

demand

dii'rniiiion

Elizabeth,
to

commonly

called the holy

fits

attributed

infpiration, iv.

135.

Boking to carry on the irnpotlure, ib. punifned with her afibciates, 137. Bnfilida, John, Czar of Mufcovy, the caufe and particulars of his The privileges by him granted treaty with queen Elizabeth, v, 478. to the Englifli, revoked by his fon Theodore, ib. Bnjlardy, difputes between the civil and ecclehallical courts concerning, Memorable reply of the nobility in the reign of Henry III. ii. 222. to the prelates on this occafion, ih.
is cruelly fentenced by the (lar-chnmber, vi. 306. His fentence reverfed by the commons, 377. See Bui-ion. Battle, trial by, allowed by Henry II. to be evaded, by appeal to ^

maid of Kent, her hyllerical engaged by Mailers and Confeffes the artifice, and is
Is

Bnjlivlck, a phyfician,

jury,

i.

450. See under

the

name of

the places where they were rei.

fpeclively fought.

237. Prague, vi. 104. PubllHies the ban of the empire againft the eleftor, and conquers the Upper Palatinate, 112. Obtains the eleitoral dignity, 123. Baudricourt, governor of Vacouleurs, applied to by Joan d'.'^rc, fends her to king Charles VII. iii. 143. Batige, battle of, between the duke of Clarence and the Dauphin of France, iii. 1 14. Ba'^onne, a maffacre of the French Hugonots, planned at a meeting Set Medtcis, Catlierjnc de ; Philip oi Spain, &c. there, v. 93. Is accufed of Beaton, primate of Scotland, made a cardinal, iv. 231. Joins the Intcreil of the queen forging the will of James V. ib. dowager, and obtains pofleilion of the government, 232. Is conlined by the earl of Arian, his competitor for the adminiUration, 233. Kecovers his liberty, and cabals with the clergy, againil Arran, ib. Procures the retinue of the Englifh ambalfador to be infulted, to Applies to Franct? occafion a rupture between the two crowns, 234. Caufts Wilhart Attaches himfelt to Arran, 24T. for fuccours, ib. reformer to be apprehended and executed for hercfy, 297. tlie Hie murderers proteded by Henry Vill." of Is affaffinated, ib.

Battle albey, founded

by William the Conqueror,

the
elector

Bavaria,

duke

of,

defeats

palatine at

Englandj 299,

B^auc/jam^t

INDEX.
ot Hoiti lordf is condL-rnned for treafon, iil. 22. Was the peer created by patent. 60. Beaufort, duke of, the Freiich admiral, miffes the Dutch fleet, and efcapes the Eiigh'fh> vii 414. Beaumont, lord, the motive of his engaging Edward Baliol to renew his father^s pretenlions to the crown of Scotland, ii. 38?.. Btauvais, bifliop of, taken prifo- er in battle, by RichTrd I. ii. 53. Hii coat of mail farcaftically feat to the pop, who claimed him, ib.
j5eauc/jam/>
firft

~
iii.

Is fet at liberty
,

bv John, 42.
petitions for the trial of

biihop of,

Joan D' Arc for forcery^

156See Thomas a Becket. Bechet. Bedford, duke of, brother to Honry V. left by him rec-etrt of France, Appointed, by parliament, protector or guardian of Engiii. Il6land, during the minority of Henry VI. 124. His character, i[>. Efpoufes the princefs of Burgundy, 127. Confiderations on which

he formed his condu6l in France, ib. Treaty at Hmien'^, ib. Reand forms an alliance vy.ith James I. king of Scotland, 129. His great fuccelfes over the French, ib. Raiies the ficge of Crevant, ib. Defeats the earl ofBuchan at Verneuil, 131. His fuccours intercepted by Gloucellev, and applied to his private difputes, 134. His ineiicdual endeavours to CGrapromife his brother's quarrels, 135. Reconciles Glouceiler and the bifhop of Winchelter, ib. Situation of affairs in FVance at his return, 136. Reduces the duke of Britanny to maintain the treaty' of Troye, 137. His prudent conducl on the fucceffcs ofJoanD'Arc, 153. His fuppllcs from England Perfivad'-s the biihop of Winchefler to lend him the men fail, 153. he was conducting into Bohemia, ib. His prudent caution in avoiding an action with Charles, ib. Gets young Henry VI. crowned at His cruel profecution of Joan D'Arc, 155. Bad fituation Paris, 154. of the Englifh affairs in France, 159. Death of the duchtfs of Bedford, and its confequences, ih. Agrees to a congrefs at Arras, 161, The Englilh minilters leave the congrefs, which is concluded without them, ib. Dies, 163. * Ruffel, earl of, is fent over to Boulogne, to negociate , peace with Henry II. of France, iv. 342. Suppreffes Sir Peter Carew's infurreCtion in DevoniTiire, 3S8. Is made one of the Council on the accefiion of queen Elizabeth, v. 5. Is fent bv Elizabeth to ofliciate at the baptifm of prince James of Scotland, 100. -, earl of, is fent by the p'srllament with forces ag^inft the marquis of Hertford, vi. 503. Defcrts to the king at Oxford, 529. Bedloe, his chara6ter, viii. 79. His narrative of Godfrey's murder,
ftores
.

and the popifh

plot,

80.

His

narrative publifhed, 82.

artJ-ficers in

CircumLondon^.

ftances of his death, 133.

Bekj Dr.
iv.

inftigates
V. ^

an mfurreClion rgainil foreign

274.

Bell,

mons

Robert a puritan member, makts a motion in the houfe of comagalnft a monopoly, v. 178. Is fcverely repriraanied ia

council for his temerity, x8q.

Voi. VIII.

Minediaints,

N D E

Xo

BtnediSines, an Italian order of

Benefices^

i8^. 58. Levied by Henry VII. 35'(5;. The power of levying eftablilhed by parliament, 367. See Loans. BentteL See j4r}inglon. BenthogFto, cardinal, his remark on the Englifh gcrvernment, vi. 568. Berengarih, king of Navarre, married to daughter of Sanchez, Richard I. of England, at Cyprus, and attends him on the cnifade,
firfi:

how

they

came

monks, defcribed, L rio^ into the hands of laymen, iv.

iii.

Benevolences,

when

firll

levied,

ii.

12.
lord,

Berkeley,

Edward

II.

delivered Into his cuflody,

jointly with-

Mautravers and Gournay in rotation, ii. 358. The king murdered by the two latter, during his confinement by ficknefs, 369. judge, is feized upon the bench, by order of the hovife of , commons, on account ofHarabdea's trial, vi. 373. BerhfteacI, one of the king's judges, is feized in Holland, broaght home, and executed, vii. 380. Bermudas, when firft fettled by theEnglifh, vu 1S7. Bernard, St. preaches a crufade, and engages feveral Englifli In it, i. 367. Bern'ic'ia, the Saxon kingdom in Britain, by whom founded, i. 26. Sec Northumberland. Bertha, queen of Kent, her zeal for the propagatioa of Chrlftianityy
i. 32. Beravlch

fword,

ii.

taken by 281.

afifault

by Edward

J.

and the garrifon put to the

iv.

Bible, a tranflatjon of,

made by Tindal

the reformer,

131.

Bifhop-

Tonftal's artifice to enable Tindal to

ib.

make

more corredi

tranilatlenj^

convocation concerning the expediency of a tranftranflation finiihed and of the people, 151. printed at Paris, 154. Single copies only allowed to be chained in lome churches, with reflridJons as to reading it, 177. Granted to every family, 200 The ufe of it prohibited to the lower elaffeS' of the people, 224. B'lcocca, battle of, betwen marllial Lautrec and the Imperialills, iv. 42. B'lgod, Hugh, his artifice to bring the archbifhop of Canterbury to countenance the pretenfions of king Stephen, i. 352. Preparing to revolt againft Henry II. is reduced to furrcnder his caliles, 445. Sn^ Norfolk. , Roger, t?ix\ oi Norfolk, B'tlney, Thomas, a prieil, embraces the reformation, iv. 133. Is biwnt In Norfolk, ib. _ ..\^,-. B'lron, lord, commands the forces fent from Ireland to Charles I. and reduces Chcfhire, vii. 7. His forces difperfed by Fairfax, ih. Bfhops, Engllfh, fubfcribe the Gonilitutions of Clarendon, i. 395. I'lieir oppofition to the pope's levies, for the crufade againil Sicily, Are forced to fnbmlt on the menace of excommunication, -;:ii. .173. Their cle<51Ion appoinicd by parliament to hs by conge d'elire, .174. or letters patent from the king, without recourfe to Rome, iv. ii'S. Take out new commilTions from the crown, j 19. Are kindly received by queeu Elizabeth, at her acceffion, excepting Bonner, v. 3. Become difgulled .at her ilfps t,o.vyard reiloring the proteilant religion, and :

Debates

in

latlon

for the life

..

.'

^,

refufe officiating at the Goroqation,. 8.,.

The
v

jioniination of,
:::-:;

annexed

'iy.r.r\

^W^Shii.

-uxx.

-.',

jiti-vi^A

?:

_^

-r.- ,...'

'd

3C.

Degraded to tKe crown, \Vith otHer powers relating to th^rfi; *i'2; Begin to be flighted in Fur reAifing the oath of fupremacy, 15. parliamentary proceedings^ vi. 334, meeting of twelve, prefent a

proteftation to the

rb. The bill againft their votes paflcd, 479. Epif^authority abolifhedj "vii. 69. I'he furvivors re -admitted to iheir feats, at the felloratioh, 362- Are reftored to their feats in parliament, 372. How excluded from fitting in the houfe of lords, on capital trials, vlil, I09. 7'helr right of voting in the cafe of vthe earl of Danby contefted by the commons, ib. Four catholic bifhopa confecrated, 262. Six, with the primate, committed to the Tower> for petitioning James II. againft the declaration of indulgence, 269. Are tried, 270. Acquitted, 271. B'ljhopr'ics^ fix new ones erefted by Henry VIII. iv. 183. Blacki minifter of St. Andrew's, his opinion of kings, and manner 01 praying for the queen, vi. 87. - book of the exchequer, its origin, ii. 267. note, JSlachheath, battle of, between the lord Daubeny and the Comifh

465. and confined,

copal

king and peers, againft their injurious treatment, Are impeached by thccommons, fequeftered from parliament,

rebels,

ill.

375.
his
rife

Mlahe^ admiral,

and

abilities
fleet,

in the
ihi.

and

harafi'es

prince Rupert's

navy, tii. 204. Purfues Quarrels with Tromp, the

admiral, in Dover road, 212. Engages Tromp, ib. Falls upon the Dutch herring buffesj 213. Jn conjunftion with Bourne and Pen, defeats De Witte and De Ruyter, 214. Is worfted br Tromp and De Ruyter, ih> Engages Tromp for three days, and Defeats Tromp in an engagement of two dav* defeats him, 215. Attacks and feizes a fqiiadron of French fhipi continuance, 233'. 249. His fuccetfesi in the Mediterranean, 253. The Spaniih galleons Burns a Spanifli taken and deftroyed by part of his fquadron, 257. His death and charafter, \b. fleet In Santa Cruz hai-bouf, 258. Blood, the circulation of, when and by whom difcovered, vii. 347.

Dutch

-^

of Ghrift, a relique fliewn at Hales in Gloucetterfhire, the artifice expofed, iv. 180. -, a dlibanded ciflcer, efcapes to'Engknd, after the defeat of his intended infiirreftlon at Dublin by the duke of Ormond,- vii. 447^ Seizes Ormond at London, with intent to hang him at Tyburn, Forms a! defign of felzing the regalia, bat is taken in the 469. attempt, 470. Obtains the king's pardon, with the grant of an
-^y

of,

eftate, 471.,',

,;'"
6f*,

'
',

'
' .

'

^,

'

S lorehtdiilXi
Boadicca,

b'aftle

'"tikiveen-tire^ieafl:

df Sallfbury and lord Audler,

Bochsr,

Joan,

324.
ib.

her fucde{r^s ^g'alrtft th^ '"R'orhans,- i. 8. Defeated, 9. or Joa'ri of 'Kefit, the dcttrines propagated by her, i\r* King Edward' V I. very imwiUIng to confent to her execution,
"''\''' "'"^

Is burnt, ib.

Bockltig, Dr.

canon of Cant'erbiJryj engages In the Impofture of the holy maid of Kent, iv. 135'. Confeifesthe fcheme, and is punifhed, 137. Bochland, and Folkland, in the Saxon tenures, explained, i* 229. Bohemiai the blind king of, killed at the battle of Crecy, ii. 436. HI9 The itatcs of, take creft and motto affinned by prince Edward, ib. A a 2. arcun

INDEX.
farms
Offer their crown to' againft the houfe of Auftria, vi. loi. Frederic defeated by the duke of Frederic tledor palatine, i02. The reformed religion fcverely oppreiTtd theie, 112. Bavaria, 104.

See Frederic. See Barons. Bohun^ Humphrey de. Boleyn, lady Anne, her character and family,
notice of
f

Henry VIH.

79.

Is prepofleffed

iv. 78. Attra<fts the againil cardinal Wol-

Contributes to his difgraccj 93. Is inclined towards the lOo. Is created marchicnefs of PemEirth of the princefs Elizabeth, .broke, and married to Henry, ill. Favours the reformers, 129. Is brought to bed of a dead fon, t 1 13. The king becomes jealous of her -and lofes Henry's affections, 154. I^ caluminated by her fifter-iulaw the viffree behaviour, ^SS' Is committed to the Tower with fome of countefs of Rochford, ib. Confeffes fome inher attendants, and her brother Rochford, 157. Her letter to, the king, 454. Is tried by a jury 'v^nocent levities^ ib. Condemned, 160. Her marriage annulled, ib. of peers, 159. Reafon given by, the parliament for annulling her marriage, 163. Is Ktfledtions on her fate, ib. Is attainted by parliaexecuted, I 6j. ment, and the princefs Elizabeth illegitimated, 164. Bombay t the fort of, yielded to Charles '11. as part of the dowry with the princefs Catherine of Portugal, vii. 378. Boniface of Savoy made archbiihop of Canterbury, by Henry III. The king's repartee to him, 178. ii. 163.
fey, 91.

^dodlrines of the reformation.

.

Prohibits, by a bull, all Boniface Y\l\. pope, his character,, ii. 284. princes from levying taxes on the clergy, without his confent, 285. At whofe felicitation this bull was procured, ib. The differences between Philip of France and Edward I. of England referred to his His award betw^een them, ib. Writes to Edward to. decifion, 297. engage him to dthfl from his atttmpts againft Scotland, 3.07.
.

Bonner,

made bifliop of Hereford, iv. J 89. Eirlt.oppofes, but afterwards acquiefces in the fleps toward reformation by the protedlor and regency during the minority of Edv/ard VI. 292.. Is deprivedof his fee and ccKiined, for alFerting the real prefcnce, 323. Is reIs employed by Gardiner to perfecutC; leafed by queen Mary, 374. Dethe reformers, which he performed with brutal cruelty, 413. Is ill received by queen EJizaBethgtades archbifhop Cranmer, 429.
at her acceffion, v. 3.

admiral of France, is fent ambaffador to England- by Courts the confidence of cardinal Wolfey, ib. Is. Fiancis 1. iv. 13. Blockades the city, 45. fent to invade Milan, 53. Books, heretical, a proclamation ilfued againil, rendering it capital to
Bonnitfetf
,

keep any fuch, iv. 419. Sir George, enters into a confpiracy to reftore Charles II. vii. Is routed and taken prifoner by general Seizes Chefier, 301. 300. Lambert, 302. Is fet at liberty by parliament, 32c. Boroughs, Englifh, why fo dependent on great men among the Saxoiis Their ilate at the time of the Norman conqueit, ii. iiy*. i, 205. See Corporations. Reprcfentativts of, firft fent to parlijiraeut, 2iO. Berough-bridge, battle of, between Sir Andrew Harcla and Thomas. earl of LancaRer, Ji. 348. --i;^
,

.gijc/Zi,

'

..

Borfli older

(E

N D E

X.
*'**"^
;Vii.

BorJIioJiler,

his office aocording to Alfred's iiiftitutirm, 1.92. "X'

Bofcobel, Charles 11.

fccreted there, alter the battle of Worcefter,

197. Bofivorth

field,
iii.

battle of,

between Richard III. and Henry earl'of

himfelf againft the

Richmond,
Bothwdl,
earl

294.
dilliiiguiflies

of,

army of the proLord, v., and riot,.

tellant aflbciation in Scotland, called tht Gonvregat'ion of the Is concerned with the marquis of Elbeuf in a debauch 33.

Ai the houfe of Alifon Craig, which the church takes coj^nizance of, Becomes the favourite of Marj^ and intercedes for Rizzlo's 52. Reports fpread of his charadler of hiin, 105. murderers, 99. Is fufpefited of murdering the king, intimacy with the queen, ib. Is Is charged with the murder by the earl of Lenox, I08. 'I07. Is recommended by the nobility as a hnftried and acquitted, 109. band for Mary, 110. Seizes the queen, by concert with her, to oblige her to marry him, ill. Is divorced from his former wife, 1 2 See Orkney. Is made duke of Orkney, 113. mmearl of, defcended from a natural fon of James V. is expelled , Scotland for treafunable attempts, and is protected by queen ElizaForfeits Ehzabeth's favour, and dies in exile, 373. beth, V. 372. bridge, battle of, between the duke of Monmouth, and the

Scots covenanters, viii. 116. Boucbaln taken by the duke of Orleans,

viii.

21.

Bovines, battle of, between Philip king of France, and the emperor

Otho, ii. 77. Is taken by Henry VIII. Boulogne^ fiege of, by Henry VII. iii. 354. iv. 247. Is furrendered to the French, 342. Bourbon, Charles duke of, conllable of France, his character, iv. 50* Rejetis propofals of marriage made to him by Louife of Savoy, moRevolts againft Francis, and enters into the ther of Francis I. ib. Battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis, 57. emperor's fervice, ib.
Conquers the Milanefe, 69.

Attacks Rome, and

is

killed in fcaling

Henry VII. iii. 315. Bowes, Sir Robert, makes an incurfion into Scotland, and is defeated by the lords Hume and Huntley, iv. 228. Boyle, his improvements in natural philofophy, viii. 333. Occafionally employed Brabarujons, account of thefe banditti, i. 438. number of them engaged by Henry II. againlt by princes, ib. Two of them left governors of Normandy by John, "on his fons, ib. his retiring from thence to England, ii. l^. Bradoc-doiuriy battle of, between the royalilb, and Ruthven, the parliament general, vi. 516. Bradjhaiv, a lawyer, is appointed prefident of the court for the trial of His reply to the king's objeftions to the auth'DCharles I. vii. 136, Is named one of Sentences the king, ib. rity of the court, 1 39.

the walls, lb. Bourchier, archbifhop of Canterbury, crowns

the council of State, 158. Brandenburg, elcdlor of, takes part with the United Provinces againll Louis XIV. vii. 499. Commands the German troops, and is chafed Drives the Swedes out of his terfroittColmar by Turenne, viii. 10.

ritories.

INDEX.
tories,

19.

Is obliged to refttre

his acquifitions,

by the

treaty

pf

Nimeguen, 46.
Brandon, Sir Charles, favourite of Henry VIII.
for his-fervices at the battle of Flovvden,
iii.

duke of SufFoll^ See Suffhlk. Braufe, William de, his wife and fon ftarved to death in prifon, for ar^ imprudent reflelion on king John, ii. 66. Breads the affiae of, how fettled in the 35th year of Henry III. ii, 224, Breday negocjations there, between Charles II. and the Scots commiffioners, vii. 173. Treaty of peace there, between tlie Englifli, Dutch, and French, 419. JJri-Aon law or cuflom in Ireland, explained, vi. 58. Is abolifhed, 59. Brcmbre, Sir Nicholas, his unjull trial and exiecution, iii. 20. Brefeuily William de, treafurer to William Rufus, forced to deliver up his charge to Henry, William's fucceflor, i. 313. Breiigni, treaty of, between Edward III. and France, ii. 469. Bribery^ the tirft inftance of, being praftifed toward members of parliamentj vi. 305. bribe given to a mayor tor an election, with the probable reafon for it, v. 183. o/^. Brill attacked and feized by the Flemiih exiles, v. 214. Is befieged and Brijloly when firil ereded into a bilhopric, iv. 183. taken by prince Rupert, vi. 522. earl of, fent ambaffador to Spain, by James I. to con, Digby, clude the Spaniib match, vi. 125. His favourable accounts of the progrefs of the treaty, 127. His negociations obltrtifled by Buckingham's bringing the prince to Spain, 136. Is difgraced on coming home, 147. Is impeached in the reign of Charles, and in return impeaches Buckingham, 215. earl of, impeaches the chancellor Clarendon in the houfe of ,
<:reated
44-0.

lords,

vii.

392.

Britain,

by

whom

firfl:

peopled,

i.

2.471.

The manners and

govern-

Their inhabitants previous to the landing of Caefar, 3. religion, 4. regarded and Invaded by Julius Ccefar, 6. treated by his fucceffors, ib Caraclacus defeated, 7. l^oadicea de-

ment of the

How

feated, 8.
,.,

Its fubjeclion effedled

by Julius Agricola,

9.

Abandoned

by the Romans, by the Romans

Harailed by the PiAs aud Scots, 12. Afiifted in rebuilding Adrian and Severus's wall, and finally deferted by them, 13. Why they were unable to refill the Pifls and Scots, ib. Their third application to Rome for affiftance inefFeftual, Conjectures as to their civil government, when left by the Ro14. mans, 1,5. Invite the Saxons over, 16. Are' fubjeded by thefe auxihariesj 19. Sonne of tliern take refuge^ and fettle in Britanny in France, 21, ConitquenGe&.Dt their -being overrun by the Saxons, 27, Stc Biig/aT:d. ,,.., >,
II.
'

,.

Britanny, by whom' fettledv h Tii^ For Arthur duke ^of, fee -///v/jar. For Conan, ict Conati. ThcrBritons -chufe Alice for their fovereign, on the murder of Arthur by his uncle John king of England, ii. 48. Tiity .appeal to Philip, ;.w-1jo- judges. John ^to have forfeited .all. .his poiTfffions. jii France, 49. Guy.de Thouars, who governs for his
-_

daughter Alice, bein^

55,

jealoiis^^,

Conteii& bt;twec;v Chjarles de Bloi^j

"
'

of -Philip's -power, joins with John^ arfti, the count de Mountr

i---

INDEX.
State of, at the ii. 416. The barons incite an time of Plenry VII. of England, iii. 335. Alfilted too late by the English, invafion by the king of France, 336. ^45. Caufe of their domellic dilTenfioTis, 346. The young duchefs married to Maximih'an, /^. Annexed to France by marriage, 349. His inIrttamiy, duke of, accedes to the treaty of Troye, iii. 127. Withdraws from terelt, how cultivated by the duke of Bedford, ib. Forced Created conftable of France, j(J. the Enghfh intereft, 136. by the duke of Bedford to renounce his new alliance, 137. His favourite Francis II. duke of, his charafter, iii. 335. IVotefls Lewis duke Peter Landius put to death by the nobles, ib. Appoints of Orleans at his court, who forms a party there, 336. Obliged Orleans to oppofe the invafion of the king of France, ih. to fiy, 337. His anfwer to the offer of mediation by Henry VH. 341. His fortune ruined, and his death, 343Anne, duchefs of, married by proxy to Maximilian king of PrefTed to a marriage with the king of the Romans, iii. 346. France, 349. The dutchy annexed to the crown of France by this
ford, for the pofTefTion of that dutchy,

marriage,

ib:.

account ef his death, vi. 514. /?;W'-houfe committee, inquiry into their conduft towards Charles 11.
lord, a parliament geoeral,
vii. 455. 531. Brounher, inquiry into his conduft, in the engagement between the duke of York and Opdam the Dutch admiral, vii. 403. ^nice, Robert, his claim of fucceflion to the crown of Scotland, how Acknowledges the claim of Edward 1,. as fuperior founded, ii. 248. His cjaim to Scotland rejeded by Edward, lord of Scotland, 256. Countenances the revoh of William Walin favour of Baliol, 258.

Brnh,

lace, 300. Bruce, Robert, the younger, ferves in the Englifh army, at the battle His conference with William on th banks of of Falkirk, ii. 305. Is gained over to the Scots interell by Wallace, 306. Carron, lb. Succeeds to his father's pretenfions to the crown of Scotland, 312. Opens hisdefignsan confidence to John Cummingthe late regent, 313. His deRetreats to Scotland, ib. Is betrayed by Cumming, 314. Routs Kills Curaming, 316. claration to the Scots nobility, ib. the Engliih, and iis crowned at Scone, 317. Is defeated by Aymer Reduces the caftles, and is acknowledged by the de Valence, ib. whole country, 337. The prudent difpofition of his forces, agaiall Defeats Edward at Banthe appearance pf Edward's army, ^2i9yiockburn, 340. His independency fecured by his viAory, 341. Makes an unfuccefsful expedition to Irtland^ 342. Rcpulfcs an attempt of Edward, and concludes a truce with him for thirteen years, Concludes Invades England on the death of Edward II. 372. 350. ji treaty with Mortimer, 376. Dies, and is fuccecded by his ion David. See David. ,^., David, fucceeds his father, Robert, in the kingdom of Scotland, and left under the guardianfhip of the earl of Murray, 11.381. The regency comIs difturbed by the pretenfions of Balidl, 382. fnitted to the earl of Marre, oh Murray's death, 383. Is feqt to ftance oq the conqueft of Scotland by Edward Baliol, 38^. is re-

caUc4

I called to Scotland,
ih.

N D E ^.
Invades E.ngland during: Ed\vard*s abfenccy lUcovers his liberty,
-

439.

Is taki;n prifoner

by queen PhUippa, 440.

r
:'-

461.
B^^hariy earl of, defeats

Bauge Rewarded with the 0;lice of con liable of France, and killed by the duke of Bedford at Verneuil,- 132.
the duke of Clarence at

in
ib.

114.

Anjou, iii. Defeated

Buchanan, George,

afliits in the hearing the gaufe o-f Ma.iy queen of Scots, before the Englilh commlHioners, v. 134. Buciiiugham, d,uke of, harangues the people in favour of the duke of Gloucelier's preteniions to the crown, iil. 27^. Offers the crown to
'

him

282.

'

His pedigree and family connexions, 279. Created conliable, witli other einolumentSj 283. Becomes difcontented, and forms fchemes againit Richard, 284. Raifes forces, but is difappointed by great rains, 289. Tried and executedi ib. -, duke of, offends cardinal- Wolley, iv. 27.. Is tried and executed for indifcreet exprefimfis again il Henry Vlil. z^. Was the k(l who enjoyed the office of coullable, 28.
as a popular tender,
'-,

Villiers, created duke of, vi. 79. Is made lord higl^ His character, 128, Pcrfuades prince Charles to a journey to Madrid, 129. His boilterous importaaity with Jameg to gam his confent, 131. His brhavi Air odious to the Sp'ani^/ds,

George

achniral,, ib.

Affron.s Ollvarcz the. Spaiiiflv minilter, i^. 136. D.cte m'aes to break off the treaty of n.rarriage, 137. Mi'"!epreient the affair to 1' ocures parliament, 140. Cabals with the puritans,- 143. the trcaiurer Middlefex to be impeached, 144. Begins to lofc th'- king's favour, 146, Prevails >ii the king to lend Biiitol to the T.wer on his return, 147. Remarks on his charafter, and its influence oh parliamentary conduft, 201, Is impeached by th^- earl of Briitol, And by the commons, ib. Is chofta chancellor of th,; uni215. verlity ot Cambridge, 217. Makes love to the queen of France, 234. Is rivalled by ''-.irdiiial Richlieu, ib. Determines to engagje iingland in a war with France, -'. Cof.; nauds a fleet fent to affill the KochellerS, who refufe to admit hmi, ^36. His indifcreet attack of tiie i/le of Rhee, ii. Is forced to return, ib. is affalfinated by Felton at P(;n:fmouth, 361. Remarks on his Spaniili negociation, 571. Villiers duke of, advifes Jharles Ii. to accept the terms offered ,

by the Scots commiffioneis

at

Breda,

vii

175.

Is the only courtier al-

lowed to aLtend Charles in ocotland, 193. Aim. at a comprehenfion with the prefby'-erians, an.l a ur ration of other fccts, 453. Is one of the <;^;/ miniilry, 45S. Hi& cnaracter, 459. Goes over to France,
i

to concert the

war

agaiull the ^States, .465.

Lord

Offory's fpeceh to

him, on BlooJ*s aticir.pt on the duke.of Ormond, 470Is fent to Holland to treat with Louis XIV. about peace with the States, 492. Is exami'ied on his conduit at the bar of the houfe of commons, 512. Is difmuTed from the minilliy, viii.- 10, Favours, in conjunction with Algernon Sidney and others, the intrigULS of France, and receives bribes from that court, 43 ao(e.. Iti^ioduces the manufacfturfi of gi^fs from Venice,', 348. Character of his Rehtarfal, 353. Bullion, and foreign corn, when fii:il allowed to be exported, viii. 329. Burchet, Peter, a puritan, wounds captain Hawkins by miltake, inllead ofHatton, ElizabeUi's favourite, V. 45^...,ji^^i^,^^,j.r^i;,^...;^,.. ' BurdeU
.

'

INDEX.
Burdetj

Thomas,

cruel execution

of,

in the reign

of Edward IV.
ii.

iii.

261.
Btirgeffes

o^ corporations, when firA

fummoned

to parh'ament,

210.

The

piinciplts thai operated to their forming

one body of the

legifla-

ture, v\irh the '.epreicntativcs of counties, 277. Burgund'jtis and Arniagnacs, import of thofe diltinftions in France, and the tciublf J occafioncd by, iii. 94. 104. Burgundy^ |ohn duLe of, difputes the adminiftration of affairs With the duke of f Vieaiis, on the infanity ot Charles VI. iii. 93. Hit deceitCaufes him to be aflaffinated, ib. ful reconciliation with Orleans, ib.

'

Avows, and jiiilifies theaffaflination, iT'. Expelled France, and folicits Attempts to fcize the government, but is the ail of England, 98 difappointed, 104. His treaty with Henry V. and fecret one with the Dillruftful precautions in the interview between him jjauphin, 107. and the JJauphin, 108. Affaffinated by the Daupliin's retinue, ib. - , t'hihp cuke of, treats with Henry V. yieldi, evs^ry thing to him, for the tnaniage of his filler with the duke of Bedfoid, and the revenging
his father's

murder,

iii.

no.

Articles of this treaty,

his conduCl,

ii.

Reflections on this treaty, iii.

Review of

126.

Mar-

His quarrels witii the ries his iiftet to the duke of Bedford, 127. duke of Glouceller on account of JaqucHne countefs of Kainault, Detaches himfelf from the Englilh intereil, 136. Recals his 134. His alliance with the duke iroops- trom the fiegc of Orleans, 140. Befieges Compeigne, and takes Joan of Jjedtofci renewed, 152. i)'Arc prifoner, 155. Differs with the duke of Bedford, 160. Attends the congrefs at Arras, 161. Makes his peace with Charles* His herald ill-treated at London, iL Beficges Calais, 164. 162. Retreats on the uefiance fent by the duke of Glouceller, iG^. Concludes a truce with the Englifh, 167. , Charles duke of, makes an alliance with Edward IV. of England, iii. 2-3.. Marties Edward's fiiler, 232. Affiils him with a fleet againft the carl of Warwick, 240. Alfills him covertly after his ex'

pulfion, 245. Renews apd character, 259.

his

alliance

with Edward, 252.

His death

Margaret duchefs

of,

patronife the pretenfions of

her chara^er, iii. 328. How induced to Lambcit Simnel againlt Henry VII. ib.

Sends forces to his aififtance, ib. Raifes up the impoilure of Ptrkin "Warbeck, 356. Her pubhc reception of him, 358.
J3ur/eig/},
;

Cecil lord, difcovers to Elizabeth the duke of Norfolk's confpiIs made treafnrer, and with others ordered by Elizabeth to prepare the articles of marriage between her and the cuke of Anjou, 241. His vigilance and artifices in dctetling confpiracies, 257, His death and charader, 392. Was the propofer ot a Icheme for levying a general loan, 460. And of exaCiing money by erc6ting a court for the correftion of ahufes, 46?. His computation of the queens gifts to EffeX; 474, His magnificent hofpitality, 4S7. Burley, Sir bimon, Ihort liillbry of, iii. 22. Executed by Glouctitcv and his party, notwithftanding the queen's earrieil felicitation for him, 234 Burton, a divine, is cruelly fentenced by the ilar-chnmber, vi. 306. His feUtence reverfed by the commons, 377. See Bnjhuick,
racy, v. 198.
Butlsfj a

chavadcr of his Hudijjras,

viii.

337.

N P E
C

X.

f'^ABALf a cliara(3er of the miniftry known under tliat name, The CQunfcls given by, to the king, 461. Remarks on 458.
fchemes adopted by,
nots.
viii.

vi'i,

the

I.

Concert a plan for relloring popery, 4.

Cahot Sebaflian, fent out by Henry VII, on difcovery in America, iii. 405. Diicovers Newfouadlandj 406. Cade, John, afTumes tl>e name of Mortimer, iii. J89. Heads an infiirredioH in Kent, ib. Gets pofleffion of London, ib. His followers difcouraged and difperfed, 190. Cade killed, ib. Cadiz, an e-xpe-ditioa againft, under lord Effingham and the earl of Effex, V. 379. Is taken and plundered, 380. Caecixvalla, the iafi: British chl^ef who withllood the Saxons, defeated, u
44.

Ciicfiy

in

Normandy,

is

taken and plundeixd by

Edward
tb.

III.

ii.

428.

Its principal citizens carried over to

England,

C^far, Julius, invades Britain,

Calais, in

i.

6.

Hemy III. ii. 437. The governor reduced to a parley, and his manly behaviour therein, 440. Edward's rigorous terms to the inhabitants, 441. Queen Philippa's interceflion for them, 443. Its inhabitants turned out, and peopled with Engllfh, ib. The treachery of the new governor, 444. His double treachery, zb. Great expenee of maintaining that city, iii. 121. Is befieged by the d>ike of Burgundy, iii. 164. The fiege raifed, 165. Taken by the duke of Guife, iv. 435. Calednma remains unfubdued by the Romans, i. 10, See Scotland. Cal'ixtus II. pope, calls a council at Rheims, i. 336. His charader of Henry I. of England, 337. Cambray, league of, againft the Venetians, iii. 415. Peace of, between the emperor Charles V. and Erancis 1. of France, iv. 98. Cambridge univerfity, by whom faid to be founded, i. 46. Trinity college there, when founded, iv. 279. The vice-chancellor of, fufpended for the refufal of a degree to a Benediftine monk recommended hj James II. viii. 264. Camden, a charafter of his hiftory of queen Elizabeth, \i. 195, " Campbell, prior of the Dominicans in Scotland, accufes Patrick Hamilton of herely, and infulta him at the ftake, iv. 214. His extraordinary death, 215. Campe, peace of, between Henry VIII. of England ^nd Francis I. of France, iv. 253. Campeggw, cardinal, is appointed jointly with Wolfey, by pope Clement VII. to try the validity of the marriage of Henry VIII. with Catherine of Arragon, iv. 85. His ambigiKHJS behaviour, ib. The trial opened, 87. His abrupt prorogation of the court, 90. Is deprived of his Englifh bilhopric by parliament, 118. Campion, ajcfuit, executed for trcafoiiable praftices, v. 239. iJarmotJ, when firft applied with fuccefs in fieges, iii. 139. Canon lavv", commiffiouers appointed by Edward VI. to frame a body of,
Normandy,
is

befieged by

iv.

34?..

:.

...

-.

.-:;:-.

:
,

'

Cantcrhm-^^

INDEX.
Canterhuryf the clandeftine ekftion of Reginald to tliat fee, on tlis death of Hubert, ii. 57. John de Gray bifhop of Norwich elefted at Appeals to the pope on both lides, the inftance of king John, 58. Difputes with the pope concerning the election of Ralph de ib. Terminated by the eleftion of Edmond, Neville to that fee, 168. ib. The chapter lands of that fee feized by Henry VIIL iv. 222. Archbifhops of, during the reign of James I. vi. 15^. During the
reign of Charles I. vii. 152. His Canute, the Great, fon of Svveyn, his ravages in England, i. 145. Obtains by compromife cruel treatment of the Englifh hoftages, ib. with Edmond Ironfide the northern part of his kingdom, 147. SucHis political condu<5t, 149. ceeds to the crown of England, 148. Goes to Denmark to opMarries Emma, widov/ of Ethelred, 150. Goes again and conquers Norway, ib. His pofe the Swedes, 151. piety to the church, 152. Undertakes a pilgrimage to Rome, ib. ExHis expeditioa pofes the prepofterous flattery of his courtiers, ib.
.

againll the Scots, 153.

His

fons, 154.

Cape of Good Hope, that way, iii. 404.

hrll difcovered,

and a pafTage to the Eafl Indies

Capel, Sir William, convifted

Henry
394Capet,

VH.

iii.

365.

on fome penal ftatutes, and fined byFined again, and committed to the Tower,
. ,

Hugh,

ftate

of France athisacceffion to thatkingdom, 1.37 1.374,

Carenxi^

Qaraclacus defeated by the Romans, i. 7. Sir Peter, raifes an infurre6tion in Devonfhire againll queen Mary, on account of the Spanifh match, iv. 388. Is fuppreffed by the earl of Bedford, and flies to France, ib. Cariyiey bifhop of, defends the caufe of Richard II. when accufed In parliament, iii. 43. Imprifoned in the abbey of St. Alban's, 46. The city taken from Charles I. by the Scots, vii. 61.

when fettled, viii. 328. Carre, Robert, a Scottifh gentleman, arrives in London from his travels, How introduced to king James I. ib. Is made vifcount Rovi. 64. cheller, and promoted to the privy council, 65. His education underCarolina,

taken by Janies, i(^. Contrails a frlendfliip with Sir Thomas Overbury, 66. Contrafts a familiarity with lady EfTex, 67. Is iniligated by her to ruin Sir Thomas Overbury, 68. Procures the divorce of lady EfTex* marries her, and is created Earl of Somerfet, 70. See Somerjef. Carte, Mr. remarks on his account of the firlt formation of the houfe of commons, ii. 277. 507, His notion of the nature of the homage paid Examiby the kings of Scotland to thofe of England examined, 502 nation of his account of Perkin Warbec, Hi. 454. Cqlfills, earl of, taken prifonerby the Englllh at the battle of Sol way, Ir. Is the only prifoncr Isreleafedby Henry on conditions, 231. 230. who complies with the order to return to England, 234. Is gracioufly treated by Henry, and releafed by his brothers, ib. C(iJJmir, prince, leads an army of German proteltauts to the affillance of the French Mugouoto, v. 211. Is affilted by queen Elizabeth with money for this purpoic, 213. ^ajlile, Peter king of, his cruelties, if. 474. Imprifons and poifons his Is cliufed from his dommions by ^vifc, Blanche de Eouibonj ib.
.

Pa

INDEX.
French general, 476- Is prote(?ted by prinoc EdHenry, natural brother to Pettr, feizes the kingdom, His ingratitude to 477. Peter reftored by prince Edward, 478. Edward, ib. Peter murdered by his brother Henry, who obtains the kingdom, ib. Henry intercepts the eail of Pembroke by fea, and Ifabella, queen of, married takes him and his army priioners, 482. Comes to Philip archduke to Ferdinand king of Arragon, iii. 3S5. of Auftria, by marriage with Joan daughter to liabella, on the death R.eturns to Ferdinand on the death of Philip, 394. of Ifabella, 390. The ftates of, oppofe the emperor Charles marrying the princels Mary
3l)u Gnefclin the

ward,

ib.

Cajilcs

of England, iv. 76. of the nobihty,

the mifchievous p'urpofes t^ey ferved,

in the early part of the reiga
_

i.

360.

The number
III.
ii.

of, in
^

England,
^

of
"

Henry
.

l^^earl
of,
is

Cnjlkma'in,

but acquitted, viil. 261. Cateau Cambrefis, peace of, between PhMip of Spain, Henry of France, and Elizabeth of England, v. 16. Catejby, concerts the famous gunpowder-plot, to blow up the king and Is Flies on the difcovery of the fcheme, 36. parliament, vi, 31. Remarks on his former good character, 37. killed,?^. of England, ii-i. Catherine, princefs of France, married to Henry V MarBrought to bed of a fon, afterward Henry VI. 115. 113. lies, after her hufband^s death, Sir Owen Tudor, a Welfh gentleman, and thus founds the future grandeur of that name, ii8.
'

accufed of an intention to aflaffinate the king, Is feat ambaffador to the pope by James II. 127.

See Tudor.

of Arragon, married to prince Arthur of England, Iii. 385. Oa the death of her hufband married to prince Henry, afterwards Henry Vni. 386. Henry entertains fcruples concerning his marriage with Her Solicits the emperor her nephew's affiftance, 87. Jier, iv. 76. Her appeal received at behaviour at the trial of her marriage, ib. Rome, 1 10. Pvcfufes Cranmer's citation to appear before him, ii2. Her marriage declared null, 113. Is degraded to the rank of princefs dowager of Wales, but infills on being iervtd as queen, ib. Her

death and letter to Henry, 143. See HoiuanL Floward, lady. princefs of Portugal, is married to king Charles IT. vir. 378. Is accufed by Gates and Bedloe, of being concerned in the popilh
.

plot,

viii.

Catholics.

84. See Reformation^ Protejlantti Herefy, &c.

when and to whom given, vi. 464. Thom^as, his fuccefsful expedition againft the Spaniards and voyage round the world, v. 328. CeauUn, fon of Kenric, king of Weifex, his fuccelTes againft the Britons, Cruflied by a confederacy under Ethelbert, king of Kent, i. 53.
Cavaliers, the appellation of,
Cavend't/h, Sir
ib.

Cecil, Sir

William, is committed to the Tower, along with the protestor When fecretary of llate, figns the patent for the Somevfet, iv. 338. Is made fecretary of ftate oa fucceffion of the ladyjant Gray, 364. Encourages her to re-eftabliih the acceffion of queen Elizabeth, v. 5. the

INDEX.
RemonPtrates to ElisrSeth theexpediencf the proteftant. religion, ib. Sfgns the of afiifting the proteftant malcontents in Scotland, 33. treaty of Edinburgh with Dr. Wotton on the part of Elizabeth, 7,6. Infornas the houfe of commons of the queen's promile to marry, and His advice to Elizaof her reafons agalnft naming a fucceiror, loi. Is appointed one of beth, on Mary taking refuge in England, 129. Interthe commiffioners to enquire into the condud of Mary, 139. ,pofes with queen Elizabeth In favour of the reformation, 153, note^ His great influence over Elizabeth, 158. Is fent with pro155. pofals to Mary, who concludes a treaty with Elizabeth, 169. Writesa letter to Lenox, the regent, on this bufmefs, calculated to fruftrate See Burleigh. Is created lord Burleigh, 198. it, 170. Is made mailer Cec'ily Sir Robert, is made fecretary of ftate, v. 384. See Saaf the wards, 409. Is created earl of Sallfbury, vi. 5.
. .

lifbury.
Is fent with a fleet againft Cadiz, but fails, vi. 312. ta return, by the plague among his men, lb. Celejline III. pope, refufes to abfolve Philip of France from his engagements to Richard I. of England, ii. 15. Renews the legantine Is wrote to by Eleaauthority to Longchamp bliliop of Ely, 17. nor, queen dowager of England, on the captivity of Richard inGermany, 23. Threatens the emperor with excommunication on,

Sir

Edward,

Is forced

this account, 27.

Celibacy, the political

I.

niotlves of enforcirtg

it

oti

the

R.onr:i{h

clerg)'-,

Synods called to eftablilli it, 271. 334. Sst Reformation, Cen-Jphy king of Mer<;ia, his unfortunate reign, i. ^6. Ceodiualla, king of WefTex, his hillory, i. 54. Ceorlesy among the Anglo-Saxons, import of that denomination, i.210, Cerdicy the Saxon, arrives in Britain with his fon Kenric, i. 23. DeEftaUiflies the kingdom of Weffex, 25. feats the Britons, 2-4. See
110.
Wejfex,

Cerimbra, in Portugal, a rich caivack taken there, by an Engllih fleet,

V.

444.

Chair, fedan, the firfl feen in England, ufed by the duke of Buckingham, vi. 168. Gave great indignation at firlt to the people, 169. Chalons, rencoatre there, between Edward I. and the French knights^ incenfed at his fucceffes in a tournament there, ii. 234.

Chamberlain, Thomas, is executed for robbing the fair at Bofton iri: Lincolnfhire, ii. 244. Champernon, Henry, ralfes, with queen Elizabeth's leave, a body of volunteers to affiil the French protcftants, v. x8S. CJmncellor of England, the nature of his office in the time of Henry II. nil of thofe during the reign of James I. vi. 156. During i. 384. the reign of Charles I. vll. 152. Chapter lands, felled by Henry VIII. from the fees of Canterbury, York, and London, iv. 222. Charlemagrs, emperor, enters into an alliance with OlTa, king of Mercia, His bigoted cruelty to the pagans in Germany, (>6. Conftii. 50. quences of his conduct, 67. Charles, prince, fecond fon of James I. becomes prince of Wales, by the death of his elder trothtr Henry, vi. 62. marriage '-with the

fecon4

INDEX.
1^ peifuaded hf jrcond daughter of Spain propofed for liim, loo. Buckingham to go to Madrid to vifit the Infanta, 129. The difficuhy with which he obtained perniiffion of James, 131. His recepReturns home, 135. Obtains a high character tion in Spain, I3^i Is perfuaded by Buckingham to oppofe the marin Spain, 136. Vouches the truth of Buckingham's mifreprefentation riage, 137. of the affair to Parliament, 141. A marriage with the princefs HenDeath of his father^ 153. Seethe rietta of France propofed, J49.

next article.

Charles I.
it

..

fummone a parliament on h?s acceflion, vi. 199. Prorogues on account of his marriage with the princefs Henrietta, ib. Inquiry into the caufe of the fmall fupply voted to him by the commons, 201. Character of the duke of Buckingham, and his great influence over him, ib. A plan concerted by the commons for the affertion of civil Entertains high ideas of monarchical power, 205. Adliberty, 204. Re|ourns the parh'ament to Oxford on account of the plague, 206. Is refufed on account of prcfents his neceffities to parliament, ib. His moderation tothe afiiftance fcnt againft the Rochellers, 20^. wards the cathoHcs aggravates the popular difquiets, 210. Diffolvcs Ifhies the parliament on the plague appearing at Oxford, 2ii. Ineffeftual attempt on Cadiz, privy feals for borrowing money, 212. Threatens the commoners, 218. Calls a fccond parliament, ib. ib. Imprifons two commoners who managed Buckingham's impeachment, 219. Is forced to releafe them, ib. His reflexions on the proceedings
Piiblifhes a of the commons, 221. Diffoives the parliament, 222. Raifes money by difpenfmg declaration in defence of himfelf, ib. with the penal laws againft catholics, 224. Solicits loans from the Levies Is refufed by the city, ib. mobility, and from the city, ib.

Ihip-money for the fir ft time, 225. Refolves to levy a general loan, ib. Other opprcffions exerImprifons thofe who refufe compliance, 227. Engages in a war with France, 232. Sends acifed on refufal, 230. Calls a third fleet to the afiiftance of the Kugonots in Rochelle, 236. His threatening addrefs to it, 240. Five fubfidies parliament, 239. voted by the commons, 245. Sends a meffage to the houfe, 251. His farther expoftulations with the commons, ib. And with the lordsy 252. His evafive manner of pafling the petition of right, 253. Gives his Prorogues the parliament, 259. His behaviour full affent to it, 256. on information of Buckingham's alTaffination, 262. Difcovers an InLevies tonnage and tention to elude the petition of right, 265. poundage, after the expiration of the grant of thofe duties, 2670 Pleads his neceffity for this meafure, 268. The commons infift on his His embarraffment at this dedifcontinuing this prerogative, ib. mand, ib. His religious fentiments, 273. His quarrel with the commons augmented on the fubjeft of tonnage and poundage, 275. DifImprifons fonie of the members, ib^ foives the parliament, 276. Makes peace with France and Spain, 279. AffilU Guftavus, king of Sweden, in his invafion of Germany, 281. His domeftic charafter, 282. Promotes the popular leaders, 284. Characters of Strafford and Laud, 285. Orders by proclamation no one to propofe the calling of another parliament, 293. -Levies moiiey irregularly by his Encourages the miiguil-'ccnt repair of St. Paul's regal authority, ib.
cathedral.

INDEX.
Revives monopolies, 296. cathedral, 295. Enlarges the powers of the council of York, and court of liar-chamber, 297. Renev/s his
for recreations on Sunday, 299. Takes a jouniey to Scotland, ib. Levies Ihip-money over the whole kingdom, 301. Arbitrary fentences of the ilar-chamber, 303 Equips a fleet 305. to attack the Dutch herring-fifliery, and obtains a fum for licence to fifli, 306. Stops the emigration of Puritans to America, 308. Trial of John Hampden for refitfmg to pay fhip-money, 313. Reafon of his attachment to church-authority, 320. Declares a general refumption of crown-lands in Scotland, 321. Introduces the canons
father's edift

and liturgy
327.

Tumults at Edinburgh on this account, there, 325. Enforces the liturgy by proclamation, 329. Revolt of the Scots, and the covenant framed and unlverfally fubfcribed, 330. Sends the marquis of Hamilton to treat v^ith the covenanters, ib. Frames a covenant on his part, which is rejedled, 332. Epifcypacy abolifhcd in Scotland by the general afTembly, 334.. Refufes the propofal of a neutrality as to the low countries, 335. Sends the marquis of Hamilton with a fleet and army again ft the Scots, 339. Joins an army under the tarl of Arundel, and marches to Bcrv/ick, ib. R^eceives propofals for a treaty from the covenanters, tb. His reflexions on the propofal, 340. Concludes an imprudent pacliioatiun How induced to this meafure, 342. DIftands an with them, 341. army, 344. AfTembles a fourth parliament, after an interval of eleven years, 345. Lays before it an intercepted letter frora ths Scots malcantents to the king of France, ih. His pleas for iupplies, 346., Dehres the good offices of the peers with the commons, 348. His conceflions to the commons, 349. DifTolves the parliament abruptly, 353. His arbitrary proceedings againil obnoxious members, Publilhes a declaration of his reafons for dilTolving the par354. liament, 355. His fchemes for fupplying himfelf with money, 356. Prepares another armament againil the Scots, 357. Names commiflioners to treat with the Scots at Rippon, 358. Summons a great council of the peers at York, 359. The treaty of Rippon adjourned to London, 360. Promifes the earl of Strafford protedlion, 367. Meeting of the long parhament, ib. Impeachment of Strafford, ib. Of Laud, 369. Of Finch, 371. Votes of the commons regarding grievances, 372. His obfcrvations to parliament on their proceedings, 381. Endeavours to regain confidence by complying to the difpolition of parliament, 392. Receives limited grants for tonnage and poundfor triennial parliaments, 393. Changes his Counterligns the petition of the army, 411. 394. Interpofes with the lords in favour of Straftord, 413. Strafford's letter ta him, 414. Gives his afTent to Strafford's attainder by comniiluon, ib. PafTes the bill for not prorogumg, adjourning, or dilFolving the parliament without their own confent, 416. Palfes the bill for abolilhing the high commifiion court, and ftar-chamber, 420. Goes to vifit Scotland, 4.22. A committee of both houfes appointed to ^ittend him, 423. Laws pafTed by the Scots parliament, 426. Endeavours to conciliate the aifelions of the Scots, 428. Is obliged by the Englilh commons to reduce the Irilharmy, 431. Is thwarted i{i his iatention of fending tjic dilLanded mcr; into the. Spanifii
ib.

age,

PafTes the adi

minidry,

fcrvicc.

I
fervice,

K D

2t.

4,^2.

Sir Phelim

0*NeaIe forges a commifnon from

hiffl

Communicates his intelligence of the for the Iriih mafTacre, 443. Informs the Englifh Irifh infurredtion to the Scots parliament, ib.
Returns to London, and is prefented with parliament of it, 444. Anfwcrs the the remonftrance and petition of the commons, 456. Impeaches lord Kimboiton and five commoners, xemonftrance, ib. 467. Orders the impeachtd mt mbers to be delivered up, 514. Goes himfelf to the houfe to demand them, ib. Orders a common His council of London to be afferablcd, which he attends, 470. Retires to Hampton-court, 472. treatment by the Londoners, 471. Remarks on his conduft towards parliament, 473. Mtffagts betweea PafTes the bills fent to him, 477. him and the parliament, 474. The commons prepare to defend their meafures by arms, 478. Evades afienting to the bill appcmting the lieutenants of counties by the commons, 480. His reply to their folicitaticns to pafs it, 482. Removes to York, 484. Is encouraged by the principal nobility Refufes to pafs the militia bill, and ifTucs proand gentry, 485. Anfwers clamations agaiiift the proceedings of the commons, i5liTues comtheir memorials by the affiitance of lord Falkland, 487.
Is rcfufcd admillions of array, in oppofition to the militia, 488. The county of York levies a guard for liimi mittance to Hull, 489.
ib.

propofitions of agreement

His anfwer to the Receives military ftores from Holland, 490. fent by the parliament, 492. Eredts his State of parties-^ at the commenceftandard at Nottingham, 493. ment of the civil war, 494. His revenue flopped by parliament,
Is prevailed

upon to make overtures for a treaty, 499. Hia? ^o^. Prince Rupert defeats a party of Marches from Shrewfbury to meet Effex, 506, EiTex's array, 505. Takes pofTefllon of Oxford, 508. Marches Battle of Edge-hill, ib. toward London, ib. Receives an addrels from the parliament for a Returns. to Defeats two regiments at Bientford, 509. treaty, ib. Oxford, ib. Demands of the parliament in the negotiation there, Reading taken from him by the earl of Effex, 512. Cornwal 51C. reduced to obedience to him by Sir Ralph Hopton, 515. His generals defeat the parliament commanders, at Bradoc-down and Stratton, 516. Sends prince Maurice and the marqulu of Hertford irrto Lord Wilmot, fent with cavalry to the weft, defeats the weft, 518. Receives a reinSir William Waller on Roundway-down, 515. Briftol taken by prince forcement brought over by the queen, 522. Rupert, ib. Fubtifbes a manifefto, a lij renews his proteftation, 524.
496.
declarations before his army,

Raifes Befieges Gloucefier, 525, joins the camp at Brlilol, ib. the liege on the approach of EfTex, 531. Battle of Newbury, 532. Applies to Ireland for afliftEftablifhes a garrifon in Reading, 533. His reply to the offer of mediation made by the Scots ance, 536. commiffioners, 538. Orders Ormond to conclude a celiation with vindiReceives troops from Ormond, ib. the Iridv rebels, 546.

Endeavours cation of his innocence as to the Iriih rebellion, 580. to form a parliament at Oxford, in oppofition to that at London,
treaty, Solicits a Circulates pi/ivy feals for loans, 4. Declares the parliament at London not to be a free one, or inWrites to the parliament, vs'hich rejeds his titled to authority, 5.
vii.

3.

ib.

offers.

INDEX.
Prince Rupert is defeated at Marflon-Moo-r, 12. York Appoints Ruthvcn, earl. of and Newcaftle taken from him, 14. Brentford, general under him, 15. Routs Sir WiUiam Waller at Crbpedy-bridge, 1 6. Reduces EfTcx's army in the weft, ib. Is deMakes frefh propofals for a treaty, 30. feated at Newbury, 17. Sends commiflioners to Uxbridge, 3 1 His offers with regard to church government, 33. His offers with regard to the militia, 35. The licentious difpofition and practices of his troops, 54. Relieves Chefler, 55'. Takes Leicefler, ^6. Battle of Nafeby, 57. Is defeated, 58. His cabinet of letters feized, and publiflied by the paroffers, /5.
.

ib. Recals prince Rupert's commiflRon on the lofs of Briilol, 61. Is again defeated at Chefler, ib. Retires to Oxford, z^. Lord Afhiey defeated, 6^, His fortitude under his difallers, ib. Is refufed a treaty by the parliament, 66. His commifTion to the earl of Glamorgan with regard to Ireland, 67. Glamorgan's conduft, ib. Retires from Oxford, and puts Juftifies himfclf in this affair, ib. himfelf into the hands of the Scots army before Newark, 73. Is put under a guard by them, ib. His treatment by the preachers, 74. Is obliged to order his garrifons to furrender, 7^. Receives frelh propofals from the parliament and the Scots, 76. Is delivered up to the Englifh com m.ifTi oners, 80. Is conduced to Holdenby, /'/^. Is feized by cornet Joyce, and conveyed to the army, S8. The indulgence of the army toward him, 97. The army enters into treaty with him, for the fettlement of the nation, 99. His offers to Cromwel and Ireton, ioo. Is brought by the army to Hampton-court, 104. His confinement increafed, 100. Flies to the Ifle of Wight, 107. Entrufls himfelf- to Hammond the governor, who lodges him in Carifbroke caftle, ib. Negotiates again v/ith the parliament, 11 i. The parh'ament votes againfl all farther treaty with him, 113. Is clofely confined, 114. The Scots commiflioners treat with him for arming Scotland in his favour, 116. A fleet in the river declares for him, Treats with commiflioners of the parliament, fent for that 119. purpofe, 122. The points debated between them, ib. Is again feized by the army, and confined in Hurfl caftle, 130. Is brought to London to be tried, 135. His trial opened, 136. His fpeech againft the authority of the court, 137. Is condemned, 139. Reflcdtions on this event, 140. His behaviour after fentencc, 142. His execution, 144. His charafter, 146. His children, 152. Inquiry into the authenticity of the Icon BafiUie, 155. Character of this work, and its ftipppfed influence in producing the refloration of his Ton, 154. His love for the fine arts, 341. His pidures and furniture fold, 342. His death hovi' firft refolved upon, 519, Vindicated from the charge of infincerity, 523. Charles, prince of Wales, fon of Charles I. is fertt by his fa'her, general into the wefl, vii. 60. Retires over to Paris to his mother, 6'3^. Takes command of a fleet which declares for the king, 119. Is proclaimed king by the Scots, 159. Is obliged to remove from Holland, 172. Defires the Scots commiflioners to attend him at Breda, 173. The terms propofed to him there, ib. His treatment on landing in Scotland, 183, The declaration he is forced to publifli, 1 84. Is obliged to fign twelve articles of reocntancc, 185. ' Vol. VIIL B b Goe?

liament,

INDEX.
Goes to
Ts

the Scot^campj but

at Scone,

crowned

192.

for his gallantries, 193. Marches into England, 195. Is permitted to join the camp, 194. Secretes himfelf at Bofrouted by Cromwel at Worcelter, 196. Takes refuge with Travels in difguife to Brifcol, 198. cobel, 197.

ordered by the clergy to leave it, rSp.by a committee of minifters Is Is detef^ed in an attempt to efcape, ib.
is

Is reproved

colonel

Windham,

ib.

Embarks

at

Shoreham

in

Suflex for

Nor-

Encourages an infurreftion of the Royalifts againft the Forms a protestor, 243. Is forced to retire from France, 249. His league with Philip of Spain, and keeps a court at Bruges, 278. reception by the French and Spanifli minifters, at the treaty of the His letter delivered Sends a letter to Monk, 311. Pyrenees, 306.

mandy, 200.

Charles II.

to parliament, 327. is reftored

He

is

proclaimed, 328.

by parliament, vlt. 32. The refpeft fhevvn to him-by foreign powers on this event, 329. Lands at Dover, 330. His characler and perfonal qualifications, 349. Forms his minillry
350.
Settlement of the
ib.

ftate,

352.

The

late king's

judges ordered

to furrcnder, on

demnitv,
the
land, 366.

Paffes an aft of inexclulion from pardon, 353. Reflores epifcopacy and His revenue fettled, 354.

His reafons for reftoring epifcopacy in Scot362. Reilores the bifliops to their feats in parliament, 37-2. AH military authority furrendered to him, 373. The regulation of His motives for marrying Cacorporations granted to him, 374.
liturgy,
Sells therine of Portugal, 378. the declaration of indulgence,

Dunkirk
387.

to the French, 385.

IfTues

Is

attached

to the catholic

religion,

Becomes difgufted with Clarendon, 392. Is ruled 388. by his miftrefs the Duchefs of Cleveland, ib. His character and Demands, and obtains, a repeal of the triennial conduA, 393. Sends Sir Robert Holmes to attack the Dutch fettleaCl, 395. Obtains a fura from the city of London for the ments, 399. Dutch war, 400. Declares war againft the United Provinces, 402
Endeavours
to

engage

France to

unite againft the

Dutch, 404.

Treaty of the States, 417. Banilhment of Clarendon, 427. Concludes the triple Is forced to Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 437. alliance, 435. As alfo the pafs the bill againft the importation of Irifh cattle, 448. aa againft conventicles, 456. Charafter of his cW miniltry, 458.
Breda, 422.

Denmark declares againft; him, 406. Makes advances toward a peace with

Paffes the five-mile aft, 407.

him by, 461. Is prevailed on to defert and to league with France, by his fifter the duchefs Is influenced alfo by his French miftrefs, the of Orleans, 464. Pardons Blood for his attempt on the duchefs of Portfmouth, ib. Beftows a peerage and the trearegalia, and promotes him, 472. furer's ftafF on Sir Thomas Clifford, for his expedient of {hutting up A fecond declaration of indulgence, 476. the exchequer, 475. Martial law revived, ib. Sufpenfion of the navigation ad, 477. His refledtlons on the fucDeclares war againft the Dutch, 478. His demands from the ceffea of Lewis in the Low Countries, 492. His fpetch to parliament, 500., 'His declaration of States, 494.

The

counfcls inftilled into

his triple alliance,

Recalls the declaration, indulgence oppofed by the commons, 503. Prorogues the parliament, 512. Ailcs advice of parliament 504.
-'
-

'j

V-'--^'-

refgeftirig

INDEX.
)refpe(?ting

making peace

vvith. the

Proof of

his entering into a

Duplicity of his con.ducfl on, free remonllrance to. him,, 7.' Is unable to obtain a fupply foi" taking off anticipations of his revenue, l^. Snppreffes coffte-houfes by proclamau'oii, i6.. .Recalls the proclamation, lb. His embartaffed iltuation at the time of the congrcfs .of Nimcgue-n, 24. His fpeech to parliament, 25. Is exhorted by parhament to guard againlt the growing power of France, 27. Requellsfupplies, and pledges his honour for the proper application of them, 28. Is addrefTed by the parhament to form an alliance with the States againlt France, 31. Adjourns the parliament, //. Secretly figns a treaty with France, and obtains a penlion from that court on pronufe of his neutrahty., 32. Rectives the prince of Orange at Newmarket, 33. Concludes a mar.

Dutch, 513^ Peace concluded, ib. fcheme for refloring popery, viii. 4, 7iote. ihis occafion, ib. Sir WiUiam Temple'^

riage between him and the princefs Mary, 35, Concerts the terms of peace with the prince, ib. Sends the terms to Paris, 36. His inHrudlons to Sir William Temple, with Temple's reply, 37. Concludes an alliance with the State.s, to oblige France to peace, 38. The parliament ftill diftruftful of him, 39. Receives a paffionate addrefs from the commons, 40. Concludes a treaty with the States to oblige Lewis to an im.mediate evacuation of the towns in Flanders, 42. His conduft in regard to the treaty of Nimeguen, 47. His obfervation on the complaints made of Lauderdale's adminiilration in Scotland, Is warned of a popifh plot, 63. 60. Publifhes proclamations for the difcovery of the murderers of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, 77. Hia Jpecch to parliament, ib. Ridicules the popilh plot privately, 83. Protefts his queen from the accufation of Gates and Bedloe, 85. Rcfufes to pafs the militia bill, ib. His private contrati with Lewis, for the peace of Nimeguen, difcovered by Danby's letters, in the houfe of commons, 86. DKfolves the parliament to fcreen Danby, 88. Is obliged to fummon a parliament again for money, 93. Delires his brother to retire beyond fea, 95. Declares the illegitimacy of the duke of Monmouth, 96. AfTcrts the prerogative of rejedling the fpeaker chofen by the commons, 97. The pretenfion compromlfed, ib. Afferts his Intention of prote6ling Danby agalnft: the refentment of the commons, 98. Chufes a new council by the advice of Sir Williara Temple, loi. A II It of the new council, 102. Propofes to parliament limitations on a popilh fucceifor to the crown, 103. Habeas corpus aft paffed, 107. The parliament takes advantages of his neceffitles, /i^. Prorogues, and after dlffolves the parliament, iio. The popularity of his behaviour, 121. Is prevailed on by the duke of York to deprive Monmouth of his command, and fend him abroad, Is ftrongly petitioned for a parliament, 125. His fpeechtothe 122. new parliament, 129. Evades palhng a repeal of the thirty-fifth of" Elizabeth, 148. DIlFolves the parliam.ent, and fummons another to meet at Oxford, 149. His fpeech to the new parliament, 150. Dif folves it, 154. Perfecutes the diifenters, 175. KTues a writ of quo ivarranto againft the city of London, 17S. Conditions on which he rcftored the charter, 181. Makes profit by the furrender of corporation charters, ib, H^ow he efcaped the Ryc-houfe plot, 186. His motives for not fparing lord Ruffe], 19^. Marries the lady Anne to Bb a prince
>

INDEX.
prince

George of Denmark, 204.

Particulars of a private
note.

agreement

have in208. Dies 209. His private charader, 210. His political character, 211. Compared with the emperor Tiberius, 213. The royal fociety inllitutedby him, 332. unable to encourage literary merit, 333. Charles the Simple, king of France, refigns Neuftria to Rollo the Dane, and gives him his daughter, i. 138. the Fair, king of France, the grounds of his difpute with Edward II. of England, ii. 350. Secretly countenances the confpiracy of his filler queen Ifabella, againft Edward, 352. -=- , dauphin of France, is feduced by Charles king of Navarre, ii. 450. Repents, and betrays Charles into the hands of his father John, 451. His government renounced on his father's captivity, and all affairs thrown into confufion, 462. Reje(51s the difhonourable treaty concluded by his father at London, 465. His prudent difpofition on Edv.'ard's invafion, ib. Succeeds to the crown on his father's death, 472. The firfl afts of his reign, lb. Acknowledges the young count de Mountford, duke of Britanny, 473. Is ensjaged hj the count de / Tranilamare to invade Peter king of Caftile, 475. Summons prince Edward to Parie, 480. Invades the Englifh provinces in France, 481. VI. of France, his fituaition compared with that of Richard II. of England, iii. 92. Diforders the kingdom became fubjeft to, from the devolving of the regal power on the duke of Orleans and Burgundy Qu his infanity, 93. See France, Burgundy, and Orkaris. Dies, 1 18. /VII. of France, his charafler, and fituation at the death of his father, iii. 125. His diilrefled fituation after the battle of Verneuil, How recovered from his defpair on the fiege of Orleans, 141. 132. Determines, on the fuccefs of Joan D'Arc, to take the field', 151.

between him and Lewis tended an alteration of

XIV.

207,

Is conjeftured to

his political meafures,

Why

'

crowned there, ih. His volunteer army the duke of Burgundy at Arrai5, 161. His advantages in the war with the Engliih, 165. Concludes a truce with the Englifh, 169. His prudent employment of this interval, 175. Renews the war, 176. Takes Rouen, and recovers the province of Normandy, 177. Dies, 223. Recovers Guicnne, i/i. VIII. king of France, encourages the Flemings in their oppofition to his father-in-law Maximilian, king of the Romans, iii. 334.

Marches

into

Rheims,

a;id

is

difbands, 153.

Makes peace with

Invades Britanny by invitation of the barons, 336. Marries the duchefs of Britanny, 349. Returns the daughter of Maximilian, to whom he had been contracted, iZ-. Makes peace with Spain, and his ceflions to that court, 354. Receives Perkin Warbec, and patronizes him, 358. Invades Italy, 368. IX. of France, his mother Catherine de Medicis appointed regent during his minority, v. 42. See MecUcls. League of Bayonnc for the extirpation of the Hugonots, 93, Is forced to an accommodation with the prince ofConde, 186. Concludes a fccoiid accommouation with the protefiants, 188. Hisdiflinuilation toward the proteftant leaders, 204. Marries his fifter to the prince Navanc, 205. Oiders the poifoning of the queen of Navarre, :b. MafTacre of Paris, ih. The rnaifacre of the Plugonots extended to the provinces, ?66. Extorts a recantation of the proteftant rdigio^ from the young kmg of Navj^rrCj and prince

N D
tlie

of Conde,

/3.

Calumniates

proteftants at foreign courts, to pa!

His death and character, 210. Hate thefe barbarities, ib. Charles, grandfon of Ferdinand of Arragon, fucceeds him in the kingdom of Spain, iv, 12. Is cbofcn emperor of Germany, 18. V. emperor of Germany, his charafter compared with that of His eKtenfive domihis competitor Francis I. of France, iv. 19. Pays his court nions, ib. Motives of his vifin to Henry VIII. 21. fecond interview between him and to cardinal Wolfey, ib.

His grants to Wolfey, 25. Makes war His exorbitant demands from Francis, 26. Concludes an alliance with the pope and Henry, againft Francis, ib. Comes over again to England, 40. Renews his court to Wolfey, ib. The duke of Bourbon revolts Is infialled knight of the garter, ib. Invades France, and againil Francis, and enters his fervice, 50. takes Fontarabia, 52. A new treaty between him and Henry for the

Henry,

at Gravelines,
ib.

24.

againft France,

invafion

of France,

54.

Invades Provence,

^^.

Battle

of Pavia,

and captivity of Francis, 57. His hypocrify on this occafion, 58. His exorbitant demands for the ranfom of Francis, 64. Carries Reftores Francis by th Villts him, ib. Francis to Madrid, 6^. His hypocrify on the news of the taking of treaty of Madrid, 66. Rome by the Imperial troops, 70. War declared againft him by France and England, 73. Challenges Francis to fingle combat, ib.
Intimidates the pope, 82. Peace of Cambray with Francis, 98. Sultan Solyman conquers Hungary, and btfieges Vienna, 99. Makes His unfua advances toward an accommodatin with Henry, 143. Concludes a truce with Francis for cefsful invafion of France, 145.
ten years, 176. Aflcs of Francis permiflion to pafs through France Is honourably received and conduced the Netherlands, 203. through, 204. His ungrateful infmcerity towards Francis, 21 1. Irto
ritates
i'b.

againft Francis, and concludes an alliance with him, His remark on Henry's fuppreffion of the monafteiies, 237. Reduces the duchy of Cleves, 239, Befieges Landrecy, ib. Is forced to abandon the fiege, 240. Invades France in concert with Henry, Takes St. Difier, 247. Concludes a feparate peace with 245. Francis, ib. His conduft relating to the council of Trent, 294. His artful and treacherous behaviour toward the princes of the proteftant league, ib. His reafons for declining an alliance with the proteftor Is reduced to grant an Somerfet on the part of Edward VI. 334. equitable peace to the proteftants, by Maurice, elector of Saxony, Makes an unfuccefsful attempt on Metz, ib. Propofes his fon 382. Philip as a hufband to queen Mary of England, 383. His reafong for Hopping cardinal Pole on his journey to England, 3 84. Sends

Henry

236.

over a large fum to bribe the Englilh parliament, 394. Inftrudls cardinal Pole to exhort Mary to moderation toward her proteftant fubje^Vs, 411. Refigns all his hereditary dominions to his fon Philip, Retires to a monaftery in Eftremadnra, ib. His employment 425.
in his ixtreat, 426. His character, compared with that of pope Paul IV. 427. -, king of Navarre, fome account of, and his character, it. 449. Procures Charles de la Cerda, conftable ot France, to be afTalRnated, ^ud his behaviour oa that ocrafion, 450. John, king cf France, B b 3 purvhafca

N D E

X.

purchafes,a,peace-A\'ith,hiixi, i3.

betrays

him

into'the hands of his father,

^

Seduces the dauphin, Charles, v^ho 45 1. Is thrown into prifon,

_

iL

C'/Sflr/fj

fcapes, 464.V. J' ^^* T!:ii .. X. of Sweden, his faccefs in the' north", vii. 246. B.efieges Copenhagen, but is forced to defili, by an Englifh and Dvitch fleet,
-

- 3e JBlois, inarries the niece of John III. duke of Britanny, and is Befieges the acknowledged fucceffor to that duchy, ii. 416. Is forced to raife countefs de Mountfort in Hennebonne, 418. Is taken the fiege by the arrival of fuccours from England, 42Q. Is flain in Britanny, prifoner by the countefs de Pvlountfort, 438.
-.

473. Charmouth, battle there between the Englina and Danes, i. 68. Review <7/jr/'r of liberties granted to the' Eriglilh by Henry 1. i. 314. Rtnewed by Stephen, and confirmed by of this charter, 317. 1 he great charter, called Magna Charta, granted Plenry II. ii. 78. by John, 84. The principal heads of this charter, 85. Remarks upon it, 87, 141. Securities for the fulfilment of it, 89. Anew one granted by Henry III. 146. The differences between this charter, confirmation of it by Henry, and the Magna Charta of John, ih. The great charter charter of foreds granted by him, ib. 147. A folemn renewed and confirmed by a parliament at Oxford, 155.
'

The two charters confirmation of the great charter by Henry, 175. confirmed by parliament at home, and by Edward I. in Flanders, 292. Are confirmed by him in the fullcft manner on his return, free and full confirmation of them by with farther feciuities, ih. Edward I. 294. Above twenty parliamentary confirmations of the

great charter, granted by Edward III. 488. Chartres, the city of, befieged by the prince of Conde, v. 186. Chateau Gaillard on the frontier of Normandy, defcribed, ii. 51.

Is

befieged and taken by Philip of France, 52. Refigns his Chatclrault, the earl of Arran, created duke of, iv. 312. Interauthority as regent of Scotland to the queen dowager, 439. pofes and effects an accommodation between the queen regent and the
Is difJoins the Cowgrf^a/iow, ib. Congregation of the Lonl^ v. 31. Enters contented at the marriage of Mary with the lord Darnley, 89. Is forced to take reinto a confpiracy againfl IVIary at Stirling, 90. fuge in England, 91. Is pardoned on condition of retiring to France, Arrives in London during the conference at York, but is de92.

tained by Elizabeth till Murray's return, 145. on the detection of Norfolk's confpiracy, 203.

Lays down

his

arms

Chauntry, what,
Chejler, vvhen

iv.

252,

note.

Cher'tngton, battle there,

firft

between Waller and Hopton, vu.

8.

creeled into a bifhopric, iv. 183. ChllcU Sir jofiah, his accoimt of the great increafe of wealth after the
reftoration, vlii. 329. Chivalry, the pafTion for,

when firfl: introduced among the Englifh, ii. improved The romantic principles of, deduced, ib. 140. during the times of the crufades, 14,1. Chrjjl church, Oxford, hiftory of Its firft foundation, iv. 279. Chrijlianlty ^ its firlt introduttion among the Anglo-SaxonVj i, 30. 'Churchy

How

N D

iE:

X.

Church, the power of the, in the times of the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. The authority of, detached from the Hate, by the ill judged 139. policy of William the Conqueror, ib. Eftimate of its revenues in the reign of Henry IV. iii. 81. Propofal formed by the commons to convert them to civil purpofes, ib. For its reformation from popery, fee Reformation. An examination of its principles of reformation, v. 149. Reflections on the revolution of its doctrines concerning the abfoluic decrees of God, vi. 166. Churchill, captain, dilHnguirnes himfelf in the French army agalnft the Imperialifts, vlii. 18. Joins the prince of Orange, on his invafion of England, 295.
Circuits.,

by

itinerant jullices, eftablifhed

ftate of,

by Henry

II.

i.

450.

conqueft, i. See Corporations. Civil laws, a view of the Hate of, as modelled by the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 140. Civil fociety, the advantages of, in comparifon of barbarous ages, i. 222. Claims^ a court of, erected for the divlfion of lands in Ireland, vii.
Cities in

England, the

at the time of the

Norman

209.

446.
Clanricarde, earl of,

forms a combination
France,
ib.

among

the Irifh catholics,

and

drives the nuncio Rinuccini out of the ifland,

Is obliged to

Ormond back from

ment,
retires,

vii. 163. Invites fubmit to the parlia-

C arence,

and dies, 207. Lionel duke of, fecond fon of Edward III. a biief view of his /life, ii. 486. Thamati duke of, fon of Henry IV. iii. 83. Attends his brother Heni-y V. to France, no. Defeated and (lain at the battle of
,

of, fecond brother to Edward IV. leagues with the earl of Warwick, iii. 230. Marries his daughter, ib. Confufed accounts of their fubfequent operations, 234. Railes men in conjundlion with Warwick, but defpairing of fuccefs dilhands them, and
flies

Bauge, 114. George duke ,

Secretly reconciled to his brother Edward, 239. to France, 236. Deferts with his forces from Warwick, 249. Hindered from marrying the heirefs of Burgundy, by his brother Edward, 260. Profecution and execution of two of his friends, Burdet and Stacy, 261. Confined and tried for his reflections on thefe proceedings, 262. Drowned in a butt of malmfey, 263. Reflections on tlie unfortunate fate of his children, ib. Clarendon, fummary of the conftitiitions of, i. 393. Subfcribed by the Abrogated by pope Alexander, 396. bifliops, 395. an hiftotian, , Hyde earl of, and chancellor, his charafter as vii. 347. Perfuades Charles II. to difband the republican army, 7,60. His charaftcr and influence with the king, ib. His daughter married to the duke of York, 361. Is impeached in the houfe of lords by the earl of Briilol, 392. Caufes of the decline of his credit with the king, ib. The caufes of his fall inquired into, 423. The great feal taken from him, 425, Is impeached by the commons, ib. 530. Retires to Cahis, and writes from thence to the houfe of lords, 426.

b 4

la

N D E

X.

Is banifhed, and compofes his hiflory of the civil war, 427. Review of his life and conduft, i^. Claypoh, Mrs. daughter of Oliver Cromwel, her chara6ier and death, vii. 283. Clement V. Pope, the order of knights templars abolilhed by him, ii.
:

364.

..

VII. of the family of Medicis, defied to the papacy, iv. 48. Grants to Wolfey the legatine commiiTion for life, 49. Gives Francis I. of France a difpenlation from fulfilling the treaty of Madrid, Rome facked by the Impeiial troops, and hirafelf taken pri68. foner, 69. Is applied to by Henry VIII. for a divorce from Catharine of Arragon, 79. Caufes of his heiitation in that affair, 81. His , character, 82. Is intimidated by the einperor, ib. Grants a com,

rniflion to

Evokes: the

Campeggio and Wolfey, to try the king's marriage, 85. lieceivep queen Catharine's appeal;, cavife to Rome, 91.

1 10. Is inlligated by the conclave to proceed to extremities againft Henry, but only threatens him, 114. I5 difgufted with Charles, and Motives which prevented an accommodaleagues with Francis, ib. Pronounces fgntence againft Henry precipition with Henry, 115. tately, which he afterwards repents, i\6. His authority renounced by the Engliih convocation and parliament, 1 19. Dies, 140.
is chofen elector of Cologne, viii. 286. Jacques, affaffinates Henry III. of France, v. 357. Clevienllnes and Urbanifls, the fource of thofe diftinftions, iii. 57. Clergy, review of the ufurpationsof the, in the reign of Henry II. i. 382. Their artifices to obtain money, 390. Claim an exemption from the Enormities committed by, iJ. civil magiftrate, ib. How they RefieAions on their cafe, evaded the celibacy enjoined them, ii. 64. ^ ib. By what titles they obtained feats in the ancient feudal parliaOf ufe as mediators in difputes between the kings andments, 114. Italian, an eftimate of the value of their benetheir barons, 157. . fices in England, in the early part of the reign of Henry III. 170. Deprived of all proteftion from the laws, by Edward I. on their refufal to grant him fupplies, 286. The bad circumftances to which Are reduced to compliance, they were reduced by this exclufion, ib. view of the fupplies granted by, to Edward I. 323. 287. afliduous in promoting the ftudy and obfervance of civil law, iii. 299. Not to beg without a licence, at the time of Henry VII. 403. AU obliged to take the oath of fupremacy, by aft of Elizabeth's parliaTheir difpofition toward Romiih ceremonies and ment, V. 76. church authority, under the countenance of bithop Laud, vi. 292, The right of taxing their revenues refigned to parliament, vii. 401. S^e Ci>urc/j Parochial, obtain the right of voting at eledlions, 40?.
, ,

prince, of Bavaria,

-:

"

Why

and
r

Bi/Jjops.
,

reformed

in

rival in Scotland,

v.

Scotland, their grofs behaviour to Mary, on her arAre ruled in this, by John l%nox. ib. The 49,

ill humour, 54. See Knox, Reformation, jUJftmbly^ of the Lord, Ecclefwjlical Commijfwti, and Scotland. - rrr- of the church of Rome, their authority and union dangerous to But the encourage^ient of the fine arts in the civil magillrate, iv. 32.

real caufe of their

Cong)-egatio?i

feme

IN
Reformation. Ckrmant, a council called there

D E
33,

X,
See
Irtdulgences y

fome meafurc owing to them,

Luther^ and

by pope
-

Martli^ ii, to refolve on a hoi/

'^o

war, Chves.

i.

295. See Anne

ducliefs

of.

i
vii.

^sB-o

arf-'

,-?q:o*I

'"

Cle'velandy

of,

miftrefs to Charles II.

her charafler and iniii.

fluence over the king,

Clifford,

392.
impofture of Perkin Wafbec,

Sir Robert, engages in the

Prevailed on by Henry VII. to betray his fecret's, and be his 359. Returns; to England, and accufes Sir WiUiaiat fpy upon him^, 361. Stanley as an accomplice, 362.
,

Sir

Thomas, oneeffhe
and the

cahal, his chara(5ler,

ftafF,

"

vii.

460.

tains a peerage

treafurer's

for the

hint of fhutting

Ob* up

Is excluded by the teft. aft, 512. the Exchequer, 475. Clintm^ loid, commands queen Mary's fleet for a defcent on the coafls of Britanny, iv. 443. Lands at Conquet, but is drove off, ib. Is appointed one of the commiffioners to inquire into the conduct pf Mary queen of Scots, v. ic^p. Coaches, v'hen firll introduced into England, v. 48?,

Qoal,

when

firft

Coats of arms,

dug in England, ii. 230. whea they firft came into vogue,
is

ii.

140.

Collet, one of the King's judges,

feized in Holland, brought

home,

and executed, vii. 380. Cobham, Sir John Oldcaftle,

lards,
iii,

".

lord, his charafter as head of the LolSingled out as a viftim by Arundel archbifhop of Canterbury, ih. Conference between him and the king, ib.' Condemned, ih. Efcapcs, lb, Confpires againft the king, 90. Takea and executed, ib. ^- , lord, condemned but pardoned for a confplracy againll James I. vi. 9. His inconlillent accufation of Sir Walter Kaleigh,

89.

10.
Coffee-houfes, a

proclamation for the fuppreflion

of,

viii.

16.

The

pro-

clamation fuppreffed, ib. Coin, Swedifh bullion imported, and good money coined, iv. 350. Is regulated by queen Elizabeth, v. 59. Amount of, from 1599 to 1 6 19, vi. 185. Amount of, during the reign of Charles I. and the fucceeding commonwealth, vii. 340. Great increafe of, after the
reftoration,
viii.

329.
a curious pafTage
iv.

Coke, Sir

Edward,

fuppreffion of the monafteries,

Elizabeth's haughty treatment of him when fpeaker of the houfe of commons, v. 36^. His fevere treatment of the earl of Elfex, 414. Grofsly abufes Sir

from 456.

his Inftitutes, relating to

the

Queen

Walter Raleigh on his trial, vi. 10. Is ordered by James to profecute the murderers of Sir Thomas Overbury, 77. Colchejler is forced to capitulate to Fairfax and Ircton, vii. 128. Coleman is arrci^ed, and his papers feizcd, on account of the poplfli
viii. 70. cuted, 90. Coligni, admiral,

plot,

Difcoveries

made by

his letters, ib.

Is tried

and exe-

pefends

St.

makes an unfuccefsful attempt on Boulogne, iv. 333. Quintin againll the Spanifh army, 434. The town taken, ib.

Forms

INDEX.
'
.

Forrfts a fcK<!mc for the taking of Calais, which is executed hy the duke of Guife, 435. Declares in favour of the proteftants in Franccj, v.- 41. Commands^the proteflant forces after the battle of Dreux, Obtains fupplies' from Q^Elizabeth, 73. His progrefs in Nor 72. mandvj-yy. Is apprifed of the league of Bayonne againft the proteftants, and concerts a fcheme to fruftrate it, 185. Battle of St, Dennis/ J 86. Collects the proteftant forces after the defeat of Jarnac, and befieges Poicliers, 187. Is defeated by the duke of Anjou at Montcontour, 188. Is deceived by the diffimulation of Charles, 204. Is wounded by an afTaflin, 205. Is killed in the maffacre of Paris, ih.

Colhigbourne, Williamj

executed for a.diftich againft Richard III.

'

iii^

290.
Colonies fettled

College, a joiner, his extraordinary trial

by the Englifn
reftraints

peopled by the
charters recalled

and execution, viii. 159. America, vi. 186. See America. Are impofed on diffenters, viii. 328. Their
in

II. 330. Spanilh general, defends Milan againft the French invafion under the admiral Bonnivet, iv. 53. Columbus, Chriflopher, his firft voyage for difcovery of the weftern \voild, iii. 404. Sent his brother Bartholomew to England to make his propofals to Henry VII. 405. How Henry was deprived of the honour of the difcovery of America, ib.

by James
the

Cohnn-a^

Profper,

Combat,
if.

fingle, trial by, in the

Anglo-Saxon laws, how

inftituted,

i.

323.

140. Commrrce,
ii.

a v\tv^ of the ftate of, during the Anglo-Norman kings, 137. Remarks of the ftate of, during the reign of Henry III. 224. Induitry, and ftate of, in the reign of Edward III. 494. State of, during the reign of Henry IV. iii. 84. Regulations of, in the reign

404. The 349. treaty of, made with Guftavus Ericfon, ib. State of, during the time of queen M.ary, 447. The great oppreffion of, by the enormous grants of monopolies by queen Mary, v. 439. State of, durinpthe reign of queen Elizabeth, 477. Eftablifliment of the Eaft-Jndia company, ih. Trade with Mufcovy opened, ib. Turkey company erefled, 479. In the beginning of the reign of James I. alraoft wholly monopolifed by exclufive companies, vi.- 23. A decay of ftiipping occafioncd by this evil, 24. Amount of the cuftoms in State of, during this reign, 180. this reign, ^i. Exports and imState of, during the reign of Charles I. and the fucceedports, 185. ing commonwealth, vii. 339, Great increafe of, after the reftoiation, viii. 328. See ///^^ conimiflion court. Comrnijfwn, ecclefiaftical or high. Committee o^ i'dkty, formed by the officers after the expulfion of the Negotiates with general Monk, long or rump parlianient, vii. 304.

of Henry VII. 401.

Great extenfion

of, in

this reign,
awff)'-,

privileges of the merchants of the ftill-y3rd taken

iv.

Remarks on pnce Common prayer book, compofed by a committee of bifliops and divines, "''iv. 320, In what refpcfts it differed from the old niafs-book, 321.
Commodities, prices of,

5^*- ...

the

the reign of Richard'I. ii. 36. of, in the reign of Edward III. ii. 497, note.

' .

INDEX,
Is revifed,

348.

Is authorlfed

by the parliament, 354.

See Liturgy
par-,
1

and Reformation, Commons, the liril

liament,
,

efforts

towards fending reprefentatives of, to

delays of the council of barons,
ib.

ii.

184.

Begin to affemble feparate from the peers,

88.

Remonlbate
peal to prince
earl of

agalnft the

Ap-

ib. The haufe of, regularly formed by tlie with the admiflion of members from boroughs, Farther regulations with refpeft to the reprefentatives of 210. counties, 271. The real epoch of the houfe of, 272. The election of reprefentatives confidered as a hardlhip both by them and their conlHtuents, 275. The gradual increafe of their influence on government, 276. Refufe granting fuppliea for the expedition of Edward III. againft France, 400. The confequtnce they arrive to Lawyers frequently excluded the houfe at this in his reign, 487. Chufe a fpeaker for the firtl time, iii. 3. time, ib. Petition the lords to appoint a council, &c. during the minority of Richard TI. ib. Petition Richard II. againft the confederacies of the barons, ib. 447, Impeach Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, 15. Their proceedings againft Richard's miniftry, 2o. Their compliance to the king on the crufhing of Gloucefter's fadlon, 30, 449. impeach Fitz-Allan, archbifhop of Canterbury, 31. Petition for an a<5f to check the clergy in eluding the mortmain aft, 56. Their importance greatly increafed, Infili on an anfwer to their petitions, before they make any 78. grants, ib. Other aCts of refolution by them, ib. Oppofe Henry IV. in his attempt to exclude females from fucccffion to the crown, 80. Advife the king to ftize the temporalities of the church, tb. Scheme formed by them for an efrimate of the ecclefiaftical revenues, 81. Apply for a mitigation of the ftatutes againft Lollards, ib. Impeachment of the duke of Suffolk, 185. A fecond, 187. Temper of the houfe which met on the affertion of the duke of York's pretenfions, 196. Addrefs the king to remove certain peers from his prefcnce, ib. Their fpirit of oppofition to the encroachments of the church of Rome, during the reign of Henry VI. 214. Petition for the execution of the duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV. 262. Their grants to Henry VIII. at the inftance of cardinal Wolfey, and their fpeaker Sir Thomas More, iv. 47. The arbitrary fpeech of Henry to Edward Montague, a member, 451. Thomas Cromwell, a member, warmly defends his patron, cardinal Wolfey, againft the charge of the peers, Pafs feveral bills to reftrain the impofitions of the clergy-, 95. 94. Extraordinary fpeech of a member on the fub;ei!:f of religion, 96* Complaint to the king of the reflections caft on them by Fiflier, bilhop of Rochefter, 97. Grant the king a difcharge of his debts, to. Petition for indemnity from the ftatute of provifors, 107. Prefer a complaint to the king againft the oppreffions of ecclefiaftical courts, RejeCl a bill framed by the king, refpeding his right of ward108. fhips, &c. 109. Comply with an aft relating to the poffefTion of lands, framed by the king,- 151. The gvofs flattery of the fptirker to the king, 163, Grant Henry fupplics, but very reluft^ntly, 206. Pafs the bill for Cromwell's death unwilhiigly, 208. Petition the king to lay the cafe of his marriage with Anne of Cloves before the convocation, 209. Pafs a bill of attainder againft the duke ci Norfolk

Edward,

Leiqefter,

IN

X.

Norfolk In olicdience to the king's meffagc, 264. Cruel treatment of Strode, a member, in Cornwall, for bringing in a bill concernLord Seymour attainted, 319. Altera bill againfl ing tin, 271. treaion, paffed by the lords, and pals another, 355. Rejefl a poor bill framed by the lords, and pafs another, 356. Refufe to pafs the
attainder of Tonftal, bilhop of Durham, or to ratifv the attainder of Somerfet, 357. A new eleftion of, under Northumberland's inBuence, 358. Grant fubndies to the king, 359, Remonftrate againft Mary marrying Philip of Spain, and are difTolved for it, 385. A new election under Mary and Gardiner's influence, 399. 8ome members puniflied for fecefhon, 403. Their reafon for refufing a fubfidy to the queen, 422. Grants made by a new houfc to the queen, 441. Oppofe the aft confirming the queen's fale, or grant of crown lands, ib, Copley, a member, impriloned for fpeakjng irreverently of the queen, 442. Vote a fubfidy, and other grants to queen Elizabeth, v. 13. Addrefs her to make choice of Repeat this addrefs, 75. Are flopped by Elizabeth a hufband, ih. in their debates concerning the fettlement of the fucceffion, loi. Farther debates on this fubjeft, 103. Her fpeech at diflblving them, Strickland introduces a bill for the amendment of the Li103. turgy, 174. Speech of Piftor on kneeling, and making the fign of Strickland prohibited by the queen from attending the crofs, 175. the houfe, ib. Yelverton's free fpeech on the occafion, xb. Farther Strickland reftored to the houfe, 177, debates on this matter, 176. Are checked by the lords in debating of matters of religious reformaSpeeches on the queen's prerogative, occafioned by Bell's tion, lb. snotion againil an exclufive patent granted to a trading company at Briftoi, 178. Bell ftverely reprimanded by the council for his temerity, Are reproved by the lord keeper at the clofe of the feflion for 1 80. bribe given to a mayor for an eleftion, with their freedom, 181. the probable reafon for it, 183. note. Addrefs the queen for the dyke of Norfolk's executioUj 200. Apply to the queen for the trial and Pafs two bills for regulating execution of Mary queen of Scots, 201. ecclefiaftical ceremonies, but are checked by the queen, lb. Speech of Behaviour of the houfe Peter Wentworth in favour of liberty, 225. on this occafion, 237, Oppofe encroachments of the upper houfe, 22B, Appoint a general faf!:, at the motion of Paul Wentvi'orth, 236, Are reprimanded by the queen for it, ib. Apply to the bifhops for Complain of the court of ecclefiafticai farther reformation, 261. Are prohibited by the queen from intermeddhng commiffion, ih. with ecclefiaftical affairs, 345. Are checked in their endeavours to reThe queen's haughty reply to the requeRs gulate purveyance, 347. Peter Wentworth rcfumes the of Sir Edward Coke, fpeaker, 363. He and feveral others fent to prifon, lb. fubjecl: of the fucceffion, 364. Treatment of Morrice for oppofing abufes of ecclefiaftical power, 366. Yelverton a lawyer chofen fpeaker, 385. Grant fupplics to the queen, Extraordinary aflerth. Difpute about forms v/lth the lords, 386. tions of the regal prerogative in the debates concerning monopolies, The abjedl acknowledgments of the houfe on the queen's 441. Grant promife to cancel the moft oppreffive of the patents, 442. Review of the praftice the quetn an rxtraorQiaary (apply, 443.

INDEX.
in IfTuing new writs to fupply the places of mcm^ Votes of they judged incapable of atc^nding, vi. 15. Inquiry into the queftion, whether the houfe on this occafion, 16. Reflore Sir Francis Goodan outlaw can be chofen a member, ^7. win to his feat, which had been vacated by the chancellor on account Refufe a conference with the lords on this of his outlawry, 18. affair, 19. Are commanded by the king to confer with the judges, Ih. A committee of, inquire into Spirited debates on this fubje*^, ih. Attempt to free the nation from the the monopolies of trade, 23. burden of wardfliips and feudal teuures, 24. And from purveyance, ib. Are unwilling to grant any fupplies to the king, 26. Reje<:l:l; a

of the

-cnancellors,

bers,

whom

from the lords, for entailing the crown lands on the king and his ib. Grant fupplie?, 40. Are averfe to the union between England and Scotland, 41. Frame a petition for rigour toward poand lenity toward fcrupulous piotcllant clergymei^ pifli recufants, Order their journals to be regubut are checked by the king, 43. Refufe to fupply the king's neceflities, 47. larly kept, 44. ReflecTheir views extend to eilablifh the contions on their conduft, 48. ftitutlon on freer principles than formerly, 51. Attempt to check the regal prerogative in ecclcfiaftical affairs, 53. Remonftrate agaiuft Are alarmed at reports of the the high comminion court, 54. Difpute the king's power of levying king's influencing eleclions, 72. Are diffolved in anger, and fome of jnoney by his prerogative, 73. Grant fupplies to afTiit the Elector Pathe members imprifoned, lb. latine, 107, Make a reprefentation of grievances to the king, 108. Impeach the lord chancellor Bacon, 109. Remonftrate to the king in favour of the Eleflor Palatine, and againll the Spanidi match, 1 12. Are reproved by the king, 113. Remonftrate again, 114, The king's fpeech to their committee, 115. Protefl againft the king's denial of their privileges, 116. This proteftation tore out of their journal by the king, ib. Are diffolved, and the refraftory members punillied, ib. The arguments urged by both parties concerning the difputes between the king and them, 18. Vote fupplies for a Spanifti war, X43. Impeach the earl of Middlefcx, 144. Inquiry into the can fe of the fmall fupply granted by them in the firft parliament of Charles I. 30i. Their leaders and their views, 204. Continue obftinate in denying farther fupplies, notwithftanding the king's remonftrancee, 207. Are difgufted at the alTiftancc fent againft Rochelle, 'ib. Complain of the growth of popery, 210. fupply voted, but its palling into a law poftponed, 213. Impeach the duke of Buckino-ham, 215. The two members who managed this impeachment imprifoned by the king, 219. Remonftrate againft conferrincr trufts Oil catholics, 220. Are diffolved, but publifti a remunftrarice prebill

fucceflors,

vious to their diftblution, 222. character of this houfe in the third parliament, 239. Sir Francis Seymour's fpeech, 241. Sir Robert Philip's fpeech, 242. Sir ""I'liomas Wentworth's fpeech, 2-)4. Five
fubfidies voted, 245. The famous petition of right taken under confidcrtUion, 240. Farther cKpoftulations by the king, 251. The petition of right paffed by them, 253. Impeach Manwavring, for afferting in a iernlon the real prerogative of levying taxes independent

of parliament, 25c,

Attack the commiffion

I

for levyiuCT

monev, 2c-.
Prefeixt

INDEX.
Pferent a remonftrance againft the duke of Buckingham's conduct, 2580 Infiil on the king's difcontinuing the levying the duties of tonnage and

jpouudage, 268. Attack Arminianifm, 271. An alkifion made ufe ofbyRoufe, a member, 274. Firfr appearance of OUrer Cromwell, ii. Call officers to account f6r levying tonnage arid poundage, il>.
Sir John Elliot reads a remonflrance againft thefe duties, /^. The fpeaker forcibly held in the chair till a remonftrance is framed and palfed, 275. Are diflolved, ?5. Members puniflied, 276. The complexion and reafoning of the houfe in the fourth parliameiit, now furtiraoned after eleven years interval, 346. 7'he fubftance of Pym's fpeech, 348. Enter into the confideration of grievances, iL Refent the interpofition of the lords, ib. Summary of the arguments urged by the couil and popular parties, 349. Are abruptly dlffolved, 353. Strafford impeached by, in the long parliament, 369. Impeach, archbiflrop Laud, ilf. Impeach the lord keeper Finch, 371. Vote feveral proceedings of lieutenants and deputy-lieutenants of counties
illegal,

and the parties exercifing them delinquents,

for alTcfling fhip-

moiiey, 372.

Sheriffs voted delinquents for afFcfling fliip-money,

373

tonnage and poundage fined, ib. The liarchamber and high commifTion courts condemned, it. Accufe the judges for their determination on Hambden's trial, ib. Expel monopolies and projeftors, 374. Remarks on their proceedings, 375. Reverfe the fcntences of the ftar-chamber on Prynne and others, 377. The rapid progrefs of their regulations, 380. Agree to pay the Scots army, 381. Begin to attack epifcopal authority, 385. Harafs the clergy, 387. Vote a removal of all catholics from the army, 389. Make limited grants of tonnage and poundage, 392. Frame a bill for triennial parliaments, which is paffed, 393. Pafs a bill of attainder againft Strafford, 409. Form a proteftation, and order it to be ligned by the whole nation, 412. Are offended at the king's interpolition for Strafford, 413. Difband the Englilh and Scots armies on the king's journey to Scotland, 423. Infift on the redudlion of the Irifli army raifed by Strafford to reduce the Scots, 431. Oppofe their being hired by the Spaniards, 432. Their zeal for the prefbyterian difcipline, 445. Credit the report of the Irifh maflacre being ordered by the king, 447. An account of the famous remonftrance framed by them, 449. Pafs the remonftrance, and publKh it without fending it up to the lords, 451. Reafoning of the parties on both ikies with regard to it, iL Prefent the remonflrance to the king on his return, 456. Pafs the bill for prefTing foldiers for Ireland, 458. The interpofition of peers in eleftions declared to be a breach of priTheir proceedings againft the bifhops, 460. Declare vilege, 459. to the lords an intention of reiecling their authority, if oppofed by them, 461. Excite apprehenfions in the people, 462. Impeach the bifhops who fign a proteflation, 465. Five members impeached by The impeached members are demanded, 468. Are the king, 467. demanded by the king in perfon, 469. Adjourn the houfe on Orjer a committee to fit in Merchant -Taylorsthis occafipn, 470. Hall, 471. The accufed members take their feats, 472. Meffages between them and the king, 474. Encourage petitions fiom the ccrnmon people, 475. Impeach the attorney-general, and profccute
officers

The

who

levied

'

ihcir

Form a magazine at- Hull * and aptheir plan of the militia, 478. Appoint governors of point Sir John Kotham governor, 479' Portfmouth and the Tower, ib. Warn the kingdom to prepare for
Appoint all a defence againft papifts and ill-alfetted perfons, j<J. Prefs the the lieutenants of counties, and reftore tlicir powers, ib. Their vote Jting by meffages to pafs the bill, 481. -His reply, 482. on this reply, 4&3. Carry the militia bill into execution without the king's concurrence, 4-^5. Vote all to be traitors who affid the king, 489. Raife an army, and appoint the earl of EfTcx general, 490, For thofe traniaCtions wherein both houfes concur, fee Parliament. Carry an impeachment of the queen up to the lords, vii. lo.- Pafs Clioofe Henry Felham fpeaker in the ielf-denying ordinance, 27. Their violent the room of Lenthal, on his going to the army, 102. accufation againll the king, 114. Pafs a vote for bringing the king This vote being refufcd by the lords, they pafs anto a trial, 154, ordinance for bringing him to trial by their own authority, ib. Vote the houfe of lords ufelefs, and abolifh rrionarchy, 151. Readmit forne of the ftcludcd members, 158-. Name a council to carry on the adminiftralion of government,, ib. Enlarge the laws of high treafon, 167. Retrofpec^ of DifTolution of, by Cromwell, 319. their proceedings, 220. Charafter of Barebone's Parliament, 22-8. In the protestor's parliamer.'t, refufe to acknowledge the houle of lords fummoned by him, 277. The new houfe of, after the final diifolution of the long parliament, meet and choofe Sir liarbottle Grimftone fpeaker, 327. Receive a letter from Charles H. and appoint a committee to anfwer it, ib. The king proclaimed, 328. Vote prqfents to tine king and his brothers, ib Pafs a vote againft the indignities praclifed by the Dutch toward the Englifh trade, 396. Impeach the earl of Clarendon, 425. Oblige the king to pafs the ad againft the importation of Irilh cattle, 448. Addrefs- the king for a proclamation againft conventicles, 453. Obftruft the tolerating maxims of the court, ib. Refent the lords taking cognizance of Skinner's cafe, 454. As alfo with their altering a money bill, 468. Coventry aft, on what occafion paffed, 469. Vacancies fupplied by writs from the chancellor, annulled, 502. Grants to the king, ib. Frame and fupport a- remonftrance againft the declaration of indulgence, 503. Remonftrance againft the duke of York's intended marriage, and the ftanding army, 511. Motions carried, on the expedled prorogation, ib. Inquire into grievances at the next meeting, i^. Prepare to impeach Buckingham and Arlington, 513. Their difcontented meafures, viii^, 11. Quarrel with the lords on the cafe or Fag and Shirley, 14. Refufe the king a fupply to free his revenue from anticipations, 15. Grant fupplies for the navy, 26. Their ri;afons for putting no confidence in the king's promifes, 29. Are reproved and adjourned for the addrefs recommending an alliance with the States againft France, 31. Continue diftruftful of theking's intentions, 38.. Make a paftionate addrefs to the king, 40. Vote the dift)ajiding of the army, 43. Impeach the earl of jjanby, Conteft the choice of a fpeaker with the king, 97. 87. The difpute compromifed, ib. Danby attainted, 98. Refume the fearch after she pppilh. plot, 99, Pals the bill of exclufion againft the Juke of i'ork.
.

INDEX.
York,
T05.

bill

lucrative offices,

106.

to be illegal, /^. pute with the lords on the right of the bifhops' votes in Danby's cafe, Perfecute the rtMorr^rj, and protedl the petitioners, 130- Revive il>. alarms about the pop ifh plot, 131. The exclulion-bill refumed, 134. The arguments ufed for and againfl the exclufion-bill, 135. Pafs Prefent an addrefs to the king, concerning the cxclufion-bill, 139. abufes in government, 140. Their violent proceedings, 146. Impeach Fitz-harris, in the parliament at Oxford, 153. Grant a revenue to James II. during life, 224. Addrefs him concerning his exerIn the convention parhament vote cife of a difpenfing power, 240. the throne to be vacant, 310. Their conference with the lords, 314. See Lon:ls and Parliament. Comnionwealtb of England, commencement of, viii. 151. State of afIts confufed management of eccleter the battle of Worcefter, 201. Maintains a formidable power abroad, 203. Adiiaftical affairs, 302. miral Blake difperfcs prince Rupert's ileet, 204. Sir George Ayfcue Scotland reduced by Monk, 207. reduces the colonies, 205. AtDetermines on tempts a coalition with the United Provinces, 209. Engagement between Blake and Tromp, a war with them, 210. 212. See Blah, Ayfcue, &c. Their advantage at fea owing to the The long parliament diffolved Ihip money levied by Charles, 215. by Cromwell, 219. State of parties at this time, 226. Is terminated, by Cromwell being chofen protedor, 232. Is reftored by the refignatlon of Richard Cromwell, and re-affembling the long parliament, 298. The parliament expelled, and a committee of fafety appointed, 303. Diffolution of the State of foreign affairs, 304. Charles II. reftored, 328. long parliament, 320. A review of manners, &c. at this time, 330. Communion ftirvice , a new one framed on the abolition of private maffcs,
iv.

all members poffeffingVote the king's guards, and ftanding army, Refume the impeachment ofDanby, 108. Dif-

brought in to exclude

309

Communion-table, removed from the wall into the middle of the church, by the firff Englifh reformers, v. 152. Companies, exclufive, almoll all the foreign trade of England in the hands of, at the commencement of the reign of James I. vi. 23. Compeigtie befiegcd by the duke of Burgundy, and Joan d'Arc taken prifoner there, iii. 154. Comprehenfion of Epifcopifs and Prefhyferiatis, a conference held in the Savoy for effecting, vii. 369. The popular argument for and agalnil
this meafure, ib. Compurgators among our Saxon anceftors, what, i. 222. Conan, duke of Britanny, yields Nantz to king Henry II. of England, i. 378. Bctroths his daughter to Henry's third fon, Geof-

frey, ib.

Conde, prince

favour of the proteftants in France, v. 41. by the influence of the Guifes, 42. Saved by the death of the king, ib. Takes arms in favour of the proteftants againrt the royal party, 69. Enters into a treaty with Elizabeth of England for affillance, 70. Is taken prifonerby the catholics at the
of, declares in

Is feized and

condemned

to death

battle of I)reux, 72.

"

Obtains his Hbcrty by treaty, and

""'

is

reinilatedin
his

'

INDEX.
Affifts at the fiege of Havre de Grace, 79. Is apprifed of the league of Bayonne againft the proteftants, anJJoins in a fcheme Forms the fiege of Battle of St. Dennis, 186. to prevent it, 185* Chartres, and obliges the court to an accommodation, ih. Is killed

Kis offices, 78.

at the battle of Jarnac, ib.

Conde, the young prince of, is, with Henry prince of Navarre, placed at the head of the proteftants by Coligni, after the defeat of Jarnac, and death of his father, v. 186. Is obliged by Charles to renounce the proteftant faith as the price of his life, during the rnafiacre of Paris, 206. Puts himfelf at the head of the German protellant auxiliaries, 2 io. is defeated by the duke of Guife, 355. prince of, his obflinate battle with the prince of Orange at , Seneffe, viii. 9. Louis XIV. ferves under him as a volunteer, 17, Succeeds Turenne in Alface, lb. Forces the Imperialifts to repafs the

Rhine, 18.
Congregation of the Lord, an affociation of Reformers In Scotland fo flyled, account of the bond they entered into, v. 22. Frefent a petition to

the queen regent againft the fcandalous lives of the clergy, 25. PeRaife men to oppofe the and convocation, ih> regent, 27. Their addrefs to her, and remonftrance to fuch of theic party as joined her, ib. Their addrefs to the eftabliflied church, 28. The regent enters into an accommodation with them, 29. Charge the regent with infringing the capitulation, ib. Sign a new covenant, 30. Give themfelves up to the piidance of John Knox, ib. Take Perth and Edinburgh, ib. Come to an agreement with the regent, 31. Are joined by the duke of Chatelrault, ib. Deprive the queen dowager of the regency, and order all French troops to depart the kingdom, 32. Requell afilftance from queen Elizabeth, 33. Conclude a treaty with Elizabeth, and receive a fleet and forces from her, 35. Treaty of Edinburgh, 36. Call a parliament, fupprefs the catholic religion, and eftablifh the prediyterian difclpline, 38. Send to the queen for a ratification, which fhe refufes, 39. Carry their plan into execution, and again requell the affiftance of England, ib. See Ireland. Connaught, Conquerors, In the feudal times, an elllmate of their merits, II. 485. Conrade, marquis of Montferrat, condu(5^s the German army to Paleftine, on the death of hir> father the emperor Frederic, ii. 7. Claims the kingdom of Jerufalem, in oppofition to Guy de Lufignan, 14. Is affaflinated by order of the Old Man of the Mountain. See AJffiJfins, Coujirvators of the public liberties. .See Barons. "> of the peace, appointed in Scotland, vl. 539. Conjlalle of England, refleftions on the arbitrary office, and court The ofiice of, forfeited by the duke of Buckingham, of, iii. 45 r and never revived, I v. 28. Conjlance, council of, depofes pope John XXIII. and eledls Martin V* iii. 1 18. Burns John Plufs and Jerome of Prague, 1 19. Qonjiantia, aunt to William II. king of Naples and Sicily, is left by him fuccefTor to his dominions, ii. 9. Is married to the emperor Henry VI. ib. Is difpoirefled by her natural brother Tancred, ib. ,_ J mother of Arthur duke of Britanny, is hate4 by Eleanor, queenVL. VIIE dowager C c
tition the parliament
.
_

INDEX.
How induced to furrender her fon to clowager of England, ii. 40. Appeals to Philip on the his uncle John, king of England, 42. niurder of Arthur by John, .]^. Conjlaniitiey king of Scotland, defeated by Athelllan king of England, Confederates with the Danifh pirates and Wellh princes, but i. 104.
is

vvortted

Conjldnt'inople
ii.

by Athelllan, 105. taken by the Turks, and the confequences of that

event}

406.-

Cofiftltution
iii.

of England, a hiftorical vievv of, to the time of Henry VI Indi304. The different periods of, pointed out, v. 452, note. cations of a fpirit in the houfe of commons to alter it on principles of Never thoroughly under Rood until fixed on prinfreedom, vl. 51. The arguments urged on both ciples of liberty by parliament, 52. fides in the difputes between James I. afid the parliament, 117. Cotmenildes, a6l of parliament againft, paffed, vii. 456. fevere law

Are rigoroufly difperfed and fup52. Are ftridly fupprefled in England, 175. Are allowed prelfed, 114. by the declaration ot indulgence, 256. Cativention of States, called in Scotland, without the king's authority, Enforce the Solemn League and Covenant, 542. vi. 539. k. See Parliament, parliament. Convocation, the iirft affembling of deputies of the inferior clergy, by Edward I. ii. 278. Scruple to affemble on the king's writ, 279. The objeftion how accommodated, and the reafon why the clergy formed two houfes of, lb. Refufes the demands of Edward toward a EVench war, 285, The confequences of this refufal, 286,
againft,
in

Scotland,

viii.

Summoned by Henry VIII. and

intim.idated

by

cardinal Wolfey,
iv.

Henry's 46. marriage with Catherine oi Arragon declared to be invalid by, 103^ Compounds with the king for a profecution carried on againft the clergy, on the llatute of provifors, 106. Acknowledges the king's fupremacy, with a refervation, lb. The papal authority renounced Debates on the expediency of a tranflation of the fcrip-* by, 1 19. The biflrops for and againft reformation enumerated, tures, 151. Articles of faith framed by, i66. The influence of proteftant 165. principles in their articles cilimated, 167. Grants fupplies to Henry, Annuls Henry's marriage with Anne of Cleves, 210. Grants 206. fupplies for a French war, 237. Votes Henry a fnbfidy of fix fhillings in the pound, 252. Meets, when- the firft parliament of Edward VI. was fummoned by the duke of Sometfet, 308. Meets in
queen Mary's reign, and difputes on tranfubftantiation, 385. The dtbate adjourned to Oxford, lb. Votes a fubfidy to queen Elizabeth, Its proceedings in the fitting after the diifolution of the fourth V. 77. parliament of Charles I. vi. 39c. Conway, lord, is appointed general of the horfe, in the army fent againft Is routed at Newburn, lb. the Scots, vi. 357. Copeithagen is befieged by Charles X. of Sweden, but relieved by an Eng304. houfe of commons, imprifoned for fpcaking irreverently of queenMa'ry.'iv. 442. Copyir Gohii when lirtl iutroduced, vi. 186, -^.^'^j'^''-^-Corn, -2^vJ^i/if- .!-:.--: >^->- '>
lifti

into the grant of a moiety of ecclefiailical revenues,

and Dutch

fleet, vii.

Copley, a
'

member

of-J^he

INDEX.
Corn, remai-ks on the flatute prices of, during the reign of Kenrj' III. ii. The exportation of, allowed in the reign of Henry VI. 225. iii. 215^ Other regulations of the trade in, ib. Prices of, during the reign of James I. vi. J75. Public magazines of, eitablifhed, ib. Corni/lj, iherifl' of London, is convicted on falfe evidence, and executed, viii. 236. 'Coni^ual, an infurreflion there againfl Henry VII. on account of levying a fubfidy. iii. 373. Pleaded by the lord Audley, 374. The rebels defeated at Blackheath, 375. " Richard, earl of, fon of king John, his difputes with his , brother Henry HI. and Waleran de Ties, concerning the refiitution of a manor in his earldom, ii. 157. Refufes the kingdom of Sicilv, offered to him by pgpe Innocent IV. 171. Is eledled king of the

Spends all his treafures in Germany, 175. Romans, 174. Is obliged to fvvear obedience to the provlfions of Oxford, before the barons allow him to return to England, 187. His fon Henry joins the confederacy of barons againlt the king, 196. Is taken priioner by the barons at the battle of Lewes, 205. Recovers his liberty by the battle of Evcfliam, 216. His fon Henry d'Almaine aflafTmated by their coufms, 218. Dies, 2ili. Corporations^ when firfi eredled in France, and with what view, ii. ii8. Are a great check upon induRry, iii. 404. The regulation of, granted to the king by parliament, vii. 374. Moft of them furrender their charters to Charles II. viii. iSi. Conditions on which,
"

they were reflored, lb. Dr. preaches before Henry VIII. and jufdfies his conduct againll: the reproaches of friar Peyto, iv. 134. Cofpatrick, why made earl of Northumberland by king William the conqueror, i, 205, note, 2^1. Created earl of Dunbar, by Malcolm king of Scotland, 264. Cottereaux. See Brabangons. CottinioH, Sir Francis, oppofes prince Charles's journey to Spain, vi. 132. Is abufed for it by Buckingham, ib. Covenant^ one framed and fubfcribed in Scotland, againft receiving the canons and liturgy, vi. 330. Is enforced by the general affembly under pain of excommunication, '^,^. Ses League. Coventry, Sir John, is aifaulted and maimed, for a fatirical refleflion on Charles II. vii. 468. Which occalions the famous ad againft maiming, known under his name, 469. Coverdale, bifhop of Exeter, is imprifoned on the accelTion of qusen Mary, iv. 376. Council of the North, abolifhed by the long parliament, ^'i, 422. ofOJicers^ fummoned by Oliver Cromwel, refolves on bringing Charles 1. to trial, vii. 110. Demands a dilfolution of the parliament, and feizes the king, 129. The parlian^ent purged by, 131. Plans a republican form of government, 133. Tunis the members out of the houfe by violence, 219. Chuies Oliver Ciomwel proteflor, 232. One is fummoned by Richard Cro-muvl, 295. Depolcs the protetlor, 297. Rsltores the leng parha-r.ent, 290. of Statesy nominated by p:?.rliament to carry on the adminillratioa of government after the execution of the kinj, vii. 168. Appoint*
Correrif

c 2

Crwmwcl

INDEX.
15S. One appointed on the 321. Council of Wales, abolifccd by the long parliament, vi. 422. ecclefiailical. See Synods. Counties, the firll divilion of England into, i. 92. The firft attempts at appointing members for, to parliament, il. 184.. See Commons.. Palatine, the jurifdicliou of, annexed to the crown, v. 489. County Courts, rirfl appointment of, i. 94. Atq peculiar to England, and the nature of them explained, il. 122, note. Coverfeu I'ell^ the obfervance of, in England, no mark of flavery,

Cromwel

lord lieutenant of Ireland,

diffblution of the long parliament,

i.

.477,, note.

Court and

thofe parties firft began in parliament,- vl. 106. 560. Court harouf the ancient form and nature of, II. 117. 122. Courts, civil and eGclelialllcal, law enafted for their re-unlon, on the Remained without effeft, from the accellion of Henry I. i. 347. oppofition of archbifhop Anlelm, ib. Court of high comm'tfflon. ^ee H'tgh-co?nmj^on. Courtney, fon of the marquis of Exeter, is releafed from the Tower, and made earl of Devon(hire, by queen Mary, iv. 374. Sen Devoi^hire. Cou/ras, battle of, between Henry HI. of France, and Henry king of Navarre, v. 35 j.
country.,
;

when

Co'ivley,

Cortcns,

His death, 346. his character as a poet, vil. 345. dean of Peterborough, his fuperftitious zeal for ecclefiailical ceremonies, and haughty aifertlon of church authority, vi. 386. Craig-, a proteftant minilter of Edinburgh, is ordered to publifli the banns between queen Mary and Bothwel, which he refufes, v. 113. Remonllrates againil this marriage before the council, and from the

a Scots courtezan, a riot at her houfc, taken cognizance of by the church, v. 52. Crainner, Dr. his firll introdu<l:t!on to Henry VIII. Iv. 100. Is engaged _ by Plenry to write in favour of his divorce, loi. Is made arch" blfhop of Canterbury, H2. The number of bulls neceffary for bifhop Burnet, 453. Is appointed J' liis infiallatlon, remarked, from examine the validity of the king's marriage, ib. Declares Caf' to \;, therine contumacious for non-appearance, and pronounces the marriage invalid, 112. Favours the protefiant tenets, 129. Intercedes with Henry in behalf of queen Anne Bullen, 158. Is conftrained to Encourages farther reformations In reliannul the marriage, i6q. ', '7g}o,n, 189. Oppofes the law of the Six Articles, 195. DIfmifleshls 'wife in obedience to them, ib. Communicates to Henry an account lewdnefs, 218. Lofes a powerful fi lend ^.^ of queen Catherine Howard's ''^ Is protedled by the king 'by the death of the duke of Suffolk, 254. -,"" againil: the catholic courtiers, 255. Attends Henry in his dying moments, 265. Is named one of the regency during the minority of 1 His Importunity with the young king to fign the \; .Edward VI. 381. '''' warrant for the execution of Joan Bocher, 324. Adheres to Somerfet ^';tlie protector In his dlilrefs, 331. Oppofes the attainder of Tonftal, ^bifhop of Durham, 357. Is induced to fign the patent for the fuccelfioa '\^'^Qi\?i^^- IzniGy^^'^^Ci^yJ^ impjifoned ai^d corivicled of tveafon, owing
'
:

pulpit,
,

iif.

Allifon,

N^

X,

to his indlfcreet zeal againft maffes, 377. Is fent under a guard to Oxford to debate on tranfubllantiation, 385. Is cited to Rome forherefy, Is deIs condemned as contumacious, though in cuftody, iL 429. Subfcribes to the pope's fupremacy, and the real prefence, graded, ib.

430. Contradicts this fubfcription by public declaration, il>. Is burnt, and his fortitude at the ftake, id. A character of him, 43 J. Crecy, battle of, between Edward III. of England, and Philip de Valols of France, ii. 433. The great flaughter of the French at, 436. Credit, national, low ftate of, previous to the reign of Elizabeth, v. 476.
f^fWrt, cardinal de, difgraceful anecdote of,
i.

343.

Crequi, marlhal,

is

defeated by the Imperialifts in an endeavour to relieve

Treves,

viii.

19

Qreffingham, treafurer of Scotland, is joined in the admlniftration with Ormefby, on earl Warrenne leaving his government there, ii. 298.

Urges Warrenne to give Exafperates the Scots by his oppreffions, ib. Is llain in the a<ftion with Wallace, ib. His body contemptuoufly treated by the Scots, ib. Qrevant, in Burgundy, befieged by the French and Scots, but ralfed by the Englifh, iii. 129^ Crim!nal\a.w, among the Anglo-Saxons, a view of, 1. 215. Criminals, a comparifon of the yearly execution of, in England, at difbattle to Wallace, 301.

ferent periods, iv. 275. v. 469. Cromivel, Thomas, defends his patron cardinal Wolfey, againft a charge of the peers, in the houfe of commons, iv. 94. Is made fecretary of ilate, 129. The king's fupremacy over the church delegated to him, under the title and office of vicar-general, 148. Appoints comTuiffioners to vifit the monalleries, ib. Great abufes charged upon

them, /^. Articles Prefides In the convocation as vicar-general, 165. of faith framed by this meeting of convocation, 166. The clergy incenfed againft him for his regulations in religious matters, 170. Pronounces ientence againft Lambert, 192. His account of Henry *s difputation with Lambert, 459. Is made a peer, and appointed one of the committee of lords, to frame articles for abolilhing diverfities of opinion in religion, 194. Aflifts the king in his arbitrary profecutions, Obtains precedency of the other officers of ftate, 200. Miti198. gates the profecutions on the law of the Six Articles, ib. Promotes Henry's marriage with Anne of Clcves, 2c2. Henry harbours a fecret difpleafure againft him on that account, 204. Is made earl of Efiex, and knight of the garter, 205. The caufes which procured his fall, 206. is committed to the Tower, 208, His accufation and condemnation, ib. His moving letter to the king, ib. His exccutiorn

and character, ib. Cromivel, Oliver, complains in the houfe of commons, of a preacher, for popifli doftrines, vi. 274. Is ftopped, with other puritans, from tranfporting himfelf to America, 309. Defeats the royalifts at Gainfborow, 535. Diftingulfhes himfelf at the battle of Horncaftle, ib. His gallant behaviour at the battle of Marlton-moor, vii. I2. Affifta in defeating the king at Newbur}', 17. Becomes a leader of the independents, 2 I . Differences between him and the earl of Manchefter, His fpeech in parliament relative to the felf-denying ordinance, 22. How he eluded the felf-denving ordinance as to himfelf, 28, ^6.

Cc

His

INDEX.
His characler, 29. New-models the army, 52. The fanatical fpirit Commands the right \^r)g at the ot -the officers and foldiers, 53. battle of Nafeby, 57. His fuccefTcs afterwards, 62. Foments the
difcontents of the army, 87. Is the fecret caufe of the king being foizcd by the army, 89. His profound hypocrify, ib. Is chofen
g-eneral by the army, 90. Marches the army toward London againft the parliament, 91. Retires to Reading, 97. Pays court to the king, and enters privately into treaty with him, 98. The army

marches to London, 103.

;ind parliament,

104.

Remarks on hiscondut between the king SupprefTes the agitators and reduces the army

10 obedience, 109. Calls a meeting of officers at Windfor, to fettle the nation, wherein it is refolved to bring the king to a trial, no.
all further treaty with thfi' Defeats Langdale and Hamilton, and marches into Scotr land, 127. Sends a remonftrance to the parliament on its treating with the king, 129. Seizes the king, and confines him in Hurfl-, caftle, 130, Jvlarches the army to London, to purge the parliament, ?3i. His fpeech in the houfe on the ordinance for bringing the king to a trial, 134.. Is appointed one of the king's judges, 136. His hypocritical conduct towards Fairfax, during the time of the king's execution, 145. His general chara(5ter, and great influence in the army, 157. Is named one of the council of ftate, 158. rrocures himfelf to be appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, 165. SupprefTes the agitators, ^67. Storms Tredah, and Arrives at Dublin, 169. puts the garrifon to the fword, ib. Storms Wexford with the fame cruelty, 170. Takes Kilkenny, All Munfler fubmits to him, 171. Leaves Ireland, 187. ib. Is declared captain-general of all the forces in England, and marches an army to Scotland, i88. Is forced Defeats Lefly at Dunbar, to retire, and is followed by Lefly, 189. Writes polemical letters to the Scots clergy, 191. Follows. 190. Charles II. into England, 195. Defeats Charles at Worcefter, ig6. Sum.mons a council of officers to remonftrate to the parliament for a new election, 217. Expels the members from the houfe, and locks the door, 219. An account of his birth and private life, 221. Receives addreffes on the diffolution of the parhament, 225. Summons His addrefs to it, 228, note. The parliaa new parliament, 227. ment religns up its authority to him, 331. Is declared protcftor, 232. Executes the His pou'ers, //'. Makes peace with the Dutch, 236. Summons a Portuguefe ambafiador's brother, for affaffination, 237. parliament, 238. His equitable regulation of eledfions, ib. DifThe parliament dilputes contents againft his adminiitration, 239. Diffolves it, after obtaining a recognition, 243. his authority, 240. An infurreftion of royalifts at Salifbuvy fuppreffed, 243. Divides England into twelve military jurifdiftioni, under major-generals, to lifues letters of reprifals againft France, fupprefs the royalifts, 244. His influence over the French minifter Mazarine, 250. Re249. Sends a fleet under Blake flexions on his foreign negotiations, 251. Sends a fleet under Pen and Venables to the Mediterranean, 253. Sends Pen and Venato the "WciT: Indies, 254. Jamaica taken, ib. bles to the Tower, 255. The vigour of his foreign tranfa<fi!ons, 258. His domcftic adminiilr;Uionj 259. Eilablifhes a mililia, 260. Eila-

Prevails with the parhament to vote againli

1

king,

13.

bi;.(hes

N D E

,X.

commlffion of 'Itjers, to prefcnt to ecclefiaftlcal benefices, 261. His general conduft in religious matters, 262. His addrcfs in_. procuring fecret intelligence, 263. His general deportment, E264. His vein of pleafantry fometimes leads him into inconfiftencies; iuftanced in an anecdote, 265. His plan of adminiftration in Scotland, De-266. In Ireland, 267. Endeavours to be made king, 269. ilroys the authority of the major-general, id. The crown is offered to him by parliament, 270. Is afraid to %'enture on it, 271. Extrads from his fpeech on re fu ling it, 273, no(e. The motives of his refufal, His proteftoral authority confirmed by parliament, 275. Brings 374. Summons^ his fon Richard to court, and marries his daughters, 276. Diflblves it, on a new parliament in two houfes as formerly, 277. his houfe of peers not being owned by the commons, 278. Concludes Sends an army to join Turenne in an alliance with France, ib. Parties formed Dunkirk delivered to him, iL Flanders, 279. againfi: him at home, 280. Difcovers a plot of the voyalifts, 281. Efcapes aflaffination by Sindercome, 282. Is dillurbed with appreFalls fick, 285. henfions and domeftic troubles, 283. Dies, 286. His charafter, 287. An apology for his conduft, 290. Anecdotes of his family, 291. Remarks on his political fituation at the time of his death, 292. His regard to literary merit, 341- His account to lord Orrery, of the full caufe of determining on the death of Chailes L
blifiies a

Crom-wel, Richard,
charaCler, iL

294.

brought to court by his father, vii. 276. His acknowledged proteftor, 293. Calls a parliament, Cabal of Wallingford- houfe, againll him, 295. Is perfuaded
is

Is

to call a general council of officers,

his life in peace,

v/ho alfo cabal againft him,

ib.

Is forced to refign the proteftorfnip, 297.

ib.

Paffes the remainder of

vii.

Henry, fecond

fon of Oliver, his charafler,

ib.

267.

Is

made

lord lieutenant of Ireland,

Refigns his command,

and. retires to

England, 397. His death, viii. 11, i.oie. Cropredy bridge, battle of, between Charles I. and Sir William Waller,
vii.

i^.
tntdlX

Crown,

by the firll parliament of Henr}^ VII. Hi. 316. review of powers claimed by, to the time of Charles I. vi. 160. The univerfal rage for enCritfndesy the commencement of, i. 292, gaging in, 296. The political ufe made of this frenzy by the European princes, 299. Why lefs attended to by William Rufus, than by other princes, ib. Hlllory of, continued, 309. 456. Richard I. prepares to engage in, ii. 3. The emperor Frederick marches on, 7. Ricljard I. of England and Philip of France engage in, ib. Their tFaraftions at Sicily, 9. At Cyprus, 12. Acre in Paleftinc taken by their affiftance, 15. Lewis IX. of France, and prince Edward, foji'; of Henry III. engage in one, 219. Lewis dies, 220. Edward recalled by his father, who dies quickly after, ib. Cumberland^ carl of, fits out a fleet at his own charges againft the Spaniards, but meets with ill fuccefs and misfortunes, v. 7,y\. Undertakes another expedition, which fails, 363. Endeavours to mitigate the fcntence of the council againll the earl of Eflex,
of,
,

416,

Cummiff

INDEX.
Cuminm of Badcnoch, aiTociated with the Stewart of Scotland, lu the rqgency of that kingdom, ii. 303. Is routed at Falkirk by Edward, 304.
Defeats John de John, chofen regent of Scotland, ii. .309. Edward's guardian of Scotland, iL Makes his fubmiffion Betray? young Robert Bruce's fecrets to Edward, to Edward, 310. Is killed by Bruce, 316. 314. Curfon, Sir Robert, governor of Hanimes, employed by Henry VII. to betray the fecrets of the earl of Suffolk, iii. 392. The amount Cuftoms, produce of, in queen Elizabeth's reign, v. 474. of thefe duties in the reign of James I. vi. ^7. 191. Amount of, in the reign of Charles I, before the civil wars, vii. 363. Cyprus, part of the fleet of Richard I. fliipwrecked and pillaged on that coaft, in their way to the Holy Land, ii. 12. Ifaac, prince of, conquered and thrown into prifon by Richard, ib, Richard efpoufes Berengaria, daughter of Sanchez king ^f Navarre^ there, J 3. Lufignan made king of, by Richard, 19. ;-jJ,;'330 eJc^^up sn? sJn;
",

Seg-rave,

%r'^
T^JCRES,
Leonard, excites an infurrelion
in the

north of Englandj

D'Jlbert, conflable of France, extraordinary' defeat of, at Azincour, by Henry V. of England, iii. 100.

French fleet coming to England to fuccour prince Lev/is, and his fl:ratagem on that occafion, ii. 150. jyAllraaine, Henry, fon to Richard king of the Romans, and earl of Cornwal, joins Leiceiler and the barons, againft Heniy III. ii. 195. Is gained over to the royal caufe by prince Edward, 200. Commands
jD*yilbiny,V}i\[i'p, defeats the

the main body 9f the king's army at the battle of Lewes, in coniunftiou Is furrendered, together with Edward, to with his father, 204. ReLeicefl;er, to gain the liberty oi Henry ar.d lu's father, 206. covers his liberty, with the other prifoners, by the battle of Eveflaam, Is aflaffinated by his confins, at Viterbo, 218. 2-i6. Danoy^ Sir Thomas Ofborne, trealurer, made earl of, vii. 512. His Receives information of the popidi plot, 63. charadter, viii. 11. Communicates it to the houfe of lords, 78. His letter to Montague Is ambaflador at Paris, produced before the houfe of commons, 86, impeached by the commons, 87. His defence of himfclf, 88. His impeachment revived by the following parliament, 97. Is committed Is freed by the houfe Is admitted to bail, 205. to the Tower, 98. Concurs in an invitation of lords, on the acceffion of James II. 226. His conduct in parliament on the abto the prince of Orange, 283. dication of James, 313. JDanes, the nature of their firfl piratical inroads into England, i. 69. body of them take up their winter quarters here, 70. Sack Winchefter, ; Defeat Alfred, and continue Seize York and other places, 75. f4.

their depredations, 78.

by
87.
,.,.,

Alfred, 82, 83.

Reduce the Saxons to dei'pair, 79. Admitted to fettle, and baptized, 84.
131.

Routed

Renew

their invallons,

red, 133.

Their

j)iratical

Revolt, Receive tribute from king Ethelcondud accounted fpr, 337. Settle in
.

,p

Normandy,

INDEX.
Normandy, Ever ready
il>.

Retain their ancient rude ferocity

ib.

in

England, 1^9^
See Canute and
Reniitted, ^Si'

to betray the Englifh to their foreign countrymen, 141.

maflacre of,

Deftroy the Englifh

fleet,

143. 153.

Denmari.
jDanege/tf

occafion

of impofing that tax,

i.

J}'jlquila,

Dangerjield, the author of the meal-tub plot, his charaler, viii. 124. Don John, commands the Spani(h troops in an invaiion
Ireland, v. 436.
.

Is forced

438. Darcy, lord, joins Afke's infurreflion in the north, iv. 172. Is impriIs executed, 175. foned on the fuppreffion of it, 174. jDarnly, lord, fon of the earl of Lenox, is propofed as hufband for Mary Is married to her, queen of Scotland, v. 85. His pedigree, ib. Is infulted from the pulpit by John Knox, ib. His charadler, 89. Becomes jealous of 94. Refents the queen's neglcft of him, 95. David Rizzio, ib. Enters into a plot with the chancellor Morton for the deftnidlon of Rizzio, 97. Caufes Rizzio to be afTaffinated in the queen's prefence, 98. Avows his orders for this aftion, ib. Is prevailed on by Mary to difavow all concern in Rizzio's murder, and is then left by her in difdain, 99. Is reduced to defpair by her negleft, 105. His illnefs attributed to poifon, 106. The queen's apparent reconciliation, f^nd tendernefs of liim, ib. Is blown up with gunpowder, in a lone houfe where he was lodged, 107. confederacy of nobles formed ttj punifh his murderers, 1 18. I)arvelf Gatherin, a Welfh Romifh idol, brought to London, and employed to burn fria.- Forell, iv. 180. J)aubeneyy lord, general of Henry Vllth's army againfl the Scots, ordered to march againll the Cornifh rebels,- iii. 374. Engages them at Blackhtath, ib. Taken prifoner by them, but refcued, 376. Defeats them, ib. Anhigney, count, his family and charafler, v. 231. Is fent by the duke of Guife, to detach James of Scotland from the Englifh intereft, ib. Infinuates himfelf into favour with James, and is created earl of Lenox, 232. See Lenox. J^avid king of Scotland, invades England in favour of the emprefa "Matilda, i. 357. Routed, ib. Confers knighthood on Henry fon of

...

to capitulate to

of Mountjoy the deputy,

'

W
'

r-"

the emprefs, 367. eldeft fon and heir of Lewellyn prince of Wales, does homage , 'to Henry III. and delivers his brother Griffin into his hands, ii, 190. Is taken prifoner by Edward I. and tried and executed as a traitor,

DawV's

ftraits-

difcovered,

v.

;'^'-

^'^^^"^

,-^^^'0

nnq

a.^t c^*

477.

J^avifon, fecretary, is ordered rant for the execution of

by queei), EHzabeth to prepare a warMary' queen of Scots, v. 316.' Is

'

perfuaded
force,

by the council to fend the warrant to be put into Is punifhed in the llar-chambet- for fo doing, '^22. 311. His account of Elizabeth's behaviour, in juftification of hi'nuelf,
'
'

ib.

"

' .

Dauphin, the occafion of the eldeft fons of the kings of France obtain* "' ing that appellation, 'ii. 451.
'

>

INDEX.
V^EJe, commands a body of French troops fent to tlie affiilauce of the Befieges Haddington, 311. Retires, 313. Scots, iv. 310. D^E-wes, Sir Simon, his chara(fttr of queen Henrietta, confort of
Charles
1. vii.

59,

note.

of Norwich, chofen to the fee of Canterbury, in oppofition to the clandeftiae election of Reginald, li. 58. De la Mar?, Peter, the fii-ft fpeaker of the houfe of commons, chofen,

De

Gravy John,

bifliop

iii.

3.

De

Dutch admiral, engages Sir George Ayfcue, vii. 214. In conjunction with De Wit, is defeated by Blake and others, ib. He and Tromp defeat Blake, ib. Attacks the Englifh fettlements He and Tromp engage the in the next war with Charles II. 399. Is defeated at the mouth of the Engliih fleet for four days, 41a. Thames, 413. Sails up the Medway and Thames, and burns the Battle of Solebay, Engliih fliips, during the treaty of Breda, 421. Is twice engaged with pnnce Rupert, the Englifli admiral, 485. Engages prince Rupert again, at the mouth of the Texel, 507.
Ruyter, the

De

Is killed, viii. 20. 508. Thermes, the French governor of Calais, makes an irruption into Flanders, but ia defeated by count Egmont, with the cafual aflillance of an Englifh fleet on the cdall, iv, 443. De Vlemie, John, governor of Calais, his prudent precautions' on that

city being

beCeged by Edward III.

ii.

437.

Kis manly pkrley with

fleet

the EngHfh, 441. De JVit, Cornelius, is with

De

Ruyter defeated by the Englifh

Goes on board de Ruyti^r's fleet, as deputy under Blake, vii. 214. from the States, 485. Comes on fhore for his health, and is tortured on an accufacion of attempting to poifon the prince of Orange, 49 J. Is, with his brother, cruelly murdered by the populace, 496. , John, the Dutch minifler, his charafter, vii. 402. Takes the , command of the fleet himfelf, after the defeat and death of Opdanij 404. Motive of his protracting the negotiations of Breda, 420. His negotiations with Sir William Temple, to oppofe the French Concludes the triple alHance conqueih in the Netherlands, 434. His friendly vllit to Temple, with England and Sweden, ,435. Is oppofed in his preparations for war, by the Orange 463, Oppofes the rcptal of the perpetual edift, 494. Is, fadtibn, '482. v/ith his brother, cruelly murdered by the populace, 496. Deadly Feud, among our Saxon anceftors, what, and how corapoianded,
.

'

i. 217. Debt, -when firfl. contracted on parliamentary fecurity, iii. 21^. Decretals of pope Gregory IX. a characier of, ii. 229. Defender of the faith, this title beftowed by pope Leo X. on Henry VIII,

36. a chara6ler of, under the commonwealth, vii. 226. Delinquents, this term when introduced, and how applied, by the houfe
iv.

De'ijls,

of commons, vi. 372. Denham, Sir John, his charafter as a poet, vii. 346. His death, ih. Denmark ; fee Danes. James VI. of Scotland, goes over to, and marries a princefs of, v. 35'2. King of, his treachery toward the Dutch Eaft India His treachery toward Charles II. of England, 406. fleet, vii. 405.
Joins

INDEX;
Prince GeorgeJoins the confederates againft Louis XTV. vill, 19. married to the lady Anne, daughter of James duke of York', Sec ^7/;w, Prince George joins the prince of Orange, 296. 205.
of,

princtfs of.

Derby, Henry earl

of,

fon of the carl of Lancnfter,

Is

feht

by Ed-

ward
ib.

ill. to pi-oteft the province of

ib.

Guienne,

ii.

423.

His military

operations there,
note.

His farther

fuccefl'cc,

Inllance of his generous regard to his proir.ife,438. Becomes earl of Laucafter, 4500'

See Lancajler.
countefs of, i^ the laft pcfon \vho fubmitted to the forces of th? , Letter from the earl of, in anfwer to Ire^comrrionwealth, vii. 205. ton's fumnions, 52S. Demiot Mhcrnorrogh, king of Leinfter, his tyrannic conduft, i. 427.Engages StrongSolicits the affiftance of Henry H. of England, ib. bow, Fitzgerald, and Fit'/i-ltephensj to undertake expeditions in liiy
favour, 428.

Defoorough, brother-in-law to Oliver Cromv/el, oppofes his accepting the Engages in the cabal at AVallingford-houfe, title of king, \'ii. 274. Oblip-es Richard Cromwel to dilfolve his parliament, 296. 295. Defpenjer, Hugh le, the chief jufliciary appointed by the council- of ba-'
rons,

removed by Henry HI.

199,
Refiifes to abide

ii.

cefter,

194. Is reftored by the earl of Leiby the avyard of Lewis of France, 2C2,'

Is killed at the battle of

Evefham, 215.

his charafier, ii. 344. Chaof Lancafter and the barons combine againft him, lb. Is married to Edward's niece, coheir of the earl of Gloucefter, ib. His lands ravaged by the barons, 345. The parliament forced to pronounce a fentence of forfeiture and exile upon him, and his father, 346. Is recalled by the king, with his father, 347. His rapacioufnefs after the forfeitures of the duke of Lancafter's party, 349, His father murdered by the barons, 356. Is himfelf put to death, ib. Particulars of his father's lofles by the barons, 367. Remarks on thefe loflcs, and conclufions drawn from them, ib. Devopjjytre, an infurreciion there to oppofe the reformation, headed by Humphry Arundel, iv. 339. Exeter befleged by the infurgents, 330.
,

Hugh

le,

favourite of

Edward XL
earl

rafter of his father, ib.

The

They

are defeated
,

by the

lord Ruflel, ib,

iv.

Courtney,

carl of, is

propoied

as a

hufband to queen Mary,

380. Incurs her refentment on declining it, 381. Is releafed from continement by the mediation of Philip, and dies abroad, 402. Digby, SirEverard, engages in the gunpowder plot, vi. 33. Is executed for it, 37. Evidencs of bis former good charader, ib. Diredory for public worfliip, one eftabliihed by the affembly of dlvliies at Weftmlnfter, in the room of the liturgy, vii. 32. Xiifpeiifiig power, the honfe of commons addrefs James II, on his cxdrclfiMg- it, vill. 240. His obftlnatc continuance of It, 244. The anArgurncnts agaiiiiV cient claim, and exerclfe of, by the crown, 245. it, 247. Is abolilhed by the bill of rights, 249, note. to nfliil" J^^OiJl'l, a Frenchman, attends the queen dowager of Scotland, her in the adminiftration, iv. 439. Proie61s a tax to maintafu a HandThis fcheme oppofed, ib. Is reproved by the ing force there, ib. '' CQuncJl/or his hoftile attacks on the Englilh borders, 440. '
'

Danrfa'/iy.

INDEX.
.^ ...iu-.,ii Domejday-booh, the nature of, explained, \. 275. Dominicans and FrancifcanSj obfervations on the Inftitutiens of thofe new orders of reh'gious, ii. 229. Donne, a charafter of his fatires, vi, 195. Darings a proteftant miniiler, openly reproves queen Elizabeth for ob-, itriicting the reformation, v. 153, note.
,.;

Do/iflaus, his hiftory,

and murder,

vii.

172, 173.

:--

Dorfet, marquis of, commands the EngHfh forces at the expedition tcv Difcovers the double dealing of his auxiliary Fontarabia, iii. 420.

Ferdinand of Arragon, 421. Returns to England, 422. founded there by Philip IJ. of Spain, for the education of Englifh catholics, v. 236. Dover, a tumult there, occafioned by the retinue of Euftace count of Boulogne, i. 163. Burnt by Philip of France, ii, 265. Douglasy lord, appointed by Robert Bruce joint commander with ^he earl of Murray, of the Scots army invading England, on the death of Edward II. ii. 372. His bold attempt to feize Edward III. in hia camp, 375. Retires home, ib. Goes to Spain, on a crufade againil
Do'ilay, a feminary

the Moors, 383. , Sir Archibald, defeats Edward Ballol, and drives him to England, Is defeated and killed by Edward III. at Halidown-hlll, 387. ii. 385. " , earl, his irruption into England, and defeat, iii. 68. Aflills young Piercy, at the battle of Shrewfbury, 71. , George, aflills with others in aifaflinating David Rlzzlo, v. 98.. Downing, the Englifh relident in PloUand, felzes Berkftead, Corbet, and Okey, three of the king's judges, and fends them to England, vli. 380. Prefents a memorial of Engliih complaints to the States, 399. Is again fent over on the removal of Sir William Temple, 473. Drahe, Francis, his voyage round the world, and depredations on the His expedition Spaniards, v. 234. Is knighted by Elizabeth, 235. Deftroys a Spanlfh fleet at Cadiz, to the Spanlih Weft Indies, 274. 327. Takes a rich carrack at Terceva, ib. Commands agalnft the Takes two large Spanlfh armada, under lord Effingham, 335. Undertakes an expedition agalnft Porveffels belonging to it, 342. Makes tugal, 348. Dfcftroys a Spanlfh fleet at the Groyne, 349. Burns Vigo, and returns, ri^. an unfuccefsful attack on Liioon, 350Makes an unfuccefsful attempt on forto Rico, 378. Is repulfed at
"
.

'

Darien, where he

dies, ib.

JJreux, battle of, between the conftable

Montmorency and

the prince of

Cond6,

V.

72.

Excommunication by them, fatal Druids, their office and power, i. 4. Their doctrines, ib. Their places of confcquences of incurring, ib. worfliip, 5. Their rites, ib. Their treafures how preferved, ib. Their Tlielr chief feat at Anglcfea religion not abolUhed without force, ib. deftroyed, and themfelves burnt, by Suetonius Paullnus, 8. Was fullered to remain In Dryclen, his charader as a poet, vill. 335.

Du Guefclin,
:.

poverty, 336. a gentleman of Brltanny, his charafter, 11. 472. Is employed Is employed to enllft the in the wars of Charles king of France, ib. companies of banditti to ferve agalnft Caflile, 475. His refolute deChafes Peter king of Caftile froi,n joands of the pope at Avignon, it>.
hi?

INDEX.
Ills

dominions, 476.
?.

Is defeated

by prince Edward, 477.

Is

made

conllable of France, 482.

Did/in,

confpiracy formed for feizing the caftle of, by Roger More, vi. Receives the Englifk fugitives from plot difcovered, i^. Its diftrefs during the devaftation of irethe other provinces, 441. land, 544. Dudley, a lawyer, the inftrument employed by Henry VII. in opprefling His mode of praftice, ;/'. Chofen his people, his charafter, iii. 387.

436.

The

Summoned before the privy fpeaker of the houfe of commons, 389. council of Henry VIII. 41 1. Committed to the Tower, 412. Tried, Executed to giatify the people, iL ib. Is the lord Guilford married to the lady Jane Gi-ey, iv. 361. ,
apprehended with the lady Jane, on the acknowledgment of queen Mary, 372. Is fentenced together with his lady, 373. Is executed on occafion of Suffolk's frefh confpiracy, 392. , lord, Robert, becomes the declared favourite of queen Elizabeth, Y. 60. Is created earl of Eeiceller, and propofed by Elizabeth See Leicejlcr. -as a hufband for Mary queen of Scots, 82. Diieli'ing, when, and on v/hat occafion the general practice of, firft took
rife, iv.

73.

Dunbar f the'callk

Sir George of, fiirrendered to Edward I. ii. 281. Battle of, between Oliver Cromwei created earl of, vi. 4. and the Scots general, Lefley, vii. 190. Duncan, natural foa of Malcolm king of Scotland, feizes the kingdom,

Hume,

i.

291.
is

Dundee

taken by general Monk, and the inhabitants put to the 207. Dunes, battle of, between the combined army of Englifn and French, and
fword,
vii.

the Spaniards, vii. 279. Dunfermling, abbot of, is appointed one of the commiflioners, on tl\e part of the king and kingdom of Scotland, to enquire into the conElizabeth's declaration to him duft of Mary queen of Scots, v. 134. Is aprefpefting the treaty fhe had entered into with Mary, 171. pointed by the Scots parliament a commiOloner to treat with Elizabeth Is difmiffed by her without concluding on any concerning Mary, ib. thing, 172. Joins an afiociation of the nobility, who feize James from the hands of Lenox and Airan, 24S. Dunkirk, is taken from the Spaniards, and delivered to Oliver Cromwei, vii. 279. Is fold to the French by Charles J I. 386. Defeated DunoiSf count of, ralfes the liege of Montarg;Is, ill. 137. and Vi'ounded in an adion with Sir John Faftolf, 140. Over-rules Joan D'Arc's inllrudlions for condueling the convoy to Orleans, 145. Yields to her In a fecond inftance, 146. .Prevails on her to alter her fcheme of a general attack of the Englifli trenches, 147. Probably Perfuades her to Itay, on her prompted all her meafures, 150. His 'facther; fuccelfes againft the wanting to return home, 154. Englifh, 159. Beikges and takes Maine, refufed to be iuvrcndered according to treaty by the governor, 174. - Allifts at the final reduc* Recovers Guienne from the Engliih,' 178. tion of Notmandy, 176. Commands the troops of Eritanny undtT his iklheri 5'37; Gained *ve-r to the intcreits of France, 34li.. -.^ 3frv;v--\ Jc i^'?] 'iii ^ j ^..\I --Duiylany ....

'
>

*-=

'

.:

INDEX.

\j)nrlinny St. aKbot of Glaftonbury, his afcendancy over king Edred, u His life and charafter, iii. Is placed at the head of the roQ.

His infolent behaviour to king Edwy, n^. Ii2. BaReturns, and heads the rebellion againft Edwy, 1 17. Promoted to the fee of Canterbury, ib. Enjoins Edgar penance for Crowns king Edward the Martyr, 127. His mofacriltrge, 122. Miratives tor adhering to Edward in preference to his brother, lb. cles in favour of, 128. Drirhanty Hugh de Puzas, bilhop of, purchafes the office of chief julticiary and the earldom of Northumberland, of Richard I. ii. 5, Is appointed joint guardian of the realm with Eongchamp bldiop of See Ely. Ely, during Richard's abfence on the crufade, 6.
treafnry;

nifked,

1 1

6.

E.
fucceeds his father in the kingdom of Kent, i. 38. Receives it again, lb, he renounced chriiUanity, ib. iEadburgOy wife of Erithric king of Mercia, her infamous charadler, u
fi

AD BALD,
Why
Txxid

arl

alderman,- fynonymous appellations

The

original nature of this dignity explained,

Earpivold, king of Eaft Anglia, Hiilory of his fticceffcrs, lb. Eaji Anglia, hiflory of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 46. Eqfi India, the new pafTage to, rouad the Cape of
difcovered,
iii.

the SaxonS, J. 575. 269. apoftatifes from chrlftianityj i. 46^

ii.

among

Good Hope,

firO;

company, the firfl: patent granted to, by queen Elizabeth, v. 477. A new patent granted to by James I. vi. 184. Differences between, and the Dutch company, lb. Cruelties praftifcd by the Dutch at Amboyna, 185. Its charter revived and fupported by
Charles II.
viii.

404.

329.
the Saxon clergy concerning computing the time

Eajler, difputes
.

among
i.

of that feaft,

63.

Ecckfmjllcal courts, a complaint preferred by the commons to Henry Vlil. againft the oppreiTions of, Iv. 108. government of England, innovations made in by William the
,

Conqueror,
.

i.

255'.

revenues, the taxation of,

and
tween,
i.

civil

refigned to parliament, vii. 401. powers i advantages refulting from an union be-

Ecclefiajllcs,

380. 405. their liomage to laymen for temporalifts condemned by the Why unfit for being intrufted with the council of Bari, i. 304. great offices under the crovi^n in the papal times of England, ii. 409. Their encou= Caufes which favoured their promotion to them, ib. rap"ement fecured by the att3chm.ent of mankind to their doctrines, iv. 30. The poHtical motives to fixing their falaries, and bribing them Thefe motives the foundation of religious ettato indolence, 31. How they became dangerous to the civil authority. blidiments, 32. See Blfbops, Hercfy, and Reformatio?}, Edgar, fucceffor to Edwy kmg of England, his wife adminlflration, j, ,117, Eflablifnes a formidable navy, 118. His barge faid to be
.

rowed by eight tributary

,
:

kings,.

/^.

His

attachn:ient to the

monks,

ib.

'.

inveighs

INDEX.
His addrefs to Dunflan, 119. Inltances of his Hccnhe gained his good charafttr, 121. Treacherous conduct of Athelwold towards himj tious coridudl, ib. Efpoufes Elfrida, /Z*. Kills Athelwold, 125. Encourages fo123. Clears the country of wolves, 126. reigncrs to fettle, lb. Edgar Ath.t^Ym'g, judged unfit for the fucceffion by King Edward th^ Proclaimed by Stigand archblfnop of CanConfelTor, i. 169. 172. Submits to William the Conqueror, 234. Kindly terbury, 232. Attends William to Normandy, 2^9. Retreated by him, 238. tires to Scotland with his filters, and marries one to King Malcolm, Received into fa348. Returns and excites an infurreftion, 249. vour, 261. Sent into Scotland to reftore Edgar, the right heir to Lives long, and dies in peace, 325. that kingdom, 308. Edge hill, battle of, between Charles I. and the earl of EfTex, vi. 506. Is burnt by Ricliard II. liiEdinburgh, taken by Edward T. ii. 281. Pillaged and burnt by Henry VIII. Seized by Henry IV. 68. 12, iv. 215. Riot of proteftants there on the fellival of St. Giles, v. 24. Receives the army of the congregation of the Lord, 30. Treaty figned there by the EnglKh plenipotentiaries and thofe of France, 36. A tumult there on introducing the liturgy, vi. 327. The folemn league and covenant framed there, 540. Is feized by Cromvvel after
Inveighs
agalnfi: tlie fecular clergy,
ih.

How

the vi61ory of Dunbar, vii. 190. Editha, a nun, carried off" and ravifhed by king Edgar, i. 121. Penance enjoined him by Dunftan on this occafion, 122. daughter of earl Godwin, is married to Edward the ConfelTor, , \. 159. Is hated by her hulhand on her father's account, 16^ Edmond, priiiiate of England, procures the difmiffion of the bifhop of
'

Winchefter, by his menace to Henry III. ii. 162. His prudent conduct in refult, 163. How he obtained the fee of Canterbury, 168. Ironfide, fon of Ethelred king of England, Hate of the kingdom at his acceffion, i. 146. His battle with Canute, 147. Shares Murdered, ib. Fate of his children, his kingdom with him, lb.
fucceffbr to Athelltan
i.

Edmund,

king of England,

his Ihort reign,

and

violent death,
receives

107.

Edred, fucceflor to

Edmund king

homage of Malcolm king of

of England, quells the Danes, and Scotland, i. loB. Advantages

taken of his fuperftition, loq. Edric, Ion of Egbert, difpoffeffed by his uncle Lothaire of the kingdom Defeats him, and obtains the fuccefiion, ib. of Kent, i. 39. "' duke, his treacherous behaviour, i. 143, 144, Deferts to , Canute, ^45. Returns to the fervice of Edmond Ironfide, and betrays him, 147. Executed by Canute, 149. Edavard the Elder, fon of Alfred, his reign, i. 99. His title contefted by Ethelvvald, liis coafin-german, i/i. The rebellion fupprelfed, 100. His wars againft the Northumbrians and Danes, loi Repeb the Scots, 102. Account of his filler Ethelileda, ib. E(kuard the ISlartyr, fon of Edgar king of Engbud, crowned by Dunftan,
.

i.

127.

His tragical death,

29.

l.a.'ward

INDEX.
Edward the Confej^or,
the Saxon line reftored

by

Lis accefllon to the crovrnl

of England, i. 159. His partiality to the Normans, i6i. Efpoufea Editha, daughter of earl Godwin, '62. His attempts to exclude Harold from the fucccflion, 169. His death and charafter, 178. Compiled a body of laws, ib. The firft who touched for the evil, ib. Some of his laws reftored, 260. Terrible famine in the time of, 227. prince, eldell fon of Henry HI. fhews early indications of a Is obliged to fwear obedience to the council of great fpirit, ii. 186. The twenty-fowr barons, appointed by the Oxford parliament, 187. kniglits of the fhires appeal to him againll the delays and proceedings His conduft on this occafion, ib. of the council of barons, 188. Refufes to avail himfelf of the pope's abfolution from his oath, to obIs taken prifoner by Leicefter, ferve the provifions of Oxford, 193. Js rellored by the king's treaty and compliance with the barons, 199. Forms a party againft the barons, lb. His ardour at the battle 200. of Lewes occafions his father to be defeated and taken prifoner, 204. His treaty with Leicefter, 206. His treatment by Leicefter, 2l2o Efcapes from his cuftod)i-, 214. Defeats Simon de Moutfort, coming Defeats and kills the earl of Leicefter at to join his father, ib. Evelham, 215. Saves his father's life in this battle, ib. His gallant defeat of x'\dam de Gourdon, and generous treatment of him., Is prevailed on by the king of France to engage in a crufade 217. Takes the earl of Gloiicefter with him, i^. to the Holy Land, 219. Efcapes affafiination, Arrives at Tunis, and iinds Lewis dead, 220. ib. Is recalled by his father, who dies quickly after, ib. Guardians of the realm appointed Hdwardl. proclaimed, ii. 232. Influence of his known charafter until his return to England, 233. His different emotions at hearing in keeping the kingdom quiet, ib. of the deaths of his father and of his infant fon, how explained by him, ib. Spends a year in France before his return to England, ib, Incenfes the French knights by his fucceftes in a tournament at Cha,

lons, 234.

nions,

ib.

Is

Does homage to Philip at Paris for his French domicrowned at V/eftminfter, ib. Applies himfelf to reftl-

Calls a parliament with this ib. Appoints itinerant commiffioners for the puniflvHis cruelty Annuls the commiffion, 236. ment of criminals, ib. Baniflies towards the Jews accufed of adulterating the coin, ib. them, 237. His frugal management of his revenue, 238. Supplies Summons I^ewellyn prince of Wales to renew granted to him, ib. Reduces him on his non-compliance, 241. Takes his homage, 240. his brother and fucceffor, David, prifoner, tries and executes him as

fying the diforders of government,

intention,

235.

Puts all the Wehh bards to death, 243. Traditional a traitor,-242. account of the annexation of the principality of Wales to the crown, and its giving title to the king's eldeft fon, ib. Goes abroad to mediate a peace between Alphonfo king of Arragon and Philip of France, Negociates a treaty of marriage between prince Edward and Marib.

This marriage fruftrated Scotland, 246. claims of the competitors for the crown of His reflcAions and fchemes on Scotland referred to his decifion, 250. this appeal to him, ib. Searches monaftic records to eftablifti a claim to the kingdom of Scotland, 25 1 Goes with an army to Norliam on the
garet of

Norway queen of

by her death, 247.

The

fouth

N D E

Xi

foiithof the
3)eclai-es to

Tweed,
them

his right

to determine the right of the ScottKh crown, 2^3. to difpofe of the crown, as h'ege lord of

Requires of the competitors an acknowledgement of his Obtains this conceffion from themj 256. Claims and obtains pofTeffion of the Scotch tortreffos, ii. The Scots barons and prelates fwear fealty to him, 257. Decides in favour of John Baliol fwears fealty to him, and is put in pofTeffion of Baliol, 258. Provokes the Scots and their new king by his a&.s the crown, iL Mutual depredations committed by of ufiirpation over them, 259. the fhips of France and England, occafioned by a private quarrel, 260. His oilers to accommodate the difference rejected, i6. Lofes the province of Guienne by the artifice of Philip of France, 263. His attempts to t-ecover it defeated by Philip, 264. Tlie occafion of changing the feudal military fcrvice into pecuniary fupph'es, 265. The The lirfl beginnings of popular confequences of this alteration, 270. ovcrnment to be dated from his icign, 272. Summons the repreentatives of the people in parliament to obtain their confent to SupSummons deputies of the inferior clsTgy plies for government, 274. to parliament, 278. They fcruple to afl'emble on his writ, 279. T'his objedlion accommodated, and the two houfes of convocation formed, il>. Summons John Baliol to afiifl him againft France, and makes other demands which he refufes, 280. Affembles an army to Takes Berwick by afTauk, and puts the garrifon to chaflife him, iL the fword, 281. The Scots beat earl W?rrenne, and the caftle of Dunbar furrendered, 16. Takes Edinburgh, and fubdues all Scotland, ^. Baliol fwears fealty to hinj, 282. Carries him prifoncr to Carries away the famous ftone, deflroys the Tower of London, 283. the' Scots records, breaks their great fcal, and leaves earl Warrenne governor of Scotland, 282, 283. Makes another unfuccefsful attack Hpon Guienne, 283. Marries his daughter to John earl of Holland, and forms alliances ngainft France, 284. Obtains grants from paIs oppofed in his demands by the clergy, ii. liamcnt, ib. The ocProhibits all rent to the clergy, 285. cafion of this oppolition, ii. Excludes them from all proteftion of tbe laws, 286. Reduces them to comphance, 287. His opprefiivc extortions on trade, 288. Norfolk, Hereford, and other barons, refufe to ferve in the expedition to Gafcony, 289. The two former refufe to attend him to Flanders, iK Appoints ra new conftable and marefchal to ad in their places for the prefent fervice, 290. Reconciles himfelf with the clergy, and appoints the archbifhop of Canterbury and Reginald de Grey tutors to prince Edward, ii. Apologizes to his nubility for the irregularity of hia former conduft, il). Promifes a reformation of government at hia return, il\ A remonftrance preicnted to hifn at his departure, by the Seals the tv.o charters in Flanders, earls of Norfolk, and Hereford, fl>. which are previoufly confirmed by parliament at home, 292. Is obliged to confirm them again, on his return, in the fuUsft manner, 10. His reluctance to limiting the boundaries of forefls, 293. Obtains from the pope an abfolution from his engagements to obferve the charters, 294. Confirms them again with an exception to the late Concludes a truce with Philip of perambulation of the forefts, ib. France, and fubmits the differences between them to pope Boniface, 296.

Scothmd,

z/i.

fuperiority, 255.

Voi, VIIL

Dd

The

/INDEX.
Marries Margaret, the fiftcr 'T'he pope's award betn-een them, 297 The Scots rife agaiuil him under William Wallace, of Philin, lb. Kisarmy under earl Warrenne defeated by Wallace, 30 1. Ad299. Overthrows the Scots at vances with a great army to Scotland, 302. I^ applied toby pope Boniface in behalf of Scotland, Falkirk, 304. 307. His anfwer to the pope, ib. -ppoints John de ^egrave guardian of Scotland, 309. Returns to Scotland, fcours the whole country, and Endeavours to fix his goreceives the fubraiffion of the Scots, 310. vernment over Scotland, 31 1. Wallace betrayed into his hands, ;/', Executes Wallace as a traitor, lb. His ai my under Aymer de Valence Dies, 318. His charafter, ;<^. His ledefeats Robert Bruce- 317. Allowed his barons' to entail their eftates, 321. giflative atts, 319. Was the firft who paiTed a ftatute of mortmain, 322. His probable His children, 323. A fummary view of motives in this lav\', ib. the fupplies granted him by the parliament and clergy, 325. Edivard, prince, fecond fon cf Edward I. the traditional account of his treaty of marriage negobeing made prince of Wales, ii. 243. tiated between him and Margaret of Norway, queen of Scotland, 246. This marriage fruftrated by her death, 247. The archbiihop of CanIs made terbury and Reginald de Grey appointed tutors to him, 290. guardian of the realm during his fath'-r's expedition to Flanders, ib^ Is obliged by the earls of Norfolk and Hereford to confirm the Is contracted charters of liberties during his father's abience, 392. Succeeds to the to Ifabella, daughter of thilip of France, 297.

'

crown, 327.
II. his accellion,
Flis feeble

Indications of his weaknefs of mind, ii. 327. His attachment to attempt againft Scotland, 328. Appoints him guardian of the realm, on his Piers Gavafton, ib. Is obliged journey to France, 330. Marries Ifabtlla of Fiance, ib. Sends him lord lieutenant of Ireland, ib. to banifn Gavafton, 331. Obtains cf the pope a dlfpenfation for Gavafton's oath never to reThe authority of government veiled in a council of turn, 332.
ib..
_

Makes a fecret proteflation again!!: their ordinances, twelve, 333. Invites Gavafton back from his fecoftd banishment by the or334. Thomas earl of Lancafter raifes an army againll: him, dainers, ib.
335. His narrow efcape from Lancafter, ib. Flis rage at Gavafton's Makes a fruitlefs' murder, 336. Is reconciled to his barond, 337Aflembles a great army againft: thq expedition to Scotland, 33?^. Scots, 339. Is defeated by R.obcrt Bruce at Eannockburn, 340. The dependency of Scotland loft by this defeat, 341. The barous obtain Reflections on his incaa renewal of the ordirances from him, 342. Charafler of Hugh le Defpenfer, and pacity for government, 343. Enrages the b^irons, who combine his father, lu's favourites, 344. Seizes the barony of Gower froni John againft the Defpenfer;, ib. de Mowbray, and gives it to liugh le Defpenfer, 345. The barons His queen infulted peremptorily infift on his difmining Defpenfcj', ib. Punilhes this lord, ib. Recalls the De-by lord Badlefmere, 347. Overpowers his barons, ib. Ipenfers, baniftied by parliament, ih. Lancafter declares h.is aliiauoe with Scotland, and raifes an antiy againft him, 348, Lancafter defeated and executed, ih. 349. Makes Concludes a triice another fiuiticfs attempt againit Scotland/ 350.

-''

.;

->i

'-

v\'uh

INDEX.
Robert Brnce for thirteen years, ib. His difputes \vith France, His queen Ifabdla goes to Paris to mediate between htr liiiiband and brother, 351. Religns Guienne to his fon, prince Ed vv;ird, ib. Intimacy between his queen and Roger Mortimer, 352. Her reply when he fent for her back again, 353. Ifahella forms a confpiracy againft him, ib. Ifabella invades Suffolk, and is joined by the barons, He leaves London, and retires to the well, 355. Retreats to 354. Wales, ib. Is feized by the earl of Leicefter, and confined in Kenilworth caftle, ZS^' ^^ depofed by parliament, ib. A refignation exIs taken from torted from him, 357. Is pitied by the people, ib. the cuilody of Leicefter, and delivered to lord Berkely, 358. His cruel ufage, ib. Is murdered by Mautravers and Gour.iay, 359Comparifon between his reign and that of His chara6ler, 360. bis father, 361. Prices of commodities in his reign, 2,^^. His
v^ith
ib.

Edward^

children, 370. prince,

fon to

Edward

II.

Is

Invefted

by

his father

with the

duchy of Guienne, il. 351. Goes to Paris to do homage for It, 352;, Is atHanced by his mother Ifabella to Phllippa, daughter of the count of Holland and Hainault, 354.

III.

his

acceffion,

il.

371.

The

earl

of Lancafter appointed

Marches with an army to oppofe the Scots, ib His difficulty in coming up with them, 374. His defiance to the Scots generals, how anfwered, ib. His narrow efcape from the bold attempt of earl Douglas, 375. Enters into a fcheme to feize Mortimer, 379. Affumes the exercife of government 380. His ftrift regard to the fuppreffion of robbery, ib. Encourages fecretly the pretenfions of Edward Baliol to the crown of Scotland, 383. Leaderguardian to him, 372.

Edward Baliol when driven out of Scotland, 38.9. Defeats the Scots at Halidown hill, 387. The foundation of his claim to the crown of France, 389. The weaknefs of his pretenhoii fhewn, 391. Is fummoned to do homage for Guienne, 392. Is obliged to perform It, ib. Prepares for a war with France, 394. En gages the Flemings to affift him, through the means of James D'Artetakes to reftore
ville,

396.

vicar of the

France, ib. of Brabant, 399. Invades France, but retires into Flandei-s, and difbands his army, ib. 4OQ. Is greatly impoverifhed by his fruitlefs expedition, 400. Remarks on his prefent fituatlon with his parliament, ib. Obtains conditional grants from them, 401. Tb.e refolutions of parliament on his affumed title as king of France, 402* Obtains a great victory over the French fleet, 403. Befiegf^s Tournay, 405. Phihp's reply to his defiance, ih, ConcluJes a truce with Philip, by the mediation of Jane countefs of Kair.ault, 407. Is deferted by his allies, 408. His Ill-humoUr toward his miniUers on his return, ib. Archblihop Stratford enters into a combination againfl him, 410. Stratford's letter to him, 411. Is reconciled to him, ih. Review of his prefent fituatlon, ih. Is obliged 10 pafa an a61 for redrefs of grievances before he obtains any grants, 412. Makes a fecret proteft againft it, 414. Iffacs an edict againllthe validity of thiis aft, th. P.atronl7,C the pvetcnfioni z{ the ccuut dc I.Iouutfort ti^ J the

Raifes a force, and pafFes over to Flanders, ih. Is created German empire, 397. Aflumes the title of king of Contrafts his fon Edward to the daughter of the duke

IN
'

D -E

CS.

tKe .dutch)^ of Biitanny, 416. Relieves ihe countefs befieged at HennC'^ Sends another fleet to her affiftance under Robert d'Ar-bonne, 420. His treatywith the ibisjf^j Goesover to Britanny in perfon, 421.
'Fvehch,'ii>.-

How

induced to break

this truce,

423.

Sends

tl>e earl

His fucInvades Normandy, 426. "'of-I5erby'6b'defend-Giuenne, jl/. Penetrates as far as Seizes 'and phinders Caen, 428. celTes there, ih. His addrefs to Difpbfition of his army at Crecy, 430. Paris, jk

"

431. 'Def^sats the French at Crecy, 435. His moderate His terms Belieges Calais, iL thi, viftory, 437. Q^eeri Philippa intercedes for the deputies orto tbe bt'fieged, 441. Turns out the inhabitants, and -dered" by hifh to execution, 443Concludes a trUce with France, il>. peoples it with Englifhmen, ii. X>ifeovers the treachery of his governor at Calais, and engages him to Engages the French army which was to deceive the French, 444. have feized Calais, and routs it, ii. His affability to his prifoners, Traditional accounts 445. Inditutes the order of the garter, 447'of the occafion of this inftitution, 448. Concerts two invaiions of Invades France from Calais, while his fon invades it France, 452. from Guienne, f^. Battle of Poictiers, 454. John king of France brought prifoner to London, 460. Reiiores king David Bruce on a Concludes a treaty with John, which is rejeded by ranfom, 461. Invades France with a vail the dauphin and ftates of France, '465. Progrefs of his arms, iL Is induced to conclude a more force, 4G6. moderate treaty, by the duke of Lancafter, 467. Treaty of Bretigny, 469. His fuccours to prince Edward, under tbe earl of Pembroke, Lofes moll of his terri^ fcized at fea by Henry king of Caftile, 482. Attaches himfelf to Alice Pierce, but is forced tories in France, 483Dies, 484. His charafler, ib. Reto remove her from court, i^. His children, iL 486. His regard to partrofpeft of his rtign, 485. His Cafes of high treafon limited in his reign, iL liaments, 487. Windfor-caftle built frequent confirmations of the great charter, 15. by him, and by what means, 490. His great exertion of the preroHis frequent levies of taxes without aucfatives of the crown, iL His open avowal of this power, il>. PalTes thority of parliament, ib. State of the internal police In this the ftatute of provifors, 492. His reign an inState of commerce and induflry, 494. reign, 493. terefting period of our hiftory, 499. Edtvard, prince of Wales, fon to Edwardlll. Is contraftcd to the daughter Is appointed guardian of the realm of the duke of Brabant, ii. 399. during his father's abfence In Flanders, 400. Calls a parliament, but Is Attends his father in an unable to procure his father any fuppHes, ib. His gallant behaviour at the battle of' expedition to France, 425. Creffy, 434. His father's behaviour to him that day, 435. Invades and ravages Languedoc and other parts of France, 452. Endeavours to join his father, 454. Defeats king John at Poidiers, and takes him priloner, Concludes a tnice, 458. His noble behaviour to his prifoner, 459. 460. Is inveited with the principality of Aquitaine, 476. Recals hia foldiers from the fervice of Henry Count of I'ranftamare, and protedls Peter king of Caftile, 477. Defeats Tranftamare, and reltores Peter, Peter's ingratitude to him, 478. Is involved by this- expedition, ib. and taxes his principality of Wales' to repay it, ib. His reply to the French
his ai^?ny,

expeftations^from

'

INDEX.
hoililities,

French king's fummons, 4,80. Goes to France to bppofe the French where his health declines, 48 f. Lofes moll of his French His death and character, pofleliions, and concludes a peace, 482. 484. How he obtained the appellation of the Black Prince, 485. Edward, prince, fon to Henry VI. born, ili. 198. Extraordinary adMarried to venture of, with his mother Margaret, in a foreft, 224. Killed, 250. lady Anne, daughter to the earl of Warwick, 238. . IV. proclaimed, iii. 212. Refleftions on this event, %b. His
charafter, 216.

Inftance of his cruelty,

217.

The

parties of

York

and Lancailcr how dillinguiflied, ib. Routs the Lancallrians at Touton, 218. His title recognized by parliament, 22 r. Execute* Gets poffeffion of Henry Vf. and imdivers by martialiaw, 223. His behaviour during this interval prlfons him in the Tower, 225. of peace, 226. Becomes enamoured with the lady Elizabeth Grey, Difgufts the earl of Warwick, 228; who Marries her, ib. 227.

^akes a party againll him, 229. Makes an alliance with Charles duke of Burgundy, 231. Beftows his hfter on him, 232. Leagues Infurreftion in Yorkfliire, ib. alfo with the duke of Britanny, ib.
Confufion In this period of the Engllfh hiftory, 234. Quells an inSecretly gains over Clarence from furreftion in Lincolnlhire, 235. Warwick's intereft, 238. Marches againft Warwick's army, 241, Chafed from his own camp by the treachery of the marquis of MonAffifted by the duke of BurFlies to Holland, 242. tacute, ib. gundy, he lands in Yorklhire, and pufhes for London, 246. Enters London, and gets proflefiion of Henry VI. 247. Defeats Warwick at Defeats queen Margaret's army at Teukfbury, 250Barnet, 249. Projefts an Refigns himfelf to gaiety on the return of peace, 252. invahon of France,. iZi. Invades France, 253. Lewis agrees to buy Oblbnifls the Interview with Lewis, ib. peace by a tribute, 255. duke of Clarence's marriage with the heirefs of Burgundy, 260. ProContra&s marriage for all his cures his trial and execution, 262, children, without effc(ft, 264. His death, character, and family, 265. Leaves his Refleftlons on the Hate of the court at this period, 266. brother the duke of Gloucefter regent, during the minority of his fon, His legitimacy denied by the duke of Glouceiter, 277. 267. V. State of parties at his acceffion. Hi. 266. The duke of Gloucefter left regent during his minority, 267. His perfon Intrulled His guardian arrefted by the duke of to the earl of Rivers, 268. Is murdered in the Tower with his brother the Gloucefter, 270. duke of York, by order of Richard III. 280v<:; Th^ir bodies; found in (the reign of Charles 11. 281. His mother, queen , prince, fon of Henry VIII. born, iv. 176. Is contraded to Mary the infant. queen of Jane Seymour^ dies, i^. Scotland, 233. His father Henry V HI. d.ies, 265. ...J .'y.j; his acceffion, iv. 281. Names of the regency tWrilig his The earl of Htrttord chofcn protector, and :mr\cic duke minority, ib. of Somerfet, 283. Somerfet obtains a coiifirniati.i>n of his. authority by patent, 2&6, Difcoversa propenfity toUterdture, 288, His rtjlucUnce at fignlng the warrant for tl>e execution of Juun Boacher, 324* Is fcraoved to Wlndfor-callle by the protedor, 337. Xsaddrcircd by the

>

VL

d 3

iOiUivjj

c:i,4

council

INDEX.
new eouncil tn du'mirs Somerfct, which he complies with, 338. ponncll of regency formed, 339. ilis gritf at his lifter the hidy Mary's Is induced by Northumbtrland obilinacy in the cathohc faith, 347. to write circular letters to the fiicriffs for chufiug a new parhament, Annount of the Subfidies granted him by parhament, 359. 358.
crown debts at this time, lb. His health declines, 360. 362. Orders the judges to prepare a deed of fettlement for the fucceffion of lady Jane Gray, ib. bigns the patent for her fucceflion, 364. His phyDies, iicians difmilTed, and his cure intrufted to an old woman, ib.
365.

His chavader,

ib.
,

Ed-win, fucctffor to Adelfrid, king of Northumberland, hfs,wife government, i 42. His fmgular efcape from affaffination, lb. Converted Slain in battle by Penda king of Mercia, 44. to chriJlianity, 43,

His kingdom divided, and his family extinguilhed, ib. and Morcar. See Morcar. Edtuy, fucceffor to Edred, king of England, his perfoiial
i.

chara6terj_

His fnbjefts revolt at the inftigation of the clergy, 1 16. Effingham, lord, is fcnt with a fquadron to Spain, to convoy Philip to England, but is afraid of his feamen, iv. 397. Is one cf queen' Elizabeth's ambaffadors at the treaty of Cateau CanVorefis, v. 17. ~ Englifh navy deftined to oppofe , lord Howard of, commands the Is attacked by the armada, the Spanifh invincible armada, v. 335. Attacks and difconcerts "under the duke of Medina Sidonia, 342. Takes command of the fleet fcnt againft the armada at Calais, 343. Is created earl of Cadiz, 379. Cadiz taken and plundered, 380.
1

14.

'

Nottingham, 381. '&cq Nottingham. Egbert, Ion of Ercombert, king of Kent, his cruel fcheme to fecure the
fucceffion to his fon,
i.

39.

Takes refuge, and king of WefTex, his defcent, i. $G. 58. Recalled to enimproves himfelf in the court of Charlemagne, ^6. State of WelTex at his accefiion, 58. Defeats joy the uicceiTion, 57. Conquers Kent and EfTex, 59. The Eall Angles the Mercians, lb. Conquers Mercia, ib. put themfelves under his prctefticn, lb. Northumberland, ib. Unites the heptarchy under his government,
J

ih.

66.

Egmont, count, the Spanifh general, defeats De Thermes, the French governor of Calais, in Flanders, by the accidental affillance of an Is put to death by the Engliih fquadron then on the coaft, iv. 444.

duke d'Aiva,
Eland,

v.

194.

governor of Nottingham-caiile, betrays Roger Edward III. ii. 379. Elbeiif, marquis of, accompanies queen Mary in her retv.rn to Scotland, V. 45. Is concerned in a riot at the houfe of Alifon Craig, which
Sir William,

Mortimer

into the hands of

the church takes cognizance of, 52. Eleanor, daughter of VVilliam duke of Guienne, why divorced from Lewis YIL of France, i. 367. Married to prince Henry, fon of Inlligates her fons to revolt againa Stephen, king of England, 368. their father, 436. Attempts to efcape to France, and is confined by her hufband, lb. Obtains her hereditary dominions from her hulband, Is j-ekci.fed and made regent by her Ion Righard I. until hisar455.
.

rival

INDEX.
t"iv-a!

in

England,

ii.

2.

Carries

Berengaria,

her

fon*s

intended

Writes to the pope on Arrives in Gcrniany Richard's being impriioned in Germany, 23. Her averlion to v/ith the itipuhited ranfom, and relcafes him, 28. Conftantia, mother of Artliur divke of iSruauny, 40. Eleanor, daughter of the count of Provence, married to Henry HI. of England, ii. 163. The bounties beltovs'ed on her relations, ih. 1 he
bride, to hiin at Meffiiia,

and returns, J2.

Prepares a force abroad, to repopulace of London infult her, 199. itore her hufband from the tyranny of Leiceller, which is difparfed by bad winds, 209. Dies, 257. Ekclionsto parliament, review of tli.e lavv^s relating to, during the reign How regulated under the protedlorate of of Henry VI. iii^ 213. Oliver Cromwel, vii. 238. Elfecia, a waiting rnaid, how fhe b-came miftrefs to king Edgar, i. 122. ^Ifr'ida, the daughter of Olgar earl of Devonfliiie, treacheroufly obtained in marriage by Athdwold, favourite to king Edgar, i. 124, Efpoufed by Edgar, 125. Caufes her fon-ia-law king Edward the

martyr to be killed, 129. Elglva, wife to Edwy, king of England, ftockingly murdered by the clergy, i. 116. Other reprefentations of this llory, 473. El'i%ahdh, daughter of Henry ViH. and Anne Boleyn, born, iv. 113. Treaty entered into by her father Is created princefs of Waits, ih. Her mother befor marrying her to the duke of Angoaleme, 141.
Is rcilorcd to headed, i6i. Is illegitimated by parliament, 163. lo addr'=fled by the lord her right of fuccefhon by pculiament, 242. Seymour, 315, Raifes a body of horfe to fupport her filler Mary, Caufe of her filler's Srll declared againll the lady Jane Gray, 372. Is confined by her filler under colour of animoiity to her, 380. Wyat's infurreftion, 390. Is releafed by the mediation of Philip, Owes this protedion to his policy, ih. Retires into the coun402. try, and devotes herlelf to Uudy, 442. Her prudence on the propofal of marriage made by the king of oweden, ih. Her caution with reGreat joy munigard to rehgion, 443. Her filler Mary dies, 445. Her befeiled both by parliament and pe.oole at her acc^ilion, v. 2. Receives all the bifliops haviour on arriving at the lower, ih. Notices her eleiSion to foreign courts, kindly, exceptir.g Bonner, 3. ib. Her motives for declining Philip's offers of marriage, 4. Notifies her accefiion to the pope, and his expreffions on the occalion, tb. Forms her council, ih. Recals her ambaffador {xij>m. Rome, 5.

proteilant religion,
lics

Is a'dvifed by Cecil to reftoie the Cecil fecretary of liate, ib. ib. Her cantlon in this matter, 7. Prohibits all preaching without licence, to fupprefs the violent attacks of catho-

Makes

and reformers on each other,

/.'.

Prohibits the elevation of the

Her popular Is crowned, ih. behaviour, ib. Her title recognized by the new parliament, 9. Is 'i he powers declared goverrieis of the church by parliament, 10. conferred under this title, ih. All Edward's ilatutes concerning religion confirmed, ib. The mafs abolilhed, and luurgy rtlloicd, 12. Grants voted to her by the commons, 13. Her anf^-er to the adHer drefs of the commons to hx on the choice of a liuiband, ih.
hofte, 7.

The

biihops difgulled, 8.

addrefs io conciliating the catholics to the reformed religion, 15. RtieC:ts X) d a

INDEX.
Rejcfts the propofal of Philip, for her adhering to the Spani/h alliHer treaty with Henry, refpeCting the i6. Henry folicits her excommunication at Teilitution of Calais, 17. Mary, queeu of Scotland, and her hufband the court of Rome, 19. the Dauphin. afTume the arms and title of England, ib. The rife

ance againii France,

of her violent jealoufy againft Mary, 20. Receives a deputation from the proteftant malcontents in Scotland for afliftancc, and is perfuaded by Cecil to grant it, 33. Sends a fleet and army to Scotland, 35, Concludes a treaty with the afTociation called The Congregation of ibe Lord, ib. Treaty of Edinburgh, 36. Review of
Receives a fecoad deputation froaa her conduct" in this affair, 37. the Scots reformers, with thanks, and define of farther aid, 39. Applies to Mary, queen of Scots, for a ratification of the treaty of Edinburgh, and a renunciation of her precenfions to the Englifh crown, which fhe refufes, 42. Denies Mary a paffage through EngMary's fpirited reply on the land, on her return to Scotland, th. pccafion, ib. Equips a fleet with a fuppbfed defign oi intercepting Mary, who efcapes it,' 45. Her reply to Mary's req^itft of being declared fucceffor to the Englifh crown, ^6. Is apparently reDivera proconciled to her, 59. Hei; prudent adminiilration, ih. Gives a gentle refufal to them pofals of marriage "made t6 her, '60. all, 6t. Her ayerfion to'thc idea'of -a fucceffor, ib. Cruelly perfecutes the earl of Hertford and his lady from this motive, 62. Pardons Arthur Pole, and others,- -convifted of a ccnfpiracy, ib. Philip of Spain' begins to, manifell his' enmity to her, 68. Enters into a treaty with .the, prince -oF Gond'e, and hss' Havre-de- Grace put into her "handG, 7,1. Affift's the' French' proteftants, after the battle of Dreux, 73; Falls daiigeroiiny ill "of the fmnll-pox, ib. Is addreffed by the commotis' to' marry, ib'. Her retlctiions on this fubjeft, 74* Her repliesj 75. Supplies granted her by parHer maniFefto on taking poffefiion liament ^iid coilvocntion, 77^ of Havre-de-Grace, /3'. Is negleffed irT the treaty between Conde and the French court, and rcfolves to 'retain Havre, 79. Havre taken, and the plagije brouc;ht into England b'y the garrifon, 80. Makes a refigoation of' her claim to-Ca-Iaisy -^ii-' Maintains an amicable correfpondence with Mary, but declines an interview, 81. Her addrefs in preventing Mary from contVaftirig a' foreign alliance by marriage, 82. Her duPropofes the earl of Leiceil^r to her, ib. plicity in this prhpolal, 83. Expofes her Weaknefs and rival/hip in her converfatiMn with Melvil the Scots ambaffador, 84. Favours the marriage of Mary with lord Darnly, 86. Her duplicity again rnanifelted in thi>^ inrtance, 87. Encourages the Scots malcontents to rife againll Mary, 90. Difavows any connexion Vvith them on the failiirc of the entcvprife, 91. Her behaviour on receiving news of the birth Promifes the commons to marry, of prince James of Scotland, lOO. and gives her reafons againil naming a fucceffor, 102. Prohibits their debates on this fubjetl, ib. Revokes' her prohibition, lo^t. Her fpefch'at diffolving the parliament,' ib.- Remonftratcs Mrita Mary agninft her maniage with Boibwel, 115. Sends Thidgn(io''tOn ariibalTador to Scotland, on the captivity of Mary, The 121. tenor ot his commiffion, ib. Sends Mary offers of affiilance onJier
.
' .

'

tfcap^

I*N D,:E;X.
cfcape fropf LocWeve-n^caftle, J^zy. Murray, takes riefuge' ifl-;,,Eag-la;wd, Cecil's advi,ce to bcT oil tl\i6;<3^^fiori,, tig.

,Reqalfes'MaV'y 'to^cJVar Require^ ^Iyri;iYray|p juftify his ^condi;Lt t^JVv'Sj^dajMaig^^. /c.,^ .Appornts qomrnitlToii^ls ^for hearing the taufe at-..Yorkj-.ri3A.'., Qsrie^,pwc)ppftd.'t^ herby'MurT^aif, 138. Transfers thereonfereQG.es to: H^jm^idii-couctj and,'^4pj)oi.nts', jidr ditional commiffiaaers, 139^^ Her anivver-to^JvIiuTW^s 'queries, 'i|. Lays the tefult of the;<3qnfcpencebefQre fier grivy coi4..n,dlj i^-B- tter reply to the Scots comtniflioners, 14;^. ^ifrnjlTes- M"ufray with a"pf efent for his expences, 145. Detains tKe duke? .of QhatelrS,ut till Murray's departure, ii. Still refufes to acknowledge tB-e -young king, 146. Mary refufes all conceffions, il/. Renews Kef demand for the reftitution of Calais, 147. The chancellor L'Hofpital's pleas to elude the demand, ib. Enters into a fruitlefs negotiation for marriage with the archduke Charles, 148. Inftances of her reluctance ia the work of church-reformation, 152. Is attached to the dodlrine of the real prefence, 153, note. Endeavours to deprefs the puritans, 155. Her great regard and attachment to Cecil, 158. Gives the duke of ^ Norfolk hints of her knowledge of his negotiations in order to a marriage with Mary queen of Scots, 160. Norfolk committed to the Tower, 162. Mary removed to Coventry, and more ftriftly guarded, ib. The earls of Northumberland and Weftmorland raife an infurredion in the north, 1 63. Releafes Norfolk on promife of rclinquifhing thoughts of Mary, 165. Amufes Mary with negotiations, ii. Her propcfals to Murray in her behalf, 166. Sends Suflex with forces to Scotland, to check the progrefs of Mary*s party, 168. Defires the Scots, on Murray's death, not to eledl another regent, il/. Her ambiguous conduct to balance the fadions in Scotland, 169. Sends terms of a treaty to Mary, who agrees to them, 170. Her meafures to frullrate this treaty, 171. Commiffioners fcnt by the Scots parliament to treat with her, iL Is difgufted with their republican principles, it. DifmifiTes them without concluding any thing, 172. Is excommunicated by pope Pius V. ii. Summons a parliament after five years interval, 173. Prohibits them from mecjdling with affairs of ftate, ib. Summons Strickland a comV OToner before the council, for introducing a bill for amending the liturgy, 175. Prohibits him from attending the houfe, il>. Yelverton's fpcech in the houfe on that occafion> /?. Reftores Strickland to J his feat, 177. Employs the houfe of lords to check the commons In wv debating of religiqws reformation, il. Bell, a commoner, feverely reyiiprimanded by the council, for a motion, agaiaft an exchifive patent .ifgranted to a trading company at Briftol, ,180. Orders the lord keeper .';JBflcoti to reprove the commons at the clofe of the fefilon for their ,-; ffreedom, 18 1. Remarks on her notion pf the proper objefts of parJiJiairaentary concern, i^.. Her frugality and fchemes to avoid aflving ^ cfiipplits, of parliament, 184. Affilh the queen of Navarre with moij Bcy^ and allows men to be raifed for^|:he alfiftance of the French pro/ioJtertants,' 187. Receives propofals of marriage with the duke of ;^a Anjojn:,;i89j Protafts-theFiemirh refugees, 194. Seizes fome moncr
^

herfelf

from
.

-the ijiu^rdgr

of Jie/,ji|^it)and"^,-i3'2*.

'."intcnded.'for the
^'{'^i'i

d^ke

of. Alva,
I

ik

Difcoyers Norfolk's conijiiracy,

who

N D

X.

IS tried and executed, 199. Remonflrates with Marv coacerm'nsy Reduces Mavy'i party in Scotland, 203, Conconduft, 200. cludes a defenfive alliance with France, 204. Her reception of" Fenelon, the French ambafTador, ordered to excufe the maffacre ot" Paris to her, 2c6. Her prudent reflexion and condut!! on this occafiou, 308. AfTifts the Germar^ levies for the fervice of the Hugonots, .2i'>. Is obliged to deny givinej farther countenance to the Fkrriifii exiles, Receives an enibaffy from the revolted Hollanders to i'xiplore 214.

who

jier

Sends lir Henry Cobham to intercede with Philip in 218. Concludes a treaty with the prince of Orange, 219. and agrees to afillt nim againih the Spaniards, 220, Her reprefe;itationg to Philip on the occafion, 221. A \ic\v of her fitnation at this Renders the confinement of Mary drifter, i^. Her tiins, 222. lenity ip religious matters, li. Her watchful regard over the puritans, 223. Her frugality and pun6iaaiity in paying loans, 224. Is petitioned by parliament for church reformation, 228. Interpofes with the Scots admiuiitration, in favour of the earl of Morton, 232. Ireland invaded by the Spaniards, 233. Pier difpleafure at the cruelty exercifed in reducing them, 234. Countenances the depredations of Francis Drake, and knights him, 235. Obtains fupplies Iror, parliament, i&, Reprimarids the commons for appointing a fali, 236. Her great attachment Is informed by him of to Sirnier, the duke of Anjou's agent, 239. Receives a private vifit from the duke of I>e:cfcrier's marriage, 240. Anjou, iL Orders a contract of marriage to be prepared between her and A.njou, 241. Receives a fplendid embaiTy from France on the Sends Walilngham ambailador to Paris, 242. The ccailon, il. Itrange fiu6luations of her conduft on this affair, iL The duke of Aujou comes over to England, 243. Gives him a ring from her own finger, 244. Is dilTuaded from this marriage, particularly by fir Rejedts the duke of Anjou, 247. Thilip Sidney, 245. Sends an embaffy to Scotland, on Jamies being taken from the power of Lenox and Airrap, 240. Receives a pathetic letter from Mary, 250. Her Opens a negotiation in Scotland for refieclions on this letter, 252. T'/Iary's liberty, 254. Reproaches James with inconllancy, 255. Sends Waifingham to Scotland, to difcover the charafter of James, il). Procures a change in the Scots ininillrvj 256. Artifices praitifed by her irdniflry to deteft confpiracies, 257. An afiociation formed to protel Calls a parliament, 259. ber againft all violence, 258. Receives fupplies from it, 260. Eftablifhes the court of ecclefiailical commiirion^ ^62. Her fpeech to parliament, on the applications made for farther Enlarges the powers of the ecclefiailical court, reformation, 264. Confpiracies formed againft her life, ili. Concludes another 265. league with the States, and takes polfeflion of the towns afiigned her Sends fir Francis Drake againft the SpaniHr Weft for fecurity, 271. Indies, 274. Her motives in lending Dr. Wotton ambaftador to Scotland, 277. Concludes a league with James for their mutual deAppoints a comminion for the trial of Mary queen of fence, 279. Calls a parliament on Mary's condemnation, 300. Scots, 291. Appears unwilling to carry Mary's fentence into execution, 301. IVIary's laft letter to her, 303. The duplicity of her conduft, in regard to Marv, Her bchavioiu' on the execution of Mary, 32a. 307, '
sffiftance,

their behalf,

r-

Her

X.

Recalls Lticefler from Holland, 329. |Tev letter to James, 321. Prepares for defence againR the SpaHifh invincible armada, 334Her vigilance and prudence, 336. Her lenity towdrd her catholic fiibjcdls iit this time, 337. 'Viika the camp at Tilbury, 33H. Receives fupplies from parliament, on the dcltruftion of the armada, 345. ProFiibits the commons from meddling with ccclefjafLical afFair.s, 346. Checks their intended regulations of purveyance, 347. Retains great jealotify of James of Scotland, 351. Endeavours to prevent James from marrying, 352. Affiils Henry of Navarre againlt the king of

Sends him men and morey on his acctffion to the France, 355. crown of Fiance, 357. Sends him farther afTiftance by treaty, 359. Her haughty reply to the ufual re361. Calls a parliament, 363. quefts of the fpeaker of the commons, ib. Sends feveral members to
prifon, for reviving the quefuon about the fucceffion, 364. Her injunctions to the fpeaker, on Morris's motion againft ecciefiaitical abufes of

power, 365. Her fpeech to parliament, 367. Ker advice and conduft to James of Scotland, on the difcoveiy of a confplracy againfl him, 371. H^r phyfician receives a bribe from the Spanlih miniilers to poiion her, and. is executed for it, 373. Concludes anew treaty v/ith the United Provinces, 375. Fits out an armament which takes and plunders Cadiz, 379. Makes Efiex earl marflial of England,

Her pleas for a fupply, ib. Ob385. Gives Effex a box on the ear, 391. Concludes a new treaty with the States, 393. Sends Effex lord lieutenant to ireland, 404, Orders EfTex to difplace the earl of Southampton, 405. Is difpltafed with his condutl, 409. Her behaviour to him on his unexpected journey to court, 410. Her forrow on his illnefs, 411. Sends lord Mountjoy to Ireland, in the room of Effex, 413. Caufes EfTe to be examined before the privy council, 414. Remfes to renew his patent for the monopoly of fweet wines, 418. Is informed that E flex ridicules her perfon and age, 420. Is informed of EfTex's rebellious fchemes, 425. Her irrefolution with regard to the execution of EiTex, 429. Confcnts to his death, 430. Meditates a new fyilem of policy for Europe, in conjundlion with Henry IV. of France, 433. Is induced to pay her foldiers in Ireland with bafe money, 435. Her enormous grants of monopolies, 439. Is induced to reftrain them, 441. The abjtft acknowledgments of the hcufe of commons, on her promife to cancel the moll oppreffive of the patents, ib. Falls into a profound melancholy, 445. Inquiry into the caufe, iL The countefs of Nottingham confclfes her treachery 4.^ EfTex, 446. Her unconquerable grief on this cccafion, ih. Dies, 447. Her character,' 448. Review of her admlniilraticn, 451. Her arbitrary exertion of her prerogatives, 453. Star-chamber, 453. Court of high commiffion, 454. Martial law, 455. Orders vagabonds to be puniihedby martial law, 456. Her indignation againfl Hay ward, an author, averted by the pleafantry of Bacon, z^'^'j. Her method of opprefTmg turbulent fubjeds, 459. Her arbitrary cxadion of loans, 460. Vidtualled her navy by means of her prerogative of purveyance, 461. Her arbitrary ufe of embargoes, 462. Difallowed the legiflative power of parhament, lb. Her tyrannical proclamations, 463. Oppreffive and cruel adq.pi" pcw.^r.by. her and iter minilhy,
384.

Calls a parliament,
ia.

tains a grant,

'

464.

INDEX.-:
fcate of morals, and remifs execution of juftice, during her She threatens to deprive the 469. Her revenues, 472. biihop of Ely of his fee for not fulfilling an engagement concerning Her curious letter to him on the exchange of fome lahd, ib. not. that fubjefi, ib. : The true leafon of her parfimony, ib. Debts owinoHer extraordinary charges, and preto her by foreign priilces, 473. Amount of the fupplies Hie received from parfents to ElTex, 474. liament, ib. Her credit ellablifhed in the city of London, 476. Her commercial rfgulations', 4,77. ^Her improvement of the navy, 480. Her oftentation in drefs, 488. Her extraordinary learning, 490. Reports to her "prejudice, which were communicated to her by Mary queen of Scots, 506. Her fpeech in the camp at Tilbury, 516, Remarks on her partiality to the earl of Leicefter, 517. The gallant fiyle in \vhich her courtiers ufed to addrefs her, and fpeak of her Harrifon's accent of her navy, 533. 526. Elizabeth, princefs, daughter of James I. is married to Frederic, eleftor

464.

Bad

reign,

palatine,
,

vi^,

63.

pfincefs, daughter of Charles I. his

vii.

charge to her, before bis

by him, in the houfe of and poundage, viw 275. His fentence by the court of King's-bench, 276. Dies, 277. ElJIon, friar, interrupts Dr. Corren, preaching before Heary VHI. and commons,
againft tonnage
juftifics friar

Dies of grief, 151. 142. lUlot, Sir John, reads a remorvftrance framed
execution,

Peyto's abufe of the king,

ib.

iv,

34.

Is cenfin-ed

by the

council for

it,

Longchamp bifhop' of, appointed joint guardian of the realm, with the bifhop of Durham, by Richard I. during his abfence on Arrefts His charafter and preferments, 7. the crufade, ii. 6. his coadjutor the bifhop of Durham, and extorts a refignatlon of the earldom of Northumberland from him, |6. His oftentatious . affiimptlon of the fole adminiftration of goveniment, -ib. Forced Intrigues with Philip of to fly beyond fea, by prince John, 17. France, tb. 'Embargoes., the arbitrary finifter ufe of, by queen Elizabeth, v. 462. Emma, filler of Richard duke of Normandy, married to Ethelred king Marries Canute his fucEthelred dies, 146. of England, i. 135. Flies to Flanders, 155. Confined to the monatlery of cefTor, 150. Winchefter, by Edward the Confeflor, ;6i. Emp/on, a lawyer, and the inftrument of the oppreffions excrcifed by Henry VH. his chara61er, iii. 387. His mode of practice, ib. ExSummoned before trad: from his private Memorandums, 396, note. His fliiewd apology for his the privy council of Henry VHI. 411. Committed to the Tower, 412. Tried, ib. Executed conduft, ib.
Ely,
to pleafe the people,
'y

ib.

England fee Britain, and the feveral kingdoms which compofed the Saxon heptarchy. See alfo its princes under their refpective names. When united into one kingdom, i. 59. G6. Divided into (hires, &c. Conquered by the Normar.s, Pays tribute to the Danes, 133. 92. 193. Review of the Saxon government in, 197. Brief ftate of, at the acceflion of Henry II. 373. Review of, at his death, 464. The operation of the interdici it was laid undeT 00 account of king John's oppo

fitioqi

INDEX.
The executive and judicrii fition to pope Innocent III. \'u 62. powers, where lodg'ed under the Anglo-Norman government, 121. A general view of its fituation at the time of Henry III. 193. The bad internal police at that time, 227. Intentions even then formed for fhaking off the papal yoke, 229. The firft beginnings of popular government in, 272. The fource of the long antipathy between the natives of, and thofe of France, 397. A great plague in, 448. The popular fentiments of papal power over, in the reign of Edward III. 493. State of its exports and imports in the year 1354, 495. An inquiry into the nature of the homage paid to the kings of, by thofe of Scotland, 501. Why generally fuccefsful in its contefts with France, iii. Reflexions on the ancient hiltorians of, 296. Extenfion of the 98.
regal authority
jition

by Henry VII. 396..

An

inquiry

how

far the difpo-

of the people co-operated with the deligns of Henry VIII, in renouncing all fubjeftion to the church of Rome, iv. 125. The leffer monafleries fnpprefled, 150. The authority of the biihop of Rome totally renounced by parliament, 164. Articles of faith framed by the convocation, 166. The reformation promoted by the accefllon of Edward VI. 287. Battle of Pinkey, 303. Grievances of the people at the infancy of the reformation, 326. Infurreftions, ^29. Articles of marriage between queen Mary and Philip of Spain, 387. Refleftions of the people on this match, ib. Cruel perfecution of -reformers, 411. 430. Is engaged by Philip in his war with France, Calais taken by the duke of Guife, 435. Death of queen ^432. Mary, 446. State of the navy during her reign, 448, Laws refpedling trade, i6. An embaffy fent by the czar of Mufcovy, 449. The mean na% manner of living among the Englifli at this time, Great alteration in this refpcd, 462. Accefllon of queen 450. Elizabeth, v. i. The proteftant religion rellored, 10. Peace of Cateau Cambrefis, 17. The plague brought over from Havre de Grace by the earl of Warwic, 80. Ufeful manufaOlures introduced by the Flemifh refugees, 194. A treaty concluded by Elizabeth with the revolted Hollanders, 220. voyage round the world, perfoj-med by fir Francis Drake, 234. Seminaries founded abroad for the education of Engli(b catholics, 236. Eftablilhment of the court of ecclefiaftical commiffion, 262. Preparations for refilling the Spanifh invincible armada, 334. The armada deftroyed, 3^3. Enoxmous grants of monopolies by Elizabeth, 439. Death of queen Elizabeth, 447.. Review of the ftate of, during her reign, 451. Compared v;ith'thc Turkifh government, 459. Bad ftate of morals, and remifs execution of juitict;,, during her reign, 469. Firll ellablifhment of the Eaft India company, 477, An. exclufive patent granted byJohn Bafilides, czar of Mufcovy,, of the whole trade with that qountry, to the Englilli, 478. This privilege taken away by theczar Theodore, ii. Commencement of the trade with Turkey, 479, State of the navy in this, reign,,, 480. Number of the people, 482. The firll law for the relief -of the poor, when paired, 484. The current fpecie in, at the end of queen Elizabeth's reign, 4S5. Review of manners at this time, il>. State of literature, 490. Acceffion of James VI. of Scotland to the crown, vi. i. Great alteration obfervable in, at this t^me, by the progrels of letters and improve-

ment

INDEX,
Almoft all the foreign trade of, monopolifed arts, 21. tnent hj exchifive corapanies, 23. Peace concluded with Spain, 27. The Crown and people, hoftile laws refpefting Scotland abolifhed, 41. how affected by the difcovery of the Welt Indies, 47. Death of
Mifcellaneous remarks on this period of hiflory, 157. I. 153Charaders of its early writers Colonies eftabliihed in America, 186, on the revival of learning, 196. Peace concluded with France and The prefent happy flate of its foreign affairs, il>. The Spain, 279. Pv.eflel!ons on the commencement long parliament fummoned, 365. State of parties when the king eredled hia of the civil war, 48^. Battle of Edge-hill,, 506. flandard at Nottingham, 494. Briftol Battle of Newbury, 534. taken by prince Rupert, 523. Battle of

James

bt(X)nd battle of Nev;bury, 17. Marfton-mcor, vii. 11. MeetingBattle of Nafeby, of the affembly of divines at WedminiLer, 32. Briftol taken, and prince Rupert difmiiTed, 61. The prefoy57. terian difcipline eftablifhed by parliament, 69. Trial of the king, Execution of Charles I. 143. Confufed ftate of the nation 136. Battle of WorceRer, 196. Confufed ftate of after this event, 156. Its foreign exertions at this time, 203. religion, 202. See CommonEngagement between Blake and Tromp, the ivealth of England. Dutch admiral, 212. War commenced with the States, 213. Sec

The advantages now gained at fea owing to Blake, Afcue, Pen, Sec. The long parliament ter. the fhip-money levied by Charles, 216. State of parties at this time, 226. zninated by Cromwel, 219. new parliament fummoned by Crotnwel, 227. Cromwel chofen pro-

See Proteclorate. Peace with the Dutch, 236. tefSor, 232. Is divided into twelve military jurifdiAions, under fo many major-generals, Tunis bombarded by Blake, 254. Jamaica taken by Pen and 244. The foreign and domeftic adminiftration' of Cromwel, Venables, ih. Death of Oliver Cromwel, 286. AccefTion of Richard Crom258. vvel, 293. He refigns, 297. The long parliament reitored, 298, The parliament expelled by the army, and a committee of fafety State of foreign affairs, 304. The long parliament appointed, 303. again reftored, 313. The long parliament diffolved, 320. Charles II. review of internal circumftances at this period, proclaim.ed, 328. 330. Dunkirk fold to the French, 336. Motives which produced New York taken, 399, Alteration in the the Dutch war, 397. method of taxing the clergy, 401. V/ar declared againft the States, Great plague of London, 40S. Fire of London, 415. Peace, 402. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle> of Breda, 422. Triple alliance, 435. 437. Charles contrail:s a private league with Louis XIV. 464. War Peace viMth Holland, 513. The princefs Mary wfth Holland, 479. married to the prince of Orange, vlii. 35. The popilh plot, 63. Conditions quo 'iuarranlo iffued againft the city of London, 178. on which the cluirtcr was rtilored, 18 1. Moft of the corporations Death of Charles II. and accefTion of furrender tlieir charters, -il. The duke of Monmouth defeated at iiis brother James II. 209. Sedgmoor, 229. The cdurt of high commiflion revived by James, A folemn emDeclaration of indulgence publifficd, 256. 254. Cafe of Magdalen-college, 265. The Engbaffy to Rome, 261. iifli make applications to the pnnce of Orange, 283, The prince

of

N D E

X.

His declaration publiffiod, 290; 6f Orange's preparations, 285. Lands at Torbay, 294. The king delerts his kingdom, and embarks
for France, 305.

The

parties at this critical time,

convention-parliament called, 308. State ni: The crown fettled on the prince 310.

and princefs of Orange,

RefleClIons on this revolution, it/;. 315. the adminilhation of the Stuart family while they enState of finances fince the rtlloration, joyed the government, 320. State of the navy between the refloration and revolution, 325. 324.

Remarks on

State of commerce, 328.

manners, 331.

Gn^at increafe oF wealth, 329. State of Royal focitty inilituted, 332, Account of ieumed
333. by Edward
I.

men

at this period,

BrJails, a ftatute pafTed

to allow,

ii.

321.

law of
iii.

Henry VII.
400.
vir.

the owners of eftates to break them, Importaui cffedls of this Itatutc, ib.
to

empower

lpifcopacy,

h abo!i(hed iri Scotland, vi. 334. Is abjured in Enolnnd, Is tacitly reHored in ScotIs reftored in England, 361. 32. land, 366. Erafmiis, his account of the mean nafly manner of living ar.iong the
Engli(h,
Ercomberty
Iv.

448.

fon of Eadbald king of Kent, his piety celebrated by Bede.

.

^39Ennenfroy, bifhop of Sion, fcnt by pope Alexander, as his legate, to Summons a council at Winctielter, William the Conqueror, i. 256. Degrades Stigand archbilhop of Canterbury, 257. ib. Ertiey two engagements on the banks of, between Edward Baliol and the earl of iVlar, ii. 3 84. Erudition of a ChriHian man, a treatife fo called, publifhed by Tlenry VII 1. iv. 223. Subfcription to this work enjoined by parharaent. 238. Efcheats, the great advantages made of them by the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 128. Efcits, the fon of ElengHt king of Kent, his chara^ler, i. 28. Effex, hiftory of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 51, , Ciomwel earl of. See CromtucJ. young earl of, attends his father-in-law the earl of Lei, the cefter, in his expedition to the United Provinces, v. 273. Joins fir Francis Drake fecretly in his expedition againft Portugal, 350. Commands a body of forces fent to the afliftance of Henry IV. of France, Commands the forces fent againft Cadiz, 379. Takes Cadiz 360. by affault, and plunders it, 380. His eagernefs to profecute fartlier advantages, 3S1. Is appointed to command a fecond armamenc agalnil Spain, 382. Is by a ftprm forced to alter his deuinati(m to the intercepting the Indian fleet, ih. Mifies all but three fnips, 384. Is made earl marflial of England, ib. Inilances of his lofty fpirit and raflu conduct, 390. His refentment on receiving a blow from Elizabeth, 391. Solicits the government of Ireland, 403. Is fcnt to Ireland under the title of lord lieutenant, 404. His formidable army and extenfive piiwers,. i'j, Difobeys the queen in promoting the earl of Southampton, 405. Is milled in his firll movements by the Iriih council, 406. His unfuccefsful expedition into Munller, 497. His treaty with Tyrone, 40S. His.iudden journey to London,
'

auJ

INDEX.
And conference with the queen, 409. Is committed to cuflody, and Is examined before the privy council, 414. falls ill, 410. His defence, iL The fentence pronounced againft him by the lord-keeper, His patent for the monopoly of fweet wines refufed to be re415. His intrigues againft the queen, 419. newed by the queen, 41S.
420. Conqueen to declare James of Scotland her Maintains a correfpondence with James, 422. Enfucceffcr, 421. Is fummoned to the ters into a confpiracy at Drury-houfe, 423. Sallies out with his friends into the city, 425. council, 424. Meeting with no countenance, he returns and furrenders, 427. Is tried Makes a full confeflion to the council, -and condemned, iL 428. His character, 431. The countefs of NotIs executed, 430. 429. Amount of the tingham's treachery towards him difcovered, 446. His letter on receiving the blow from queen's gifts to him, 473. Indulges
his ill-humour in fatirical reflexions againii her,

certs a plan for obliging the

Elizabeth, 524.
F.Jfex,
vi.

Devereux, the young

67.

earl of, marries the lady

ih.

Frances Howard,
hiis

Her

obftinate averfion to him,

Is

The

fccret motive of

divorced from his lady, 70. Encourages the oppoIs made general of the iition of 'the commons to Charles I. 462. The feparate bodies of forces all aflcmble parliament's army, 490. body of his forces defeated by under him at Northampton, 503. Marches from Worcefter to meet the king, prince Rupert, 505. Arrives at London, 509. Is joined Battle of Edge-hill, th. 506. by the city trained-bands, ib. Takes Reading, 512. Is joined by His army furpriled by prince Rupert, iir William Waller, 515,
difguft, ib

Exhorti killed, 521. Retires toward London, 522. Marches to the relief of Gloucefter, the parliament to peace, 530. Battle of Newbury, Obliges the king to raife the fiegc, tb. 531. Is applied to by the royal party, Returns to London, 533. 532. but lefiRs all perfonal treaty v/ith them, vii. 5. His forces In CornColle6ts his army again, and, in wal reduced by the king, 16. conjunction with Manchetler and Cromwel, defeats the king at Newand Hairibden
Refigns his command in confequence of the felf- denying bury, 17. Dies, 81. ordinance, 28. ^ , earl of, is made treafurer on the removal of the earl of Danby, Enters into the duke of Monmouth's conviii. 102. Refigns, 122, ib. Is apprehended, 188. His extraordinary death, 199. fpiracy, 182. Are admitted to be broke, iljlatest the entailment of, allowed, ii. 32 1. Important confequences of this latter law, ih, iii. 400.
Ittchingy the art of,

by whom

invented,

viii.

329.

in the kingdom of Kent^ i. 29. His wars, by which he acquired afuperiority in the heptarchy, /'/'. Efpoufes a chriftian piincefs, daughter of Caribert king of Paris, 31. His fpeech to Auguftine the monk on his arrival, 34. Is converted Publifhes a body of written laws, 37. Dies, 38, to chriilianity, 35. Ethelhurgn, wife of Edwin king of Northumberland, converts her hul-

Ethelberi, afTociated with his father

Hermenric

JLtheldredf brother to

i. 43. Wolfhere, king of Mercia, his hiftory, i. 47. Elheljlcda, fiikr of king Edward the Elder, fomc account of, with her

band to

chriftianity,

chavafcer,

i.

102.
Rthslrcd^

,N

D E

X..

th/lB^/,i\khty^^mS:{\id6hWor^^^ the Martyr, haraiTed tiy-the' atvesi, iP t^"^-, -i^ijf.--- lif.i^'' 'ReV^nges the treachery of Alfric

Becomes tri'oVt his fon's eyes, 132. Marries Emma/ filler of Richard II. duke V)i* Noi^tViftndyy i'^'^'.-vCaufes a maflacre of the Danes, 141. His fleet Confequent diftrefs and confulion, ii. deftroyed'fcy'the^ Danes, 143. Retreats to' -Normandy, iL Returns, 144. Kis death, and an account of his children, 146. 150. thdiva!<i, coufih-german to king Edward the elder, rebels againft Killed in battle, him,'!. 90. J oitjs the fjafl Anglian Danes, lob. loi. Ethekvolf, fon of Egbert, king of England, haraffed by the Danifli inUnderGaiiis a violorv over them at Okeley, 71. vasions, i: 69. Mariies the daughter of the emtakes a pilgrimage to Rome, ib, Shares his kingdom with his fon, 72. peror Charles the Bald, lb. Grants to the clergy. their claim of tythes, ib. Leaves his kingdom
id^tvkt

bf"Mfdi*,"'-By

jpVt'^ting

'

butatyto'tk^Da'ri^s,vt33.

''-

'

,,'

'

between his t^vo eiqer fons, 74. Efhered, Ton of Ethelwolf, fucceeds his brothers, Ethelbald and Ethelberc, in the kingdom of England, i. 74. .S'ym, -Ibrd, conducis an inroad into Scotland, and boafts of his progrefs, iv. 248. Is killed at the battle of Ancram, 249.
.

of, between prince Edward and Simon de Montfortj of Leicefier, ii.'2f5. Eindence, the ftate of, under the old Anglo-Saxon law, I. 223. M-vil, Edward the confeffor the firll who touched for it^ i. 178. Europe, infl'uencc of the free conftltutions of the Germans in newmodelling the governments of, i. 197. State of, at the commencement of the crufades, 296. State of, at the acceffion of Elenry II. 379. The balance of power in, well fecured at the commencement of The great revolution made in, at the reign of Henry VIII. iii. 415. the commencement of the feventeenth century, by the diffufion of letters and progrefs of arts, vi, 21. The liberties of the people in, how abridged, lOi. Account of the revival of letters in, 190. review 'of the ftate of, at the time of the Englifh protectorate, under Oliver Cromwej, vil. 245, Eiijiace, count of BolognC;, fray between his retinue and the townfmen of Dover, i. 163.- Endeavours, in conjnniliiGn vvith the Kencifhmeh, 'to feize the caftle'df Dover from the Normans, 242. , fon of king Stephen, is refufed to be anointed as his father's fucceffor, by the archbifhop of Canterbury, i. 368. Exchange, royal, by whofm firit built, v. 483. Exchequer, court of, or Curia Regis, the primitive inftitution of, 11. 12 2. Caufes in, often heard by the king perfonally, lb. The firft of the four courts of record, among which its ancient jurifdiftion Is now di-vided, 123. Appeals to, in what cafes anciently allowed, 125. Exw traordinary inftances produced from the records, of bribery, and the fale of juftice, 131. Black book of, its origin, z66. Divided mto four diitintl: courts, 320. Shut up by Charles II. vii. 475. Exc'tfe, the firll introdudion of, in England, by the long parliament,

EveJJmm, battle
earl

vii.

4.
JE
e

Vol. VII

Exclu/wn^

INDEX.
Exduftm-hiU, againfl James duke of York,
pafTed by the houfe of commons, viii. 105. Is refum^^J by the new parliament, 134. The arguments urged for and againft it, 135. Is pafTed by the commons, and rejeiSied by the lords. 139.

Excommunication, by the ecclefiailical courts in Scotland, the nature of, explained, vi. 86. Executions of criminals, the extraordinaiy number of, in the reign of Kenry VIII. and great decreafe of, fince, v. 533. Exeter, befieged by Perkin Warbec, iii. 379. He raifes the fiege, 380.
'

>

Pole,

iv.

Courtney, marquis of, enters into a confpiracy with cardinal Is executed for it, ib. 187.

F.

pAERIE Queen,
Fag,
a

of Spenfer, a charadler of that poem, v, 492. the houfe of commons, is protedled by the houfe, againfl an appeal in a lavv-fuit to the houfe of lords, viii. 14. Fairfax, a charafter of his tranllation of Taffo, vi. 193. " lord, commands for the king in the north of England, vi. 513. , Is defeated at Atherton-moor by the parhamentary forces, 535Raifes forces and fecures York, vii. 313. His death and charadler, 474, note. His daughter married to the duke of Buckingham, ib. 5 Sir Thomas, defeats the royalills at Wakefield, vi. 535. Diftinguifhes himfelf in the battle of Horn-caftle, ib. Reduces the Irifia forces under lord Biron, vii. 7. Defeats colonel Bellafis at Selby, 8. Is joined by the Scots under the earl of Leven, iL. Is joined by the carl of Manchefter, and lays fiege to York, 10. Defeats prince Rupert at Marfton-moor, 12. Takes pofTeffion of York, 14. Is appoii/L':d general in the room of Effex, 28. His fcheme to retaiiv Cromwel in command, notwithftanding the felf-denying ordinance, ib. His character, 29. Battle of Nafeby, 56. Defeats the king, 58. Retakes Leicefter, 59. Reduces Bridgwater, Bath, and Sherborne, 60. Takes Briflol, 6i. Reduces the weft of England, 62. His moderation on the finifhing of the war, 75. The army grov/s difcontented, and petitions him, %^. A parliament of agitatoi-s formed by his army, 87. The king is feiz^^d and brought to the army witl^put his knowledge, ib. Cromwel is chofen general, 90. Is appointed, by the parliament, general in chief of all the forces, 100. Takes Colchefter, 128. The army under his nominal command, but under Cromvvel's influence, marches to London to purge the parliament, His lady interrupts the trial of the king, 137. How detained 131. from refculng tiie king from execution, 145. Refigns, 188. FalconbringCy lord, fuccefsful ilratagem of, at the battle of Tguton, iii. 218. Ealhii-l battle of, between Edward I. and the Scots, ii. 304. Falkland, lord, fecrctary to Charles I. aflift the king in drawing up his men.orials againft the commons, vii. 502. Is killed at the battle i;f Newbury, vi. 533. A fhort fummary of his life and chavader, /^.

mtmber of

li the nrS.

who

affords

any regular dchnition of the EngUlh conftiFamines

{'ition^ 'yy\-

INDEX".
Pamlnes in England, i. 142. 227. ^60. u. 127. 342. 364.' Farm-fjou/esy remarks oil the ftatute of Henry VII. for upholding', iii. 403. Faftolfy bir John, defeats the count of Dunols, who attacked his convoy to the fiege of Orleans, iii. 140. Retreats from the French at Patay, and is degraded from the order of the garter, 149. Fauconberg, lord, marries a daughter of Oliver Cromwel, vii. 276. Is fent to Lewis XIV. at Dunkirk, where he is honourably received, 280. JF_awkes de Breattte, feizes and imprifons a judge for finding verdi(3;3 againft his unjuft practices in the reign of Henry IH. ii. 154. His punilhment, ib. , Guy, an officer in the Spanifh fervice, is brought over to execute the gunpowder-plot, vi. 32. Is apprehended, 35. Difcovers

the confpiracy,

ii.

Fayal
fell

taken by Sir Walter Raleigh, v. 383. Fee-farm renls of the crown, Charles II. empowered by parliament to
is

Felonies.

them, vii. 456. See Criminals and Vagrants. Fekin, John, is executed for fixing the pope's bull of excommunication againft queen EHzabeth on the gate of the bifhop of London's
palace, v. 172.
,

an account of his motives for attempting the life of Villiers vi. 260. Stabs the duke at Portfmouth, 261. ^ Is feized and examined, 262. Fenelon, the French ambaffador, declares his deteftation of the maffacre at Paris, v. 206. His reception by queen Elizabeth, when ordered

duke of Buckingham,

to reprefent

it

to her, ib.
lofes his

Ferdinand^ king of Arragon,

iii.

queen of Caftile, archduke of Auftria, His charafter, ih. Obtains pofTeffion of Caftile by the death of ib. Philip, 394. Agrees with Lewis XII. of France, on a feizure and partition of the kingdom of Naples, 414. Seizes it for himfelf, ib. Acquires the epithet o^ Catholic, 418. Glories in outwitting his neighbours, 419. Deludes Henry VIII. into an expedition to Guienne, to facilitate his conqueft of Navarre, ib. Difavows the alliance figned by his ambaffador with Henry and Maximilian againft France, 427. Engages in a treaty with Levi^Is, 451. Dies, and is fucceeded by his grandfon Charles, iv. 12. , brother to the emperor Charles V. is elefted king of the Romans, iv. 427. Engages in an alliance to fubdue the Bohemians, vi. 102. Puts the elector palatine under the bann of the
wife Ifabella,
to Philip,

390.

His daughter Joan married

empire, 112.

Feudal fyflem, its introduftion into England, i. 253. Extended to the church, 254. State of, in England, at the acctllipn of king Stephen, Review of the diforders occafioned by, 466. Its operation ia 349. England, ii. 77. Its origin, 101. The nature of it explained, 104. The preference of poffeffions held under it, to allodial ones, in the
early ages, (hewn, 106.
civil fervices

implied under

under

it,

in.

union with civil iurifdidlon, 107. The State of the common people 109. Comparative view of its operation on hereditary and ckt^ive e 2
Its
it,

i
c!ei5live

N'

t)

X.

monarchies, 112. The declenfion of, at the tims of The advantage of, in the early ages, 299. Richard II. iii, 59. The decay of, to be dated from the revival of the arts, 301. In^ fiance of the barons being fenfible of this, 302, note. Fev.erfbam, ear] of, is fent by Charles II. with the terms of pacification Defeats the duke of Monmouth at Sedgeraoor, to Paris, viii. 36. His cruelty after the battle, 231. 229. ficiions hi law, when firft invented, and their life, ii. 320. Fiefs, how they came to defcend hereditarily in families, il. 105. Fifteenths, and tenths, the nature, amount, and method of levying Are changed into a land-tax, 175. thefe taxes, vi. 173. See Revenues. Finances. Finch, Sir John, fpeaker of the houfe of commons, is forclMy held ill' the chair, until a remonftrance is pafTed againft tonnage and poundage, vi. 275. Is impeached by the long parliament, and flies to Holland, 371. Fines, amerciaments, and oblates, the great and fcandalous advantages

made of, by the Anglo-Norman kings, by Henry VII. iii. 365. ^^j.
introduced,

ii.

130.

Arbitrarily exafted

and recoveries for breaking the entailments of eftates, when firfl iii. 400. Firfifruits, when iirft levied on ecclefiaftical benefices, ii. 323. Fijf:er, biihop of Rochefter, refleCfs on the commons, and offends the duke of Norfolk, iv. 96. Refufes to take the oath regulating the fuccefiion of the crown, 119. Is attainted by parliament, 121. Is impofed on by the llories of the holy maid of Kent, 136. Is imprifoned on this account, 137. His cruel treatment, 138. Is created a cardinal by the pope, 139. Is condemned and beheaded for denying the king's fupremacy, ih. Extratl from a fpeech of his, ois the propofal for fuppreffing the lefTer monafceries, 456. Filton, chancellor of Ireland, his character and conduft, viii. 260. Fit'z-Jlan, archbiiliop of Canterbury, excommunicates all who fhould oppofe the proceedings of the duke of Gloucefter, and his party, againR Richard II. 's miniftry, iii. 23. Is removed from his office of chancellor by the king, 24. Impeached by the commons, banifhed, and his temporalities fequeftered, 31. Fit%-Arnulf, a citizen, "-hanged for a rebellious commotion in- London,ii. 154. Fitz-Gerald, See Fitz- Stephens, Is impeached by the con:imons, I53> Fitz-Harris, his cafe, viii. 15 1. Is tried by common law, and executed, 1^6. Filz-Ofbet, a popular lawyer in the reign of Richard I. his oppreffive prac^liices, ii. 36. Is executed, 37. Fit'z-Riehard, mayor of London, joins the barons and Leicefler againft' Henry III. and encourages tumults in the city, ii. 198. Violently" prolongs his authority, and aids Leiceller b-y exciting feditions, 202. His bloody fchemes difconcerted by the battle of Evefliam, 217. Is' punifhed by fine and imprifonment, 218. Fitz-Ste/.>hcns, and Fitz-Gerald, engaged by Dermot, king of Leinfler,,Their to undertake an expedition toTreiaud in his favour, i. 42-8. See Stronj^l^oiu, fuccefTts, iL

INDEX.
Jut^-Walter, Robert, chofen general of the barons' armyj on king John's refufal to confirm their hberties, ii. 83.

Five

mile act pafied,

vii.

408.

Flcimbard, Ralph, bifiiop of

Durham,

difpofTelTed

and imprifoned by

Henry
f'lammoc,

I.

i.

317.
a lawyer, heads an infurreftion in
iii.

Cornwal, againfl Encourages them with hopes of aljiitance in Kent, 374. Defeated and executed, 376. glanders, a fumniary view of the ftate of that territory at the time of Edward IH. forming his pretenfions to the crown of France, ii. 395. Licentious popularity of James d'Arteville the brewer, ib. The Flemings affift Edward in liis fea-fight with the French, 403. Their Siege of forces under Robert d'Artois, routed at ot. Omers, 404.

Thomas,

Henry

VH.

373.

All commerce with, prohibited bv Tourney by Edward, 405. Henry VH. iii. 361. CommifTioners fent to London to treat of an

accommodation, 378. commerce, concluded,

treaty,

The
il>.

Litercurfus magaus,

or great treaty of

All Enghili rebels excluded from, by this

il). A neutrality fiipulated with, by Henry Vlli. iv 97, See Netherlands and United Provinces. JFIeetiuood, his fpeech in the houfe of commons on the regal prerogative in granting patents, v. 170. colonel, marries Treton's widow, and obtains the government of Ireland, vii. 267. Oppofes his father-in-law's accepting the title of king, 274. Eftranges himfelf from the protestor, 2 S3. Cabals againft Richard, 295. Ts appointed lieutenant-general by the long parliament, now reitored, 299. His commiffion vacated, 303. Inllances of his fanaticifm, 313. Fle/h meat, the ftatute prices of, in the reign of king Henry VHI,
,

iv.

277.

Florence, revolts frojii,the authority of the family of Medicis,

iv, 83. Is again fubdued to their fovereignty, 98. Flouden, battle of, between the earl of Surry and James IV. of Scotland,

^iii. 438.^ Falkland, in the Saxon tenures, explained, i. 229. Fontarabia, fruitlcfs expedition to, by Flenry VIIJ.

iii.

419.

Is

taken

by

the ernperor Charles

V.

iv.

52.

Fontrailles, a

French officer, his gallant expedition for the relief of Terrouane, befieged by Henry VHI. iii. 434. ford, lady, taken prifoner by James IV. of Scotland, \vhofe afFettions
fhe gains,
iii.

437.

foreigners, their fuperiority to the Engliili in arts, in the time of

Henry

iv, 274. An infurreftion againft them iq London, ih. Edidl of the Star-chamber again It, 275. fevere laws renewed againft offenders in, by Richard I. Forejls, The oppreffive nature of theic lav.-s, 136 ii. charter 36. Confirmed by Edward L 292, of, granted by Henry HI. 147. The perambulations of, made, and the boundaries of, 293.

Vni.

Forma

fixed, 293. pauperis, fuits in,

fiift

granted to the poor,

'

iii.

39 S.
ForhfsuCi

pori-^j friar, burnt fpr herefy in Scotland, iv, 2i^-,

INDEX.
Fortefaie, Sir Faithful, deferts

battle of Edgt-hill,

vi.

Forth er'ingay -cajlk, Mary cuted there, 319.

from the earl of EfTex to the king, at the 506. queen of Scots tried there, v. 294. Is exe=
,

Formigni, battle of, the only aflioa fouglit in defence of Normandy by the Englifh, iii. 177. Fox, Richard, his charafter, Iii. 319. Becomes confident to Henry VIL Called to the privy-council, and made bifliop of Extter, 320. ib. Admoniflies His tranflatlon to Winchefter, and made privy-feal, ib. Henry VIII. againft his pieafures and extravagancies, 410. IntroSupplanted in Henry's confidence by duces Wolfty to him, 428. him, ib. His advice to Henry, on his retiring, iv. 4. i , bifhop of Hereford, is fent by Henry VIII. to treat with the German proteftants, iv. 142. Is zealous for a thorough reformation, but

dies,
,

189.

George, his enthufiaftic difpofition, vli. 333. Founds a new fe61, who are denominated Quakers, ib. Rollo the Dane obFrance, is Invaded by the Normans, I. 67. 1 37. tains the province of Neuftria, and marries the daughter of Charles Character of the Normans, 182. 316. See A^orthe Simple, 138. mandy and Wiiliamt State of, at the acceffion of Henry II. of EngThe barons of England offer the crown to the dauphin land, 371. Lewis goes over to England with an army, 95. ReLewis, ii. 94. The province of Normandy ceded to Lewis IX, by turns, 51. Mutual depredations committed by Henry III. of England, 190. the ihips of, and thofe of England, occafioned by a private quarrel, The province of Guienne how recovered by, 263. Gulenne 260. New difputes with England concerning, 350. Cruel reftored, 297. Aa inquiry into the: treatment of the Knights Templars there, 362. Edward HI. of England affumes foundation of the Salic lav/, 389. Edvvard's viftory over t^e fleet of, 403. the title of king of, 397. Normandy invadid and overrun by Edward, 426. Philip defeated at State of France at the death of Philip, Crecy, by Edward, 433. 449. Is invaded by Edward, and his fon the Black Prince, In two parts, 452. John taken prifoner at Poidiers by prince Edward, 458.
J

nounce
463.

The populace reConfijfed ilate of, on the king's captivity, 461. all government, and commit cruel outrages againil the nobles,
Peace of Is iiivaded by Edward with a great army, 466. Bretigni, 469. John releafed, 470. He returns to London, and Is infefted btate of the kingdom at this'period, 472. dies, 471.

bands of robbers, the remains of Edward's army, 473. The regency of Char'es VI. fend affillance to the Scots, to invade EngThe French return home diigufted, 13. Prepare to land, iii. 12. Motives to this ininvade England, but hindered by a ftorm, ib.
v/ith

State of, at the commencement of Henry V.'s war witlv vafion, ib. Cumparifon between the fituation of Chnrles VI, that kingdom, 92. and Richard II. of England, ih. DUlrafted by the contentions of The fhare the univerfity of the Burgundians and Armagnacs, 94.
Paris, the fraternities of butchers

95.

and carpenters, bore in thefe broils, General confufion reContinuation of the diftraftions in, 104,
J

nevvecj

INDEX.
newed by the
Troye,
affaffination of the

duke of Burgundy, 109.

Treaty of

111. Duke of Bedford appointed regent, 1 16. Charles VI. dies, and Charles VII. erowned, State of France at the acceflion of Henry VI. of England, 118. Amazing tranfaftions of Joan d'Arc, 142. Charles VIZ. 124. Reflections on the management of crovrned again at Rheims, 151. truce concluded with, 169. State of France at the war, 165.

no.

Refledlions on this treaty,

Renewal of the war, 176. Normandy recoverAcceflion of Lewis XL 223. Sends 177. State of, at the time of forces to the qlhilance of Henry VI. 2^. Henry Vli. of England, 334. 352. The government intrufted to the princeie Anne of Beaujcu, during the minority of Charles VII. 335. The adminiftration difputed by Lewis duke of Orleans, 336. Britanny annexed to, by the marriage of Charles with the duchefs of, War with, by Henry VII. 353. Peace concluded, 354. In349. Peace concluded with England, 443, vaded by Henry VIII. 433. Lewis XII. marries Henry's fitter, 444. Dies, il>. Acceflion of Interview between Francis I. and Henry Francis, iL See Francis I. War declared againft, by England, VIi.1. of England, iv. 22. 40. The powers of Italy join the alliance of the emperor againft, 49: Battle of Pavia, and captivity of Francis, 57, Treaty of Madrid, and reltoration of Francis, 66. War declared againft the emperor, The emperor challenges Francis to hngle combat, ib. Peace 73. of Cambray, 98. James V of Scotland married to Mary of Guife, Acceflion of Henry II. 295. 201. Mary the young queen of Scotland, fent there, and betrothed to the Dauphin, 312. England engages in the Spanifli war with, 433. Montmorency defeated by the
this junciure,

175.

ed, ik

Guienne

alfo,

Spaniards at St. Qu^intin, 434. The general confternation at thia ib. The duke of Guife recalled from Italy, 435. Calais taken from the Englifli, ib. The dauphin Francis married to Maiy the young queen of Scotland, 440. Peace of Gateau Cambrcfis, The Guifes engrofs all the authority of government, 40. V. 16. Rigorous perfecution of the reformers, 41. Summary view of the civil wars in that kingdom, 68. Battle of Dreux, 72. maflacrc of the Hugonots concerted, 94. See Med'ids, Catharine de ; Lorraine, cardinal of, &c. Battle of St. Dennis, and fiege of Chartres, i86. The court agrees to an accommodation with the proteftants, ib. Battle of Montcontour, 188. Maflacre of the Hugonots at Paris, Death of Charles IX. 210. Acceflion of Henry HI. ib. 205. Battle of Coutras, 355. Aflaflination of the duke of Guife and his brother, 356. The king affafiinated, 357. Acceflion of Henry IV. ib. Heni-y renounces the proteftant faith, 370. Henry IV. aflaflinated by Ravailac, vi. ^6. Charafter of the early writers in, 191. Reduftion of Rochelk, 266. Its condud toward England, during the troubles of, vii. 247. Improvement of, under Lewis XIV. and
event,

cardinal Maxarine,

An

ib. The (hips of, feized by the Englifh, 249. concluded with Oliver Cromwel, 278. Treaty of the Pyrennees with Spain, 305. Joins the Dutch in the war with England, 409. Treaty of Breda, 422. War with Spain, 431. War with Holland, 479. How it became formidable by fca, viii. 20.

alliance

Peace of Nimeguen, 46.

Ambitious fchemes, and haughty behaviour Ee 4 of

INDEX.
XIV. 206. Revocation of the edift of Nantz, and its cotSs" quences, 242. A league formed againft, by the prince of Orange, 278. Francis L of Angoiileme, fucceeds to the crown of France on the death His charader, ib. Defeats the Swifs at of Lewis Xn. iii. 444. Sends Bonnivet, his ambaffador, to England, Marignan, iv. ic. Is unfuccefsful in his pretenfions fiis flatteries to V/oIfey, 15. 13. to the Imperial crown, 18. His charadler contrafted with that of the emperor Charles V. his competitor, 19. Is vifited by Henry in a The cereaiony of their meeting regulated plain near Ardres, 22. by cardinal Wolfey, ih. His frank difregard of the formality obWhich is returned by Henryj fcrved between him and Henry, 23. Grand tournament held by them, 24. Is attacked by the em= ib. An ineffeftual congrefs with the emperor, under the meperor, 25. The pope, emperor, and Henry, diation of Woifey, at Calais, 26. War declared againft, by conclude an alliance again (I him, ih. Repujfes the earl of Surry's inv'aiion, ib. Is worfted \v\ Kenry, 41. The powers of Italy unite with the emperor againft hinij Italy, 43. The duke of Bourbon revolts againft him, and enters the em49. The duke of Suffolk invades Picardy, 5i peror's fervice; 50. Sends the admiral Bonnivet to invade Milan, 53. Bonnivet defeated, Befiege? Pafies the Alps in perfon to invade the Milanefe, 55. 54. Is defeated and taken prifoner by the Imperialifts, 57. pavia, 56. His letter to his mother, 58. His propofals to Charles for his libertVj Is villted by Charles, Is carried to iVladrid, and falls fick, ih. 6^. Evades the Recovers' his liberty by the treaty of Madrid, 66. ib. Meets Wolfey, and concludes fre/h execution of the treaty, 68. Declares war againft the emperor, 73. Is treaties v/ith Henry, 71. Peace concluded with challenged by Charles to fingle combat, ib. His interview with Henry at Boulogne, Charles at Camhray, 98. Leagues vyith the pope, 115. Endeavours an accommodation 311.
of Lewis

between the pope and Kenry, ib. Renews his friendfiiip with Henry^ Marries his daughter Magdalen to James V. of Scotland, 146. J41. Apologifes to Henry for this match, who refufes to fee his ambafiaReConcludes a truce with Charles for ten years, 176. dor, ib. fufes Henry's propofals toward marriage with Mary of Guife, 201. Other propofals of marriage fruitlefs, ib Sends her to Scotland, ih. Allows the emperor an honourable pafTage through France to the Promifes to affiil cardinal Beaton in Scotland, Kctherlands, 203. Over-runs Luxembourg, and takes Landrecy, 239. Forces 230. Is invaded by Charles to abandon the hege of Landrecy, 240. Concludes a feparate peace with Charlesj Charles and Henry, 345. 347. Equips an armament for a dcfcent on England, 250. Makes peace with Kenry at Campe, 253. Francis, dauphin of France, is married to the young queen of Scotland, iv. 440. Affumes the title and arms of England, in" right of his queen, See the next V. 19.- Becomes king by the death of his father, 20.
article,
r

II. of France, excites the enmity of Elizabeth by affuming the of king of England, v. 20. Treaty of Edinburgh, 36. Is wholly ^governed by the Guifes, 40. Dies, and is fucceeded by his brother Charles IX, 42.

title

Francis^

INDEX.
prancis, father,
gree, but
is

is

recommended by James
vill.

II.

to

Cambridge

for a

de^.

refufed,

264.

francifcans and Dominicans, refleftions on the inftitution of thofe two rehgious orders, ii. 229. Frank ^/moigne,' the nature of this tenure of lands explained, ii. 266. franks, females excluded fjom the fucceffion to the fjvereign authority,
Frederic

by the ancient ufages of that people, ii. 390. \. emperor of Germany, engages in a crufade,
tb.

i.

458.

ii.

7.

Dies,

emperor, the pope's fentence of excommunication publifhed by Henry III. of England, his brother-in-law, ii. 164. king of Naples, his kingdom gonquered jointly by France and -, Spain, and fclzed by the latter, iii. 414. is married to the prlncefs Elizabeth, daughter -, eleiflor palatine, of James I. of England, vi. Gt^. Is offered the crown of Bohemia, by the ftates of that kingdom, 102. Is defeated at Prague, and takes refuge in Holland, 104, Is put under the bann of the empire, 112. His eledtoral dignity transferred to the duke of Bavaria, 123. Is perfuaded to fubmiffion by James, 124. Is totally difpolfc-ffed of his patrimonial dominions, 151. His nephew reftored in part by the treaty of Weltphalia, vii. 246. french language, its prevalence in England after the Norman invafion, i. 259. The ufe of that language in law proceedings aboii(hed, ii. 49B. JFretteval, Philip of France routed there, and his records taken by Richard. I. ii. 30. Fridivh, in the German law, what, i. 217. Froh'ifloer, Sir Martin, undertakes a cruize againft the Spaniards, v. Is killed at the taking of Morlaix, 374. 362. Three trials made by him for the difcovery of a north- weft paffage, 477. Fro'iffart, the hiltorian, his charafter and reprefentation of the duke of Gloucefler's fchemes againft Richard II, iii. 30. Numberlefs millakes of, invalidate his teftiraony, ii. 511. /"//', count of Anjou, protefts William, fon of Robert duke of Normandy, i. 335. Marries his daughter to William, eldeft fon of king Henry I. of England, 336. Marries her afterwards to William, fon of duke Robert, 340. Marries his fon Geoffry to the daughter of
II.

againft him,

Henry
,

I.

ih.

curate of Neuilly, his bold counfel to Richard reply to him, ib,

I.

ii.

6.

Richard's

G.

QAlNSBOROWy
.vi-

battle of,

between Oliver Cronnvel and CavendiCi,

vi. 194. Ca)na, Vafquez de, his firft paffage to the Eaft Indies, round the Cape of Good Hope, iii. ^ip^^. Gardiner, bifliop of Winchefter, joins the duke of Norfolk in oppofino-. the reformation, iv. 129. Afts covertly againft the religious innova-

GallltEo,

535a comparifon between, and lord Bacon,

tions, 189.

Foments

a cruel perfecution

of heretics. 212.

Propofes
tures,

pertain Latin terms to be retained in the EngUfti v^ifion of the Scrip-

INDEX.
fenres,

224.

Is fent

ambafTador to the emperor, 254. DliTuades Henry

from farther alterations in religion, ib. Endeavours to procure an impeachment of queen Catharine Parr, for herefy, 258. Oppofesthc ileps toward reformation, taken by the proteftor and regency during the minority of Edward V. 290, Writes an apology for holy water, Hts remonftrajxces againil: religious innovations, 292. Is comib. mitted to the Fleet, and harfhlyufed, lb. His objeftions to the homilies, 293. Is cc<mmitted to the Tower for denying the fupremacy. the regency during a minority, 222. Refules to fi^bfcribe articles propounded to him, 344. Is deprived and clofely confined, ib. Isjckafed by queen Mary, 374. His generous affiflance to Peter MarIs made chancellor, and promotes the Spanifh match, 383. tyr, 37S. His moderate counfel on the occafion, ib. His fpeech at the open^n-g a new parliament, 395. Debates with cardinal Pole, about the xpedien(.;y of punilliing heretics, 405. Procures Rogers, prebendary f St. Paul's, to be burnt for herefy, 411. Engages Bonner and others to perfecute the reformers, 413. Dies, 42 1. Gardeniug, and garden llufFj when firft Introduced into England, iv.

273Garnet, a Jefuit, engages In the famous gunpowder plot, vl. 32. Is Is regarded In Spain as a martyr, ib. executed, 37. Traditional Garter, inititution of that order of knighthood, ii. 447. accoun-t of the occ?,|ion of It, 448. Gsijcu'igne, judge, imprlfons prince Henry, afterwards Henry V. for infulting

him

in hi& office,

lii.

86.

His kind reception by Henry, when

king^ 87. Gafcony, a defcent made on that province by invitation of fome fa^lious lords, without effeft. Hi. 198. Gajion ^e Foix, nephew to Lewis XII. of France, ln"s charafler, ill. 423. Is killed in a victory he gained over the Spanilb and papal armies, lb. His afcendancy over prince EdGavajlan, Piers, his character, li. 328. Is recalled by Edward IL ward, ib. Is banilbed by Edward I. 329. His vanity, ib. ; and pqntempt of the His preferments, ih. ib. Is left guardian of the realm, on the king's journey ta EngliHi, ib.

confederacy formed againft him by Thomas earl of France, 330. His banilhment demanded by Lancafter in parliament, Lancailer, ib. Banllhed again by the council of ordainers, 334. Returns, 332. zh. Is taken prifoner by Pembroke at ScarIs recalled by the king, ib. Is feized by the earl of Warwic, and beheaded in iDorough, 236.

Warwic

caille, ih.
is

Gcrucour, lord,

Governor of Orleans, when befieged by the

In the Irifh cuftoms,
I.

earl

of

Salifoury,

ill..

138.

Garvellind, origin of, i. 228. Is abolifhed there, ih. CQ.

Gaul:-, their ancient

how

regulated, vi,

Gawii:,
.

Gi-aoa

Mrs. her cruel fate, viii. 234. bombarded by Lev./is X.IV and forced to fubmit to terms prefcribed by him, viii, 206. Geoffrey, fon of Fulk count of Anjou, married to the daughter of
is
.

John

of.

manners defcribed, See hamcifler.

3.

See France.

Henry

I.

i.

341.
Geojfreyi

INDEX,
brother of king Henry TI. invades Anjou and Maine, i. 377. Dies, ib. a penfion in lieu, tb. -. third fon of king Henry H. inverted by his father with the , Inft'gated by his mother Eleanor to diitchy of Britanny, i. 434. Rebels again, Is reconciled to him, 447. revolt againft him, 436. His fon Arthur inverted in the Is flain in a tournament, ih. 459. See Arthur. idutchy of Britanny, ib. - is the only child who retained his , natural fon of Henry II. duty to him, i. 463. When archbirtiop of York, fvvears fidelity to Is his brother Richard I. on his departure on the crufade, ii. 6.
Geoffrey.,

Accepts

'

imprifoned by Lon^champ, 17. , archdeacon of Norw'ich, his behaviour in the court of exchequer on hearing of the excommunication of king John, ii. 67. Hovr

killed by John, ih. Geography, rtrange inftance of the ignorance of the EngKih in, at the time of Edward III. ii. 499. Qerard, and his heretical followers, cruel treatment of, in the reign of

Henry
,
,

II.

i.

422.

Baltazar, alTafilnates the prince of Orange, v. 267. and Vowel, two royalifts, executed for a confpicracy againft the
vii.

proteAor,

237.

Cenn-^ns, ancient, a charaif^er of,

i. Their government, 16. 197. 16. Their manners, 17. Flock over into Britain, 22. Nature of their religion, 30. Are the firft founders of the feudal law, and on what

principles,

ii.

102.

The

nature of their eflablin^ments explained,

103-

Germany,

Henry IV. i. 182. Norman invafion, 185. The Free nature of the feveral ftates in, 197. The Anglo Saxon criminal law traced from, 215. The commencement of the reformation in, bj Martin Luther, iv. 35. Progrefs of the reformation among the
divided under the feudalfyftem,
afilft

how

erhperor, permits his vaflais to

the

ib. A peace favourable to the proteftants, procured from the emperor by Maurice eleftor of Saxony, 382. See Charles Y. and ^aurlce. The crown of Bohemia offered to the eleftor palatine, vi. 102. See Frederic. Batrle of Prague, 104. The eledlor palatine, put under the bann of the empire, 112. His eledloral dignity transferred to the duke of Bavaria, 123. Succertes of Guftavus king

princes of,

of Sweden there, 283. The long wars in, terminated by the treaty of Weftphalia, vii. 246. A league formed at Augfburg, under the influence of the prince of Orange^ againft Lewis XIV. viil. 278. Ghent., the treaty called the pacification of, v. 219. Is taken by Lewis XIV. viii. 42. Gibjhi, a Scotch preacher, curfes James VI. in his pulpit, v. 280. GiffbrJ, a prieft, is employed by Walfingham to forward the correfpondence between Mary queen of Scots and Babington, v. 287. Carries
the letters to
Gilbert,
in the houfe of commons, in defence of the regal prerogative, v. 179. Citha, mother of Harold, excites an Infurreftion at Exeter, againft WiU iiam the Conqueror, i. 244. Retreats to Flanders, ib. " "" Glamorgan^

Sir

WaHingham, ib. Humpluy, his fpeech

'

INDEX.
GJamorgaiif earl of, his commiffion from Charles I. with regard to Trc Concludes a fecret treaty with the council of Kilkenny, land, vii. 67. Is committed to prifon by the lord lieutenant, 68, ib. Vindication

of the king from the charge of authorifing this fecret treaty, 516.. the manufadlure of, when firft brought into England, viii. 329. Chndour, Owen, his infurreftion in Wales, iii. 67. Takes the earl of Marche and his uncle prifoners, tb.
Glcifs,

Cloucejler,

when
,

firfl

erected into a bifiiopric,

iv.

183.

Robert, earl of, natural fon of Henry I. fv^ears a conditional fealty to king Stephen, 1. 355. Confequences of this example, Retires abroad, and defies the king, 357. 11. Returns with the emprefs Matilda, 359. Defeats Stephen, and takes him prifouer, 361. , earl of, confederates with the earl of Leicefter againft
III.
,

Henry
ii.

195. France, 202.

ii. 182. Joins the royal party, 195. Dies, ib. Gilbert, earl of, fon to the former, joins the earl of Leicefter, Refufes with Leicefter to abide by the arbitration of Lewis of

Commands a body of troops at

prifoner, 205.
Is ill-treated

the battle of

Lewes, 204.
Retires

Takes Henry

by

Leicefter, 207.

from Leicefter's parliament, 212. Afhfts prince Edward in efcaping from the cuftody of Leicefter, 213. Rebels again, 219. Henry's lenity toward him, ib. Attends prince Edward on a crufade, ih, Marries the daughter of Edward I. 257. Is fined for violences committed on Bohun, earl of Hereford, ib. His fon killed at the battle of Bannockburn, 340. -, duke of, uncle to Richard II. his charafter, iii. 2. Supplanted in his Influence over the king by Robert de Vere earl of Oxford, 14. Prevails on the houfe of commons to impeach Michael de la Pole earl of Suffolk, 15, Deprives Richard of his regal power, by the appoint-

Raifes forces Defeats Robert de Vere, duke of Ireland, 20. His arbitrary proceedings agalnft the minlftry, ib. P..ejels the queen's humble felicitation in favour of Sir Simon Burley, 23. Is removed from the council-board, 24. His cabals agalnft the king, ^7. Sent Appealed agalnft In the houfe of over to Calais by the king, 29. Proceedings agalnft his party, ih. peers, 31. Murdered, 33. His ^revenue, 121. , Humphry, duke of, brother to Henry V. left by him regent rof England, during the minority of Henry VI, ill. 116. Conftitutedby parliament guardian of the kingdom only during the duke of BedEnters into a precipitate marriage with the ford's ab.^ence, 124. countefs of Hainault, 133. Fatal confequences of that meafure, ih. Reconciled to the bidiop of Vvlnchefter by the duke of Bedford, 134. Frefh dlfpiites with him, which throw the Englifh affairs Into conHis duchefs tried for witchcraft, 171. Murdered, 173. fufion, 163.
agalnft the king,
i(^.

ment of

a council of fourteen to continue for a year, 17.

Jiis charafler, 173.

, Richard, duke of, brother to Edward IV- reported to have ftal>j bed prince Edward, fon of Henry VI. iii. 250. Commands In an Invafion of Scotland, and takes Berwic, whith is yielded by treaty, 265, Left regent of the kingdom by his brother Edward IV. during the inijiority of his fon, 267. His charafter and views, 268, Arrefts the

earl

INDEX.
young king's guardian, 270. Made protestor of Orders the death of the earl of Rivers, ib. Marks out lord Haftings for deftruclion, 273. His extraordinary behaviour Concerts the immediate murder of lord Mailings, in council, 274, Declares his broDeclares his brother's marriage invalid, 276. tb. ther illegitimate, 277. Procures Dr. Shaw to eftablilh thefe paints AcIll fuccefs of this fcheme, 278. in a fermori at St. Paul's, ib. cepts the crown offered by the duke of Buckingham as a popular Orders the murder of Edward V. and the duke of tender, 280. York in the Tower, ib. See RicbardlW. Gloucejler, duke of, youngeft fon of Charles I. his father's difcourfe to him before his execution, vii. 142. Is fent abroad by Cromvvel, 151. prefent voted to him by parliament on his brother's relloration, His death and charadler, 358. 328. Godfrey of Bouillon, created king of Jerufalem, i. 312. I'he general confufion , fir Edmondbury, murdered, viii. 74. on this event, ih. His extraordinary funeral, 75. His death not to be accounted for, 76. Green,' Berry, and Hill, tried and executed for this murder, 92. Godwin, earl, his bravery under Canute In Denmark, i. 151. Rewarded by obtaining his daughter in marriage, ib. Murders Alfred His method of appeafing Hardicanute fon of king Ethelred, 155. for this adt, 157. Marries his daughter to king Edward the ConfefTor, 159. His exorbitant power, 162. Raifes an army againft Edward, 164. Flies to Flanders, 165. Makes defcen'ts on the Englidi coall, ib. Received to favour, 166. Gondomar, the Spanifh ambafl'ador, remonftrates againfl: fir Walter Raleigh's expedition to Guiana, vi. 94. Offers the fecond daughter of Spain for prince Charles, 100. Goodzuin, fir Francis, his feat in parliament vacated on account of outlawry by the chancellor, vi. 18. Is reftored to his feat by the houfe, 19. How compromifed, Difputea on chis occafion, ib.
arl of Rivers, the

the realm, 272.

20. Gordon, lady Catharine, a Scots lady, married to Perkin Warbec, IH. Taken prifoner by Henry VII. and generoudy treated, 380. 371. Gorges, fir Ferdinando, returns from Dieppe with his fliip, contrary to orders, vi. 208. Goring, enters into an afTociallon with other officers to petition king and parliament againll popular innovations, vi. 410. Betrays the fecret to the coramons, 411. Is made governor of Portfmouth by the commons, 479. Declares for the king, and is reduced by the par

liament's forces, 501. fax, vii. 60.

Griffipphig,

His

letter to

che king intercepted

by Fair-

among women, a proclamation againll, iv. 274, Government, the feudal frame of, introduced by the Norman. cOnqiiefi:,' i. 253. The firil beginnings of the popular frame of, in England, i'i. 273. Amidft all its fluftuatlons, the will of the monarch never abfolute and uncontrollable, iii. 304. That of England, in the time of queen Elizabeth, compared with that of Turkey, v. 459. Remarks on, with reference to the cafe of king Charles I. vii. 148. '< ^t ecclefiaftical, a review of during the reign of James I. vi. 16^.
GourdcTif

INDEX.
Courdon, a

Norman

arcKer,
ii.

occafions his death,

cruel fate, iL
,

33.

wounds Richard I. with an arrow, whicli His noble reply to Richard, 34. His

Adam

by prince Edward, fon of Henry by that prince, ib.

de, his troops vanquifhed, and himfelf taken prifoner III. ii, 217, Is taken into favour

Gournay and Mmtravers, the keepers of the depofed king Edward II. Their fates, ii. cruelly murder him, ii. 359. Cower, barony of, commotions excited againft the barons, by the feizurc of, from John de Mowbray, ii. 345._ Gotury,^ earl of, enters into an affociation for feizing the young king James from the power of Lenox and Arran, v. 248. Is tried and executed, 256. Graham, captain, is repulfed in an attack on a conventicle at Loudonhill, viii. 115. countries occaCranvelle, cardinal, "his arbitrary conduft in the fions a revolt of the Flemilli proteftants, v. 192. Granville, fir John, fends Dr. Monk to negociate for the king, with his

Low

Comes over to Monk himfelf, and brother the general, vii. 311. Prefents the king's prevails with him to declare his intentions, 322. letter to the houfe of commons, who appoint a committee to anfwer
327. and Vivian, nuncios to pope Alexander III. attempt in vain to reconcile Henry II. and Becket archbifnop of Canterbury, i. 410. Gravelines, battle there between count Egmont, the Spanifh general^ and de Thermes, the French governor of Calais, iv. 444. Interview there between the emperor Charles V. and Henry VlIl. iv. 24. Gray, lord, is fent by queen Elizabeth with forces to the affiftance of
it,

Grntiati

Befieges and takes the proteftant malcontents in Scotland, v. 35. Leith from the French party, iB. Affifts the earl of Ormond in reHis ducincr the Spanifh general San Jofepho in Ireland, v. 233.
cruelty in this affair, 234. hiftory, iii. 226. Captivates Edward IV._.j the lady Elizabeth, her Honours conferred on her family, 229. Married to 'him, 227. ib. Her father and one of her brothers murdered by the Yorkfhire infurOrders the earl of Rivers to levy an army to efcort ffents, 233.

Perfuaded to the conthe young king Edward V. to London, 269. Retires with her children into trary by the duke of Gloucefter, il>. the fanftuary of Weftminfter, on the duke of Gloucefter's arrefting the earl of Rivers, 270. Forced to deliver up the duke of York, 271. Her marriage declared invalid by Gloucefter, 276. Confents to a marriage between the princefs Elizabeth and Henry earl of Richmond,
Confents, after, to her marriage with Richard HI. 291. The Henry VII. 320. Suppofed to be privy to the Seized and confined, 326. infurredion of Lambert Simnel, 324.

288.

princefs married to

in confinement, 327. lady Jane Dudley, duke of Noilhumberland, propofes to EdIs married ward VI. to alter the fuccefiion in her favour, iv. 360. Is appointed to the fucceflios* to the lord Guildford Dudley, 361. by a deed of fettlement, 364. Her amiable charafter, 368. Is unIs proclaimed, il>. willing to accept the ofier of the crown, 369.

Dies
J

INDEX.
by the council and the people, 371. Returns to private Is taken into cuftody with all the heads of her party, iL 372. Sentence paiTed upon her, 373. Is executed on account of a new confpiracy of her father''s, 392. Her noble behaviour and dying deIs defert'ed
life,

clarations, 393.

married to lord Herbert, fon of the earl of divorced from him, and privately married Is committed to the Tower by queea to the earl of Hertford, v. 61. Elizabeth on this account, where fhe dies, 62. Greai Harry, the firft Ihip properly of the royal navy, built by Heiuy

Gray, lady Catharine, Pembroke, iv. 361.

is

Is

VII. iii. 406, Greei language,

Greenland,

how imported and

difcovered,
vi.

cultivated in

Europe,

iii.

406.

183. Greenville, fir Richard, vice-admiral of the Engllfli fleet under lord Thomas Howard, his fhip the firfi; EngliTh fhip of war taken by the Circumftances of his death, 523. Spaniards, v. 361. Gregory the Great, pope, Ipecimens of his talents in punning, i. 32His ignorant intemperate zeal againll paganifm, 33. Sends Auguftine

when

Writes to Ethelbert king of Kent, 35. the monk into Britain, ib. His folution of the cafes of confcience propounded by Augufline, tb. His injunAions to him, i. 37. VII. pope, his ambitious charafter, i. 267. His difputes witli His ufurpations over other princes the emperor Henry IV. 268. 269. Prohibits the marriage of prielis, 271. Projeds a confederacy See Crufades, againft the Mahometans, 294. VIII. pope, engages the emperor and kings of England and
i,

new crufade, i. 458. pope, a character of his decretals, ii. 229. pope, ifTues a bull for taking Wicklifte into cuftody, iii. 53. The feat of the papacy fix?d at Rome after his death, 57 Gre/ljani, fir Thomas, procures queen Elizabeth a loan from the company of merchant adventurers in London, v. 476. Builds the Royal
France
in a,
'
'

IX.

XL

Exchange, 483. Grey, lord Leonard, executed for treafon, iv. 213. Griffin, fecond fon to Lewellyn prince of Wales, rebels againft his father, and drives him to obtain the protedion of Henry III. againlt him, ii. 196. Is taken prifoner by his elder brother David, givea up to Henry, and committed to the Tower, lb. Lofee his life ia attempting an efcape, ib. Grimjlone, fir Harbottle, is chofen fpeaker of the parliament which reftored Charles II. vii. 327. Grindal, archbifhop, is perfecuted in the ftar-chamber for favouring the puritans, v. 262. Gro'ine, the (hips and troops there, defeated by fir Fi-ancis Drake, v. 349. Cualo, the pope's legate, afiifts at the coronation of Henry III. and receives his homage to the fee of Rome, ii. 145. Excommunicatea thofe barons who adhere to Lewis, 149. Punilhes the clergy who had countenanced the invafion of Lewis, 152. Pandolf reinitated in the office of legate in his Head, 153. Guelf and Ghibbelin, the rife of thefe faftions in Italy, i. 269. Guiana, fir V/alter Raleigh's firll expedition to, v. 377. Is taken poffcllioa

N D E

Xo

feflion of by fir Walter Raleigh for the Englifh crown, vi. 9^, 1^ afterward taken poffeffion of by the Spaniards, ib. Raleigh's fecond expedition to, lb. St. Thomas plundered by Raleigh, 96. See Raleigh. Guldo, legate from Rome, is ordered to excommunicate the earl of LeiDares cefter, and the barons in rebellion againft Henry III. ii. 209. not come himfelf, but fends the bull, which is torn and flung into Becomes pope, 210. the fea, tb. Cuienne^ province of, is with PoiAou mortgaged to William Rufus, 1. 306. Edward I. deprived of that province by the artifice of PhiHp of InefFeclual attempts of the Englifh to recover, 264^ France, ii. 263. Again iinfuccei'sfuUy attacked, 283. Reftored to Edward I. by treaty

307.
Cu'ife,

with

Philip,
,

297. Homage done for it by Edward H. 330. William duke of, his preparations to engage in the crufade, Marries his daughter to the emprefs Matilda's fon Henry, 367.
'\i

Guinegate, battle of,

iii.

435.

the emperor Charles V. in his attack upon Metz, Is recalled from Italy, on the defeat of St. Quintin, 435. iv. 382. Takes Calais from the Englidi, tb. Henry arrives at his camp, 444. Inftigates the claim of his niece Mary of Scotland to the crown of

duke

of, repnlfes

His influence leflened by the death of Fiancisll.42. Strengthens himfelf againft the proteftants by an alliance Commands under Montmorency at the with Philip II. of Spain, 70. battle of Dreux, 72. Befieges Orleans, 78. Isaflafiinated by Poltrot,/i5. - - , dnke of, fon of the former, defends Poiiftiers, befieged by the His character, tb. Maffacre of Paris, admiral Coligni, v. 187. Becomes difcontented with the condnft of Henry III. 212, 205. Sends Forttis the famous catholic league againlt the Hugonots, ib. the count d'Aubigney, of the houfe of Lenox, to detacli James of Revives the league, 268. Scotland from the Engllih intereft, 231. Is with hia Defeats the German auxiliaries of the Hugonots, 355. brother affaffinated by the king's order, 356. Mary of, widow, of the duke de Longueville, marries , Death of her hufband, 230. Is fames V. of Scotland, iv. 201. brought to bed of theprincefs Mary, ib. Attaches herftlf to cardinal Beaton to oppofe the pretenhons of the earl of Arran, 232. Goes to France to folicit Is promifed fupport by Francis, 236. Her converfation with Edafiiilance againlt the earl of Arran, 438. ward VI. in her return through England about his marriage with Obtains from Arran a refignation of his office -her daup-hter, ib. Is attended by D'Oilel a Frenchman as regent of Scotland, 439. Gains the good-will of the to affift her in the adrniniftration, ib. Endeavours to engage the Scots by her prudent condu6t, 440. Scots to take part in the quarrel with France againft England, ib. Her daughter, the young queen Marry, married to the dauphin Protecls the EngllOi reformero who fled from the of France, ib.

He and England, v. 19. French government, 4c.

his family engrofs all the authority of the

Is petitioned by the aift)perfecutions of queen Mary, v. 21. Her ciatlon of reformers called the Congrtgation of ihc Lord, 25. Is inmotives for temporifing between the rehgious parties, ib.

Afduced' to a more rigorous conduft, by orders from France, ih. fembles an army to fupprefs the proteftant riots, 27.' Enters into aa.

accommodatioQ

INDEX.
.

Accomodation with the Congregation, 29. Is received into Perth, z^. Improbable violence of expreflion charged upon her, ib. Is forced to retire and fortify herfelfin Dunbar, 31. Remonflrates vvath the Congregation, ib. Grants them a toleration, ib. R.eceives reinforcements from France, ib. Is deprived of the regency by the Cov.gregation, 32. Her death and chara(5ttr, 36. Gunilda, a Danifh princefs, her death and prophefy, Gunpoivder, when invented, iii. 406.
Giinpoivder-plot, a hiilory of, vi.
i.

141.

The cojifpiracy difcovered, 34.^ 31. confpirators punifhed, 36. Gurtb, brother to king Harold, his advice to him on the Norman invaThe
fion,
i.

190.

Gi/Jiavus,
vl.

king of Sweden,

Killed at the battle of Haftings, 194. his chaafter, and exploits in

Germany,

of Lutzen, 282. ^Gutbrurtif the Danilh chief, and his army, baptized,

280.

Is killed at the battle

i.

84.

H.

The perfonal fecurities afCorpus aft paiTed, viii. 107. forded by this ftatute, ib. Hadiiington, taken by the duke of Somerfet, and fortified, iv. 310. Is Is difmantled, 332. beiieged by tlie Scots and French, 2/^. Hahiauliy Jane countefs of, procures a truce between Edward IH. of England and Philip de Valois of France, ii. 406. .her charafter and that of her hu!hand , Jaqtieline countefs of, Leaves her hufoand and puts herfelf the duke of Brabant, iii. 133. under the protettion of the duke of Gloricefter, ib. Enters into a Fatal confconences of this meaprecipitate marriage with him, ib. furc, 134. Her contra6t with Gloucefter annulled by the pope, 135. Halesy Sir James, poiitively refufes to lign the patent for the fucceflioa of lady Jane Gray, iv. 364. Is imprifoncd for oppohng queen Mary's
376. proiecuted on the tell a6t with a view to eftablifhing the difpenfing povv-er in the king, viii. 244. HalllHonvn-hill, battle of, between Edward III. and Sir Archibald

TJABEAS

fchemesj'and
,

kills himfelf,
is

Sir

Edvk'ard,

Douglas,

ii.

387.

Halifax, marquis of, his charavSer, viii. 17^. vouring a reconciliation between the duke of
feal

His motive

for endea-

202. His reception by king James on his taken from him, 25c. Joins in the invitation to the prince of Orange, 283. Is chofen fpeaker of the houfe of peers on the king's fiiglit, 302 Hambden, John, attempts to go over to America, but is prevented, vi. 309. Is tried by all the judges in England, for refufing to pay ihipmoneyi 314. The confequences of this trial, 317. His fentence cancelled, 3S0. Is appointed one of the committee to attend the king to Scotland, 423. Is impeachtd by rh.e king, 467. Is killed His character, 521. in a flcirmifh with the royalifts, 520. of the former, enters into the duke of Mon, John, grandfoa mouth's confpiracy, viii, 185. Is tried and fined for mifdemeanour only, 198. joins in the invitation to the prince of Orange, 283.
.

Monmouth and the king, The privy acceffion, 218.

Vol. VIII.

liamlitca.

N D E

}C.

Hamition, Patrick, controverts the poplfh doflrines In a confereixc aS St. Andrew's, iv. 214. Is burnt, ib. primate of Scotland, tries and condemns Walter Mill the reformer to the flames for herefy, v. 23. Extraordinary zeal of the people of St. Andrew's againft this aft of cruelty, 24.

fent by Charles I. to treat with the Scots coveHis fruitlefs attempts at a compromifc, 331. Is fent with a fleet and army againil the covenanters, 339. Is created a duke, vii. 43. His conduci with regard to Montrole, ib. His iincerity in the king's caufe, how rendered problematical, 45. Is impriloned by the king, 46. Recovers his liberty, and railes a Scots army in the king's favour, 117. Enters England, 126. Is defeated and taken prifoner by Cromwel, 127. Is tried as earl of Cambridge, and executed, 152. , duke, becomes head of a party formed againft the duke of Lauderdale, and applies to the king, viii. ^z. Again reprefents the oppreffions exercifed by Lauderdale, to the king, 60. Hammond^ governor of the ifle cf Wight, receives Charles I. into Carifbroke paftle, vii. 107. Is ordered to confine the king clofely,
,

marquis

oi,

is

nanters, vi

330

114.

Hampton

court palace, built

Iv.

by

cardinal Wolfey,

and prefented by him to

Henry VIII.

The conferences concerning Mary queen of 64. Scots adjourned thither from York, v 139. conference of divines fummoned tlure by James I. to debate on points of faith and reli-

gious difclplinc,

vi.

Jo.

The

fubjefts dilputed, 13.

The

event of

this conference, ib.

Hanfe-toums, the inhabitants of, encouraged to fettle In England, iv. Their privileges taken away, ib. Difputes between the mev-i 349. chants of, and queen Elizabeth, v. 479. Harcla, Sir Andrew, defeats 'Jhomas earl of Lancafter, at Boroughbridge, 11. 348. Is made earl of Carlifle, 349. Is executed for a treafonable correfpo'ndence with the Scots, ih. Harcourt, Geoffrey de, his hiilory, II. 426. Perfuades Edward III. of marefchal of the England to invade Normandy, ib. Is made Englilh army, 427. Hardicanuie, fon of Canute king of England, put In poffefTion of Denmark, I. 154. Obtains by treaty, with his brother Harold Harefoot, a part of England, 155. Succeeds to the whole, 156. Lofes the affections of his fubjefts, 158. Dies cf intemperance, ii^. Harjleur befieged and taken by Henry V. of England, lii. 98. Harlem, its vigorous defence againft the Spaniards, and its Inhabitants n^aflacred in revenge, v. 216. Harold, fon of earl Godwin, fucceeds to his father's poffeflions, I. 167. Obtains His contefts with Algar, governor of Eaft-Anglia, ib. Shipwrecked on the coaft the dukedom of Northumberland, 169. of Erance, 173. Swears to William duke of Normandy, to renounce his own pretenfions to the Englifti crown, and forward thofe of William, 174.' Evades his oath, 175. Checks the depredations of the Wellh, ib. Deferts his brother Tofti, recommends Morcar to fup:rfcde hira as duke of Morchumberland, and marries

INDEX,
marries Morcar's fifter, 177. Makes open pretenfions to the crown, Succeeds quietly at the death of Edward the ConfeiTor, jyp. ib. His prepajuftifies himfelf to duke WiUiam's ambaffadors, 180. rations to oppofe the Norman invafion, 187. Defeats Tofti with ttis DifjDanifh armament, 188. Difadvantages of this victory, 190. Battle of Kaftings, pofition of his army the morning of battle, 193. ii. Killed by an arrow, 194. His body carried to duke William,

but reftored, 195.

Harold Harefoot, fon of Canute, fucceeds to the crown of England, i. Shares it by treaty with his younger brother Hardicanute, '^^t 153. His body dug up and thrown into the Thames by Hardicanute, 156. Harrington, a character of his Oceana, vii. 347. His death, ib.
.

Harrifon, colonel, condufts Charles I. to London in order to his trial, Detains Fairvii. 135. Is appointed one of the king's judges, 136, Becomes an enemy to fax in prayer till the king is executed, 1 45. Cromwel on his ufurping the fuprerae authority, and is deprived of his commiffion, 260. Is tried and executed, 35c.
Is exHarvey, Dr. difcovers the circulation of the blood, vii. 347. pofed to reproach for this lignal difccvery, and his practice dunlaifhed greatly on that account, ib. His death, 348. Haflings, battle of, between William duke of Normandy, and Harold king of England, i. 103. the Danilh chief, ravages Kent, i. '^G. Routed by Alfred, , and departs, 88.

lord,

not joining In the

duke of Gloucefter's fchemes,

is

marked by him for deftrucllon, ill. 273. Extraordinary murder of, 275. -, Sir Edward, raifes men for the lady Jane Gray, and carries them to the-affiftance of queen Mary, iv. 370. lady Anne, refufes to become emprefs of Mufcovy, v. 478. , Hatfield, a fynod called there by Theodore nrchblihop of Canterburj'',
againft the Monothelites, i. 64, Hatton, Sir Chriilopher, his exhortation to Mary queen of Scots, to fubmit to trial, v. 293. Is made chancellor, though no lawyer, 330.

Hauhes, Thomas, burnt for herefy, iv. 415. Havre de Grace, is delivered up to queen Elizabeth, by treaty with the prince of Condc, v 71. The earl of Warwick takes the command of it, 72. The garrlfon infec"Led by Is beficged by the French, 79.
the plague,
of,
iii.

ib.

Is furrendered

by

capitulation,

80.

Haxey, a member of parhament 450.

in the reign of

Richard II. anecdote

v.

Hayward, an author, incurs the refentment of queen Elizabeth, Is faved by the pleafantry of Sir Francis Bacon, 458.
Ha%elrig, Sir Arthur,
is

457.

prevented from tranfporting himfelf, with other vi. 309. Is Impeached by the king, 467. Is named one of the council of (late after the king's execution, vii. 158, note. Is created a peer by the proteftor, but chufes to take his ftat with the commons, 277. His charafter, 314. Heath, archbifiiop of York, appointed chancellor on the death of bifliop Gardiner, iv. 421. Notlfjcs the death of quccn Mary to the parliapuritans, to America,
jnenr, v. 2,

Ihlle,

INDEX.
Helie, lord
i.

of laFIeche, difturbs William Rufus in his Norman pofTellionc^j Is befieg-:d by William without fuccefs, 306. 305. , dc St. Sean, why made tutor to William fon of Robert duke of Nor-

Hengjjl

mandy, i. 335. Carries his pupil to the courfeof the duke of Anjou, ib. and Horja, Saxons and brothers, popular account of their UcLand with a body of Saxons in Britain, 20. Horfa fccnt, i. 18.
killed, ib.

Hengid fubdues the Britons, ib. Calls over his brother Ocla, and founas the kingdom of Kent, 21. Is fucceeded by his foil Efcus, 28. See Kent. Jiairietta, princefs of France, comes over to England, and is married Her French attendants difmiffcd by the inftito Charles I. vi. 199. gation of Buckingham, 234, Her character, 283. Obtains contributions from the catholics, to affift the king againfl the Scots covenanters, 338. Is threatened by the commons with an impeachment, and prepares to fly, 477. Goes over to Kolland, 480. Sends miliBrings over a reinforcement to the tary flores over to the king, 491. king at Oxford, 522. Is impeached by the commons, and retires to Flies to France, 63. Exeter, vii. 9. Her diltrtfied htuation there, Vifits her fon on his reif oration, 258. 248. Henry, youngeft fon of William the conqueror, his future gteatnefs preRaifes an infnrreftion in Normandy, didieiiby his father, i. 280. Reduced by his brothers, 290. Seizes England on the death 289. of W'illiam Rufus, his brother, 313. - I. grants a charter of liberties, i, 314. Lodges a copy in every Difregards his promifes, ib. county, 315. Review of this charter, 316. Weds Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III. king of Scotland, 3 iS. Invaded by his brother Robert, 319. Treaty between them, 321. Severe treatment of his barons, 322. Attacks Normandy, 323. His difpute with the pope concerning invellitures, 325. Sends three bifhops to hirn, 328. The pope's infolent anfwer to, 329. Compromife between, 332. Goes over to defend his Norman dominions, 336. His admonitions to theEngliilibifhops fent by him to the council at Rhcims, 337. Defeats Lewis king of France, ib. Lofes his eldeft fon William, Marries Adelais daughter of Godfrey duke of Lorraine, 340. 338. Marries his daughter Matilda to Henry V. emperor of Germany, ib. Marries her afterwards to Geoffrey fon of Fulk count of Anjou, ib. Review of his government, 341. Goes to Normandy to vifit his daughter Matilda, 344. Caufcs the nobility to fwear fealty to her, ib. His death and character, 345. Particulars of a charter given by him, granting to London the privileges of a corporation, 347. -> , fon of the emprefs Matilda, and grandfon of king Henry L. born, i. 344. Brought over to England to affift his mother, 365. Invefted with the Is knighted by David king of Scotland, 367. dutchy of Normandy, ib. Marrie's Eleanor daughter of William duke of Guienne, 368. His fucceffion to the crown of England confirmed by Stephen, ib. His continental poffcffions at his acctffion, 373. iiII. The firft a6t of his government, i, 376. Goes over to quiet Puniflies the incurfions of the Wclfh, 377. his brother Geoffrey, ib. Vifits the king of France, and contrails his infant fon Henry to Margaret daughter of France, 378. His acqullitions on the continent, ib.
Compounds

INDEX.
perfonal fervice of liis Norman valTals for money, 380, Accommodates, his differences with Lewis France, lb. by the pope's mediation, 381. Oppofes the encroachments of the .clergy, 383. His grateful remembrance of Theobald archbifhop of Cantcrbiyy, ih. InCreates Thomas a Becket chancellor, 384. ftancc of his familiarity with him? 385* Makes him archbifhop of Canterbury, 386. Provoked 'by his arbitrary cohduCi, 388. Calls an alTcmbly of the clergy, to acknowledge a fubmiffion to the civil lawj, 391. Determines to check the clerical uluVpatlonf;, Z92" Applies to the pope for a leConilitutions of Clarendon, 393. gatme commiflion, which is rendered abortive by the pope, 396. Prpcures Becket to be fued for feme lands, 397. Calls a council at
trre

Compounds
His wars
in

Northampton,

at

which Becket

Is

condemned
399.

for

contempt, 398.

Makes another demand on Becket,

Canterbury on Becket's flight, 404. pope, ih. Sufpends the payment of Petei-'s pence, 406. Endeavours at' an al'iance with the emperor Frederick Barbarolfa, ib, /^n accommodation prevented by the inflexibility of Becket, 408. Obtains a dilpenfation for the marriage of his third fon Geoffrey with the heirels of Britanny, ib. Several Ineffedual attempts of reeonciliatioa with Becket, ib. Detaches Lewis from Becket by his fair conduct, Is reconciled to Becket, ib. Affociates his fon Henry with 411, him in the regal dignity, ib. His exclamation on hearing tlie continuance of Becket's arbitrary behaviour, and the coufequenccs, 4115. His perplexity on the murder of Becket, 419. His fubmiffions to the pope on the occaiion, ib. Impofes a tax for the holy war, 422. Goes on. an expedition to Ireland, 423. Solicits a grant of that ifland from Rome, 426. How prevented from the immediate execution of it, 427. Goes over to Ireland, and hnds it already fubdued by Strongbow and his allbciates, 429. This conqueft irapropej-iy fecured, 430. Recalled from Ireland by the menaces of the legates Albert and Theodin, to anfwer at the inquiry into Becket's murder, His conceflions to them on that occafion, ib. Receives abfo432.
lution, 433. Review of his prefent flourifhing fituation, ib. Affigns portions to his fons,_434. His eldeft fon Henry revolts againft him,

Sequeilers the revenues of Inhibits all appeals to the

436.
ib.

as do Geoffrey and RicliarJ, at the inffigation of queen Lleanor, Confines his queerj, ib. Appeals in vain to the pope agninft his fons, 437. Emploj's a body of Brabancons, 438. Deceived by king Lewis of France, before Vcrncviil, 440. Quells the diilurbances in Eritauny, ib. An inefiedual conference witti Lewis, 441 his condu6l in this critical fituation, 442. Returns to quell tne commotions in England, and does penance at Becket's tomb, 444. Railes the fiege ot Roiien, 447.. Makes peace with his fons, ih. Lxa61s homage of William king of Scotland, taken prilbner by his forces, and of all the Scots nobles, for his ranfom and crown, 448. Reforms the adminiilration ot iuilice in his dominions, 450. Pemohllics the new erefted callles of his nobility, ih. Provides for the defence of the kingdom, ib. Puniflies the muidercrs of Thomas a Btcket, 451. Mediates a peace between Philip king of France, and his family, 454, His fon Heui-y revolts again, but lubmits, ib. His grief for his lou Henry's death, 455. His fon Geoffrey rebels again, 4_^6. Is guardian *
.

jF f

tg

INDEX.
to Geoffrey's poftlmmous fon, 456, Engages in a crufade, 458. Raifes War between him and Philip a tenth of moveables to carry it on, lb. of France, occafioned by another revolt of his fon Richard, 459. His grief at finding John a party in Difadvantageous peace, 462. Dies, ib. His character, 463. Mifcellaneous Richard's revolt, ib. Manners of his court, ib. His vigitranfadions in his reign, 464. Inftance of his reputation for lance in correcting diiorders, 466. Commutes perfonal fervice in war, 468. juftice, 467. Remits

Danegek, 469. His ilTue, 470. Henry, eldeft fon of Henry H. contra6i:ed in his infancy to Margaret, daughter of France, i. 378. Affociated with his father in the kingdom, 412. His repaitce to his father at his coronation, 435. Is crowned again, together with his qu-cn Margaret, ib. Expence of Revolts againft his father, 436. their coronation robes, ib. note. Leagues with Lewis king of France, 439. Befieges Vernovill in conIs reconciled to his father, 447. Revolts junction with him, 440 Dies, 455. again, but lubmits, 454. Is crowned at Glouceller, lb. Swears HI. his acceflion, ii. 145 The earl of Pembroke fealty, and does homage to the pope, ib. chofen proteftor during his minority, ib. Grants a new charter of Grants a renewal of the liberties, at the inftance of Pembroke, 146. Is declared by the pope great charter, in a parliament at Oxford, 155 Rochelle taken from him by Lewis VIII. of age for government, ib. His conte-fts with his brother Richai'd earl of of France, 57. Cornwall, concerning the reflitution of a manor in that county, 158. Removes Hubert de Burgh from offices, 160. His character, ib. Makes Peter, bifliop of Winchefter, his chief miniiler, /i^. His imprudent encouragement of the Poiftevins, 161. Combinations among His plea for not obferving the great the barons on this occafion, ib. Difmiffes the bifliop of Winchefter and his foreigners, charter, 162. Marries Eleanor daughter at the menace of iidmond the primate, ib. His bounties to her relations, ib. of the count of Provence, 163. Publilhes the pope's fentence of excommunication againft the emperor His maternal half-brothers come Frederick, his brother-in-law, 1 64. Beftows riches and honours upon over to England to vifit him, ib, Difgufts among the people on thefe grants to foreigners, them, ib. Denied by parliament, he procures loans from the Londoners, 165. Declares war againft Lewis IX. and makes an iinfuccefsful expeib. dition to Guienne, 166. His remark on the wealth of the Londoners, His contefts relating to the elee^ion of the archbifliop of Canter167. Complaints to the council of Lyons of the pofl^effions of bury, 168. is threatened with excommunication Italian clergy in England, 170. Accepts the offer made by the for oppofing the pope's claims, 171. The pope, of the kingdom of Sicily for his fecond fon Edmond, 172. Is refufed aids to heavy debts he was involved in on this occalion, ib.
'

The commotions among the clergy difcharpe it by parliament, ib. on account of the levies for the crufade againft Sicily, 173. Is threatened with excommunication for non pavment of the pope's demands, 174. His incapacity for quieting the difcontents of his barons, 175. The Endeavours to bold remonlhances of his parliament to him, 177.
prevail on

them, under the vow of a crufade, 17S.

His

fajrcaftical

reply

INDEX.
Obtains a fupply on a folcmn reply to a deputation of prelates, 179. His filler married to Simon de confirmation uf the great charter, ib. His difputes with that nobleman, Montfort, earl of Leicefier, i8o. His barons afiemble in parliament, drelTed in armour, 183. i8j.
addrefled by Roger Bigod, earl of Norfolk, ib. The fovereign authority vefted in a council of twenty-four baions by the parliament Is forced to banllh his maat Oxford, to redrefs grievances, 184. Makes a treaty with Lewis IX of France, ternal ha'f-brothers, 185. and cedes Normandy to him, 190. Apph'es to the pope, and obtains' abfolution from his oath to obferve the provifions of Oxford, i.<^^. His proceedings againll the council in confequence of this abiohition,
Calls a parhament, which authorifes him to refume the go194. Refers the diifcrences between hirn and Leicellcr to vernment, ib. tlie determination of Margaret of France, 195. Is applied to for pro. teftion by Lewellyn prince of Wales, againit his rebellious fon Grilfin, Griffin delivered up to him by his elder brother David, who 196. Griffin's fon Lewellyn fucceeds, who redoes homage to hiin, ib.
.

How

news the homage, 197. Lewellyn inv'ides the borders, ib. Is reduced to comply again Avith the provifions of Oxford, 199. Is influenced by the barons taking prince Edward prifoner, ib. His difputes with the barons referred to the arbitration of Lewis of Francf Lewis decides in his favour, 201. The barons refufe to abide 200. by the decifion, and take arms, ib. He raifes an army againft them, Is defeated and talvcn prifoner in the 202. IVIutual hoftillties, 203. How he obtained his liberty, 206. Stipulabattle of Lewes, 205. tions between hiirj and Leicefter, 213. His narrow efcapefrom death at the battle of Evediam, 215. Confe.quences of this battle, 216. His lenity toward the rebel barons, 217. His fon Edward eno-ages in a crufade, ib. He calls him home again, 220. Dies, 221 His charafter, ib. His piety, 222. His children, iF'. Laws enad;cd during his reign, ib. State of commerce in his reign, 224. Thp high intereit of money, 225. Lxtortions practifed upon the |ews by him, 226. Bad internal police of the country in hi' reign, 227. Lxcufc made by the officers of his houfehold for their robberies, 228, Henry IV. (See Hereford and Lancajler } Remarks on his title to the crown, iii. 61. Tumultuous affembly of the parliament, 62. Quells an infurredion of the degraded Icrds, (^-i^. Attaches himfelf to the church, and puffins a law condemning heretics to the flames, 65. The ilrft execution of this kind in England, ib. Truce with France renevved, 66. InfurreAion in Wales, ib. Marches againil the Scots, and feizes Edinburgh, 68. Defeats and kills voung Piercv at Shrewfbury, 71. Executes the rebellious arclibilhop of York, 73. Takes prince James of Scotland priioncr, and educates iu'm in En<i^land, 75. Foments divifions in France, 76. Pailiarnentarv tranfa6lions of this reign, 77. Couceffions made to the houfe of commons, His difficulties in eftablilhing the fucceffion of his familv, 79. 78. Attempts to adopt the Salic law, but is oppofed by the commons, /'/'. Adviicd by his commons to feize on the temporalities of the church. So. His death, 82. His charatler, /i^. His marriages and chiL'.ren, Cutting out any perfon's tongue, or putting out his eve;, 83. of the fifth of his reign, ib. i^l^ade felony by an ail Annual
.

cxpenc^

INDEX.
expence
reign,
io.

of

his

houfehold,

8|.

State

of commerce

during his

Henry V.

eldeft fon and fiiccefTor to Henry IV. the caufe of his youthful His fudden reformation on his extravagancies pointed out, iii. 85. His regard to the friends and memory of Richard H. accefiion, 87.

Confers with iL Averfe to the profecution of lord Cobham, 89. Cobham plots againft him," is feized and executed, 90. him, ib. His large demands on France, 96. Detefts theconfpiracy of the earl The conof Cambridge, lord Scrope, and fir Thomas Grey, 97. Invades France, and feizes Harfleur, 98. fpirators executed, ib. Compared with thofe of Crecy and Battle of Azincour, 100. Treaty with the Invades France again, 106. Poiftiers, ib. 103. queen and Burgundy, 107. Takes Roiien, 109. Treaty with the young duke of Burgundy, 1 10. Articles of, iii. Reflections on Returns to Marries the princefs Catharine, 112. this treaty, ib. England for fupplies, 113. Carries the young Scots king to France His forces under the duke of Clarence defeated by with him, 114. Takes Meaux, and other places. the Scots auxiliaries at Bauge, ib. Falls fick, and pre115. His fon, afterwards Henry VI. born, ib. The trufts he left during the minority of his pares for death, 116. His character, ib. Mlfcellaneous Dies, V17. infant fon, ib. His fcanty revenues, 120. tranfalions in his reign, 1 18. VL comes to the crown an infant, the adminiilration regulated by parliament, iii. 123. His education committed, by parliament,
to

154. garet
180.

Crowned at Paris, Beaufort, bilhop of Wincheiler, 124. Married to MarHis charafter on arriving at manhood, 169. Normandy recovered by the French, 176. of Anjou, 170. Guienne loft, 177. Pretenfions oi the duke of York to the crown,

H^nry

Diffipation of the royal revenues during the minority, 184-

His

title to the

'

w.

crown, how defended, 191. How anfwered by the partiLill of nobility who adhered to the Lancafter fans of York, J 93. Marches an army to oppofe the duke of prince in polftfiion, 195. York, 197.S The duke retires atier a parley, ib. Unfuccefsful attempt on the province of Gafcony, 198. Piince Edward born, ib- His Taken prifoner by the duke of imbecility of mind increafes, 199. York at the battle of St. Alban's, 200. Re-inftated in his regal auA formal reconciliation between the partifans of York thority, 202. I'he duke and Lancailer, ib. Taken prifoner at Northampton, 205. Is reof York^s right of fucceffion determined by the lords, 207. taken by quten Margaret at the battle of St. Alban's, 210. Depofed by ihe election of Edward IV. 212. Reflections on this event, ib. Retires to Scotland Mlfcellaneous tranfaclions of his reign, 213. after the defeat at Touton, 219. Aft of forfeiture and attainder paffed Receives afiidance from Lewis XI. of France, 223. acrainfl him, 222. Reftored by the tail of Warwick, Imprifoned in the tower, 225. His death, 250. 243. Again in the power of Edward, 247, VI 1. his accefiion, iii. 307. Accepts Richard III.'s crown found in His imBofvvorth-fieid, lb. His title to the crown of England, 308. politic prejudices againil: the houfe of York, 311. Commits the young earl o\ vV'arvvick to the Tower, 3 12. His joyful reception in his journey Renews his promife of marriage with the princefs to London, 313.
Elizabeth,

INDEX.
His coroDefers it till after his coronation, iL Inititution of yeomen of the Creation of peers, iL His prior attainder, how qualified, ii>. His cautious guard, 315. Procures a papal fariction of his right to entail of the crown, 316. Attainders of the York-party, 318. Refleitions the crown, 317. on, ii.. The duties of tonnage and poundage granted him for life, Proclaims a pardon to thofe who took arms againil him, on i^. Titles of nobility conferred by him, i^ His choice furrender, 319. Married to the princefs Elizabeth, daughter of of miniftcrs, i6. Edward IV. 320. Makes a progrefs into the north, 321. Difperfes Birth of prince Artimr, 322, an inn2rre(:il:ion at Worceller, ii>. His government unpopular, 323. Revolt of Ireland under Lamberc Multers troops againil him, 328. Defeats the earl Simnel, 325. of Lincoln, Simnel's general, at Stoke, 330. Entertains SIranel His rigorous profecution of Simnel's partifans, z^. as a fcallion, i/>. Crowns his queen, 331. State of foreign affairs at this period, ^2^' Makes a truce for leveji years with the Scots, 333. His politic motives for not afTifting the French in their deligns on Britanny, 339. His offers of mediation, how anfwered by the duke of Britanny, 34.0. Obtains a fupply from parliament to alfilt Britanny, 343. InfurreCtioa Supprv'-ffed, 344. in the north on levying it, ;'/^. Sends lord WilHis vexation on the marriage loiighby de Broke to Britanny, 345. of Charles of France with the duchefs of Britanny, 350. Levies a benevolence on his people, ilr. Promifes his parliament to claim the crown of France, 351. Carries over an army to France, 353. Makes Caufes the murder of Edward V. and the peace with France, 354. duke of York to be afcertained, on account of Perkin Warbec's iraHis policy in fcarching into the confpiracy, zL Gains pofture, 360; over Sir Robert Clifford to betray Perkin's fecrets, 361. Publlfhes Perkin's fecret hiftory, ii. Remonftrates to the archduke on the occafion, and prohibits all commerce with the Low Countries, ii;. Executes Perkin Warbec's fecret adherents, 362. Detects and executes Sir William Stanley, 364. OpprefTcs his people by arbitrary fines, ^6^.' Careffes lawyers, and curbs his nobility, i^. PafTes a law to indemnif)'^ all who aft under the authority of the kino- for the time being, 366. Sends Sir Edward Poynings over to reduce the malcontents in Ireland, 367. Poynings' memorable ifatute, 3. Leagues with the Italian ftates agalnll France, 36S. Obtains a fubfidy from parliament, 372. Lifurreclion in Cornwal on occalion of levying it, 373. His prudent difpoiition to oppofe the Corniln infurgents, 375. Defeats them at Blackheath, 376. Employs Hialas, Ferdinand's ambaffador, to negociate a truce with Scotland, 377. Concludes a treaty of commerce with the Flemings, 378.' Perkin Warbee lands in Cornwal, and befieges Exeter, 379. The fiege raifcd, and Perkin's followers dii'perfe, 3S0. His generous treatment of Perkin's wife, iL Conduils Perkins in mock-triumph to London, Publiihes Perkin's confcfTion, 382. 381. Executes the young earl of Warwic for concerting an efcape with Perkin Warbec, 383. Reflections on this execution, ii>. His excnfe for it, i/^. His interview with the archduke Philip at Calais, 384. The pope ftmds a nuncio to engat;e liim in a crufade againil the Turks, i/>. Makes a conditional piomileu) attend
Elizabeth, 314.
nation,
i6.

INDEX.
'

Is chofen protelor of the knights of PJiodes, i3^ sttcndlilm, 385. Marries Arthur prince of Wales, to Catherine of Arragon, iL The Marries her to his fecnnd ion Henry, ib. prince dies, 386. Marjries his eldeft daughter Margaret to James IV. of Scotland, iL His remark on this connexion, i3. Death of his queen, ii. His preHis avarice, and oppreiTion of his people by his fent fituation, 387, two minirters, Empfon and Dudley, it. Ijheir. modes of extortion, His great wealth acquired by thefe means, 389. His political ib. attention to the flate of Europe, 390. Is vifited by Philip king of The adCaftile, forced by a ftorm on the coafl of England, 391vantage he took of this occurrence to obtain poiTeffion of the earl of Suffolk, whom Philip proteded, 392. Commits Suffolk to the Tower, 393. Affiances his daughter Mary to Charles archduke of His remorfe for his oppreffions, and his deeds of atone^uftria, 394 Yet continues his extortions, il>. His death and chament, ib. More abfolute in his conduft than any former king, rafter, 395. The people's fubmiilion accounted fpr, i!>. His laws calcu396. Star-chamber, the authority lated for the good of the nation, 397.
of, eftabliOied in this reign,
ib.

Suits in
ib.

forma pauperis

firft

given,

398.

Benefit of clergy abridged,

Palled frequent laws againft

Oxford ori and gentry to break the anDepreffes old families, and carelTes cient entails of eftates, 400. new ones, 401. Commerce rather hurt than advanced by forae of Inftances, ib. Remarks on the comparative prices of his laws, ib. Review of other comcommodities and labour at that time, 402. America, and the new pafiage to the mercial regulations, 403. Great alterations in the~ Eaft Indies, difcovered in this reign, 405.
retainers, 399-

Anecdotf of

his behaviour to the earl of

account

of, ib.

Empowers

his nobility

JEuropean nations in confequence of thefe extraordinary events, ib. Sehe loft the honour of the firil difcovery of America, ib. Newbafiian Cabot fent out by him on difcoveries in America, ib. The firft fhip of the royal navy, foundland difcovered by Cabot, 406. Circumftances which called the Great Harry, built by Henry, ib. tended to the promotion of literature about this time, ib. The naHis dying injunflion to his fon> to tion rejoiced at his death, 408. proteil againft his marriage with Catherine of Arragon, iv. 75. Henry, fecond fon of Henry VII. created prince of Wales on the death Forced by liis father into a marriage of his brother Arthur, iii. 386. with Catherine of Arragon, Arthur's widow, ib. . VIII. the general fatisfadion of the people at his acceffion, iii. 408. His perfonal qualifications, ib. How he acquired a literary His choice of minifters, ib. His tafte for gaiety and education, 409. pleafure encouraged by the earl of Surry, 410. Diffipates his father's Mufic and literature his favourite purfuits, ib. Thomas treafures, ib. Punifhes the inllruraents of his Aquinas his favourite author, 411. Motives to the confummation of his mar_^;|ather's oppreffions, //'. Takes part with pope Juriage with Catherine of Arragon, 413. Supplies granted by parliament for a lius II. againft France, 418. Deluded by Ferdinand of Spain into a fruit.war with France, 419. Jefs expedition to Guienne, to facilitate his conqueft of Navarre, iZ-. naval engagement between Sir Thomas Ivuevet and the French,

How

422,

INDEX.
422.

on the war againft France, the proportTont Receives a vefTel of provifions, a prefent from the Concludes an alii-^nce Difputes with Scotland, ii?. pope, 425. with Maximilian and Ferdinand againft France, 426. Wolfey introduced to him by Fox, bilhop of Wincheltcr, 428. The maxims
poll-tax to carry

how

rated, 424.

by Wolfey, ii>. Admits him to his privy-council, 429. army and fleet againft France, 430. Invades France in perfon, 433The emperor Maximilian ferves under him, and reinculcated

Raifes an

Defeats the French at Befieges Teroiiane, 434. Takes TourTeroiiane capitulates, ib. the battle of Spurs, 435. Returns ta Makes Wolfey bifhop of Fournay, /3. jiay, 437. Makes peace Defeats the Scots at Flouden, 440. England, i^. Enraged at Ferdinand's alliance with France, with Scotland, i^. 442. Peace with France negociated by the duke of Longueville, Terms of the treaty, 443. The princefs Mary, Henry's fifler, i6. His difgufts againit married to Lewis, who dies quickly after, i&. Francis L of France, iv. 11. Is perfuaded by Wolfey to deliver up Tournay, 13. Forms precenfions to the empire, but is too late, 18. His political advantages leffened by the dcfeds of his Goes over temper, 20. Is vifited by the emperor Charles V. 21. to Ardres to vifit Francis, by Wolfey's perfuafiun, who regulates the ceremonial of their meeting, 22. Inllance of his delicacy towards Francis, i^. His return of Francis's familiarity and confidence, Grand tournament held by them, 24. Vifits the emperor and 33. His endeavours to meMargaret of Savoy at Gravelines, ii. diate a peace between the emperor and Francis fruilrated, 26. Aa ahiance concluded by Wolfey, between him and the emperor, with the pope, againft Francis, ih. Trial and execution of the duke of Buckingham, 27. Writes againft the opinions of Luther the reformer, 36. Receives the title of Defetuler of the Faith from Is fliarply anfvvered by Luther, tb. the pope, ib. Is again vifited by the emperor Charles, whom he inftals a knight of the garter, 40. Declares war againft France, ib. Operations againlb Scotland, 43. His father's treafure being diflipated, impofcs arbitrary taxes, 46. Summons a parliament, ih. Levies the grants before the ftipulated time, 48. His aibitrary behaviour to Edward Montague, a member of the houfe of commons, ib. note. Sends a force under the duke of Suffolk to invade Picardy, 51. newtreaty between him and the emperor for the invaiion of France, 54, Concludes an alliance with Loulfe, the regent of France, on the captivity of Francis, 58. Sends Tonftal, bilhop of London, ambaifador to the emperor, 60. Levies taxes, by Wolfey's advice, without his parliament, 61. Difcontents of the people on this exertion of the prerogative, 62. Wolfey makes him a prefent of Hampton-court palace, 64. Joins the holy league agalnll the emperor, 68. His treaties With Francis, 70. Declares, with France, war againft the emperor, 73. Account of his fcruples with regard to his marriage with Catherine of Arragon, 75. Has a fon by lady Catherine Blount, 77. Confults his prelates, who confirm his Icruples concerning his man lage, ib. Becomes enamoured with the lady
ceives pay, i^.

Anne

INDEX,
Applies to tlie pope for a divorce, iL Boleyn, 79. The Lays the pope's motives of the pope's hefitation in that atTair, 80. condudl before his miniilers^ and their advice thereupon, 81. The cardinals Wolfey and Campeg-j^io appointed b)'' the pope to try his marriage, 85. The trial opened, 87. The court abruptly prorogued by Campeggio, 90. Deprives Wolfey of the great feal, 92. Orders Wolfey to depart from York place, and confifcates his moveOrders him to be profecuted in the ftar-charuber, ables there, i^. Pardons him, 95. The commons grant him a difcharge of 93. Sends Francis I. of France a generous acquittal of a his debts, 97. view of his inducements to break off debt owing to him, 98. The hrll introduction all connection with the court of Rome, 99. Engages Cranmer to write in favour of Dr. Cranmer to him, loi. An examination into the general queftion of of his divorce, ib. marriage within affinity, with reference to this cafe, i3. He obtains Enthe decifion of many univerfitles in favour of his divorce, 102. Refufes gages his nobility to write to the pope concerning, 103. Is concerned at Wolthe pope's fummons to appear at Rome, iL Profecutes his clergy on the ftatute of proviforsj, fey 's death, 106. which is compounded with him by the convocation, ii. The convocation acknowledges his fupremacy, with an ai'tful refervation, ib:, Iffues a pardon to the laity from the ftatute of provifors, 107. Tiie commons reject a Pafles an acl againft levying annates, iL bill to fecure his right ofwardfhips, &c. and his conduct thereupon, Explains his fcruples about his marriage to Sir Thomas Aud108. His interview with iey, fpeaker of the houfe of commons, 109. Celebrates his marriage with Anne BoFrancis at Boulogne, ill. Paffes an aft againil all appeals to Rome, on fuits cogleyn, i3. Publishes his marriage with nizable in ecclefiaifical courts, 112. Anne Boleyn, iL His marriage with Catherine declared invalid by archbifhop Cranmer, 113. Birth of the prlncefs Elizabeth, ib. Creates her princefs of Wales, ib. Degrades Catherine to the quality of princefsdowager of Wales, il). Accident which produced his linal The papal authority excluded from the breach with the pope, 1 16. regulation of monafteries, and eleftion of bifliops, by parliament, 117, The fucceffion to the crown, regulated by parliament, 118. Is declared fupreme head of the church, by parliament, 120. Was the moft abfoPlis hatred toward the reformers aclute prince in. Europe, 127. counted for, 128. His courtiers, how difpofed with regard to the reHis pafiions made ufe of, by both parties, 130. Is formation, 129. Orders Dr. abufed perfonally by friar Peyto from the pulpit, 134. Corren to preach before him, who juftities him, ib. Detects and puFidier, bifliop m^.cs ihe /joly maid of Kent, and her affbciates, 137. Trial and of Rochefter, executed for denying his fuprepacy, 139. execution of Sir Thomas More, 140. The court of Kome enraged againft hira on account of thefe executions, ib. Is defirous of a reconciliation with pope Paul III. ib. Is excommunicated by the Renews his friendftiip with Francis, and propofes marpope, 14!. Rtmits rying the princefs Elizabeth to the duke of Angouleme, ib. money to the German protellants, 142. Invites over the principal
.

Anne

German

i)

X.

Death of Catherine of Arragcn, and her dying His reply to the emperor's advances toward an him, 143. accommodation, 144. Is difgufled with Francis for marrying his daughter t<^ James V. of S,cotland, 146. Appoints Cromwel hicA vifitation of the monafteries, ih. Many movicar-general, 148. Their doors opened, ih. nafteries furrender their revenues, 150. The lefler monafteries fappreffed by paraament, ib. Becomes jealous His jealoufy ftrengthened by the calumnies of of qneen Anne, 155, Becomes enamoured with the ladythe vifcountefs of Rochford, ib. Orders the queen and fome of her attendants Jane Seymour, 156. The queen's letter to him, 158. Trial of the to be confined, 157. queen, 159. Marries the lady Jane Seymour the next day after Anne Receives the princefs Mary into favour on Boleyn's execution, 162. her compliance with the acknowledgment of his fupremacy, ib. The princeffes Mary and Elizabeth illegitimated by parliament, 163. -Articles of faith framed by convocation, and corredcd by him, 166, Remarks on his flcill in conducing the alterations in religion, ib,

German

divines, 142.

letter to

Difcontents excited

among

the people by the difperfed monks,

170.
in-

An

infurreftion againft him, headed

to

by Dr. Mackrel, 171.

Prevails

on the infurgents

defert their chief,

who

is

executed,

ih.

An

furrection, termed the Pilgrimage of Grace, raifed in the north, by Mr. Aflce, ih. His manifefto againfh them, 174. The infurreftion

Prince Edward born, and fappreffed by the duke of Norfolk, 175. Negotiates with the German prothe death of the queen, 176. Allows only hngle copies of the teftants, but without efFeft, 177. bible to be chained in fomc chiifches, with reftriftions as to the Suppreffes the larger monafteries, 178. reading of it, il. Pillages the fhrine of Thomas a Becket, and burns his bones, 182. Makes liberal grants of the revenues of the religious houfes, 183. Eredls Oxford, Peterborough, Briftol, fix new bifhoprics, Wcftminfter, The rage cxpreiTed igainll him by the Chefter, and Gloucefter, ih. court of Rome, on his fuppreffion of the religious houfes, 184. Procures cardinal Pole to be difmiffed from his legatine charge in Flanders, 186. Executes fome noblemen who had entered into a confpiracy with Pole, 187. Declares againft the authority of the council of Mantua, 188. Is oblHaately attached to the doftrine of the real prefence, 189. Enters into a formal difputation with LamSentences Lambert to the bert concerning the eucharill, 191. flake, 192. Paffes the bill of fix articles, for aboliPning diverfity of opinions in religion, 194. The parliament grants the force of laws to his proclamations, 196. Propounds a queilion to the judges refpecling the power of parliament in attainders, 19^. The abbeylands confirmed to him by parliament, 199. Grants a general poffeffion of the bible, 200. Solicits the duchefb-dowager of Longueville in marriage, 201. Is refufed by Francis, on account of her previous contraft to the king of Scotland, ih. Demands Anne of Cleves of her father, 202. Sees her privately, and uiliikes her, lb. Marries her, rieverthelefs, from polilicdl motives, 20 1. His difgult increafes, ih. Complains to parliament of the diverfity of rellgioRs, 303'. Creates Cromwel earl of Effcx, and kuight of the garter, ib. Obtuins of parliament a diHolution of the order of 3:. John of ]c-

rufiilcm,

INDEX.
Requires, and with difficulty ruralem, or knights of Malta, 205. giants from parliament and convocation, 206. Fixes his Is influenced by the afFeftions on the lady Catherine Howard, 207. duke of Norfolk to commit Cromwel to the Tower, 208.^ CroraIs divorced from Anne of Cleves, wel's movincT letter to him, ib.
ebtaius,

Concludes an alliance with the emperor, 211. Marries Ca209. Pcritcutes the reformers, 2 12. iherine tioward, ib. Makes a Exhorts the king of Scotland to feize progrefs into the north, 213. the church revenues, 216. James evades a promlfed interview with him, 217. Is informed by Craiimer of the queen's diffolute coniluft,

218.

The queen

attainted,

executed, 221.
ations,

DifiTulvcs divers colleges, hofpitals,

and

felzes their revenues, ib.

ib.

with her affbciates, 219; and and other foundExtorts a furrender of chapter-

lands from divers bilhops,

Ireland erected into a kingdom,

and

Mitigates the penalties of the fix 222. Appoints a articles, fo far as regards the marriage of pricfts, commiffion to ellahh'lh a religion for the natiorr, ib. Writes and Publifhes the rupnhlUhcs his Injiitution of a Chri/Uan Man, 223. Prohibits the lower claffus of people ^.ition of a Chrijlian Man^ 224. Reviews and alters the mafs books, 225. to read the fcriptures, ib. SupprefTes the inttrrludes in ridicule of the former fuperftitions, ib. Sir Publifhes a manifeilo, previous to his war with Scotland, 227. Robert Bowes defeated by the Scots, 228. Battle of Solway, 229. Death of James, 230. Fropofes a marriage to the Scots nobles, beThis tv/een prince Edward and the infant queen of Scotland, 231. Is difmarriage contradled by treaty with the earl of Arran, 233. gufted with Francis^ 235. Leagues with the emperor againfl Francis, 236. Obedience to his Erudition of a Chrijlian Man enforced by Influences parliaMarries Catherine Par, 239. parliament, 238. ment to rcftore the prlnceffes Mary art;! Elizabeth to their right of

added to

his titles,

ib.

note.

his will, 242. His regal ityle fettled, 243. by parliament from his debts, contratted by a general Pvcquires new loans from his people, and raifes the value loan, ib. of fpecie, 244. Extorts a benevolence from his people, ib. InConcerts an invafion vades Scotland, and burns Edinburgh, 245. of France with the emperor, ib. Fafles over to France, and leaves Takes Boulogne, 247. Charles makes a the queen regent, 246. feparate peace with Francis, ib. Returns to England, 248. Subfidies Obtains a pargranted him by parliament and convocation, 251, The liamentary grant of univerfity revenues, which he declines, ih. His fpeech on proroguing grofs flattery of parliament to him, 252.

fucceffion,

dependent on

Is releafed

Sends the earl of Hertford with forces over to Calais, 253. His high encomium on with France .and Scotland, ib. Protefts Cranmer againll the the duke of Suffolk at his death, 255. The queen's tender care of him cabals of his catholic courtiers, ib. Orders her to be impeached for herefy, 259. in his illnefs, 258. Her prudent caution in evading this danger, ib Abufes Wriothefely on his coming to take the queen to the Tower, 260. Commits the duke of Norfolk and earl of Surry to the Tower, 262. Trial and Expedites the proceedings agalnft Norexecution of Surry, 263. folk, 264. Orders him for execution, ib. Dies, 265. His behait,

ib.

Makes

pe;ice

viowr

INDEX.
Vidur at Kis death, 265. The fucceffion how fettled by his will, ib. Hit chara6ter, 266. The number of parhaments fummoned by him, 268. His rigorous and coiitradiciory ilatutes againit herefy and treafon, A recapitulation of his Ilatutes, ib. His military laws, 270. 269.

Tonnage and poundage arbitrarily levied by him, 272. State of commerce in this reign, 273. His laws to reftrain the decay of
His attention to tillage, and throwing lands into paftutage, 277. Lift of the regency appointed the advancement of literature, 279. "by his will, during the minority of Edward VI. 282. Henry, prince of Wales, eldell fon of James I. his death and charafter, vi. 62. bifhop of Wincheller. ^tt Wmchejler , U. of France, his charafter, iv. 295. His conducl: toward the protellant league in Germany, il. Makes an incffeftual attempt on Boulogne, 333. His treaty with England for the furrender of Boulogne, 342. Agrees to a marriage between his daughter Elizabeth and Edward VI. ib. Invades Germany, in favour of Maurice, eleftor of Saxony, 382. The emperor rfepulfed from Metz, ib. , Montmorency defeated at St. Quintin, 434. Calais taken, 435. Requires the queen-dowager of Scotland to take part in his quarrel Concludes the marriage between the dauphin againfl: England, 440. and the young queen, Mary of Scotland, ib. Peace of Cateau Cambrefis with Spain and England, v. x6. Solicits the excommunication of queen Elizabeth, 19. Orders the dauphin and his queea to afllime the title and arms of England, ib. Is killed at a tournament, 20. III. of France, his character, and firft views on his accellion, V. 211. Grants a peace to the Hugonots, 212. Declares himfelf as head of the catholic league, but is fufpeclcd by both parties, Lofes the good will of his fubjefts, 213. ib. Sends a fplendid embalfy to Elizabeth, on the intended marriage between her and his brother the duke of Anjou, 241. Declares war againll the Hugonots, 268. Is defeated by Henry of Navarre, 355. Is driven from Paris, ib. Orders the duke of Guife and his brother to be aiTallinated,
'

356.

Is afi'affinated himfelf, 357.

'

'

IV. of France, his acceffion, v. 357. Receives aid from queen Elizabeth of England, to oppofe the catholic league, ib. PoifcfTcs
himfelf of the fuburbs of Paris, 358. Battle of Yvree, ib. Is difconcerted by the duke of Parma, ib. Receives fre.(h affi (lance from Elizabeth, 359. 361. Motives of his changing his religion, 369. Renounces the protedant faith, 370. Declares war againtl Spain, His reprefentations to his allies, refpe<fling peace with Spain, 374.

387.

Concludes a feparate peace, 389.

PIc and queen Eli/.abcth,

unknown to each other, entertain the fame thoughts of eftabhlhing a new fyilem of policy in Europe, 434. His paflionate admiration of
the pifture of queen Elizabeth, 527. Concludes a treaty with James for the fupport of the United Provinces, vi. 7. Is aQaflinated by
Ravaillac, ^6.

IV. emperor of Germany, his difputes with pope Gregory VII. about the rightof inveiliturcs, i. 267.
lienr^

INDEX.
Henry VI. emperor of Germany, obtains poffeffion of Richard I. of His ignomiEngland, arrefted hy t)ie archduke Leopold, ii. 23. Produces and accufes him before the nious treatment of him, 24.

by

Richard's fpinted anfwer, ih. at Worriis, 26. Is threatened the pope with an excommunication for detaining him, 27. ConRichard's narrow efcape fents to releafe Richard on a ranfom, 28.
diet

out of

his hands, ib.

Saxon, in Britain, eftabhfhment of, ji. 26. See Kent, NorthumlerlaTid, Eajl Angl'ia, Merc'ia, Effex, Sujfex, Ifcffex. Herbert, attorney-general, impeaches, by the king's order, lord Kimbolton, and the five commoilers, vi. 467. Is impeached by the
I{e;.tarcby,

commons

for it,

478.

Hereford, Hum.phrey de Bohun earl of, conrederates with Leicefter and Is a party in forming the other barons againil Edward I. ii. 182. Is gained over by prince Edward to the provifions of Oxford, 183. royal cajfe, 200. Refufes to ferve in the expedition againil Gafcony, and his- quarrel with the king on the occafic^n, 289. Refufes to

A new conCcable appointed in his Rttend the king to Flanders, ib. loom for that fervice, 290. He and the earl of Norfolk prefent a They obtain from parliaremonflrance to him at his departure, ib. inent a confirmation of the charters and indemnity for themfelves, which are confirmed by the king abroad, 291. Joins in the confederacy of Thomas earl of Lancaller, againil Piers Gavafton,
335-

duke of Norfolk in parliament ia Duel between them flopped by the 35. Succeeds his father in the Banifhed for ten years, ih. king, 36. dukedom of Lancafter; 37. See Luncajler, and Hemy IV. Herefyt an aft pail'ed in the reign of Richard II. enjoining iherlffs to
p^

"

Henry duke

of,

accufes the

Richard

JI.'s time,

i'i.

apprehend the preachers

prefTcd
palled,

of,

iii.

54.

by the

clergy,

/'/.

The

Pepealed, 55. The repeal fup law of the fix articles for abolilhing,

iv. See Articles. 194. Lollard, 81. perfons burnt for, William- Sautree, iii. 6!^. lames Bainham, iv. 132. Thomas Eilney, 133. Lambert, 193. Dr. Barnes, Jerome, and Gerard, 212. It our Dutch anabaptiils, ib. Patrick Ham.ilton, in ScotAbel, Fetherftone, and Powel, 213.
,

A.fcue, Nicholas Belenain, John LafTels, and John Widiart the Scots reformer, 297. Joan Bocher, and "Van Paris, 324. Rogers prebendary of St. Paul's, 411. Hooper Sanders, ih. Taylor parfon of Hadbiihop of Gloucefier, 412. Ferrar bifliop Philpot archdeacon of Wincheiler, 413. ley, ib. Ridley biihop of London, and Latimer of of St. David's, 414. Worcefier, ih. Hunter an apprentice, 415. Thomas Hawkes, ih. woman at Guernfcy and her infant, ih. An exprefs commiffion A proclamation renilTued more effeftually to extirpate it, 419. An eftimate of dering the pofTeflion of heretical books capital, ib. Archbiihop Cranmer burnt, 430. the number of perfons burnt, ib. Walter Mill, in Scotland, v. 23. Two Arians, by James I. vi. 163.
land, 214.

Anne

Adams, 258.

madman,

ih.
viii.

Heretics y old law for burning of, repealed,

332.
Hercivardy

INDEX.
liereward, an Eafl: Anglian nobleman, afTembles Iila followers, an^ Reduced by William .the ftielters himfelf in the ifle of Ely, i. 250. Conqueror, and received into favour, 261.
Ueriotf in the
"Herries, lord, is

in England, to Elizabeth, to exprcfs her readinefs to juftify herfelf as to her hufband's His fiuduating condudt in this negotiation, 133. murder, v. 132. Is appointed by Mary one of the commiffioners in this caufe, 134. Refufes to anfwer Murray's aUcgations again ft Mary, at Hampton" court, 140. He and his afTociates break up the conference, 143.

Anglo-Saxon la\v> what, i. 225, note. fent by Mary queen of Scots, then

Elizabeth's reply to them, 144.

iRerrings,
iii.

battle of,

between

Sir

John FaftolfFand the count of Dunoisj

140.

^'Hertford, earl of, fon of the protelor Somerfet, is privately married to Is with his lady committed to the the lady Catharine Gray, v. 61.

Tower, 62.
,

Is

profecuted in the ftar-chamber,

anecdotes of his
life,
vl.

ih.

Is releaied

on

his wife's death, tb.

marquis

of,
ib.

502.

Is

made governor

Raifes forces for the king, and is named general of the weftern counties, ib. Is fent with prince Maurice into the
to the prince,

Hexham,

Battle of Lanfdown, ib. weft, 518, battle of, between Montacute,

brother of the earl of

War-

wick, and the Lancaftriansj

Heyle, ferjeant,

iii.

224.
affertlon

of the legal prerogative in queen Elizabeth, v. 532. Hialas, Peter, fent am.baffador from Ferdinand, king of Arragon, to Henry VIE to negotiate a marriage between Prince Arthur and the Infanta Catharine, iii. 377. Negotiates a truce between Henry and James IV. of Scotland, ib. Hiches, Dr. his account of a Saxon fodalitium or compaft, i. 206. High coramiflion, br ecclefiaftical commiffion, origin of that court, V. 262. Its great power and arbitrary exertion of it, 263. Its powers extended by the queen, 265. 454. The commons remonftrate againft this CQUrt, vi. 54. One eilabliflied in Scotland, 89. A review of the offences cognizable by this court, 158. Its authority moderated byJames 1. ib. Is abolifhed in Scotland by the general afTembly, 334. Is abolifiied in England by parliament, 420. Is revived by king James H. viii. 267. Highlanders, and IriOi, the fame people, i. 473. Came originally from
his extraordinary

the houfe of

commons,

in the reign of

the

Irifli,

ib.

Highways, the firft toll mentioned for repairing, ii. 496. general law for the repair of, by parifh duty, iv 449.
Hijlorians, monkifli, a charafter of,

The

firfl

Hijlory, ancient, caufes of

its

i. 28. uncertainty pointed out,

i.

i.

18.

Hobbes, a charatler of his philofophy and politics, vii. 346. His death, ih. Hobby, Sir Philip, is employed by the proteftor Somerfet to folicit an alliance with the emperor Charles V. but falls, iv. 333. His account of his negotiation, 334. Holgate, archbifliop of York, is imprifoned on the accelHon of queen
.

Mary, iv. 376. Voi..VilI.

Gg

Holland,

N B E

^.

Sec Netherlands and United Pro-v'inces. ffdllaHJ. HdllngfJjedt his account of the manner of living among the common Curious remarks by hinrT of people juft prtceding his time, iv. 449.
the growth of hixury, 462. HoH'u, foreibly detains rhe fpcaker of the houfe of commons in his chair, until a rcmontlrance is pafled a^-ali^lf tonnage and poundage, vi, 275. His fentence by I'ne court of king's-bench, 276. Is impeached by Fropofes the declaring the generals of the parliathe king, 467. Is made a lord by Charles II. 350, tnentary army traitors, vii. I31. When ambajTadur at Paris, endeavours to make the French take part Is fent ambaffador to treat with the Engliih againft the Dutch, 404. with the Dutch at Breda, 419. Agrees to favour the intrigues of France, but refufes to accept a bribe, viii. 43, iioie. Hollozvay, a merchant of Briilol, is executed for the duke of Monmouth's
confpiiacy,

expedition againft the Dutch fettlements, Burns a fleet of Dutch (hips in harbour, 414. His at399. tempt on the Dutch Smyrna fleet, 478. See Crujadcs. Holy Land. Homeldon, battle of, betu'een the Piercics and the earl of DougIa?3 iii. 68. Bifhop Hcmilies, twelve, pubh'fiied to be read to the people, Iv, 291.

Holme;,
vii.

Sir

viii. 198. Robert, his

The ilavifli principles inculGardiner's objections to them, 293. cated in them, v. 468. Hcnorhts, pope, his avaricious demands on the clergy, ii. i6g. Hooper, bifhop of Glouceiler, is imprifoned on the acceflion of queen An accoimt Is cruelly burnt for herefy, 412. Mary, iv. 376. of his fcruples at confecration, and the compromife he obtained,
V.
I

ro.

Hops, the planting of, much increafed in the reign of James I. vl. 183. Is deHopt-on, Sir Ralph, reduces Cornwal for Charles I. vi. 515. feated at Torrington, vii. 62. Horn-cajlk, battle ofj between the earl of Manchcfler and the royaliUsj
^''-

53?-.

Ho'fpitaliiy , caufes

by Henry VII. Iii. 401. and effeils of the decay of, in England, v. 487, Hothinn, Sir John, is by the houfe of commons made governor of Is deHull, vi. 479. Refufes the king admittance into Hull, 489. te6ied in an intention of giving up the place, and Is, with his ion, fent up to London and executed, 535. See P'lercy. Hotfpuf. Howard, Sir Edward, adrrvlral, fon of the earl of Surrey, deftroys Bartoa Ravages the coail of France, 431. Is the Scots pirate, 111.425.
Horfes forbid to be exported
killed in an

engagement
note.

in

Conquet harbour,

ib.

His
Englifli

idea of naval

courage,

.^

ib.

lord,

commands
iii.

the main

body of the

army

at the

battle of Flouden,

438.

Created

earl of Surrey,

440.

-,

VIII. on his Henry, 211.

lady Catharine, becomes the objeft of the affettions of Henry Is married to difguft agninlt Anne of Cleves, iv. 207. Is accufed to the king of ineontinency, 218. Hereon*
feifiou.

INDEX,feffion,

219.

Is attainted

by parliament, 220.

Beheaded with the

fifcounlefs of Rocheford, 221.

tioivard, lady Frances,

Receives is married to the earl of Effex, vi. 67. with obfiinate difgull, ib. Contracts a familiarity with Carre vifcoUnt Rochefter, ih. Procures the difgrace of Sir Thomas Overbury, 68. Is divorced and married to Carre, then earl of SomerIs foimd guilty of Procures Overbury to be poifoned, ih. fet, 70. Dies in obfcurlty, ib. Is pardoned, 78. Overbury's death, 77. lord, one of the cabal of fix, his evidence againfl lord Ruflel, , vlii. Gives evidence againtl Algernon Sidney, 197 ; and 190.

him from

his travels

againll

Hambden,

198.
jufticlary, punifhes FitzJohn, in his claim to the Summons a fynbd by his legatlne
Aflifts

Huhrt, archbifhop of Canterbury, and chief

Ofbert, a licentious lawyer, ii. 37. fucceffion on Richard's death, 41,
authority, 56. Dies, 57. , a fervant of earl Bothwel,
ley,

is executed for the murder of Darnand charges queeq Mary with being acceffary to it, v. 142. de Burgh, chief juiliciary, is chofen joint proteflor of the realm with the bilhop of Winchefter, on the death of the earl of Pembroke, ii. 152. Takes Rockingham caftle on the earl of Albemarle's rebellion, 153. Executes Conftantine Fitz Arnulf and his affociates for a rebellious riot in London, 154. Obtains of the pope a bull, declaring Henry III. of age for government, 155. His character, 159. His removal from the miniilry, and fubfequent viciflitudes, 160. Hudibras, the event on which that poem was founded, vii. 332. Character of that performance, viii. 337. Hudfon\ Bay company, its charter when firft granted, viii. 329. See Co?ide ; Coligni ; Navarre, AnHugonotSf or "French proteflants. thony king of ; Guife ; M?(;/ii:ij-, Catharine de J Montmorency, Sec'-' Battle of Dreux, 572. Battle of St. Dennis, and fiege of Chartres, fcheme formed 186. The court agrees to an accommodation, ib. for feizing the prince of Conde, and the admiral Coligni, ib. Battle of Jarnac, and decvih of Conde, ib. Battle of Moncontour, 188. Charles marries his fifter to the prince of Navarre, 205. The queen of Navarre poifoned, ib. Mafiacre of Paris, ib. Are calumniated at foreign courts to palliate thefe barbarities, 206. Take arms again, Make peace with Henry HI. 2 2. The catholic league formed 209. againft them by the duke of Guife, ib. War declared againil thcni again, 268. Afliilance fent to the king of Navarre by Elizabeth, 355. The Englilh fhips fent againll Rochelle defert, vi. 208. The Dutch, affift the French in reducing that town, 209. Rochelle reduced, A toleration continued to them, ib. Are perfccuted and 263. driven out of France by the revocation of the edict of Nantz,

viii.

243.

.Hull, a

magazine formed there by the parliament, and Sir John Hovi. 479. The king refufed admittance into, 489. Hume, lord, procures the regency of Scotland to be conferred on the duke of Albany, iv. 6. Is traduced to the regent, 7. Makes war Egaiall the regent, and is put to death, 8. Hvme^ g 2

tham appointed governor,

,-

N D E
Darcy,

i.
in iScot

Hume, Sir David,

aflaffiiiates

warden of the marches

land,
,

iv.

8.

confederacy of Scotch nobles, to proteft prince agamlt the attempts of Bothwel, and to punilh the murderers of Darnley, v. 119, Surrounds Mary and Bothwel in Borthwic caille, who efcape from him, Ih.
lord, joins a
jar.ies
vi.

, lord, figns a proteltation againft the liturgy in Scotland, 329. Himtary an apprentice, burnt for herefy, iv. 415. Hujlandry, remarks on the regulations to promote it, enafted by

Henry VII. iii. 403. Hufs, John, burnt for herefy by the council of Conftance, iii. 119. Hyde, Sir Edward, is made chancellor, and created earl of Clarendon, vll. 351* See Clarendom

J.

JAMAICA,
Vendibles,
I.

the ifland of,

vii.

taken from the Spaniards by Pen and

255.

"Janus

of England, an examination into his pretenfions to the crown, vi. I. His fiicci-ffion admitted by Elizabeth on her death-bed, 2. Forbids the refort of people to him on his* journey to London, 3, Kis profule diflribution of titles, ib. His partiality to his coun-

trymen, lb. Receives embaffies of congratulation, 6. Concludes a treaty with Fiance, for the fupport of the United Provinces, 7. confpiracy againft him detected, 8. Summons a conference of divines at Hanipton-court, on points of faith and religious difcipline, 10. Why averfe to the puritans, II. His behaviour at the

conference,

His reply when folicited in favour of prophefyings, 13. Summons a parliament, ib. Orders that no out-law fliall be 14. chofen, 18. Orders the commons to confer with the judges con^
Gerning the eledl^ion of Sir Francis Goodwin, an out-law, 19. Compromiles the affair with them, lb. Hi.'* miftaken notions of government and regal prerogative, 22, Calls in and annuls all patents for monoplies, 23. Public-fpirited attempts of the commons, 24. Is defirous of an union between the two kingdoms, 25. The comtnons backward in granting fupplie^s to him, 2(5. Prorogues the parliament, 27. Concludes a peace with Spain, ?i$. His eagernefs for a ceifation oi" hofiilities, 28. Why ignorant of foreign politics, 29. Is ilrift in e7:ecut;ng the penal laws againfl papifts, 30. iiiitory of the gunpowder confpiracy, 31. Receives obfcure hints of it, 34. His iptech to parliament on this occafion, 38. His religious fcntimenta explained, ib. Remarks on his fpeech in favour of the projefted union of the two kingdoms7 40. AiTumes the ftyle of king of Great Britain, 42. Checks the commons in an intended petition againft popifh recuf;mts,
aind-

for lenity

toward the puritans, 43.

is

Lays open

his necefiitiea

to parliament, but

mortified with a refufal of fuitable fupplies, 46. Caufesof the prefcnt poverty of the crown, 47. How induced to arbitrary exertions of his prerogative, 49. fpirit difcoverable among

the

ccmmons for reforming

the conflitution on free principles, 5^

Owns

procla-i

INDEX.
proclamations not to be equal to laws, but pleads precedents and utiEnters into a treaty for relinquifhment of ward them, 52. Ihips and purveyance, 54. His pleafant conceit on ^he occafion, ib, note. Procures Vorftius, an Arminian proftffor of divinity, to be bainduced at length to nifhed from the United Provinces, 57. Founds a colalter his opinion of the abfolute decrees of God, 166. His lege at Chelfea for the refutation of papilts and puritans, 167. Death and character of Henry plan for the civilizing Ireland, c8. prince of Wales, 62. Marries the princefs Elizabeth to the elector palatine, 63, His rapid promotion of Robert Carre, a young Scots gentleman, 64. Undertakes his education, ib. Unites the families Is prevailed on to propf Howard and Devereux by marriage, 66. Creates Carre earl of Somerfet, cure the divorce of lady Ellex, 69. Calls a parliament, ib. Raifes money by the fale of titles, 71. 70. In~ Diffblves it in anger, and imprifons fome of the memberj, 73. ilance of his indiicretion in political converfation, 74. Young George ViUiers inti'oduced to him, 76. Makes Villiers his cup-bearer, ii Is informed of the fecret of Sir Thomas Overbury's death, 77. Orders Pardons Somerfet and his lady, a ftridl inquiry into the affair, ih. His condul in this inftance extenuated, 79. Creates Villiers 78. duke of Buckingham, ib. and lord high admiral, ib. Delivers up the cautionaiy towns to the Dutch for money, 80. His motives to this compoiition explained, ib. Propofes to vifit Scotland, 83. His former endeavours to eftablifh epiicopal authority in Scotland, 84. Propofes to the Scots parliament a law, for the government of the church to be vefted in liim and the bilhops, 89. Is forced to drop the B.6i, 90. Summons a meeting of Scots bilhops and clergy at St. AnReluftance drews, ib. Is. referred by them to a general affembly, ib. of the general afl'embly in admitting the ceremonies enjoined by him, ib. Allows, by proclamation in England, fports and excrcifes on the Sunday, 92. Rcleafes Sir \y alter Raleigh, and grants permiilion for Executes Raleigh on his return, 99. his expedition to Guiana, 94. he refufed to acknov.-ledge the elector palatine as king of Bohemia, 103. The nation difcontented at his inaftivity in the e]e61:or*s caufe, 104. His reply to Obtains fupplies from parliament, 107. Fall of the Chancellor Bacon, the reprefentation of grievances, 108. Recals his patents for monoProrogues the parliament, i 10. J09. polies, and redreffes grievances, ill. The commons remonllrate to him in favour of the eleft or palatine, and againft the Spanilh match, 112. Reproves the houfe for this meafure, 113. They repeat their remonftrance, 114. His behaviour to the committee who prefent it, Tears the proteilation of the comrnons out of their journals, 115. 1 16. DifTolves the parliament, and punilhes the leaders of the oppofition, ib. The remarks of both parties on thefe dilputes bct-wi.en him and the parliament, 118. Negotiates with the emperor in favour Pcrfnades him to i'ubmiffion, 124. His of the eledor palatine, 122. His efforts to eonelude the want of fpirit ridiculed abroad, ib. Spanifh match, ib. His confent obtained for prince Charles's journey Is bullied by Buckto Spain, which he repents afterwards, 130. ingham into compliance, 131. Conceflions in favour of the catholic fcligion made by hini in the marriage treaty, 135'. Yields to Bucklity for

How

Why

g 3

iiigham's

INDEX.
ingham^s oppofition to the matcK, 137.
fincere veprefentatioii of the
affair to

AfTents to Buckingham's lUt

parliament, 141. Agrees to ^^ war with Spain, 142. Endeavours to juftlfy the earl of Middlefex, impeached by the commons, 144. Begins to eftrange himfelf front

^Buckingham, 146. Receives intimations of Buckingham's fchenies from the Spanifh ambaflador, 147. Sends forces to affifl the Dutch againfl Spain, 149. Enters into a treaty for the marriage of Charles with the princefs Henrietta of France, ib. Undertakes the recovery of the palatinate, but to no purpofe, 151. Dies, 153. His character, /3. The number of peers Charadler of his queen, 154. ^ created by him, il/. His moderation in caufes tried before the court of high commiflion, 158. Two Arlans burnt in this reign, 163. A review of manners during this reign, 166. Difcouraged the gentry living in town, 169. His attention Inflance of his liberality, 173. to the navy, 180. His averiion to tobacco, 188. His character as a writer, 196. His reafon for expelling Toby Matthews from the houfe of commons, 550. His notions of the regal power, from hia book of The true laius offree monarchies, 553. Inquiry into his conduct in the cafe of Sir Walter Raleigh, ^^j^. Remarks on his admiriiftration in general, 560. Is acknowledged by parliament to have allowed more freedom of debate than any of his predecefibrs, 566. The general notions of the English government at this time, ib^ Teftimony of the adva.ntagcs derived from his peaceable dlfpofitionj^ 568. yavies IL his acceffion and firll profeflions, viil. 215. Orders by proclamation a continuance of the culioms and exclfe, 216. Goes pubIlcly to mafs, 217. Sends an agent to the pope, ib. His reception of the exclufionifts, 218. His attachment to Mrs. Sedley, 219. Summons a parliamentj 220. His fpeech to parliament on the fubjet of his revenue, ib. Receives a grant of his revenue during life, His undifguifed and 224. Monmouth's rebellion fupprefftd, 229. peremj)tory language to parliament, 239. Prorogues, and after dlffolves It, 242. Remarks on his imprudence with refpedl to religion, His refolute exertion of the difpenfmg power, 244. Endeavours ib. to eftablifh it by the cafe of Sir Edward Hales, ib. Difplaces four judges, 247. Brings four poplfh lords into the privy council, 250. His violent meafures for the eftablifliment of popery in Ireland, 251. Revives the court of high com.miffion, 254. Ifuies a declaration of general indulgence, and fufpends the penal laws againil nonconformity, 256. Sufpends all penal laws in eccleliallical affairs, and grants a general liberty of confcience, 2^7, Pays court to the diffenters, 258. Sends a folemn embaflV to Rome, 260. Four catholic
'

blfhops confecrated, 262. RecomDiffolves the parliament, lb. mends a Benedictine to a degree at Cambridge, 264. His conteft with Magdalen-college, 265. Repeats his declaration of indulgence, and orders it to be read in churches, 267. Commits fix biihops, with the primate, to the Tower, for petitioning againil the declaration of indulgence, 269. Orders Gifford, doftor of the Sorbonne, to be eledled prefident of Magdalen-college, 273. Birth of the pyince

of Wales,

ib.

in his fchemes, 279.

Applies to the prince of Orange for his concurrence Shews his difpleafure againil th^ Dutch, 281.

INDEX.
Ss informed by Lewis XIV. of the prince of Orange's fchetnes, 2S7, Difavows Lewis's memorial to the States in his favour, 289. His Retracls his army and navy become difaffefted and mutinous, /3. jneafures, 291. The prince of Orange lands at Torbay, 294, His Is deferted by prince chief officers and foldiery defert him, 295. George of Denmark, and the princefs Anne, 296. His confternation IlTues writs for a new parliament, and fends at his misfortunes, 29^7. commiffioners to treat with the princefs of Orange, 298. Sends away the queen and prince, and flies, 301. Is feized by the populace, and brought back to London, 303. Embarks for France, 305. His charafter, ib. yames, fon of Robert king of Scotland, afterwards James I. taken prlHis father foner and educated by Henry IV. of England, iii. 75. Rcllorcd by the Carried to France by Henry V. 114. dies, ib. duke of Bedford, i^8. Murdered, 129.
.

II.

of Scotland, general view of

liis

conduct, 332.

iii.

220.

How

killed, ih.

III. of Scotland, his chara6ier,

iii.

Enters into a fevcn

iii. 352. In Receives Perkin V/arbec, and marries him to a Scots lady, 37'. Makes a truce with vades England in coniunfllon with Perkin, ib. Henry VIJ. and fends Perkin away, 378. Marries Margaret, cldefk daughter of Ilerry VII. 386. Sends a fleet to affifi: the French againit Henry VIII. 42(5. Ravages Northumberland, 437. Lofes his time with lady Ford, lb. Defeated, and foppofed to be killed at the battle of Flouden, 439. V. of Scotland, is withdrav^'n by his mother Pvlargaret from the power of the duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, v. 7. Flies from Takes the government into the power of the earl of Angus, 125. his own hands, ib. Rtfufes to concur with his uncle Henry of EngAfliils Francis againll land in fhakjng off the yoke of Rome, 1 24.
1

Murdered, 352. years truce with Henry VH. 333. IV. of Scotland, fucceeds on the murder of his father,

Is married to Francis's daughter Magdalen, 146. the empei'or, 145. Death of queen Magdalen, ib. Is betrothed to the ducliefs-dowagcr jof Lcngueville, whom Heury notwilhllanding fplicits in marriage, She is fent to Scotland, ib. Is perfuadcd by Henry to join him 201. His clergy diiTuade him, ib. in his religious innovations, 216. Henry publiflies a manifedo againft him, 227. Sir Pvobert Bowes Is difconcerted in <iefeated by the lords Hume and Huntley, 228.

his operations

by the difafFe6tIon of his nobility, 229. Removes lord and appoints Oliver Sinclair general of this army, ib.. His death and charader, ?.'\o. Battle of Solway, ib. fon of Mary queen of Scotland and her huihand lord , prince, Is protefted, by an aOociatlon of nobility, Darnley, born, v. loo. His from the attempts of Bothwell, to get him into his power, u8. mother forced to refign the crown, 124., See the next article. VI. of Scotland, proclaimed and crowned, an.infaiit, v. 125'. His party openly efpoufed by queen Elizabeth, 20?. 209. Tlie earl of Morton refigns the regency to him, 231. Count d'Aubigney 'n (cjJt by the duke of Guifc to detach him from the Engli'.h inlerell, ib.
Maxwell,
Cf g'

Creates

INDEX.
'of

Is feized by an affoclati'ori Creates d'Anbigney earl of Lenox, 232. the nobility from out of the hands of Lenox and Arran, 248, Summons a parliament and convention of ejdates, ib. Receives an Is induced to diflemble his refentment embafly from Elizabeth, 249.

at his detention, 250. to attend him, 254. true character, 255.

Makes his Waliingham

efcape, and
fent

fummons

his

friends

by Elizabeth to difcover his Summons a parliament, 256. Writes a copy

Efcapes from the artiof Sir Philip Sidney, 277. Concludes a of the Englifh ambaffador. Dr. Wotton, 279. Licentioufnefs league with Elizabeth for their mutual defence, ib. of his clergy, 280. Remonftrates to queen Elizabeth againft the exeHis behaviour on this event, 323. Precution of his mcth.r, 321. Marries a pares to afiift Elizabeth againft the Spanifh invafion, 336. daughter of Denmark, 352. Goes over to Norvs^ay to fetch his bride,

of

verfes in praife

fices

Drives Philip of Spain excites confpiracies againft him, 371. the catholic lords who combined againft him out of the kingdom, 373. Sends an emNegotiates to enfure his fucceffion to England, 421. Is baffy to Elizabeth on the fuppreffion of Effex's infurreftion, 432. appointed heir to the Englifti crown by Elizabeth, 447. See James L of England. See Gray. 'Jane Gray, lady. See Ha'inaiilt. Jaqueline, countefs of Hainault, Jarnac, battle of, between the duke of Anjou and prince of Conde v. 186. Icon Bcjdtke, of Charles I. an iquiry into its authenticity, vii. 153. character of the work, 154.

353.

Ida, the Saxon prince, arrives in Britain, corxquers Northumberlandj and founds the kingdom of Bernicia, i. 25. Jejfferics, lord chief juftice, procures the conviftion of Algernon Sidney, Elis cruelty towards thofe who had engaged in Moiimouth's >viii. 187. Is rewarded with the chancellorftiip and a peerage, rebellion:, 233. 236. Is appointed one of the commiffioners on the revival of the Declines in favour by his adcourt of high commiifion, 254, note. Is killed by the mob, 302. herence to the proteftant faith, 264. Jephfon, colonel, makes a motion in parliament for giving Cromwell the title of king, vii. 269. Jergeauy the earl of Suffolk befieged and taken prifoner there, iii.

Jerome of Prague burnt for herefy by the council of Conftance, iii. I19. Mattered by Jej-iifalan, conquered by the Mahometan Arabs, i. 293. Their depredations on the Chriftian pilgrims the firft the Turks, iL.

Taken by the crufaders, -311. 312. Jefuits, the motives of the eftablifhment of that order, v. 237. Chara6ter Campion Campion and Farfons lent into England, 238. of, ib. Eive executed for the popilh plot, viii. 110. executed, 239. Jeivs, a charatttr of that people, ii. 3. How they came to praftife ufury, Forbidden by an edit^^ to npptar at the coronation of Richard- 1. ib<, ib.
rife

of crufades..

/'/-.

See Crufades.
of,

Godfrey of Bouillun made king

'

maflacie of,

ib.

The

great opprefiions exercifed .againft

them under

the

Anglo-Norman kings, 136.

A mallacre and plunder of, encouraged

INDEX,
by Fitz- Richard, mayor of London, upon them during the reign of Henry
ufe of to ppprefs them, 226.

Are

ii. 198. Extortions pralifcd III. 225. The pretences made accufed of adulterating the coin,

and cruelly ufed by Edward I- 236. Banifhed by him, and robbed and perfecuted at the cinque-port towns, 237. Images, when they began to be wop/hipped, i. 65. Imprijonment , arbitrarily infiidled by officers of ftate during the reign of queen Elizabeth, v. 4.56. 465. See Pethicn of righr. Ina, king of Weffex, his wife and glorious reign, i. 54. Bequeaths his

kingdom

to Adelard, his queen's brother, ^^.

Incident in Scotland, an account of,

Inclofures, obfervations

and its etfefts, vi. 428, on the law of Henry VJI. againft, iii, 403.

Aq
firfl

infurredlion in Northamptonfhire, for the deftruftion of, vi. 44. Independants, rife and charaAer of that party, vii. 18. Is the

Chriftian feet
principles, 2
ih.
1
.

which admitied of toleration, 20.

Adopt republicaa

Form

a party in parliament againft the prefbyterians,

fubjeftion to the army, 104. Affront the Scots con. nuffioners on their departure, 115. Obtain the entire command of the parliament, by the violent exclufion of the

Reduce the parliament under

prefbvterian
Indies.

members by the army, 131.

See Eajl and Wejl.

the declaration of, publiihed by king Charles II. vii. 387. Repeated, 476, Recalled, 504. A general declaration of, publifhed Is repeated, and ordered to be read in by James II-. viii. 256. churches, 267. Indulgencies, from what motives the fale of them promoted by pope Eeo X. iv 33. The produce from, how applied by him, 34. Licentious condudl of the venders of them, ib. The fale of, preached See Luther and Reforynation. againft by Martin Luther. large cargo of, taken on board two Spanifli fhips, v. 362. Not productive of a total difTolution of morality, 45 1 Indujlry, inquiry into the caufes of the low ftate of, in the time of Henry VII. iii. 403. Jnjantry, Swifs, their advantages over the heavy-armed cavalry in ufe at the time of Henry VIII. iii. 432. Innocent ill. pope, his charaiter, and fiate cf the papacy, at his promoLevies a fortieth of eccleliaftical revenues for the relief tion, ii. 56. of the Holy Land, ib. His conduft on the double cledion of Reginald and John de Gray to the fee of Canterbury, 58. Sets both of them aiide, and appoints cardinal Langton to be primate, 60. His inyfterious prefent to John to pacify him, ih. Lays the kingdonx under an interdict on account of John's oppofition, 62. Excommunicates the emperor Otho, 66. Publi(hcs a crufade againft tj-.e Albigenfes, ib. Excommunicates John, 67. Abfolves John's lubjecls from their allegiance to him, 68. Offers John's kin;>;dom to i'hilip of France, 69. His private inftruftions to Pandolf, his legate to Philip, 70. Takes vS. his intcrdids, 76. Inchnes to flwoiir John againft his barons, Hi. Is applied to by John, complaining of his being forced to grant the great charter by his barons, 91. Annuls the charter by a bull, 9:
Indulgence,

'

Innocent

INDEX.
Innocent IV. pope, calls a general council at Lyons, to excommunicate His claims of eccleliailical revenues, the enaperor Frederic, ii. 170. Offers the kingdom of Sicily to Richard earl of Cornwall, who ib.
Ino'iofa,
it, 171. the Spanifli ambaflador, gives James I. a paper, difcovering the fchemes of the duke of Buckingham, vi. 147.

refufes

fo called, wrote and publifhed 223. Interciirfus raagmis, or great treaty of commerce, concluded between England and the Flemings, iii. 378. latercji of money when firit regulated by law, iv. 27B, Declared illegal by parliament, 354. The rates of, how limited in England and France in the time of queen Elizabeth, v. 483, The rates of, in the reign of James I. vi. 172. difpute between pope Gregory VII. and the emperor invefl'itiires , Hemy IV. concerning, i. 267. Between pope Pafcal II. and Henry I. Artifices of the popes, to aiiuex the priviltgea of, of England, 326. to the papacy, ii. 59. Arc, commonly called the Maid of Orleans, her hiftory previous Joan Becomes infpired with a dcfire to affill: to her public aftions, iii. 142. Applies to the governorof Charles VII. opprelTed by the Englifh, ib. VaucouleurF, who fends her to the king, 143. Offers to raife the Examined by the theologians and parliament fiege of Orleans, ib. Entrufted with the command of a convoy to fupply Orleans, 144. Enters Orleans with fafety, 146. Another convoy enters unJ45. molefted, ih. Drives the Englifn from one of their polls, 147. Mafters

InJiituUon of a Chr'ijTian man, a treatife

by Henry VIII.

iv.

.^

Wounded, ib. The befiegers retire, 149. Takes others, 148. The Jergeau, whither the earl of Suffolk had retired, by affault, ib. Attends the coroprobable (hare (he had in thefe enterprifes, '^S^General terror which the reports nation- of Charles at Rheins, 152. Inclines to return home, but is detained by Dunois, of her raifedj ib. Goes to the a'fliffance of Campeigne, and is taken prifoner, ib. 154. Review of her condud, 155. Tried for forcery, 156. InterrogaCondemned, ib. Recants her pretenfions to tories put to her, 157. Burnt, /i5. infpiration, 158. yohn, fourth fon of king Henry II. his father's kind intentions in his Sent to reduce Ireland without effed, 453. His favour, i. 434. father's grief on finding him a party in his brother Richard's revolt, 462. The bounty of his brother Richard T. to him, ii. 2. Marries Summons a council Avifa, daughter of the earl of Gloucefler, ib. at Reading, in his brother Richard's abfence, to oppofe the tyranny of Longchamp, bifhop of Ely, guardian of the realm, 17. Is feduced Abets from his allegiance by the offers of Philip of France, ib. Claims the kingdom of EngPhilip's invafion of Normandy, 24. Reland, as heir to his brother, whom he reported to be dead, 25. turns to France, and openly acknowledges his alliance with Philip, All his poffelTions in England forfeited on account of this treaib. fon, 29. The laconic letter fent 'him by Philip on Richard's reHis treacherous condiift to Philip, previous to his fubiSeafe, 30. Riittin^ to his brother, 31 , Retrofped of his meafures to fecure th
two
fucceffian.

INDEX.
cefTion to the

fuccenion, wLile his brother was abfent in Palefline, j\.o. His accrown on Richard's deatli, 41. Concludes a peace with

Procures a divorce from his wife, and efpoufes Ifabella, Philip, 42, daughter of the count of Angouleme, who had been married to the count de la Marche, 43. His nobles refufe to attend him to quell the commotions in France, without a confirmation of their privileges, But are intimidated by him, 44. Incenfes the Norman barons ib. Violates his engagements to Philip, 45. againll him, il>. Takes young Arthur, duke of Britanny, prifoner, with the count de la Marcne, and other Norman barons, 46. His conference with Arthur, 47.
Is
Kills him, ii.

fummoned

Generally detefted for this cruel at, 48. before Philip to anlwer for this murder, and, on non-

appearance, fentenced to forfeit all his royalties in France, 49. Befieges Alengon, but obliged to abandon it by the addrefs of Philip, ib, Kefigns himfelf to a flupid inaftivity, 50. Flies over to EnHand op The poffeflion of Normandythe taking of Chateau Gaillard, ^^. OpprefTes his barons for defertin>i- hiin recovered by the French, 54. Makes inefFc6lual preparations for recoverincr in Normandy, il;. Normandy, ^^. Makes a difgraceful expedition to Rochelle, il>. Remarks on the tendency of his behaviour, ib. His condutl on the clandeftine eleftion of Reginald to the fee of Canterbury, 57. Procures John de Gray, bifhop of Norwich, to be ele(!:l:ed, 58. Appeals His rage on the pope's fettine to the pope on the occafion, ii>. afide both competitors, and appointing cardinal Lanaton to tlit primacy, 61. Expels the monks of Chrill church, iL Is threatened with aa interdidl:, 62. His oppolition and incapacity to fupport it,

immediate cenfequences of His cruel treatment of William de 64. Braoufe's wife and fon, 66. Is excommunicated, ii>. His treatment of Geoffrey archdeacon of Norwich, 67. ' His bifhops withdraw ihemfelves out of the kingdom, 68. Is deferted by his nobility, ij. Propofes a conference with Langton, but his terms rejefttd by liim, ?^. His fnbjefts abfolved from their allegiance to him, ilf. His kingdom offered by the pope to Philip of France, who prepares an armament to take poffelhon of it, 6y. AfTembles his valTals at
ib.

The kingdom
His

interdicled, and the

it,

iL

retaliation,

Dover to oppofe him, 70, Is prevailed on by the legate Pandolf ts fubmit to the pope, j^. Refigns his kingdom to the pope, 71. His mean homage to Pandolf, 72. His cruel refentment lo Peter of Pomfret, 73, Propofes an invalion of France, but is deferted by his barons, 74. His abjeft fubmiHions to Langton and the prelates vho returned with him, 75. The exorbitant claims of reftitucion by his clergy, 76. The jnterdift taken oil', IL Makes a fruitlcfs expedition to France, 77. His barons confederate for a renewal of their charter of liberties, 79. Their formal demand thereof, 80. Yields the right of inveftiturcs to his clergy to attach them to him, i^. Appeals to the pope agaipit his barons, 81. Refiifes to grant their demands, il>. They commence hollilities agninil him, 82. He li<-^ns
the great charter of Englilh liberties, 84. Makes farther conceflions to them, 89, Twenty-five barons appointed confcrvators of tlii charter, 90. Takes iccret ineafures to oppofe his barons, and ap^Iks to the pt.^pe, 91. Receives forges from abroad, with the pope's

buH

N D E

X.

Befieges and takes tlie caftle of bull againft llie great charter, 92. His cruel treatment of the garrifon, and devaftation Kcchefter, 93. The barons offer the kingdom to Lewis, fon in the open country, z3. of Philip of France, 94. Is defeated by the French foldiers on the His character, ib. His children, Dies, 97. arrival of Lewis, 95. Granted the firft charter to the city of London, 99. His cruel 98.
extortion of money from a very rich Jew, 226. John, king of France, fon of Philip de Valois, puts the conftable d'Eu Seizes Charles king of Navarre, and irnprifons to death, ii. 450. him, 451. Is defeated and taken prifoner at Poiftiers, by prince Edwaid, 458. Is nobly treated by Edward, 459. Is carried to London, 460. Concludes a difhonourable treaty with Edward, which is Recovers his liberty by the treaty difclaimed by the dauphin, 465. Returns to of Bretigni, 469. Ratifies this treaty at Calais, 470. England and dies, 471. ^ , Con, of Auflria, is appointed governor of the Low Countries, on the death of Requefens, v. 219. Is forced to agree to the treaty Breaks this treaty, and feizes called the pacification of Ghent, ib. Namur, 220. Projefts a marriage with Mary queen of Scots, ib. Gains an advantage over the Flemings^at Gemblours, 222, Is poi=

foned, as fuppofed,
III.
heirefs, to Charles

by Philip, ib. duke of Britanny, marries

de Blois,
ii.

his brother's daughter, as his

4^:

yohn of Gaunt. See Lancajier. John/on compared with Shakefpeare

as a dramatic writer, vi. 192. JoneSi colonel, contributes to the defeat of Charles I. at Chefter, vii. 61. Inigo, is profecuted by the parliament, for affilling in rebuilding , the cathedral of St. Paul, vii. 341. Jofeph, Michael, iniligates an infurreclion in Cornwal againft Henry Defeated and executed, 376. iii. 373. Journals of ths houfe of commons, when they firft began to be regularly

VIL

kept, vi. 44. Joyce, cornet, feizes king Charles L at Holdenby, and carries him to the army, vii. 88. State Ireland, an expedition againft, undertaken by| Henry II. 1. 423. Granted to Its diftintt fovereignties, 425. of, at that time, 424.

See Derniot, Stronghoiv, and II. by pope Adrian III. 426. Iitiproper conduft of the Englifh with regard to, 430. Fitz-Shfhens. Is Piers Gavafton made lord lieutenant of, by Edward II. ii. 331. Robert Bruce king of grievoufly opprefi'ed by the Englifh, 342. Annual expence Scotland, makes an unfuccefsful expedition to, ib. Attached to the of, to England, in the reign of Henry V. iii. 121. Revolts under the pretenfions of Lambert Simhoufe of York, 325. Sir Edward Poyiiings fent over to reduce the malcontents in nel, ib. Ineffectual attempts His memorable ftatate, ib. that kingdom, 367.

Henry

upon, by Perkin Warbec, 370. Erected into a kingdom by parliament, iv. 221, note. Is invaded by the Spauifh general San Jofepho, v. 233. The cruelty of lord Gray on reducing the invaders^ The imperfe6l dominion of England over, 395. Cruei 234. Hiftory of Shan Onedle, 398. treatment of the natives, 396. Recount of the earl Thoraoudp 400. Tyrone itfcels, 401. De-

fe^

1
Feat of the Englifh

N D

EX.

The cavl of Effcx under Sir Henry Bagnal, 40^. 404. His ill ifuccefs, 406. Treaty between EfTex and Tyrone, 408. EfTex fnddenly goes over to England, 409. The Tyrone driven into the morafTes by truce brolsc by Tyrone, 412. Mountjoy, 413. The Engllfh troops there paid with bafe mone)', Is invaded by the Spaniards, 436, Tyrone and the iSpaniards 435, reduced, 43S. Tyrone furrenders to the deputy, '445, The civilization of, undertaken by James I. vi. 58. An explanation of the Gavelkind and taniftry, 99. Thefe cuftom aboBrehon laiu, ib. lifhed, and the Engidh laws introduced, ib. Colonies planted in Ulfter, on its falling to the crown by attainders, 60. The plan of civilization confirmed by Charles T. 429. The Engliih proteitanls there adopt the puritanical opinions, and popular pretenfions of the Englifh houfe of commons, 430. The men railed by Strafford to ferve againfi; the Scots reduced, 432. Are withheld from entering the Spanifli fervice, tb. confpiracy formed to expel the Englifh, 433. Maffacre of the Englifii in Ulller, 436. The rebellion and cruel treatment of the Englifh extended through the other provinces, The fugitives received in Dublin, 441. The Engllfli of the 440. pale join the Irifh infurgents, 442. The rebels defeated in feveral enCounters by Scots troops fent to fupprefs them, 543. The diftrefTed ftate of the kingdom by thefe devaftations, 544. celTation concluded with the rebels by the king's order, 546. Glamorgan's treaty with the council of Kilkenny, vii. 67. A new rebellion excited by Rinuccini, the pope's vnuncio, 162. The nuncio is driven out of the ifland, 163. The garrifons reduced for the king by Ormond, 164, Cromwel -is chofen lord lieutenant by the council, of ftate, ib. His rapid fucceffes there, 165. Is reduced by Ireton, 206. A view o the adminiftration there, under the proteClorate of Oliver Cromw<l, 268. The native Iriili confined to Connaught, 445. Court of claims ere(5ied to reftore confifcations and arrears to royalifts, 446. An intended infurreftion fuppreffed by Ormond, ib. The cattle of, prohibited from being imported to England, 448. SuccefF.on of lords lieutenants, viii. 161. Ormond fent over again, 162. Violent meafures of king James in favour of popery> 252. Tyrconnel made lord lieutenant, ib. The corporation charters annulled, and new ones granud,Tub3el; to the king's will, 260, The ofSces of government there filkd with catholics, ib. Ireland, father, tried and executed with Gfjve and Pickering', for the
fent over,

popifli plot,
li-eton,

viii.,

90.

Cromwel, is wounded and taken prifoner at the battle of Nafeby, vii, 57. His characler, 1 10. Propofes to Cromwel a meeting to confider of fettling the nation, and bringing the king to a trial, ib. His fpeech In parliament againfi farther treaty
ion in-law to Oliver
4^'ith the king, 112. His Cruelty on taking Colchefter, 128. Is appointed one of the judges to try the king, 136. Is left commander

fucceffes there, 205, His characfter, ib. ifabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme, is taken by her father from her hulhaud the count de la Marche, and married to king John, II. 43. Her children by John, 58. Marries the count de la Marche

an chief in Ireland

by Cromwel,

187.

His

Takes Limeric, and

dies of the plague, loS.

N D E
children
ib.

3^.

en

Jolin^s death, 164.

Het

their brother

Henry

III.

by him fent to England to vi'/ifc Henry's bounty of riches and honours

185.

to them,

165.

They

are baniihed,

IfaheUa, daughter of Phih'p king of France, contradled to prjnce

Edward

of England, ii. 297. Is married to him when iing, 330. Her charaiSter and averfion to Piers Gavaiion, ib. Is infulted, and fome of her retinue killed by lord Eadlefrnere, 347. Goes to Paris to mediate between her hufband and her brother Charles the Fair, 351. Ker expedient to, this end, ii. Becomes acquainted with Roger Mortimer, 352. Her intimacy with him, ib. Engages in a confpiracy againll the king, ib. Affiances her fon to the daughter of the count of liolland and Hainault, 354. Lands with an army in
Suffolk,
ib.

is joined

by the barons,

ib.

Her

declaration, ib.

The

city of IjOiidon declares for her, '^^^.

^epofes Edward, -^^6.

parliament, which Is confined, on the execution of Mortimer,

calls a

She

daughter of Charles VI. of France, married to Richard II. of , England, iii. 26. Returned to her father, 66. queen of Caftile, and wife of Ferdinand king of Arragon, dies, iii. Her daughter Joan married to Philip archduke of Auftria, ib. 390. Italy, its defencelefs ftate when invaded by Charles VHI, of France, iii. 368. View of Italian politics at that period, ih. League formed ^gainft France, ib. The iiate of, at the acceffion of Henry VIH. Iii. 413. The powers of, confederate with the emperor Charles V. againit Francis I. king of P'rance, iv. 49. The French driven out of, 54. The confederate ftates of, become jealous of the mperor They league with Francis againit him, 68. Charafter of the ib. -writers of, on the revival of learning, vi. 191. Their anfwer to the yuJges, itinerant, why firft appointed, ii. 124. queftion propounded to them by Henry VHI. refpefting attainders, iv. 198. Patents given them, during good behaviour, by Charles I.

Four difplaced by James II. preparatory to trying the cafe 421. of Sir Edward Hales, viii. 247. judgment of God, in the Anglo-Saxon law, what, i, 223. Julius II. pope, his charadler, iii. 415. Joins in a league with the emperor, and the kings of France and Spain, againll the Venetians, ib. Interdidls the council Peclares war againll the duke of Ferrara, 416. of Pifa, 418. The Swifs In his interell drive the French out of MiDies, and is fucceeded lan, and reinftate Maximilian Sforfa, 423. by Leo X. 424. See Leo X. III. pope, his joy at the return of England to its obedience to the church of Kome, iv. 400. His commilTion to cardinal Pole with refpeft to church-lands, 401. Agricola. See Jgricola. Ca/ar. See Cafar. Juries, origin of the appointment of, for judicial decIHons, i. 93* "Jurifprudence, revival of the Roman, and Its advantages over thofe modes which preceded its revival, ill. 299. Why it did not become the municipal law of England, 300. Jurors anciently puniflied by tine and imprifonment for finding averdicl contrary to the dire(!^ion of the judges; v. 458,
VI.

J"''^

INDEX.
Jm-y, a
Jii/lice
lift

of

tlie

puritanical
notefirft

names

of, at the

time of the
ii.

common-

wealth,
Jujl'ic'tary,

vii.

230,

of peace, the

inflltution

of that

office,
ii.

319.
far

chief, that office

when

abolished,

320.

'jtijl'm'ian' s paiidecls,

the accidental finding of,

how

advantageous io

the revival of civil policy, iii. 299. Jutes, where they fettled in Britain, i. 22, note. Juxoiiy is made bifhop of London and high treafurer, vi. 300. Attends Charles I. at his execution, vii. 1x^3. figns, 395.

Re-

K.
Icing of Mercia, rcfigns his crown, and ends his days in penance at Rome, i. 48. Kcnrk, the Saxon, defeats the Britains fighting againii his father Cerdic>

JT'ENDRED,

-^

Kent, hiftory of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 28. earl of, brother to Edward II. engages with queen Ifabella in a , Purfues Edward to Brillol, confpiracy againft his brother, ii. 353. Is enfnared by the arts of Mortimer, condemned, and exe355.

cuted, 377. See Barton, Elizabeth. , maid of. Ket, a tanner, excites and heads an infurrefllon in Norfolk, againii inclofures, iv. 331. Is defeated by Dudley earl of Warwic, and executed,
iv.

lb.

K'ddare, earl of,

122.
ib.

Is

prifon,

Ireland under the duke of Richaiondj anfwer for his conduft, and dies in His fon, with five uncles, executed for joining the Irllk
called over

made deputy of
to

rebels, ib.
of, a ceflation agreed with, by the earl of Ormond, Glamorgan's treaty with, vii. 67. Concludes a peace 546. with Ormond, and engages to affift the king, 161. Kllfyth, battle of, between the earl of Montrofe and the convenanters,

K'Menny, council
vi.

vii.

63.

Kimbohon, lord, takes part with the commons, in their difputes with Charles I, vi. 462. Is impeached by the king, 467. King of England, a fummary view of his power as a' feudal prince, 11, Heard caufci Naturally favoured by the common people, 1I2. 108. often perfonally in their court, 125. All who aft under the au.a>.;rity of him for the time being, indemnified from I'uture att da Jcr by ftatute, iii. 366. Obfervatlons on this law, ib. Extent of his power at the time of Henry VII. 396. Kirkaldy of Grange, commander of the cadle of Edinburgh, declares for queen Mary, v. 202. Is reduced by the Englilh, and executed by his countrymen, 203.
.

Kirle, colonel, his favage cruelty after the battle of Sedg-moor, viii. 232. Kirkpatrie, the creft and motto of that family, whence derived, ii. 316.

Knevet, Sir Thomas, engages the French admiral Primauget off the coall of Britanny, and the two admirals blown up, iii. 423. Knighfi, formerly diftinguifhed in battle only by the enfi^ns on their
Shields,
ii.

38.

Kniihs

INDEX,
number of tliofe eftablillied by William the Conquerorj How the number dccreafed, i'o. 206. Knights of JJiires, to affill in parhament, when they firfi began to be apSee Commons. pointed, ii. 184. K?:oI/es, Sir Robert, invades France from Calais, but is defeated by Du Guefclin, ii. 482. Knox, John, the Scots reformer, remarks on his account of the murder of cardinal Beaton, iv 298, note. Arrives in Scotland from Geneva, Infpires the people with zeal againll popery, ib. V. 26. Riot Becomes chief direftor of the Congf-egation of the thereupon, ii. Lord, 30. Inlligates the people and preachers to infult queen Marv on her arrival, for her adherence to the catholic religion, 48. Hisinfolent fpeeches to Mary on her kind overtures to hirh, 49. Defends the outrages committed in the queen's chapel, 53. Infult? lord Darnley on his marriage with Mary, 89.
Knights fees, the
ii.

L.
the price of, attempted in vain to be reduced by parliament, in the reign of Edward III. ii. 496. And commoditiesremarks on the comparative prices of, at the time of Henry VII. and now, iil. 402. Lad, Roger de, conftable of Chefler, his gallant defence of Chateau His generous Gaillard for John againll: Philip of France, ii. 51.

T JBOUR,

treatment by Philip when the place v/as taken, 52. Is Lamlert, a fchoolmafter, controverts the real prefence, Iv. 190. Henry enters into a formal accufedj and appeals to Henry VIII. ih. Is fdenced and fentenced as a heretic, difputation with him, 191. Is burnt with great cruelty, ih, I92. & lieutenancy of Ireland, by the intrigues , is difappointed of the Follov^-s Charles II. out of Scotland of Oliver Cromwel, vii. 165. Cromwel apBattle of Worcefter, 196. into England, 195. Oppofes the motion for giving pointed protector by his means, 232. Is deprived of his commiffions, Cromwel the title of king, 270. and retires with a penfion, 275. Engages in the cabal of WaUingSuppreffes an infurredion of royalilts, and takes ford-houfe, 295.

Forms an afrociatlon among the prifoner, 302. Expels the Is cafhiered, 303. the parliament, :b. Marches Eftabiifhes the committee of fafety, 304. parliament, ib. northward to meet Monk, 31 1. Is committed to the Tower, 314. Efcapes, 326. Is retaken by Ingoldfby, ih. Is excepted horn the aft
Kir

George Booth

officers againll

of indemnity on the reftoration, 353. and confined i"n Guernfey, 3S4.

Leimheth,

Is tried,

381.

Is reprieved

a council fummoned there by Anfelm archblfliop of Canterbuiy, to enquire Into the lawfulnefs of Matilda's marrying Henry I.

1.318. Lancafer, Edmond carl of, fent by Edward I. to accommodate differMakes an unfucceisful ences with Philip king of France, ii. 261. Dies, ib. attack upon Guienne, 283. Thomas, earl of, his charaAcr, opulence, and power, ii. 330. , Htads a confederacy of barons againft Piers Gavafton, 331. Comes to
I

parliament

>!'

D E

X.

parliament with an armed retinue,' and demands the banifhment of Gavafton, 331. Is made hereditary fteward, 332. Porms another conIlaifes an army againft the king, federacy againft Gavafton, 334. Infifts on a renewal of the or335. Futj Gava'lon to death, 336. Combines with the dinances after the defeat ot Baiiuockburn, 343. barons to ruin the Defpenfeis, 344. Oppoiesthe king with an army, His cha348. Is defeated by Sir Andrew Harcla, and executed, il:
rafter, 349.

Lancafltr, earl of, brother and heir to Thomas earl of, joins the confpiracy of Ifabella and Mortimer againft Edward II. ii. 3^3. Edward
deliveied into his cuftody, and confined
Is fufpeled of favouring the king,
in
is

KeniKvorth-caftle, 3515.

who

therefore taken out of his

Is appointed guardian to the young king, 372. 358. Henry earl of, is engaged in fruitlefs negotiations for peace between Edward III. and king John of France, at Avignon, ii. 450. Is created duke of LanIs fent with an army into Normandy, 454. Endeavours an accommodation between Edward and cafter, 467.

hands,
,

John of France, his prifoner, ib. John of Gaunt duke of, fon to Edward III. accompanies his ,

Marries the daughter brother in his expedition to Caftile, ii. 476. of Henry duke of, 477. Efpoufes for his fecond wife the daughter of Peter king of Caftile, 478. His army in France harafted and deThe adminiftration of governnient committed to him ftrcyed, 482. by his father, 483. His great authority during the minority of Confequence of his pretenlions to the crown of Kichard II. iii. 4. Caftile, ih. His unfuccefsful attempts in Britanny, 6. His palace Difappointed in hopes of obat the Savoy burnt by the rabble, 9. Obtains a grant of the taining Caftile, 13. Returns home, 24.

duchy of Guienne, 25. Relinquiflies It, ih. Dies, 37. Succeeded by his fon the duke of Hereford, ih. See Hereford. , Henry duke of, his characler, iii. 37. Comes over on the emIncreafe of his army, 39. barkation of Richard II. for Ireland, 38. Seizes Briftol, and executes fome of Richard's minifters without trial, ib. Obtains poflefTion of the king's perfon, and aftembles a parliament in his name, 40. Procures his depofition, 46. His challenge

of the crown, ib. Refledlions on his oftenfible pretenfions, 47. Calls See Henry IV. a parliament by his own authority, 48. Spaniards, and expe-, James, his fuccefsful captures from the dition to Brazil, v. 376. Commands the firft fleet fitted out by the Eaft India company, 477. Land. See Feudal fyltem. Landah, Peter, a corrupt minifter of the duke of Britanny, bribed by Edward IV. to perfuade his mafter to d'-liver up Henry earl of Richmond, ill. 286. Enters into a negotiation with Richard III. to betray Richmond, 292. Put to death by the nobles of Britanny,

335Landrecy, befieged by the emperor Charles V. iv. 239. Chai!;3 forced to abandon it by the fuccours of Francis, 240. JLinfranc, a Milanefe monk, made archbiftiop of Can^rbury, i. 258. His character, ib. Crowns William Rufiis, 286. Dies, 288. Langhorne, his trial for the popilh plot, viii. ill.

Vol. VII 1.

Hh

Ur.:^f.de,

INDEX.
Langjide, battle of, between Mary queen of Scots and Murray tbc regent, v. 128. Langton, cardinal, appointed arclibifliop of Canterbury, by pope InnoRecent III. in oppolition to Reginald and John de Gray, ii. 60. Returns jefts king John's propoial towards an accommodation, 68. His charaAer, to England, and receives the king's fubmiHion, 75. Stimulates the barons to an affertion of their liberties againft the 78. Refufes to publifh the pope's bull of exoppreffions of John, 97. communication againll the barons, 92. Is cited to Rome, and fuf-

pended,

ih.

Lapjcloivrit battle of,

between the

royalifts

Lafcelhs, accufes queen Catharine

Howard of

and parliamentarians, vi. 518. incontimsncy to archbilhop

feal, ih.

Cranmer,

iv.

218.

Confirms his charge to the lord privy

Latimer, bi-hop, refigns his bilhopric on the pafTmg the law of fix articles, and is imprifoned, iv. 195. Is again imprifoned on the acceffion of queen Mary, 376. Is fent under a guard to Oxford, to debate on
tranfubftantiation, 385.
'Land,
Is

burnt for herefy, with bifliop Ridley,

Introduces new cerebifhop of London, his chara<rter, vi. 2S4. monies into the church, 2B5. Is offered a cardinal's hat, 286. Becomes Kis behaviour in the confecratlon of odious to the puritans, 287. Introduces piftures into churches, 290. St. Catharine's cliurch, ih. Is made archbilhop of Canterbury, Exalts the regal authority, 291. '^00. His ungrateful profecution of William bifhop of Lincoln, 310. Is attacked by the populace in Lambeth palace, which he is obliged Is Is impeached by the houfe of commons, 369. to fortify, '^'^$' committed to cuftody, 370. Is tried, vii, 38. And executed, 39. Rttrofpect of his conduct and characier, 40, 515. Lauder dais yi.\sk.t of, diluiades Charlts II. from rigorous raeafures towards Scotland, vii. 364. Perfuadesthe king to admit prel'oytcry there, 366. Obftrufts the union of the two kingdoms, intended by the king, 457. His chara6ler, 459. His being Is one of the <:aZ'/ miniltry, 458. Is fent employed, voted a grievance by the houfe of commons, 512. down as ccmmiffioner to the Scots parliament, viii. 50. Becomes His violent and arbitrary admichief miniiler for Scotland, ^i. His private conduct, 54. Brings dov.'U Highland niftration, 53. His death, 204. clans to ravage the country at free quarter, 58. Laureniius, fuccelTor to Auguiline, how he brought back Eadbald to
Italy, defeated by the TmpeBicocca, iv. 42. Raifes the fiege of Bayonne, attacked by the emperor Charles V. 52. Latv, the fir ft written code'of, in England, I. 37. , the ftudy of, anciently confined to the clergy', II, 123. early reception and (ludy of, in our univerfities, civil, the , it did not obtain to Motives for its reception, ih. iil. 299. be the niimicipal law of England, 300. the common, firft rife of, i. 95. -, criminal, among the Anglo-Saxons, a view of, i. 215. , Its IntrodufHon to , feudal, the original of, traced, ii. loi.

Laittrec, marflml,
rialifts at

the chrilllan religion, i. 38. the French general in

Why

England,

108.

The

feudal

government

in

England delineated,

ih.

Laws

INDEX.
Zd'Ws and proclamations, difference of, explained, vi. 52. formed in France by the -duke of Guife againfc the Hugonots, V. 212. Is revived, 268. Is headed by the duke of Mayenne on the death of Guife, 357. Declines on the converfion of Henry IV. 374. and covenant, folemn, is framed at Edinburgh, at the perIs received by the Englifh parfuafion of Sir Henry Vane, vi. 540. Is renounced by the Scots parliament, vii. 368. liament, 541. I3 burnt in England by the hangman, 371. Learning, the decline of, from the Auguflan age to the ages of monkifh
.League^ catholic,

barbarifm traced, iii. 298: When the loweft point of depreffion may Giadnal recovery of, tb. Circumftances which tended be dated, ib. to the revival and advancement of, in the fifteenth century, iii. 406, The ftate of, in queen EHzabeth's reign, v. 491. Remarks on the ilatc Account of the revival of, in Europe, 190. of, in Greece, vi. 189. In England, 191. Legates, a latere, their power and ofEce deferibed, i. 478, note.
Legant'ine court, erefted

by

cardinal

Wolfey,

iv.

16.

Its

oppreffions

checked, 17.
Legitimacy of birth, difputes between the civil and ecclefiaftical courts Memorable reply concerning, in the reign of Henry III. ii. 222. of the barons to the prelates on this occafion, 223.
Leicejler, is

ftormed by Charles
of,

I.

and taken,

vii.

56.

Is retaken

by

Fairfax after the battle of Nafeby, 59.

infolent behaviour fruftrates the conference beof England, and Lewis VII. of France, i. 441. Ipvades Suffolk, 443. Taken prifoner by Richard de Lucy, guardian of the kingdom, ib. Robert earl of, takes the command of Rouen on his return from the crufade, and repulfes the attack of Philip of France on that
,

earl

his

tween Henry

II.

city,

ii.

25.

fifter

Simon de Montford, earl of, his hiftory, ii. 180. Marries the of Henry III. widow of William earl of Pembroke, ib. His

181. Joins with the barons againfl: him, ib. Enters into a confederacy with them, 182. Is placed at the head of the council of twenty-four, chofen by the parliament at Oxford, to regulate the government, 184. Their regulations, ib. He procures the banifhment of the king's half-brothers, 185. Protefts againd Henry's ceffion of Normandy to Lewis IX. 191. Henry refers the differences between them to Margaret queen of France, 195. Confederates with other barons agninft Henry, 196. He leagues with. Lewellyn prince of Wales, who invades the borders, 197. Imprifons the bifhop who publiflied the pope's abfolution, ib. Levies war on the king, ib. Takes prince Edward prifoner, 199. Reftores him on ti-eaty with the king, 200. His fon fent to the affembly of 4;he ftates of France at Amiens, on the appeal made to Lewis, 201. Rejects the arbitration of Lewis, and renews the war, ib. His meffage to the king how^anfwered, 204. Defeats Henry at Lewes, and takes him prifoner, 205. Propofes another appeal to arbitration, 206. His Imperious behaviour on this vidory, 207. Ruins the trade of the nation, and encourages piracy, 208. Is menaced with excomh 2 municatioD,
difputes with the king,

INDEX.
munfcation, wliich he braves and defeats, 210. Calls a pavllament, forms a houfe of commons, and appoints members to be fent by the boroughs, ib. Refledions on this memorable event, 211. Employs this parliament to crufh his rivals, 212. His treatment of prince Edward, whom he detained in cullody, ib. Edward efcapes from him^ 214. His fon Simon defeated by prince Edward, ib. Himfelf defeated and killed at Evefham by Edward, 215. Review of his character and conduft, ib. His wife and children banifhed, 218. His fons afraffinate their couun Henry d'Almaine at Viterbo, ib. Leicejler, Thomas earl of, a curious view of his annual expences, ii. 370, lord, Robert Dudley, created earl of, and propofcd as a hufband by queen Elizabeth to Mary queen of Scots, v. 82. His charafter, 83. Is lufpecled of murdering his wife, to make way for his expefhations of obtaining Elizabeth, ib. Declines the propofal of Mary, ib. Is appointed one of the-commiffioners to inquire into the conduft of

Writes a letter to Mary, recommending the duke of 139, Norfolk to her for a hulband, 159. Difcovers Norfolk's defigns to Elizabeth, 160. Reports that Simier, the duke of Anjou^s agent, acquired an afcendancy over Elizabeth by incantations, 239. His marriage difcovered to ^he queen by Simier, 240. Attempts the life of Simier, ib. Forms an affociation of courtiers for the proteifticn of the queen againft all violence or confpiracy, 259. Commands the forces fent over to the United Provinces, 273. His tranfa61ions there, 275. Returns to England, 277. Advifes the poifoning of queen Mary, 290. Returns to Holland, where his condudl is complained of, 328. Is recalled by the queen, 329., Commands a body of forces at Tilbuiy, to oppofe the Spanifn invafion, 335. Dies, 360. Inftance of his magnificent manner of living, 487.
Leighton^
is

Mary,

feverely

fentenced

in

the liar-chamber, for libelling the

king and queen, vi. 295. Recovers his liberty, and obtains damages, 378. Leitjic, battle of, between Guflavus king of S\veden, and the Imperial
general Tilly,
Leith,
is vi.

281.

fortified

by the regent of Scotland,

Is fortified

the Englifh, 36.

I^enox,

Is reduced by v. 31. with great zeal by the covenanters,

Matthew Stuart earl of, is fent by Francis, with a promife of fuccours, to cardinal Beaton and the queen dowager of Scotland, Entertains hopes of marrying the queen dowager, 240. iv. 235.

'

Patronizes the protellant intereft in Scotland, 241. Applies to EngIs forced by Arran to fly to lingland, and land for affiftance, ib. marries Henry's niece, 245. Is invited to Scotland with his fon lord Is Darnley, v. 86. Implores juftigre for the murder of his fon, 108. Protcfis againll the cited to make good his charg^ on Bothwell, ii^. Claims the reprecipitate trial of Bothwell, who is acquitted, 109. gency, as grandfather to the young king James VI. 124. Appears before the commifiioners at Hampton-court, to implore vengeance for the murder of his fon, 140. Is chofen lieutenant or governor of ScotIs made regent by Elizabeth's land, on the death of Murray, 168.
Delivers up the earl of Northumberland to Elizaallowance, 169. beth, 2C0. Is feized, and put to death, by queen Adary's party, 202.
Lenoxj.

'

INDEX.
Caiifes the earl of Lenox, count d'Aublgney created earl of, v. 232. Morton to be tried and executed, ib. The king taken out cf his Retires to France, where hands by an afrociation ot nobility, 248. he dies, 24.9. The kindnefs of James to his family, ib. Lent, the fail of, eftablifheu in the kingdom of Kent, i. 39. Lenthal, is chofen fpeaker of the long parliament, vi. 365. His anfwer to the king's perfonal inquiry after the five members, 47c. Goes to Hounllow-heath, with the fpeaker of the houfe of lords, to defire protedion from the army, vii. ipi. Is reinllated, 103. Is chofen fpeaker in parliament under the proteftorate, 240. Refumes his place as fpeaker, at the reiloration of the long parliament, 298. Is prevented from going to parliament by Lambert, who puts an end to it, 303. Continues fpeaker at its fxondredoration, 313. UHofpital, chancellor of France, his pleas to elude the reftltution of Calais to queen Elizabeth, v. 147, Leo X. pope, his character, iii, 424. Sends a veffel with wine and

hams

to

of France, and

Henry VIII. and his court, 425. Excommunicates Lewis XII. all who adhere to the council of Pifa, 426. Takes

off the excommunication from Lewis, 441. His motives to the fale of indulgejicies, iv. 33. Remarks on his conduft on this occaficn, ib. The produce from the fale of, how applied by him, 34. Beftows the title of Defender of the Faith on Henry VIII. ^G.

Dies, 39.
Leofric,
i.

duke of Mercia,
kills

his contefl

with Harold, fon of garl Godwin,

167. Leolf the robber,

king

Edmund

Leonard^
Leopold.,

hofpital in Yorklhire,

at a feaft, i. 108. tumult occafioned by an anciept privi-

iii. 232. archduke of Auflria, arrells Richard I. of England, in turn from Paleillne, ii. 23. Lefley, Norman, fon of the earl of Rothes, diftinguifhcs himfelf

lege enjoyed by,

his re-

at the

249. -, bifhop of Rofs, is appointed by Mary queen of Scots one of her commiifioners in the caufe between her and Murray the regent, v. 134. Refufes to reply to Murray's allegations at Hampton-court, 140. He and his alfoclates break up the conference, 143. Elizabeth's reply to them, 144. Complains to the Engliih council of their Infjncerity toward Mary, 172. Engages in the duke of Norfolk's conlpiracy, 196.
iv.

battle of

Ancram,

Is imprifoned, 199.
,

earl

of Leven. See Leven. David, defeats the earl of Montrofe

at

PhiHphaugh

in

the foreff,

Commands the Septs army agalnll Oliver Cronnvel, iSS. 64. Follows Cromwel in his retreat to Dunbar, 189. Is ordered to attack Cromwel, and is defeated, 1 90. Levellers, their plan for government after the death of Charles 1. vii.
vii.

155. Leven, Lefley earl of, marches with a Scots army to the affiilance of the joins Sir Thomas FairEnglifh parliament againll Charles I. vi. 542. fax, vii. 8. Alfifts in the defeat of prince Rupert at Marllou-moor, ip.

parches northward, and lakes Newcaltle by itorm, 14,

Hh3

Reduces CarUflc,

INDEX.
HHe, 6i. The king puts himfelf into the hands of the army Surrenders the king to the parliameutary before Newark, 73. miffioners, So.
Levijon, Sir Richard,
\vheJ3,

com-

commands a fieet in an expedition to the coafts of Attacks the harbour of Cerimbra, and takes a rich Spain, V. 443. carrack there, 444. Z'fwe//)'.'z, prince of Wales, appHes to Henry II r. for proteciion againd his rebelh'ous fon Griifin, ii. 196. Renews his hoftiUties on the death of Griffin, ib. Is fucceeded by Grifnn's fon Lewellyn, tb. fon to GrifRn, fucceeds his grandfather in the principaKty of , r~-

Renews the homage to Henry, ib. Confederates and invades England, 197. Is pardoned, but cabals with the barons again, 239. Is lummoned by Edward Lto renew his homage, ib. Is fubdiied by Edward on his non-compliance, 24 1 Is defeated and killed by Mortimer on occafion of new dii'putes, 242. His brother David tried as a traitor, and executed, ib. liCiues, battle of, between Henry III. and his barons, headed by the earl The treaty called the Mije of, 206. of Leicefker, ii. 204. Lewis the Grofs, king of France, difturbs Normandy, i. 336. Endeavours to rellore William fon of duke Robert, ib. Defeated by Henry I. 337. Was the firft eftablilher of corporations, and with
Wales,
ii.

197.

V'ith Leicefter,

?--

what view, ii. 1 18. VII. king of France, hetrcths

eldeil fon

his filler Conllantia to Euflace, of Stephen king of England, i, 354. Divorces Eleanor heirefs of Guienne, 367. Afiiances his daughter Margaret to Henr^-, eldeft fon of Henry II. of England, 378. Anecdotes of a conference between him and Henry II. in relation to Becket archbifhop of CanDifgufted at his daughter I^/Iargaret not being crowned terbury, 410. Exhorts the pope to excommunicate king with prince Henry, 413. Henry, 420. Encourages the revolt of prince Heni-y againll his faBefieges Vernouil, in conjunclion with prince Henry, ther, 438. His fraudulent behaviour to king Henry here, ih. Has a con440. ference with Henry, 44 1. Difappointed in another treacherous fcheme Deceives Henry again, ib. Peace concluded againil Roiien, 447.

between him and Henry,

ib.

Becomes

fuperititious,

and makes a

pilgrimage to Becket's flTrine, 453. '. fon of Philip of France, married to Blanche of Caitile, , eldeft The barons of England offer niece of John king of England, ii. 42. him |.he kingdom, 94. Arrives in England with .an army, 95. Lofes The his ijifluence among the Englifh barons by his imprudence, 96. barons who adhere to him excommunicated by the pope's legate, 149. They defert him, ib. The city of Lincoln taken from him by the The French fleet coming to his affiftance, earl of Pembroke, 150. defatcd by the Englifh, ib. Concludes a peace with Pembroke, and Succeeds his father Philip in the kinggoes hack to France, 15 1. rion-i of France, 157. . Vlli. invades PoiAou, and takes Rochelle, Ii. 157. IX. of France, his character, ii, 189. His conduft towards the En^lifli, 190. Obtains a cedlon of Normandy from Henry III. ?/5 j^eury vcfcri the dilfercnces between him and Leicciler to iiis queen

Maigatetjj,

INDEX.
Another reference made to his arbitration 200. DeHenry, 201. Engages prince Edward in a crufade, Dies at Tunis in Africa, 220. His cliaradter, ib. 219. Le'zvis XI. king of France, his charafter, and ambitious views, iii. 231. Leagues with him and queen Prote6ls the earl of Warwick, 237. AlTifls Waru^ick with a fleet, 240. Buys peace of Margaret, 238. Interview between Edward IV. at a tribute during his life, 251 Farther tranfaftions between them, 256. Ranfoms them, 255. queen Margaret, 258. Reflections on his conduct toward the duke of Burgundy and his daughter, il/. Concludes a peace with iViaximilian king of the Romans, and marries the dauphin to his daughter MarMargaret, 195.
,

cides in favour of

rr Xn.

garet, 334.

of France, fubdues the duchy of Milan, iii. 384. Engages Outwitted Ferdinand of -Spain to alfill him in feizing Naples, 414. joins in a league againft the Venetians, 415. His by him, ib. nephew Gallon de Foix defeats the Spaniih and papal armies, but 13 Excommunicated by Lcfes his conqutlls in Iialy, ib. killed, 423. pope Leo X. 427. Sends relief to Teroiiane, befieged by Henry Vlli. 434. Concludes a treaty with Ferdinand, and offers his daughter Empowers the duke de Longueville, for one of his grandfons, 441. otipuprifoner in England, to conclude a treaty with Henry 443. Marries lates to pay the arrears of the penfion due to England, ib. Henry^s iiftier, and dies quickly after, 444.

r,

France, an infant, vil. 247. and efpoufes his draighter, 305. His perlon and chaJoins the Dutch in the war with England, 4C9. Forms pretenfions tc^ the duchy of Brabant, in rafter defcribed, 429. His rapid conquefts in the LowCountrii.s, right of hisqueen, 430. 431. His haughty behaviour to the courts of Europe, ib. The triple His art in bringing Charles IL alliance formed againft him, 436. His fudden irruption into Lorrain, over to the French intereft, 464. 466. Declares war againft Holland, 479. Marches a large army to the Dutch frontiers, 480, His rapid fuccefles in the Low Countries, His demands from the Ducth deputies 487. Enters Utrecht, 488. fcnt to implore peace, 491. Is oppofed at laft by the prince of Orange, 499Enters into treaty with Charles II. to reftore popery in England, viii. 4, note. Operations of the prince of Conde and marfhal Turenne, 9. Serves as a volunteer under the prince of Conde, 17. Takes Conde by ftorm, 21, His reception of the earl of Feverfliam fent with the terms of peace to him, 36. Takes Ghent and Ypres, 40. Treaty at Nimeguen concluded, 45. His profperous fituation by this treaty, 47. His haughty and arbitrary treatment of the European powers, 205. Revokes the editt of Nantz, A league formed againft him by the prince of Orange, 278. 242. Informs James of the prince of Orange's fchemes, 287. Receives James kindly on his abdication, 305. His great regard for literature,
fucceeds to the
crov/n

XIV.

of

Meets

Philip of Spain at the Pyrenees,

333, Dr. a V/ellli phyfician employed to negotiate a marriage between the princefs Eli/.ybeth, daughter of Edward iV. and Henry earl of

i^eyden

Richmond, iii. 288. is bdieged by the Spaniards, v. 217, h 4

Lih:riy,

INDEX.
Liberty, civil, the revival of arts favourable to, iii. 302. ing the barons to have been fenlible of this, lb. note.

formed by the commons

Zi'idhigton,

at the

commencement

Inflance fliewregular plan of the reign of Charles

I. for the eftablifhmentof, vi.

204.

by the proteftant aflbciation in Scotland, called the Congregation of the Lord, to requeft aflirtance of queen Elizabeth, v. 32. Is again fent to thank her, and requeft farther aid, Is fent to LonIs made feci-etary of fcate by queen iVIary, 47. 39. don with Mary's compliments to Elizabeth, and to require a declaMaitland
of,
is

fent

Enters into a conration of her fucceffion to the Englifh crown, 57. federacy of Scots nobles, to proteft prince James, and punifh the Afiifts at the conferences concerning murderers of his father, 118. Mary, before the Englifh and Scots commiffioners, 135. Encourages the duke of Norfolk in the hopes of efpoufing Mary, 138. Takes part with Kirkaldy of Grange in favour oi Mary, and is fuppofed to have killed himfelf, on the fuppreffion of the party by Elizabeth,
.203'
.
. .

L'dburne, his cruel profecution

fiiffering,
vi.

the ftar-chaiT^bcr, and refolution in Recovers his liberty, and obtains damages, 378. Is imprifoned by the parliament for his ieditious writings, vii. 167. Is acquitted on trial by the new ftatute of treafons, 202. Is again tried and acquitted, during the proteAorate, 238. Lilla, an officer of king Edwin's army, his extraordinary fidelity to him,
in

312.

Lilliballero,

on what occafion

this

fong was made,

viii.

300.

Lhncric

befieged and taken by Irtton, vii. 206. Lincoln, the ci'iv of, taken from Lewis by the earl of Pembroke, ii. 150, Is taken for the long parliament by the earl of Manchefter, vii. 10. ~ Retires to the , John earl of, his family and character, iii. 327.
is

court of the duchefs of Burgundy, 328, Commands SimnePs army, and is killed at the battle of Stoke, 330. Ltncolnfblre , infurre&ion headed there by Sir Robert Welles, in tlie The infurgents defeated by the king, reign of Edward IV. Iii. 235.

236.
fent to the relief of Rochelle, but is unable to pafs Signs a proteftatlon againft the liturgy, 329. 266. Commands under the king at the battle of Ldge-hlll, 506. Is mortally wounded, and taken prifoner, 507. Lifle, Dudley lord, commands the fleet of Henry VIII. in an invafion of

Llndefey, earl of,

is

the

mole,

vi.

>?

Scotlandj
,

iv.

244.
viii.

lady, the cruel profecution of,

234.

Literature, the ftate of, In queen Elizabeth's reign, v.

49 r.

Liturgy, one framed

Iv. 320. In from the old mafsbook, 321. Is revifed, 348. Is authorifed by parliament, 354. Is fuppreffed by the reftoration of the mafs by queen Mary, 386. Is reftored by queen Elizabeth, v. 13. Is aboliflied by the affembly of divines at Wellmlnfter, vii. 32. Is again admitted at the redoratlon, 362. Lofns, arbitrarily exafted by queen Elizabeth from her fubj.efts, v. 460. A general one required by Charles I. vl. 222. Perfons confined fpr retufal, 227. Other oppreiTions exerclfed againft them, 230.

by

a committee of bifliops and divines,

what

refpi:(!;ls it

differed

Lochlevhi'

INDEX.
Zed levin -cz^le, Mary
queen of Scots confined there, v. 120. She makes her efcape from thence, 127. Lockhart is made governor of Dunkirk by Oliver Cromwel, vii. 279. His fcruples when applied to by Monk to join in reftoring the king,
3-3Lolinrds, the followers of Wickliffe the reformer, their tenets, iii. 52. Favoured by the duke of Lancafter, ^'i,. One burnt for herefy, 65.
Friifccution,of lord Cobham as their head, 89. Another, 81. His The points of reformation aimed at tranlaflioub and execution, go. by them, 91. The doctrines of Martin Luther embraced by them, IV. 35;. See Herafv, and Rffonvatlon. J^onrirm a flonrlfhiing Roman colony tlicre, deftroyed, and the inhabitants maffacred by the Britons, i. 8. Burnt by the Danes, 71. Rebuilt bySubmits to William duke of Normandy, 234. Alfred, 85 The liberties of, corifirmcd, but the inhabitants dii'armed by him, 238. fynod fummoned there, 267. Another, 343. Charter granted to, by king Henry. J. 347. The citizens fummoned to a council to recognize the prttcnJ'ions of the emprtfs Matilda, 363. Computation

Revolts againft of the number of its inhabitants at this time, 364. Matilda, 365. Maffacre of Jews there at the coronation of Richard I. Its til 11 charter of inccrporation when granted, 99. 1 umults 11.4. excited there in favour of the barons by Fit/- Richard the mayor, 202. I'he citizens rife in favour of queen Ifabella, and mur198 der the bifhop of Exeter, 355. They put Baldoc the chancellor ia Newgate, and kill liim by bad ufage, 356. Great deilruction there by the plague, 448. John king of France brought piifonerto, 460. Its charter feizcd by Richard II. iii. 26. The chapter-lands of that fee feized by Henry V III. iv. 222. An infurredion of apprentices and others there, to oppofe the encouraging foreign artificers, 274.

of, in oppofitioa Twenty thoufand die there of the plague 372. brought from Havre de Grace, v. 80. The royal e.Kciiange built byfir Thomas Grefham, 483. The number of foreigners in, at this time, lb. Great plague there in James's reign, vi. 14. The number of its inhabitants at this time, ib. Is the centre of all the commerce of the kingdom, 23. The continued concourfe of the gentry there diicouraged by James I. 169. He renews the edicls againil jncreafmg buildings in, z7^ B-rick-buildings in, by whom introduced, Another plague in, 206. Rcfufes a loan to the king, 22J.. 179. Ship-money levied on it by Charles, ib. Refufes another loan to the king, 356. Petitions for a parliament, 359. The treaty with the 5cots at Rippon, adjourned to, 361. Petitions for a total alteration '1 he of church-government, 384. king comes to the commoncouncil, 470. The city petition parliament, as alfo the porters and apprentices, 475. Takes part with the parh'amcnt againlt the king, Sends four re495. Its trained bands join the earl of Eiles, 509. giments of militia to Efl'ex, 531. Its militia ordered out by the par* h"ament to defend it againlt the army, vii. 95." Petitions the parliament againii the chaiig-c of its militia, which the populace oblige it to grant, 10 1. The common- council refufe an aflelfment to the _long parliament on its reiloratioii, und declare for a free par'iatitle

Queen Mary's

acknowledged by the magiftrates

to lady Jane Gray,

ment.

INDEX.
II. for the Dutch war, 4oo.' burnt, 415. Good efFefts of this calaDifputes between the citizens and fir Robert Clayton, mity, 416. lord-mayor, about the eleflion of fheriffs, viii. 127. Difputes between the citizens and fir John Moor on the fame occafion, 176. writ of qrio ivarranto iffued againft the city, 178. Conditions on

snent, 318.

Lends mone37 to Charles

of,

Great plague

408.

Is

The mayor, aldermen, and a reftored, 181. deputation of the common-council, fummoned to the convention parliament, 308. London-bridge, when firft finiflied of ftone, ii. 99. Longchamp, bifhop of Ely. See Ely. See Fk%-OJhert. L-ongbeard. JLongiieville, duke of, defeated and taken prixbner by Henry VIII, at the Negotiates a peace between Henry and battle of Spurs, iii. 435.
which the charter was
Lewis, 442. , duchefs-dowager of. See Gu'ifs^ Mary of. Lopez, Roderigo, phyfician to queen Elizabeth, is executed for receiving a bribe from the Spanilh miniilry to poifon her, v. 373. i^ordsy houfe of, their proceedings in fettling the plan of government during the minority of Richard IL iii. 3. Their proceedings againil the king's miniilry at the inftigation of the duke of Gloucelter, 20. The irregularity of their judicial proceedings, 23, The duke of Gloucefter's accufation againft the duke of Norfolk, 34. Duel between them prevented by the king, 36. Tumults among, at the Debate on the pretenfions of Richard acceffion of Henry IV. 62. duke of York, 206. Acknowledge his right of fucceffion and preCondemn the duke of Clarence, brother fent adminiftration, 207. Their charge againft cardinal V/olfey, Iv. 94. to Edward IV. 262.

Frame

the

bill

of

fix articles,

for

abolifiiing

diverfity of opinions ia

religion,

205. wel without

Anne

diverfity of religions. of Eifex, ib. Condemn Cromtrial, 208. Petition the king to lay his marriage with The lord Mountjoy of Cleves before the convocation, 209.

Henry complains Their flattery to Cromwel

194.

to

them of the

earl

protefts againft the bill eftablifliing a council to judge offences againft

Pafs a bill of attainder againft the the king's proclamations, 238. duke of Norfolk, 263. Lord Seymour attainted, 319. Pafs a fevere Jaw againft treafon, which is altered by the commons, 355. Frame a poor-bill, which is rcjefted by the commons, 356- Are im.patient to have the fucceffion of the crown fettled, v. loi, Check the commons, by the queen's order, from debating on matters of religious reformation, 178. Are refufed a conference defired with the Commons, 228. The commons difpute with them concerning punctilios, 386. Send a bill to the commons for entaihng the crownlands on the king and his fuccefTors, which is refufed, vi. 26. The number of lords in the houfe in the reign of James 1. 15.5. Impeachment of the earl of Briftol and duke of Buckingham, 215. Procure the earl of Arundel's liberty, 219. Remark^ on their coiiduft during the difputes between the king and the commons, 250.. Pafs the petition of right, 253. Are diflolved, 276. Their interpofition with the commons in tlie long parliament requefted by the king, 348. committee of, joined to chc of the lower houfej appointtd 1
,

INDEX.
A committee appointed to fit during the recefs of parliament, 423. of, with one of the commons, appointed to attend the king to ScotThe comrrons declare an intention of fettiug their auland, ib. i he bifliops thority afide, without they concur with them, 462. The majority of the peers retire to the votes in, taken away, 477. king at York, 490. For thofe tranfactions wherein the remainder concur with the commons, fee Parliament. Are obliged to pafs the
Chufe felf-dcnying ordinance, vii. 27. MancheRer's going to the army, 102.
lord Hunfdon fpeaker, on RejeA the vote of the com-

king to a trial, 134. The houfe of, voted houfe of, fummoned dangerous, and to bf abolifhed, 151. by the protector, which the ancient peers refufe to attend, 277. Their jurifdiftion refuied to be acknowledged by the commons, ib. The peers refume their feats in the parliament following the final diffoCharles JI. proclaimed, ib. lution of the long one, 328. The Refufe to commit Clarendon to bifhops reftored to their feats, 372. cultody on the impeachment of the commons, 426, Vote Claren-

mons

for bringing the

ufelefs,

Their dilputes with the commons don's letter to them a libel, 427. on Skinner's cafe, 454. Differences with the commons on their Endeavour to introduce a new teft aft, altering a money-bill. 468,
enforcing paflive obedience, vi;i. 12. Great difputes between, and the commons, on the cafe of x'ag and Shirley, 14. Are prevailed on

ty

tell aft,

to admit an exception in his favour in the new Refufe to commit Danby on his impeachment by the 84. commons, 88. Pafs the bill of attainder againft Danby, 98. Re-

the

duke of York

bulinefs of the popifli plot, 99. The right of the bifliops to voce in Danby's cafe denied by the commons, no. Rejeft the exclufion-bill, 139. Free the popiOi lords impeached by the commons, 226. Take the fpeech of James II. into confideration, at the motion of Compton bifiiop of London, 241. AfTume the adminiftration of government on the king's flight, 302. Defire the prince of Orange to affume the government, and fummon a convention, 308. Their

fume the

debates on the queftion of a new king or a regency, 313. Their conference with the commons, 314. Lords of articles in the Scots parliament, an account of their inftitution,^
'

vi.

426.

Are

abolifhed, ib.

Lorn, lord, fon of the eail of Argyle, obtains the gift of his father's forfeiture, vii. 368. Is condemned on the ftatute of leafing-making, Is pardoned by the king, ib. Retrofpedl of his life, viii. 167. 438. Is created earl of Argyle, ib. See Argyle. Lorrain, cardinal of. 8ee Guife. Advifts his niece, Man,- queen of Scots, to rigour againft the Proteffant leaders who had taken 'arms againft her, v. 93. Concerts a maffacre of the French Hugonots, //'. See Hugonots. Founds a feminary at Rheims for the education of Englifh Catholics, 237.
Lotluiire,

Egbert king of Kent, difpofleflcs his nephew Defeated and killed by him, ib. Loudon, lord, is committed to the Tower for figning a letter fentbythe Scots malcontents to the king of France, vi. 345. Is made an earl, 428. I3 feut with other commiffioucrs by the Scots to Oxford, to mediate between
elder brother of

Edric,

i.

39.

INDEX.
between the "king and parliament, 538. Returns dlflatisfiedj 539* Does public penance for countenancing the royalifts, vii. 127. JLoudon-hilly the covenanters repulfe an attack on a conventicle there,
viii. 115. Lovelf vlfcount, heads an infurreftlon in the north againft Henry VII, Joins Lambert Simnel, 328. SupFlies to Flanders, 322. iii. 321. pofed to be killed at the battle at Stoke, 330. Louviers, peace concluded there, between Philip of France and Richard I,

of England, ii. 32. Loutfe of Savoy, mother of Francis I. of France, her charafier, 'iv. 50. Makes overtures of marriage to Charles duke of Bourbon, which he Deprives Bourbon of his pofleflions by a law-fuit, ih. rejefts, ib. Concludes an alliance with England, on the captivity of Francis, 59,

A large prefent exacted of her covertly by Wolfey, on the treaty with

Henry, 61.
Countries,

how

See Neftate of, at the time of Kenry VII. iii. 334. and Uinied Provinces. Lucy., Richard de, left guardian of the kingdom by Henry II. during his Repulfes the irruptions of the Scots, lb, abfence in France, i. 442. Suppreffes an invafion of Flemings under the earl of Leicefter, and
therlands

takes him prifoner, 443. Ludlow, lieutenant-general, obtains command of the army in Ireland on the death of Ireton, vii. 206. -Engages in the cabal of WaUingfordhoufe, 295. Ludovico, duke of Milan, invites the French to an invafion of Naples, Joins the emperor and other princes in a league againft iii. 368. Milan fubdued by the French, 384. France, ih. Luplcalre, a Brabangon, commands at Falaife for John king of England,
ii.

53.

Surrenders the place to Philip, and

enlifls v/ith

him

againft;

John, 54.
Lufignan,

Lofes his ii. 14. Cyprus, to eftablifh his title, in oppofition to Conrade, marquis of Montferrat, lb. Ma,de kincr of Cyprus by Richard, on quitting his pretenfions to Jerufalem,
de,

Guy

how he became king

of Jerufalem,

kingdom, and

applies to Richard 1. of

England

at

Lulher, Martin, his character, and the motives of oppofing the fale of Is patronized by the eleftor of Saxony, tb. indulgences, iv. 35. The progrefs of his opinions in Germany, lb. His doctrines emIs wrote againft by braced by the Lollards in England, 36. Henry VIII. lb. His fharp reply to Henry's book, lb. The quick Terms progrefs of his doctrines, owing to the art of printing, 37.
the pope antichrift, 38.
land, 347.

Several of his difclples take

ftielter in

Eng-

Luxemhourgh, marefchal, defeats the prince of Orange at St. Omers, viii. 27* Is attacked at St. Dennis by the prince of Orange, the day after the peace of Nimcgucn, 46. Luxury, laws agalnil, in the reign of Edward III. ii. 498. Lyons, a general council called there by pope Innocent IV. to excommunicate the emperor Frederic II. ii. 170. Complaints tranfmltted to it by Henry IIL and his nobility, ib. Council of. removed thither from
rifas

INDEX.
Plfa,
ill.

417.

Interdi<fi:ed

by the pope,

418.

Renounced by

Lewis XII. of France, 442.

M.
a Scots nobleman, murders Duncan king of Scotland, Is defeated and killed by Siward and ufurps the crown, i. 168. duke of Northumberland, ih. Maccail, a Scots covenanter, expires under torture in extacy, vii. 44^. MacglU, Sir James, is by the Scots parliament appointed a commiflioner to treat with Elizabeth concerning Mary, v. 171. Is difmilTed by Elizabeth without concluding on any thing, 172. Machrel, Dr. prior of Barlings, heads an infurreftion agalnfl: Henry VIII. iv. 170. Is deferted by his adherents, taken and executed, 171. Madrid, treaty of, between the emperor Charles V. and his prifoner

"h/TACBETH.,

Francis

I.

of France,
filler

iv. (^6.

Maegbota,

in the ancient

German

law, what,

i.

216.

pope Leo X. the produce of indulgences in Saxony Farms the fale out to Arcemboldi, a Geaffigned to her, iy. 34. noefe, to. See Arcemboldi. - college, Oxford, its contert with James II. viii. 264. The prefident and fellows expelled, 265. Gifford, doctor to the Sorbonne, appointed by mandate, 273.

Magdakney

to

Magna

Charta. See Charter of Liberties. Mahomet, the prophet of the Eaft, a general review of the tranfadtions of him and his followers, i. 293. Maine, the province of, agreed to be ceded to the duke of Anjou, on the marriage of his niece Margaret with Henry VI. iii. 170. Surrendered and alienated from the Englifh government, 174. Malnfroy, natural fon of the emperor Frederick II. his conteft with the pope for the crown of Sicily, ii. 171. A cruiade publilhed againft him, 173. Major-generals ellablilhed by Cromwel all over England, vii. 244, Their authority reduced, 269. Maltland of Lldhigton. See Lldhigton. Malherhe\ ode to Mary de Medicis, writ in 161 4, a ftanza of, vi. ^6<). Malta, knights of, refufe to furrender up their revenues to Kenry VIII. iv. 205. Their order diffolved by parliament, lb. Manbote, in the ancient German law, v/hat, i. 217, note. Manchefler, carl of, is, by the parliament, appointed general of an affociation of feveral counties Hgainll Charles I. vi. 531. Defeats the royalifts at Horn caille, 535. Takes Lincoln, and joins Fairfax in the fiege of York, vii. 10. Alfiits, in defeating the king at Marllon-moor, 12. As alfo at Newbury, 17. DIfputes between him and Cromwel, 22. Goes as fpeaker of tjie houfe of lords, with Lenthal of the commons, to Hounilow-heath, to defire protedlion of the army, loi. Is appointed lord-chamberlain by Charles II.

Manners, a review of, the reign of Edward

4^4.

review of,

ii. 140. State of, in During that of queen Elizabeth, v. 367. during the reign of James I, vi. 167. review

in

the thirteenth century,

II.

of.

INDEX.
of,

during the time of the commonwealth,

vli.

330.

Great

altcr'^

produced by the redoration, viii. 331. Man/el, chaplaha to Henry III. his enormous poffeflion of
atioii in,

pluralities,

ii.

169. Mansfeldty count, commands an army in the fervice of Frederick, eleftor palatine, vi. 123. Is difmifled, and engages in the fervice of the Is engaged by James, and affifted v\'iLh United Provinces, 124. men to recover the Palatinate, 151. His men reduced by ficknefs,

152.

ManufaBure,
of, in

flate of, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, v. 483. State the reign of James I. vi. 181. Great increafe of, after the
viii.

refloration,

328.

Mlantvayrtng, is impeached by the commons for his fermon on the regal prerogative in levying taxes, vi. 255. Is promoted to the fee of bt.

Afaph,

lb.

Mary

chofen regent of Scotland, on the death of Lenox, v. 202. Is obliged to conclude a truce with the queen's party, iL Dies of melancholy, at the diftracted ftate of the coimtry, ii. Forms an affociation, who feize the young king James, 248. Marchy earl of. See Mortimer. Marchcy count de la, his wife Ifabella taken frorn him by the count of Angouleme, her father, and married to John king of England, ii. Excites commotions againft John in the French provinces, ib. 43. Is taken prifoner by John, 46. Marries Ifabella on John's death, 164. Margaret of Anjou., her chara<iLer, iii, 170, Married to Henry VI. of England, ih. Joins the cardinal of Winchefter's fadtion againft the duke of Gloucefter, ih. Sufpefted of having fome hand in GlouDelivered of a fon, 198. Ralfes an army in ceiler's mui'der, 173. the north of England, and defeats and kills the duke of York, 209. Her army under the earl of Pembroke defeated by Edward duke of York, at Mortimer's crofs, 210. Defeats the earl of Warwic at St. Regains polTeffion of the king, ih. Retires before Alban's, ih. Confequences of the licenthe army of Edward duke of York, 211. Her army routed at Teuton, 218. tioufnefs of her troops, 217. Endeavours to engage the Retires with Henry to Scotland, 219. DeSolicits afiidance in France, 223. Scots in her intereft, 220. Her extraordinary adventure with robbers feated at Hexham, 224. Goes to her father's court, and retires, ih. Enin a foreft, 225. Marries her foa ters into a league with the earl of Warwic, 238. Edward to the lady Anne, daughter to the earl of Warwic, ih. Returns to England on the i-eftoration of her hufband, but arrives not Ranfomed by Lewis of France, 258, till after Warwic's defeat, 244. Her charaSer, ib. ~ of Norway, by what tide file fucceeded to the crown of ScotGuardians appointed during her infancy, ih. Treaty land, ii. 246. Dies of marriage between her and prince Edward of England, ih.
earl of,

to Scotland, 247. daughter to Henry Vil. married to James IV. of Scotland, Marries Douglas earl of Angus, on the death of James IV. iii. 386. iv. 5. Is divorced, and marries another nobleman, 123. Marignan, battle of, between Francis I. of France, and the Swifs, iv. 9.

on her paitage
,

Marlbam,

INDEX,
Markhanii Sir George, his oppreffive treatment by the court of ftai chamber, vi. 305. Marlebrtdge, laws enadled by the parhament fummoned there by

Henry

III. after the barons wars,

ii.

223.

MarrCf Donald earl of, appointed regent on the death of the earl of Murray, ii. 383. Is defeated and killed by Edward Baliol, 384. Marriage ivlth kindred, an examination of the queftion concerning, with reference to that of Henry VIII. v/ith Catharine of Arragon, iv. loi. Marjhal's court abohfhed by the long parliament, vl. 422. Marjlon-moort battle of, between prince Rupert and Sir Thomas Fair_

fax,

vii.

II.

Martial latu^ the arbitrary indifcriminate exertion of, previous to, and during the reign of queen Elizabeth, v. 454. Martin II. pope, fummons a council at ir'lacentia, to confult about Calls another council refcuing the holy land from the Turks, i. 294. at Clermont, 295. . V. pope, eleded by the council of Conftance, iii. 118. Writes Henry VI. a fevere letter againft the Itatute of provifors, 214. Martyr, Peter, defires leave to withdraw from England at the accefiion Is generouily afiilled by bifliop Gardiner, of queen Mary, iv. 377, Indignities ufed to his wife's body, il^. 378. Martyrs. See Herefy. Mary of Anjou, queen to Charles VII. of France, recovers her hufband from his dejeftion on the fiege of Orleans, iii. 141. 1 princefs, fitter to Henry VIII. married to Lewis XII. of , Marries the duke of SufFrance, who dies quickly after, iii. 443.
.

daughter of Henry VIII. betrothed, an infant, to the dauphin of France, iv, 14. Is after betrothed to the emperor Is contracted by treaty with the duke of Orleans, 71. Charles, 26. The ftates of Caftile oppofe her marriage vsith the emperor, 76. The bifhop of Tarbe, ambafTador from France, obje(!?t:s to her marriage with the duke of Orleans, ib. Is excluded from the fucceffion by parliament, 118. Is taken into favour on her compliance with Is illegitimated the acknowledgment of her father's fupremacy, 162. by parliament, 163. is refiored to her right of fucceffion by parhainent, 242. Adheres to the mafs during the fteps to reformation in her brother's reign, and, by the emperor's means, obtains a temporary connivance, 325. Her chaplains irnprifoned, 346. Is remonftrated with by the council, ib. Continues obftinate in the catholic faith, lb. A difcuffion of her title to the fucceffion, 366. Her narrow efcape from falling into the hands of Northumberland on her brother's death, 368. Her meafures to fecure poffeffion of the crown, The lady jane Gray is proclaimed at London, ib. The nobility lb. and people flock to her, 370. The lady Jane deferted, and her title univerfally acknowledged, 371, 372. Caufes the ladv Jane and her party to be apprehended, 372. Releafes the duke of Norfolk and other prifoners from the Tower, 374. Affects popularity, ib. Her bigotry, 375. Imprilons the proteltant bifhops, 376. Caufe of her profecuting Cranmer for treafon, ib. The mafs celebrated before the parliament, 379. All Edward's ttatutes' on religion repealed, ib.
Pelibcrates

folk, 445. princefs, ',

-

INDEX.
I)ciit)erates

on the cKoice of three hufbands propofed to her, 3Sa.

firil

Caufe of her

declared aaimofity to her

to

filler

Elizabeth,

ib.

De-

over The emperor Charles V. procardinal Pole in quality of legate, ib. DifTolves the parliapofes his fon Philip to her for a huihand, 383. ment for oppofingthe Spanifh match, 385. Subflance of the marriage Remarks of the people on this alliance, 387. Infurarticles, 386. Treats her fifter Elizabeth harfhly, rettions on occafion of it, 388. Orders the execution of lady Jane and her hufband, 392. Her 390. cruel conducl with refpeft to Sir Nicholas Throgmcrton, 394. Difarms Her fond anxiety for the arrival of Philip, 397. Is the people, ib. married to him, 398. Is unable to get her hufband declared prefumptive heir to the crown, or to get him crowned, 401. Imagines Diflblvcs the parliament, 403. Lerfelf pregnant, 402. Refolves to exert the laws againft herefy with rigour, 41 r. See Herefy. An exprefs commiffion ifTued, more efFe6lUally to extirpate herefy, 416. proclamation againd heretical hooks, 419. Sends a folemn embafTy to pope Paul IV. 420. Refolves to comply with the pope's demand of full reftitution of all church property, 42 I. Is dejefted at her hufband's Her oppreffive extortions from negletl, and going to Flanders, 422. lier fubjefts, 423. Is oppofed by Pole and others in her delign of engaging the kingdom in Philip's quarrel with France, 43^. Philip this was effeiled, ib. returns to prefs her to that meafure, ib. Calais taken by the duke Raifes money arbitrarily for this war? 433. Obtains grants from parliament, 441. All falcs or of Guife, 435. grants of crown lands by her, for feven years to come, contirmed by Thanks her filler for referring the king of Sweden's parliament, ib. Prepares a great propofal of marriage to her confideration, 442. Her health defleet for a defcent on Britanny, which fails, 443. Dies, ib. An ellimate of clines, and the caufe of her illnefs, 445. her charadler, ib. Becomes Mary, daughter of James V. of Scotland, born, iv. 230. queen by the death of her father, ib. Is contrafted by prince EdIs fent to France, and betrothed to the ward of England, 233. Affumes the title Is married to the dauphin, 440. dauphin, 312. and arms of England on the acceffion of queen Elizabeth, v, jig. Treaty of Edinburgh, and fettlement of the adminillration by this Refufcs her aifent to the parliatreaty during her abfence, 36. mentary reformation of religion, 39. Refufes to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 4c. Her hufband F'rancis II. dies, 42. Refufes the defire of the Lnglifli ambaffador, of ratifying the treaty of Edinburgh, Is ill or to renounce her pretenfions to the crown of England, 43. treated by the queen-mother of France, and refolves to return to Scotland, ib.' Her refentment on being refufed a pafTage through England, zZ", Arrives In Scotland, 45. ohews great regret on leaving France, 2^. Her charafter and accompll.liments, 47. Beftovvs her confidence en the leaders of the reformed party, ib. Eofes her popularity Is expofed to infulti by her adherence to the catholic religion, 48. from this caufe, ib. Endeavours to gain the favour of John Knox, Her life rendered unthe reformer, who contrives to Infult her, 49. happy through his infoleiit conducl, 50. Her future errors deduclble in part
Invites

clares her intention of reconcilement

Rome, 381.

How

INDEX.
Is petitioned by the churcK on account of a Outrages committed on her chapel, ^3* bawdy-houfe, ib. Makes an ill-judged claim to Elizabeth, of being declared her fucElizabeth's reply to her, ib. Ail apparent reconciliation celTw". 56. El'zabeth evades an interview with takes place between them, 81. The Divers matches concerted for her by her uncles, 82. her, lb. Is piqued at earl of Leictfter propofed to her by Elizabeth, ib. Sends Sir James Melvil to Elizabeth's duplicity in this offer, 84.

part from tins caiife, 52.

riot at a

London

to

accommodate

their

differences, ib.

The Lord Darnley

propofed to her as a hufband, 85. Is advifed by Elizabeth to invite him, and his father the earl of Lenox, to Scotland, 86. Elizabeth, Refle'^iions on her fituation in inconfiitently againft the match, 87, Is exhorted by the being of a different religion from her people, ib. general affembly to renounce the Romilh religion, 88. Is married to lord Darnley, 89. confederacy formed againft her at Stirling, 90. Forces them to retire into Drives the rebels into Argylefhire, 91. England, ib. Elizabeth's deceitful concuA on this occafion, ib. Pardons the leaders of the confpiracy, 92. Is advifed to rigour by Summons a parliament to her uncle the cardinal of Lorraine, 93. attaint the rebel lords, 94. A characier of her hufband Darnley, ib. Incurs his refentment on her negle^l of him, on difcovery of his weaknefs and vices, 95. Her attachment to David Rizzio, ib. Rizzio alfaffinated in her prefence by Darnley's order, 97. Is detained prifoner in her palace, 98. Is reconciled to the banifhed lords, ib. Her art in procuring her liberty, 99. CoUefts an army, and d ives the confpirators into England, ib. Grants them liberty to return home at the interceflion of Bothwel, ib. Makes Darnley difavow all concern in Rizzio's murder, and then leaves him in difdain, ib. Is brought to bed of a fon, 100. Sends Sir James Melvil to Elizabeth with the news, ib. Melvil's account of Elizabeth's behaviour on this intelligence, ib. Her intimacy with Bothwel, 105. An apparent reconcihation between her and Darnley, 106. Darnley blown up with gunpowder in a lone houfc, 107. Is fufpedled to have concerted this murder with Bothwel, ib. Is petitioned by the eari oE" Lenox for juftice againft Bothwel, and others, whom he charge with the murder, 108. Calls a parliament, and eftablifhes the proteftant religion, 109. Bothwel recommended to her for a hufband by the nobility, 1 10. Is feized by Bothwel, to afford her the plea of violence, HI. Grants him a pardon for all crimes, /^. Acknow'edgcs herfelf free, and orders the banns to be publilhed for her marriage with Bothwel, now made duke of Orkney, 1 13. Craig, the mir.ifter, who is ordered to publifh the banns, firmly remonftrates againft it, it. Is married to Bothwel, 115. Is exhorted againft -c both by her French relations and Elizabeth, ib. The peoph .nurmur at thefe grofs proceedings, ih. A confederacy of nobi'- ' ^med againfl her, ivho take arms, 118. Is reduced to put herfelf into the hands of the confederates, 119. Is conduiTied to Edin'^urgh amidft the reproaches and infults of the people, ib. Is fcnt to the caltle of Lochlevin, 120. An embalfy fent by El' oeth, in her favour, 121. Four diff"crent fchemes framed for the treatment of her, by her fubjefts, 123. Prctenfions to the regency, 124. Is forced to refign the crown.

^_

Vol. VIIL

and

INDEX.

and concur in a fettlcment of the adminiftratlon during her fon's miAn aflbciation Efcapes from Lochlevin caftle, 127. nority, 124. Receives offers of-, formed, and an army raifed, in her favour, ib. Is defeated by Mm-ray at Langfjde, afliftance from Elizabeth, ih. Retires to England, craving proteflion from Elizabeth, ib. 12S. Is required by Elizabeth to clear herfelf from the murder of her Sends lord Herrles to declare her readinefs to fubmit hufband,' 131. Appoints commiflioners on her part, her caufe to Elizabeth, 132. The conferences opened at York, ib. The fecret reafon of 134. Elizabeth the weak allegations made again!! her by Murray, 137. transfers the conferences to Hampton-court, and adds other comMurray accufes her more explicitly, and her commiiTioners, 139. Her letters and fonnets to Bothwel miflioners refufe to anfvver, 141. Is direftly charged with the murder by Hubert, produced, T42.
Bothwel's fervant, at his execution,
laid before the Englifh. privy-council,

The refult of the conference Elizabeth's reply to her 144. Is removed from Bolton to Tutbury, under the commiflioners, ib. R.efufes to make any concuftody of the earl of Shrewfbury, 146. marriage with the duke of Norfolk propofed to her, ceflions, ib. Receives a letter from the earl of Lelcefter, recommending 1 56. Is removed to Returns a favourable anfwer, ib. this match, 159.
ib.

Writes to Murray, but Coventry, and more ftriftly guarded, 162. Her party ftrengthened by the death of receives no anfwer, 166. Murray, 168. Receives terms for a treaty frorn Elizabeth, which flie Ehzabeth evades this treaty, and convinces her of ao-rees to, 170. Enters into the duke of Norfolk's confpirac}'-, her infincerity, 172. Her Elizabeth remonftrates with her on her conduft, 2co. 197. party in Scotland fupprefled by the influence of Elizabeth, 203. Her confinement rendered ilrifter by the apprehenfions of Elizabeth, 222Her propofai of acWrltes a pathetic letter to Elizabeth, 250. Counterfeit letters writ in her name by the commodation, 253. Is committed to Englifli miniflry, to difcover her partlfans, 257. Defires the cuftody of Sir Amias Paulet, and Sir Drue Drury, 258.
leave to fubfcrlbe Leicefter's aiTocIation for the queen's proteftion, ib' Enters into Babington's confplracy, 288. Is conveyed to Fotherlngay-

Her papers feized, ib. Her anfvver to the Information caftle, 291. Is prevailed on to fubmit to trial, of her approaching trial, 292. 294. Is proved to have confpired againft her fon James, 295. The commiflioners adjourn to the Itar-chambcr, London, and I'entence Her lall letter to Elizabeth, 303. Her behaher to death, 299. exeI-s viour on being ordered to prepare for execution, 311. Her charafler,. i<^. Proofs of the authenticity of her cuted, 319. The countefs of Shrewfbury's fcandalous letters to Bothwel, 496. reports of queen Elizabeth communicated by her to the queen, 5^.Her refentment againft her fon for deferting her caufe, 509* Enquiry into the evidences of her engagement In Babington's confplvacy, 510.
lady, daughter of James duke of York, Is married to the prince Concurs In the fettlement of the crown of of Orange, viil. 34. Eno-b.nd on the prince, her hufband, 318. Mcjs-booh reviewed and altered by Henry VHI. Iv. 225. Private mafles

Mary,

abolilhcd

INDEX.
by aft of parliament, 307. The mafs revived by queen Mary, 376. Is finally aboHOied by Queen Elizabeth, v. 12. Mafey, governor of Glouceftcr, for the parliament, his charafter,
atoliniecl
vi.

$2^.

Is

befieged

by the king,

ib.

His vigorous defence, 530.

Is relieved

by the

earl of EiTex, ^'^i

Majlers, Richard, vicar of Aldington, in Kent, concerts the impofturc ConfcfTes the artifice, and is puof the holy maid of Kent., h. 135.
niflied,

137.

Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III. king of Scotland, married to king Henry I. of England, i. 318. daughter of king Henry I. betrothed to the emperor Henry V. , Married a!"tervs^ard to Geoffrey, fon of Fu'lk, of Germany, i. 340. Receives the count of Anjou, ib. Brought to bed of Henry, 344. Lands ia oath of fealty from the Englifii and Norman nobility, lb. England to alTert her pretenfions againft Stephen, 359. Stephen Gains Receives homage of the barons, Ih. taken prifoner, 361. Cultivates the favour of the over Henry, bilbop of Winchefter, 362. clergy, 2i^. Her charafter, 364. Befieged in Winchefter, 365. Flies, and exchanges Stephen for her brother Robert, lb. Matrimony ordered to be folemnized by the civil magiftrate, vii. 229. Matthews., Toby, cafe of his expulfion from parliament, ftated,
vi. 550. Maurice^ bifliop of London, crowns Henry I. i. 313. elector of Saxony, the grounds of his quarrel with the emperor Raifes an army of protefrant^ againft him, w. Charles V. iv. 382. Reduces Charles to grant a peace favourable to the protellants, 383, prince, fon of the elector palatine, comes to England with his , See brother Rupert, and offers his affillance to Charles I. vi. 505. R.itpert. Is fent by the king with a reinforcement of cavaliy into the Is fliipwrecked, vii. 205. weft, 518. ~ See Orange. , prince of Orange. Mautravers and Gournay, the keepers of tKe depofed king Edward II. murder him cruelly by Mortimer's orders, ii, ^59. Their fates, lb. Maximilian, king of the Romans, his pretenfions to the government of the Low Countries, how founded, iii. 334. Marries Anne duchefs of Britanny, 346. Who is afterwards forced into a marriao;e with the king of France, 349. Makes peace with France, and obtains a reltitution of hia daughter's dowry, '^^^^ His conduct as emperor, 415. Joins pope Julius II. in the leag'ue of Cambray again!! the Venetians, lb. Calls a council at Pifa, in conjunftion with Lewis, i.T oppofition to the pope, 418. Detached fiom the French interefl by pope Leo X. 424. Concludes an alliance with Henry VIII. and Ferdinand againll France, 426. Serves under Henry, and receives pay from him in his French expedition, 433. Detaches himfclf from Henry, and allies with Spain and Fiance, 441. His ineffedual^ invafion of Milan, and treaty with France and Venice, iv. 11. His death, and the competition for the imperial dignity, 18. Mayemie, duke of, becomes head of the catholic league, on the alTaffination of his brother the duke of Guife, v. 357. Mazarine, cardinal, fucceeds Richlieu in the French minillrv, in the infancy of Louis XIV. vii. 247. Temporifcs with Cromwcl, 249. HI9
'

'

coir.pUriicnt

INDEX.
corapHmeht to Cromwcl, 280. Concludes the treaty of the Pyreniiccs _with Spain, 305, Refufcs to fee Charles II. of En-^land, 306. %leal iuh jlot, viii. 124.
y^/f^w.v

bf fieged and taken by Henry V. ill. 115. jMtd'md Sidonia, duke of, is appointed to the command of the Spanifli Invincible Arrnada, v, 339. His inltriiAions, 340. Difobeys hi* orders, in failing to attack the Englifli fleet, 341. Is worlted, andfails to Calais, 343. Js attacked and difconcerted by the Engli(h admiral, lb. Sails northward on his return, and his fleet dellroyed

by a dorm, 344. Medids, Catherine de, her influence in the court of France ItfTened by the enormous authority ufurped by the duke of Guife, and his brothers, V. 40. Is appointed regent, on the death of Francis II. during the minority of Charles IX. 42. Her ill ufagc of Mary queen of Scots, makes Mary think of returning to Scotland, 43. Kcmarks on her plan of internal adminillration, 68. Is forced to embrace the Guife party againil the prince of Condc, 69. Confents to an accommodation with the proteltants, 78. Comes to an agreement with Elizabeth, 80. Concerts, with Philip of Spain and the cardinal of; Lorraine, a maflacre of the French protcilants, 93. Set HugonoU. Maflacre of Paris, 205. Melvil, James, alTafiinates cardinal Beaton, iv. 298. His behaviout applauded in Knox's hiitory, ib. note. - , Sir James, is fent ambaflador, from Mary queen of Scotland, to queen Elizabeth, v. 84. His inilrucHons for negotiation, tb. His account of his converfation with Elizabeth concerning his miilrefs, ib. His charadter of Elizabeth on his return, 85. Is fent again to Elizabeth, to notify the birth of prince James, 100. His account of Elizabeth's behaviour on this occafion, ib. , Robert, is fent by the proteftant aflociation in Scotland, called the Congregation of the Lord^ to requell, aflillance from queen Elizabeth, V. 32. Propofes to Mary a marriage with the duke of Nor-

folk,

156.

Counties, the firfl fteps towards fending them to parliament^ See Commons. Merchants grant impofitlons on merchandize to Edward I. in their priii.

Members for
184.

vate capacity, ii. 277, note. Merchant-adventurers, the iocitty of, v^hen firll formed, ii. 324. Mercia, the Saxon kingdom of, its extent, and by whom founded, Its hifl;ory continued, ib. i. 47. Merton, a fynod called there, to ellablifh ecclefiaftical privileges, ii. 192. The refolutions of, annulled by the pope, ib. Mefz ineffedlually attacked by the emperor Charles V. iv. 382. Michelfon, the Scots prophetefs, fome account of, vi. 337.
Is impeached by Middhfe'x, earl of, treafurer, his character, vi. 144. Plis fine remitted, 145. the means of Buckingham, ih. Mlddleion, earl, is fent commifiioner, on the relloration, to call a par-

His arbitrary condud, 439 His liament in Scotland, vii. 365. commifllon given to lord Rothes, 442. Maximilian Sforza Milan, duchy of, fubdued by the French, iii. 384. rcinflatcd in that duchy, 424. Is attacked by Francis I. of France, iv.9.
Surrendered

INDEX.
Surrendered to Francis by Sforza, for a penfion, to. The French driven out, 42. lb Invaded again under the admiral Eonnivet, 53. The city blockaded, ib. Eon ni vet obliged to retire by the defcrtion of his Swifs troops, 54. Is conquered by the Impcrlalifts under the duke of Bourbon, 69. I'he Inveiliture again granted to Francis Sforza, gS. The emperor renounces all claim to, 248. Miildmay, Sir Walter, afterts the royal prerogative In high terms to the houfe of commons, v. 228, 229. Changed M'llitary-ferince, the origin and nature of, explained, il. IC2. into pecuniary fupplits, 247. Regulated by king Militia, the firlt eftablKhment of, by Alfred, i. 85. Henry II. 450. Feudal, the Inconvenlencies attending their fervlce, How their to the kings who fummoned their attendance, ii. 265. The perfonal fervlce became changed Into pecuniary fupplies, ib. cpnfequences of this alteration, 270. Law of queen Mary for the regulation of, Iv. 448. State of, during the reign of queen Elizabeth, V. 482. State of, in the reign of James I. vi. 178. A bill framed by the commons, and palTcd, taking it into thtir own hands, 479* King Charles's reply when prefled to pafs It, 482. Is carried Into Kllabliflimcnt of, by parexecution without his concurrence, 485. liament on the reftoratlon, vli. 391. State of, between the reftoration ?ind revolution, 321. The extraMill, Walter, is burnt for herefy at St. Andrews, v. 24. ordinary zeal of the people in his favour, ib. MillenariuTis, or fifth-monarchy men, are for abolifliing all government, after the death of Charles I. vil. 155. Milton, John, his opinion of the monkifh hiftorles of Britain, I. 28. Hie character as a writer, vli. 343. His Paradife Loft, how refcued from oblivion, 344. Remarks on the fate of the author, ib. IIm
death, 345.

Mind, human, hlftory

viii.

of,

ill.

297.

Mitchell, a Scots fanatic, fires a piflol at the archblfliop of St.

Andrews, His extraordinary treatment and execution, 55. Mife of Lewes, the treaty fo termed, H. zo6. Mona. See Anglejea, Monarchies, hereditary and eleftive, a comparative view of, under the
54.
feudal fyllem,
ii.

112.
entirely to the king''3 regulations,
iv.

Monajleries, fubjefted

by the

parlin-

ment of Henry VIII.

Refledlions on their tendency, 147. 117. Great abufts charged Commifiioners appointed to vifit them, 148. xAli nunr. Several furrender their revenues, ib. upon them, 149.

The ItiTer, required dlfmiffion, fet at liberty, ib. DIfcontents among the people ex150. The greater racnaiteries fupcited by the difperfed monks, 169. Reports of their fcandalous abufes publilhed to bnng preffed, 177. Their rclimus expofed, the memory of them into contempt, 178.
and
friars,

who

fuppreffed by parliament,

180. And rood ot Graue, particularly the blood of Chrlft, The number of them fuppreffed, and the amount of theiv, revenues, The hofpitality exercifed by them, 184. TIic funender of, 182. The abbots of Colchi;iti:r, Rtading, confirmed by parliament, 199.
;.'.

and

INDEX.
and Glaflcnbury, executed for treafon, 199. A curious paffage from Coke's IniHtuics, relating to the fuppreffion of, 456. Reflexions Monry, the vakie of, among our Saxon anceilors, i. 226. The interell: it bore in the reign of Richard I. ii. 36, note. on, 228. Remarks on the higheft interefl it bore in the thirteenth century, 226. A view of the ilate of, in the reign of Henry V. iii, 121. The rate The intereil of, when firlt of, in the time of Henry VII. 389, note. The intereft of, how limited in England and fixed by law, iv, 278. France at the time of queen EUzabeth, v. 483. Mortage, an explanation of the tax levied by the Anglo-Norman kings <. under that name, ii. 127. When abolilhed, ib.

Monk,

where

parliament in Dundalk in Ireland, him, and delivers the place up to Is left by Cromwel to complete the redudion of Orinond, vii. 164. Reduces Stirlhig-caftle, and fends the records of Scotland, 195. Takes Dundee, and puts the inhabitants Scotland to London, 207. to the fword, ib. Reduces the kingdom to obedi:ace to the commonCommands at fea under Elake, in an engagement with wealth, lb. Defeats the Dutch fleet under Tromp, who is the Dutch, 215. killed, 234. His family and hiftory, 307. His behaviour to his Marches brother, who came to engage him 'n the royal caufe, 311. Advances without orders, 315. Hi meflage into England, 312. Arrives in Weflminfler, to the parliament, from St. Alban's, 316. His reply to the thanks of parliament, ib. Executes the orders ib.
general,

commands

for the

h's garrifon mutinies agaiaft

of the parliament in apprehending the. refractory citizens, 318. Orders the parliament to diffolve, and call, a new one; and unites with Communic.ites his intentions to Sir John Granthe citizens, 319. Adsrifes Charkb II. to leave Spain for Holland, 323. ville, 322. 'i he Secures the commanders in r.eland in the king's intereft, 325. king proclaimed, 328. Receives the ki g at Dover, 329. Is created duke of Albemarle, 35c. Ste Jllemarle. Monks, Britifli, great fiaughter of, by Adelfrid king of NorthumberSaxon, ciiaracleriiL^d, no. Their addrefs in working land, i. 41. See Mnnafieries. miracles, 127.

Monkifi

hiflorians, charatters of,

i.

28.

Monmouth, James duke of, his birth and character, viii. 95. His illeDefeats the Scots gitimacy declared by the king in council, 96.
Is deprived of his command, covenanters at Bothvvel-bridge, 115. and fent abroad, by the influence of the duke of York, 12:;;. Comes over without leave, 125. Preients a petition againll calUng Engages in a confpiracy againft the the parliament at Oxford, 150. Abfconds upon the difcovery of it, i88. Is pardoned, king, 183. Invades England on the aceeffion of Is brnilllied, 203. 202. Inftances of Is attainted by parliament, ib. Tames II. 227. Is executed, Is defeated at Sedgmore, 329. his miicondutt, 228.

230.
Monopolies,

enormous grants

of,

by queen Elizabeth,

v.

439.

The

per-

Debates in the houfe of comnicious tendency of thefe grants, 459. mons concerning, 528. Chief part of the national trade engroflcd by aft exclufive companies ar^d patents in the reign ,of James I, vi. 23.

An

paffed

INDEX.
Are revived by Charles I. 296. The patents and annulled by James I. vi. 23. Monotheliles, their hcrefy condemned in a fynod at Hatlield, i. 64. Monfon, Sir William, commands under admiral Sir Richard Levifon, in
pafled againfl,
for,
all

143.

called in

an expedition to the coall of Spai^.i, v. 443. Montacufe, brother of the earl of Warwick, defeats the Lancaftrians at Hexham, iii. 224. Gains a battle with the infurgents in Yorklhire, Created a marqviis, 235. Leagues with his brother "Warwick 233.

Edward, 239, Encourages his men to change fides, and Edward from his own camp, 241. Montagu, Edward, a member of the houfe of commons, the arbitrary fpeech of Henry VIII. to him, iv. 451. Montague, Sir Edward, chief juilice of the common pleas, is ordered by Edward VI. with other judges, to prepare a deed for the fucctflion of lady Jane Gray, iv. 362. Is abufed by Dudley duke of Northumagainll king
drives

berland, for refufing, 363.

His expedient

for the fecurity of himfelf

364. , is fent with a fquadron to the Baltic, to mediate between Sweden and Denmark, vii. 304. Quits his Ration to afiift Sir George Booth Obtains, and the royalills in their intended rifmg, which fails, 321. with Monk, the joint command of the fleet,, ih. Carries the fleet to Holland, to bring Charles II. over, 329. Is created earl of Sandwich, 350. See Sandwich. a:fnbaffador at Paris,' fecretly negotiates with France, and trea, cherotifly receives a large bribe from Barillon, the miniiter of that court, viii 43, note. Returns without leave, and produces Danby's letter to the houfe of commons, 86. Raifed by the Monfarg'ts, befieged by the earl of Warwick, iii. 137. count of Dunois, ih, Montcontour, battle of, between the duke of Anjou and the admiral Co-

and the other

parties,

ligni,

v.

188.
lord,

Monteagle,

receives
It

intimation of the gunpowder-plot,

ib.

vi.

34.

Communicates

to lord c^ahibury,

Montecuculi, the Imperial general, joins the prince of Orange, and obliges Lewis XiV. to abandon his conquell in the Low Countries, vii. 5 10. Moniford, Simon de, appointed a general of the crufade publifhed by pope

Innocent III. agalnlt the Albigenfes, ii. 67. For his ion, fee LdceJIer. Montmorency, conitable, commands the French army, agalnil the Spanifli under Fhillibcrt duke of Savoy, Iv. 434. Is defeated, and taken prifoner at the battle of St. Qjaintin. ib. His fentiments of the maniage joins the duke of the dauphin with the queen of Scotland, v. 32. of Guife againfl. the prince of Condc, 68. Takes Roiien from the proteilants, 71. Is taken prifoner by the proteltants at the battle of Befieges Havie-de-Grace, Dreux, 72. Is releafed by treaty, 78, Takes it by capitulation, 8c. Is killed at the battle of St, 79. Dennis, io6. Montre'uilk, the French ambaffador, prevails with Charles I. to feek protection in the Scots army, vii. 72. Is imvii. ^lontroje, earl of, his hril introduAion to Charles I. 43. prifoned in Scotland for his attachment to the king, 44. Procures duke Jiamilton's dlfgrace with the king, 46. Negotiates for Irllh troops, tq l)wk I
'

INDEX.
snake a diverfion
in

Scotland, 47.

Defeats lord Elcho, iL

Defeats

lord Burley, 48. bert> of them, 49.

Routs Argylc's forces, and is join, d by great numTakes and plunders Dundee, 50. Defeats Urrey

and Baillie, iu Defeats the covenanters al Killyth, 62. Is conquered by David Lefley, 64. Retires abnad, 76. Railes levies to afijft Charles II. 177. Lands m Scotland, i? defeated and taken prifoner, His cruel treatment, 179. Is executed, 181. 178. Morcar and Edivin rebel againft the injuliicc ofTofti duke of Northumberland, i. 176. Morcar julcifies their caufe, and is made duke, ib. Head the Englilh againll the Normans, after the battle of Haftings, 232. Submit to William the Conqueror, 236. Attend him to Normandy, 239. Excite a rebellion in the North, 245. Reduced, 246.' Their deaths, 261 More, Sir Thomas, remarks on his account of Jane Shore, ili. 274, note. When fpeaker rf - houfe of commons, joins the perfuafions of cardinal Wolfe) obtain the grants to Henry VIII. iv. 47, The great feal taken .om Wolfey, and committed to him, 92. Refigns the great feal on the profpect of alterations in religion, 109. Rctufes to lubfcribe the oath regulating the fucceflion of the crown, enjoined by parliament, lig. Is attainted by parliament, 12 i. His cruel pei"fecution of James Bainham for herefy, 132. Is tried and executed for denying the king's fupremacy, 139. Roger, an Irilh gentleman, forms a confpiracy to expel the Eng, lifli from Ireland, vi. 433. His defign of feizing the caiUe of Dublin
c
'

difcovered, 436, Is fhocked at the barbarities of O'Nealc, abandons the caufe, and retires to Flanders, 439.

Morrlce, attorney of the cuUii of wards, makes a motion in the houfe of commons, againft abufes of ecclefiaflical power, v. 365. Is divefted of his employments, and imprifoned, 366. , a gentleman of Devontliire, is the only friend with whom general Monk confulted concerning the refloratlon of Charles II. vii, Is made fecretary of ftate by the king, 351. 322. dloriimer, Roger, his hiHory, ii. 351. His firll acquaintance with Ifabtlla queen to Edward II. i6. His intimacy with her, i6. Joins Ifabella in a confpuacy againft the king, i6. Invades England with Prccuie^ the death of the earl of Arundel, and the her, 354. chancellor Baldoc, 356. Takes the king out ofLeicefter's cuftody, and delivers him to the lord Berkeley, Mautravers, and Gournay, Orders the two latter to murder him, 359, Attends Ed358. ward III. in his army to oppofe the Scots, and checks his ardour to engage them, 375. Arrogates to himfelf all authority in government, ii. Concludes a treaty with Robert Bruce, 376. Hismeafures to diii'ppoint any combinations againft him, iL Contrives the dellruciion of the earl of Kent, 377. Is fcized by the king, 379. Tried and executed, z^. > , Roger earl of March, declared fucceffor by Richard II. iii. 28.

Killed in Ireland, 38. His fons kept prifoners in Windfor caftle, by'' Henry IV. 62. jmoriimer's Crojs, oattle of, between Jafper Tudor earl of Pembroke,
a -u ^(iward duli."
(ii

York,

iii.

210.
paiTed,
ii.

>

Mortmain f the

firll

llatute of,

when

322.

The

probable motives

I
tfves

N D

X.

ofE<1\vardT. in this law, 322. How eluded in the time of Richard II. iii. ^6> Morion, Joh ., his charai^er, iii. 319. Becomes confidant of Henry VI I. Made archbilhop of Canterbury, 320. Created a cardinal, 374. il>. earl of, chancellor of Scotland, becomes jealous of David Rizzio, V. 96. Advifes Darnley to get him cut of, 97. Takes the coronation oath in the name of the young king James VI. 125. I appointed commiffioner in the caufe of Mary, 134. How he became pofftfled of a caflcet of Mary's letters, 142. Is appointed by the Scvics parliament a commilhoner to manage a treaty with Elizabeth concerning Mary, 17I. I? difmiffed by Elizabeth without concluding on any thing, 172. Is chofen regent on the death of the earl of Mar, 202. Refigns the regency into the hands of the young king, and retires, 231. Returns and refumes an influence over government, 16. Is tried and condemned for being an accomplice inl>arnley's murder, by the iuiiuence of the earl of Lenox, 232.
,

His execution haftened

in oppofition to the interpofition of Elizabeth,

233' . Mountford, count de, half brother to John HI. duke of Britanny, acknowledges Charles de Blois as fucctlTor to that duchy, ii. 416. Endeavours to acquire poflcfiion of the duchy, rb. Engages' Edward HI. of England to patronifc his pietciii'.ous, ih. Goes to Paris Is taken and confined in the tower of the to plead his caufe, 4.7. Louvre, ib. bee t.'ie next article. Jane countefs of, her vigorous efforts to fupport her hufband' , intereli in Britaimy, ii. 417. Is befieged by Charles de Blois atHenncbonne, 418. Her vigorous defence, 419. Is relieved by an Engli(h fleet, 420. Goes to England to folicit farther fuccours, ih. Edward goes over to Britanny in perfon, 421. A truce concluded for three years, ib. Takes Chailts de Blois prifoner, 438. Her fon obtains pofTcffion of Britanny, and is acknowledged by France,
Mowitjoy, lord, protefts agalnfl the
bill eftablifhing a council to judge offences againil the king's proclamations, the only proteft againft any public bill during the rtign of Htnry VIII. iv. 238.
"

deputy to Ireland, on the precipitate return 413. Drives Tyrone and his party into the woods and moralTes, ib. His fucceffes againfl the rebels, 435. Reduces the Spaniards, and defeats Tyrone, 438. Tyrone iurrenders himfelf up to him, 445. Mowbray, John de, ejcdted from his inheritance of the barony o'f Gower, by Edward 11. at the inilance of Hugh le Defpenfer, ii. 345, ' Robert earl of Northumberland, excites a conlp.it.cy againJt , Wilham Rutus, i. 292. Dies in confinement, ib. Mun/ter, bifhop of, invades the Dutch territo )ts at the infligation of Charles ll. but makes peace with the ftates, vii. 407. Jl^urd^n, his account of the military force -of i^ngiand, at the time of the Spanifh armada, v. 481. Myder, a lift of the legalcon)pontioft.s for, among our Sa.Kon ancellors, i. 219. oii .!. ,;4ii
"
,

lord,

is

fcnt lord
v,

of the

earl

of Effex,

INDEX,
Murray,
Scots
earl of, appointed by Robert Bruce joint commander of the army with lord Douglas, invading England on the death of Edward II. ii. 372. His reply to the defiance of Edward 111. 374.
lb.

Retires horne, Dies, 383.

'

Is appointed guardian to

David Bruce,

381.

lord James, created earl of, and enjoys the chief authority under

of Scotland, v. 47. Becomes difcontented at the marriage of iVIary with lord Darnley, 90. Joins a confederacy of malcontents at Stirling, ih. Is iil-ufed by Elizabeth on the occafion, 91. Obtains a reftoration to favour, 92. Is invited back to Scotland by

Mary queen

Darnley, 98. Is reconciled to Mary, lb. Obtains leave to retire into France, 119. Is appointed regent, on the firft refignation of Mary, 124. Arrives, and treats Mary harfhly, 125. Summons a parliament, which condemns Mary to imprifonraent, lb. Demolifhes the fortrefs of Dunbar, lb. Raifes forces on Mary^s efcape fromX.ochleven-cafi:le, 128. Defeats her at Langfide, z/^. Is required by Elizabeth to- juftify his conduct toward Mary, 132. Promifes to come with other coiTHTiiffioners to fubmit his caufe to Elizabeth, lb. Is appointed a commiffioner by the kingdom for this purpofe, 134. The iecret reafons of the weaknefs of his allegations againfl. Mary, 137. Lays his full evidences privately before the Eng'.ifh coram flioners, and requells Elizabeth's prottflion, 138. Propoies queries to Elizabeth, lb. The conferences transferred to Hampton-court, 139.

Hercommillioners refufe to reply, Bothwel, with the confeffion of Hubert, 142. Is difmiffed by Elizabeth, with a prefent for his charges, Propofes to the duke of Norfolk a marriage with Pvlary, 156. 145. His pohtical motives in tiiis propofal, 157, Difcovers Norfolk's defign to Mary, 160. Is affaiTinated, 167. His character, /3. Vindicated from the accufations of queen Mary and her advocates, 502. Mtifcovy, a profitable trade eftabliihed with, iv. 447. An embaffy arrives from, to queen Mary, lb. An exclufive trade with, granted to the Englifh, V. 477. This privilege withdrawn, 478.
explicitly, 140.
letters to

AccufesMary more
141.

Produces Mary's

N.

JSJAJARA,
wealth,
Naples,
vii.

battle of,
ii.

between Edward the Black Prince and Henry

477.
of,

de Tranftamare,

Names, Chriilian, ttrange modification

230.

at the time of the

common-

Nant%, the edici of, revoked by Lewis XIV. vlii. 242. conquered by the joint force of France and Spain,
Seized by the
Nafeby,
battle
vii.

iii.

4^4*

latter, lb.

of,

betv/een Charles I,

and the generals Fairfax and

57. Nwoarre, fituation of that kingdom, iii. 420. Crafty invafion of, by Ferdinand of Spain, 421. Anthony, king of, is excluded from all office and favour at the , court of France, by the influence of the Guife family, v. 40. Declares

Cromwel,

INDEX.
jn favour of the protefta^ts, 41. Is

made

lieutenant-general of the

kingdom, on the

acceflion of Charles

IX. 42.

Joins the duke of

at the fiegc

Guii'c againft the proteftants, 68.

ofRolien, 71. For his fon, ^avarre^ Henry priuce of, is placed by Coligni at the head of the proteftants after the defeat of Jarnac, v. 186. Is married to Margaret, filler to Charles, 205. His mother poifoned by order of the courtj ib. Is obliged by Charles to renounce the proteftant veiigion at the price of his life, during the maffacre of Parisj 206. Flies from the court, and places himlclf agairJ at the head of the Hugonols, 211. Defeats Obtains the crown of France on the death the king at Coutras, 355. of Henry III. 357. See Henry IV. rejefted by Henry VI. iii. 215. Navigation aB, one 'of this natu. Is paffed by the commonwealth parliament, vii. 211. Is fufpended byCharles II. 477.
.

wounded he Henry prince oL

Is mortally

Navy^ Englilh,
provement

iv. 446. The imHarrifon's account of her 480. navy, 533. view of the ftate of, during the reign of James I. vi. 180. The number of feamen then employed in the merchants fcrvice, 181. Account of the flate of, from the refloration to the revo-

Itate of, in

the time of queen Mary,

v.

of,

by queen Elizabeth,

lution, viii. 327. Naylor, James, a quaker, his extravagances,

fenfes

vii.

336.

Is reftored to his

by punidimc-nt,

3^,7.

Na%an Leud,
parliament,

the Bntifh chief, defeated

Neile, bifhop of Lincoln, occafions difputes

by
-

reflecting

by Cerdic the Saxon, i. 24. between the two honles of on the commons, vi. 73. Anecdote of him,

75-

emperor, fends Suetonius Pauhnus over to Britain, i. 7. Rehim, 9. Netherlands, the foreign commerce of England at the time of Henry VIII. confined to thofe countries, iv. 273. The arbitrary and feverc' behaviour of the emperor Charles V. toward the proteflants there, v. The duchefs of Parma left governefs of, by Philip, 192. The 191. Flemifh exiles become mafte.s of the Brill, 214. Revolt of Holland and Zealand, 215. See Orange. Duke of Alva recalled, 216. The treaty called the Pacification of Ghent, 219. A treaty concluded with Elizabeth, 220. The duke of Anjou comes over to their afTiltance, Anjou expelled for an attempt on their liberties, 247. See 242. United Provinces. Spanidi, rapid conquefls of Lewis XIV. in, vii. 431. Settlement of, by the triple league, and tieaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 435. Dutch, over- run by Lewis XIV. 487. Nez'ill, Sir John, executed for an infurreftion in Yorklhire, iv. 213. Neville, Hugh de, a fine paid to the king by his wife, for leave to pafs a night wiih him while in prifon, li. 133. the power, connexions, and branches of that family, iii. iSi. , Honours bellowed on, by Edward IV. 235. Neville^ Crofs, battle of, between queen Phillppa and David king of
Nero,
cals

Scotland,
Nciiftria, a

ii.

439.
i.

province in France, granted to Rollo the Dane, JSormandy.

13S.

Sec

Nezvarki

INDEX.
Neivarh, is beficged by the parliamentary forces, but relieved by prince Surrenders to the Scots army by the king's order, Rupert, vii. 9.
74-

Neivburn^ lord

Conway
vii.

Newbury, Second
ii.

battle of, battle of,

between Charles

routed there, by the Scots covenanters, vi. 357. I. and the earlofEffex, vi. 532.

Neiocajlle, the

230.
14.
5

17. charter granted to the inhabitants of, to dig coal, Is taken by llorm, by the earlof Leven, the Scots general,
firil

vii.

for the king in the north of England, York, vi. 513. Is created marquis, 534. Is repulfed in an attack upon Hull, SSS' ^^ beiieged in York by the Leaves the kingdom in difguft after parliamentary army, vii. 11, the battle of Mariton-moor, 14. Neiv England, the colony of, how peopled, vii. 341. iVfw Forefl, how and when made, i. 278. Remarkable accidents happening to the family of William the Conqueror in, 308.
earl of,

commands

and takes

poffefiion of

NeiL'founcilund,

firft

difcovery of,

iii.

405'.

New

taken from the Dutch by Sir Robert Holmes, vii. 399. Is ceded to the Englifh by the treaty of Breda, 422. Neivton^^xkxQ mathematician and philofopher, his charadler, viii. 334.
Torli,
is

His death,
Nicholas, Sir
reftoration,

ib.

is made fecretary of Hate by Charles II. on his Is difplaced by the influence of the duchefs of 351. Cleaveland, 392. Nimeguen, congrefs there, under the mediation of Charles II. viii. 21. Peace concluded there, 46. The treaty ratified, ib. Nobility y Saxon and Norman, wherein they differed, i. 211. The titles of, fold to fupply James I. with money, vi. 7 i. Non-addrejjes, the vote of, pafTed by the long parhament, vii. 113. I3

Edward,
vii.

repealed, 12

1.

yun-conformi/Is, their minifters ejefled out of their livings, vii. 384. Five Declaration of indulA<ft againft conventicles, 456. mile aft, 408.

The declaration recalled, 504. A bill for their relief 506. See Puritans. Norfolk, an infurreftion there againft inclofures, headed by Ket, a tanner, iv. 331. The infurgents defeated by Dudley earl of Warwick, ib. , duke of, challenges his accufer the duke of Hereford, iii. 3jf. The duel prevented by Richard II. 36. Banlfhed for life, ib. Roger earl of, is appointed agent for Henry III. to the , Bigod, Objefts to king John's right of fubjefting council of Lyons, ii. 170. England to the fupremacy of Rome, ib. His addrefs to Henry III. on the parliament affembling in armour, 183. Is gained over to the royal Refufes to ferve in the expedition to party by prince Edward, 200. Gafcony, and quarrels with the king, 289. Refufes to attend the king new marefchal appointed in his place for that ferto Flanders, ib. vice, 290. He and the earl of Hereford prefent a remonftrance to hina
gence, 476.
paffed,

on
a

his departure,

charters, and indemnity for himfelf,

full

of parliament a confirmation of the which are granted, 291. Obtains confumaiion of them frora the king en his return, 202.
ib.

Demands

Norfolhy

INDEX.
^'erfoUf ^arl of, brother to a Gonlplracy aguinft him,

Edward
ii.

II.

engages with queen Ifabella in

^'-

353.

duke

of, refigns his office of treafurer,

and

retires front court,

.

4-

duke of, oppofes the progrefs of the reformation, iv. 129. From what motives he became an enemy to his niece queen Anne
Is comPrefides as high fleward on her trial, 159. fupprefs Aflce's infurrcftion, termed the Pilgrimage of Grace, 172. His prudent meafures to dillrefs the infurgents, 173. Routs another infurreelion, and Prevails on them to difperfe, 174, Propofes the framing of the bill of puts their officers to deatli, 175.

Boleyn, 158.

jniffioiied to

lix articles to the houfe of lords,

The repartee of one of his 194. Prochaplains to him, concerning the celibacy of prielts, 195. no^e. Influcures a comraiffion to commit Cromwel to the Tower, 207. ences the king to a cruel perfecution of heretics, on his niece CatheIs appointed to command in rine Howard becoming queen, 212. Attends Henry in his invafion of the war againft Scotland, 228. Is checked by the king in a fcheme of ruining CranFrance, 246.
mer, 255.
Is, with his review of his fervices and honours, 261. Surrey exefon the earl of Surrey, committed to the Tower, 262. Ordered for execuIs attainted by the parliament, ib. cuted, 26:^. Is releafed from confinetion, but faved by the king's death, 264. ment by queen Mary, 374. His attainder reverfed by parliament, Is fcnt to fupprefs Advifts Mary to the Spanifli alliance, 383. 380.

Wiat's infuireflion his troops, 3S9.

the
counties

in

Kent, but

is

forced to retire by a dcfertion of

young duke of, is appointed lieutenant of the northern by queen Elizabeth, v. 35. Is appointed one of the commiffioners in the caufe between IViary queen of Scots and Murray the
regent, 134. Entertains hopes of marrying Mary, 138. Murray's queries to Elizabeth, i3. His character, 155.

Tranfmlts

A marriage

Obtains the countewith iVIary propofed to him by Murray, 156. Secures the nance of feveral of the nobility to this fcheme, 158. Receives intimations from concurrence of France and Spain, 159. Endeavours to the queen of her knowledge of his negotiations, 160. Is com.difcitdit the reports raifed againft him to the queen, 161. Is mitted to the Tower, and his friends taken into cuilody, 162. Renews releafed on promife of thinking no farther of Mary, 165. Enters into a confpiracy with liis correfpondence with Mary, 196. His fcheme difcovercd by the duke of Alva, againft Elizabeth, 197. Executed, 200. lord Burleigh, 198. Is tried, 199. Norham, caftle of, conference there, between Edwnrd I. and thi Scots parliament, to determine the right of the crown of Scotland, ii. 253. Normans^ origin of the name, i. 67. Their firft invafions of France, ib. And England. See William. Their charader, 18 1. 316. Norman barofisy confpire againft William the Conqueror, i. 263. SupInftance of their voting in Engliih councils, 399. preffed, 265. Normandy fettled by Rollo the Dane, i. 138. Hiftory of his fhccelTors, William, duke of, Chara<?ter of the Normans, 182. 314. 139. See WiUiam the Conqueror obtains the crown of England, 234. Invaded by Philip of Frautfe, on the news of Richard 1. and Robert. being
.

INDEX.
on his return from the crufade, ii. 24=. Roiien by the Earl of Leiceiler, 25. John inLaid veftcd with the duchy of, on his brother Richard's death, 41. under an interdift on account of the bifhop of Beauvais's captivity, who is fui rendered, 42. Two Brabancons left governors of it, by The barons John, on his leaving it, 53. Recov.^ed by Philip, 54. of, how differently circumftanced from thofe of other countries during The ftates of, how compofed, their connexion with England, 77. Formally ceded to Lewis IX. by Henry III of England, 190. 119. Caen feized and plunIs fuddenly invaded by Edward III. 426. Is invaded by four French armies," Calais taken, 442. dered, 428. Finally reduced to the government of F'-ance, 178. iii. 176.
being impvifoned
Philip repulied at

m Germany

Horns,
V.

Francis Drake in his expedition to Portugal, the EngliHi forces fent to reduce Britanny for Henry IV. 374. Is fent to reduce infurre6lions iti Ireland, ib. Is deceived by the treacherous negotiations of Tyrone, and dies of vexaSir John, joins
fir

348.

Commands

tion, 403. North -ivejl' pafiage, three attempts for the difcovery of, made by fir Martin Frobifher, v, 477, Davis's Straits difcovered, ib. Attempts for the difcovery of, made in the reign of James I. vi. 183. Northampton, a council called there, by king Henry II. in which Thomas Battle of, between Henry VI. and a Beclcct is condemned, i. 397.

the earl of Warwic, iii. 205. Northumberland, hiftory of the Saxon kingdom
.

of,

i.

40.

eari

of, defeats

earl

Douglas

at

Rebels againft Henry IV. and leagues with the

Homeldon, iii. 68. Welch and Scots, 69._

His fou defeated and

cepted, 72.

His fubmlffion ackilled by the king, 71. Retires to Scotland, and Is killed in an irruption into

England, 74.

Dudley earl of Warwic, made duke of, iv. 350. De, Caufcs Somerfet, his ducbefs, and termines to ruin Somerfet, 351. Trial and execution of Somerfet, 352. friends, to be arretted, ib. Endeavours to get Tonftal bifhop of Durham attainted, but is difapHis meafures in the calling a new pointed by the commons, 357. His reprelentations to induce the king to alter the parliament, 358. Places his own emiflaries about the king, 362. fucceffion, 360.
Abufes the
cliief jullice, fir

Edward Montague,

for

refufmg to draw

Procures the pathe deed of fettlement for lady Jane Gray, 363. Endeavours to get the two princeffes tent to be pafled, 364. Mary and Elizabeth into his power, 367. Proclaims the lady Jane Takes Is difcopcerted at the bad afpeft of affairs, 370. Gray, 369. Is deferted by his army, and prothe command of the army, 371. Is tried and exeIs apprehended, ib. claims queen Mary, 372.
cuted, 373.

Mary queen of Scots from her Enters into a negotiation with the 161. duke d'Alva, and ralfes an Infurreaion with the earl of V^eftmoreland Is taken by Murray, and confined in the caftle in the North, 163. Is delivered up and executed, 200. Lochlevcn, 164. of Charles I. to command his army againll , earl of, is fent by the Scots, vi. 357. Retires from Nevvcaftle on the rout of -lord Conway at

earl' of,

offers to releafe
v.

confinement in England,

INDEX.
at

Newbufn, 357. The command by

Joins the parliament againft

his illnefs devolves

on Strafford,

358.

the king, 496.

Retires to his

feat, 530. Northumberland, extraft of feme curious particulars from a houfehold book of an old earl of that family, iil. 460.

Norway, maid

..

of. See Margaret. Norwich, bifhop of, leads out a crufade againft the Clementines, iii. 58. , John lord, is befieged by the duke of Normandy in AngouHis llratagem to fave the garrifon, 425. leme, ii. 424. Nottingham, countefs of, difcovcrs on her death-bed, to queen Eliza

beth, her treachery to the earl of Effcx, v. 446. , earl of, and lord high admiral, is fent to Spain to ratify Sentiments of the Spaniards at fight of his the peace with, vi. 28.
train, ib>

from the Dutch Tork. Nowel, chaplain to queen Elizabeth, ing irreverently of the fign of the Noyeii, treaty of, between Francis I. Spain, afterward emperor, Iv. 12.

Nova

Belgia taken

by

fir

Robert Holmes,

vii.

399.

See

New

openly reproved by her for fpeakcrofs, v. 153, note.

of France and Charles king of

O.

f^ATES,
fiftencies

Titus, his account of a

Is

popiih plot,

viii.

6^.

His birth
ih.

and character, 69.

examined before the council,

Incon-'

Obtains a pendon, 7/' of his narrative pointed out, 73. His evidence againft lord Strafford, 140. Is heavily fined for calling the duke of York a popifn traitor, 200. Is convidled and fcntenced for perjury, 225. Oath, ex officio, arbitrary adminiftration of, by the court of ecckfiaftical
commiffion, v. 263. Odo, bifhop of Baieux, uterine brother to William the Conqueror, left joint adminiilrator of the kingdom with William Fitzofborn during Afpires to the popedom, his brother's abfence in Normandy, i, 239. Seized by William and confined during his reign, 279. En278. gages in a confpiracy againll William Rufus, 287. king of Mercia, his defcent, i. 48. Succeeds Ethelbald, ih. Off'a, His wars, ib. His treacherous murder of Ethelbert king of the Eaft His pious deeds of expiation, 49. Impofes the tax of Angles, ib. Peter's pence, ib. Endows a rich monaftery at St. Albau's, ib. Makes a rampart Enters into an alHance with Charlemagne, 50.
againft the

Welch,

ib.

uate.

.Okey, colonel, one of the king's j'ldges,

is feized in Holland, brought home, and executed, vii. 380. His charafter, ib. Olave the Dane, his charaftcr, i. 134. Confirmed by Englifh bifhops^ and canonized by the church Rome, ib. Old man of the mountains. See AJJ'aJJins, Oldcajlle, Sir John. See Gobham.

O^Neale,

>

Hugh. Owen,

See Tyrone.
enters into
a

legate, againft the lord lieutenawt Ormond,*vii. 162.

confpiracy with Rinucclni, the pope's Enters int-o a correfpondence

INDEX.
correrpondence with the parliamentary generals, 164.
Is reduced

by

Gromwel, i 70. 0*NeaU, ijir Phclim, engages

Englifh from Ireland,
vi.

in

Roger More's confpiracy

to expel the

His cruel ma/Tacre of ihe Englifli in Ulitcr, 437. Forges a commiiuon from the king for his lufurreftion, Is taken and executed by Ireton, vii. 206. 443. i-^ ;:;han, his liiilory and charader, v. 398. , Op'dam, the Dutch admiral, is killed in an engagement with the duke of York, vii. 403. Orangey prince of, taken prifoner by the French on the defeat of the duke of Bvitanny, iii. 342. Gained over, and rdeafed, Vo perfuade the young duchefs to a marriage with the French king, 348. , William prince of, is condemned as a rebel, and his pofleflions confifcated by the dakeof Alva, v. 215. Unites the towns of Holland and Zealand into a league againft the Spanifli government, 216. Sends an embaffy to implore the affiftance of Elizabeth, 217. ConConcludes cludes the treaty called the pacification of Ghent, 219. a treaty with queen Elizabeth, 220. Is affaflinated by Gerard, 267. Maurice prince of, fucceeds the earl of Leicefter in the go, vernment of the United Provinces, v. 329. Battle of Tournholt, 376. Renews the war with Spain on the expiration of the truce, vi, 147. -, William prince of, is married to the princefs Mary of England, VI. 424. -, William prince of, is educated by John de Wit, vii. 482. His character, ii/. Is appointed general dnd admiral of the United Provinces, 483. Unites the Dutch to Is made Stadtholder, 494. oppofe the conqucfts o^ Lewis XIV. 498. Is joined by the Imperial general Montecuculi, ana liliges the French to abandon the i^ow Countries, 510. His oblHnate battle with the prince of Conde at Is SenefFe, viii, 9. Is unable to prevent the lofs of Bouchaine, 21. defeated by the French at >t. Omers, 27. Comes over to England to marry the princefs Mary, 33. The marriage concluded, 34. Concerts with Charles the plan of peace, 35. Attacks the French army the day after f'gaing the peace at Nimeguen, 46. Remarks on his conduft with refpeft to Englifh affairs, 277. Forms a league againft Lewis XIV. 278. Refufes to concur tn the defigns of James II. 279. His reply to the king's folicitatlons by Fagcl, 280, His inftruftions to Dykevtit, his envoy to England, 281. Applications made to him by the Englifli, 282. Is formally invited over The motives which induced to England by the principal men, 283.
433.
'

His prepaiations him to lillen to the overtures of tl)e I nglilh, 284 to oppofe king James, 285. His declaration publilhed, 292. Embarks, 293. Lands at Torbay, 294. Declines treating with the Orders the king, on commiflioners, and marches for London, 299. Il his return after his firfi fliq;ht, not to approach London, 303. defired by the peers to affume the government, and to fummon a convention, 308. Summons the convention, ii. Summons a convention at Edinburgh, 309. Receives an offer of the crown of Scotland, 310. His conduft during the meeting of the convention parliament,

317.

crown

fettled

His declaration to a meeting of on him and the pringefsi 319.

peers,

t^.

The

INDEX:
^reJaincrsy a council of,
irienti

formed

in

tlie

reign

to govern

the nation,

ii.

333.

of Edward II. by patlia* Ordinances framed Vjy, ii.

Ijirli,

Ainn particularly at Piers Gavafton, and banifn

Ordeal-, in the

Anglo-Saxon law, the

felf-denyiiig

feveral fpecics of,

Ordinance,
vii.

the

one,

palfcd

by the

334. i. 224* long parliament,

27. The banns ordered to Orkney, earl Bothwel made duke of, v. 113. Is married to her be publifhed betvveen him and queen Tvlary, ih. by the bifliop of Orkney, 115. Endeavours 16 get prince James into his power, JiB. Ratfes an army to oppofe a confederacy of nobles formed againd him, tb. Flies to the Orkneys, and fubfiils by piracy, Efcapes to Denmark, where he dies milerably in 119.
prifon,
,

120.

marries Mary queen of Scots to Bothwel, v, 115. appointed one of the commiffioners in her caufe, on the part o^ the king and kingdom, 134. Succeeded Orleans, city of, befieged by the earl of Saliftjury, iil. 138. by the earl of 8u{Folk on his death, 139. Cannon firft fuccesfuUy The duke of applied at thisiiege, iL Eattle of Herrings, 140. Burgundy recals his troops frorri the fiege, ib. Diftrefs of the towrt and garriion, 14IJ Joan d'Arc enters it with a convoy, 146. A fecond convoy enters uiimolelled, ih. The Engliih repulfed from feveral of their pofts, 148. Amazement of the befiegers, ih. The fiege raifed, 149. See Joan d"" Arc. Is beheged by the duke ol :,Guife, 78. Guife afiafTuiatcd there, ih. "^Lewis duke of, difputes the admlniftration of alTairs with the ,

biihop of,

Is

duke of Burgundy,
ciiiallon
'

Reconon the infani^y of Charles VI. iii. 93between them, th. Affahiirited by the duke of Burgundy, ib^

For

his natural fon, fee Dunois.

, duke of taken priibner at the battle of Azincour, iii. lo2. Obtains 'a neutrality for his demcfnes, 14OJ Ranfcms himielf, 168. , -Lewis duke of, dlfputes the adminiftration of France durincr the minority of Charles VIII. with the princefs Anne of Beaujeu, ,iii. 336. Obliged to fly to the court of Britanny, ib.' Command* the duke of Britanny's forces againll the invalioh of France, ib. Taken prifoner by the French, 342. Releafed, to promote the king Succeeds to the of France's fuit to the duchefs of Britanny, 349. crown of France, 384-? See Leiois Xll. Ormejhy, left juificiary of Scotland on the return of carl Warrehne to England, ii. 298.' The Scots irritated at his opprefiions, ;/'. Fiics to England, on the appearance of William Wallace, 299. Ormond, eatl of, reduces the Spanlih general San Joiepho in Kerry,

;--

V.
>>

233.
,

earl

of,

his fuccefies agalnfl: the Irifli rebels,

vi.

544.

En-

and council to adhere to the king againlt the parliament, ih. Concludes a, ceffation with the rebels by the king's order, 546. Sends over troops to afTift the king, 547. Glamorgan Rehgns treats with the Irifli rebels without his knowledge, -vii. 67. Dublin, and all other places, by the king's order, to the parhnmentary forces, 76. Concludes a peace with the. council of-KilNavrovvlv tfcnpes kenny, and eng;iges it to alhll the king, 161. from K k Vol. Vlil.
gages the
jullices
'

INDEX.
from a confpiracy formed againft him, 162. Retires to France, 165. Reduces the parhamentary garrifons, 165. BeReturns back, lb. fieges Dublin, 169. Is defeated by a fally from the city, ib. Again leaves the ifland, 171. Comes to England to concert a confpiracy
Is forced to fly, 281. Is made fleward of the houlhold, and created a duke, 351. Is made lord lieutenant of Ireland, where he fuppreffes an intended Infurrcftiom, 447. Remonllrates againft the Englifli aft prohibiting the importation of ib. Is feized by Blood, but refcued, 470. Irifii cattle, Is again His adniiailtration vindifent lord lieutenant of Ireland, viii. 162. cated, by his fon Oilory, againft lord Shaftefbury, 163. Is recalled by king James, 251. Ofric, king of DeVri, and Eanfrid, king ofBernlcia, apoftatife to paganifm, and both perilh in battle, i. 44. OJiend, Hiort account of the fiege of, by the Spaniards, v. 444, ncte. (llJory, lord, fon of the duke of Ormond, his bold fptech to the duke Commands in the fleet under prince Ruof Buckingham., vii. 470.

againfl the protetor, 280.

pert,

507.

Juftities his
viii.

father's adminlftratlon

in

Ireland

againft

lord Shaitefbury,
his

163.
i. Gives the 44. king of Mercia, 45.

Ojiuald, king of~Northumbcrland, recovers the difmembercd parts of

kingdom,

and

reftores the Chriftian religion,^

Britons a final defeat, ib. Hiftory of his luccelTors, ib.

Otte-rkurne, battle of,
iii.

Slain

by Fenda,

25.

unhappy fate, viii. 338. OverL'ury, Sir Thomas, afiill young Carre, the king's favourite, with good advice, vi. 66. His Imprudence in the affair of lady Effex, 68. Is committed to the Tower, by the deceitful contrivance of Rochefter, His reIs poifoned, by order of Somerfet and his lady, 70. 69. marks on the Englifh navy, 181.
Otiva]!, the poet, his
,

Outlaius, whether eligible to parliament, vi,

17.

The parliament, i. 96. The afterward called the ??;ad' parliament, aiTembles there, ii. 183. proviiions of, enafted, 184. See Barons. Leftures on civil law, when nrft read there. Hi. 299. When firft erected into a bifliopric, iv. The parliament removed thither by Charles I. on account 183. of the plague at London, vi. 206. This parliament diffolved on the plague appearing there, 212. Negotiations therefor a peace betwceii the king and parliament, 510. The king endeavours to form a parliament there, in oppofition to that at London, vii. 3. ~', earl of. Invites Henry VTL to an entertainment, iii. 399*
Oxford
Unlve)-fity,

by

whom

tirft

founded,

Fined by the king

for his retainers,

400.

P.
a motion in parliament for giving Cromwel of king, vii. 270. Paget,, fecrttary, remonilrates to lord Seymour the impropriety of caInforms the proballing againft his brother, the protcttor, iv. 3 14. teftor of his praftices, and advifes- him to return from Scotland, ta

jyylCK, alderman, makes

the
title

guard

INDEX.
Adheres to Somerfet In his diflrefs, 357. 314. the Spanidi alh'ance, 383. The Englifh undertake the Palatinate of the Rh'me. See Frederic. recovery of it, vl. 151, The attempt fails, ib^ Treaty ot Wcit phalia, vii. 246. Pale/line, ftate of, at the arrival of the crufaJers, Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, ii. 14, Palmer, Mrs. See Cleveland. Sir Thomas, is employed by Northumberland a3 a fpy upon , Somerfet, iv. 351. His accufation againll Somerfet, ib. Is apprehended for joining the party of the lady Jane Gray, 372. Is executed, 373. Pandolf, legate from pope Innocent III. to Philip, in his expedition againtt king John of England, his private indruftions, ii. 70. Propofes an interview witii John, ib. Procures his fubmiflion to the pope, 71. Receives the refignation of his kingdom, and homage from him, ib. Excommunicates the earl of Arlbemarlc and his adhetlisrn,

guard again u
Advifcs

Mary to

'

rents, 153. Papacy., the feat of,

how

fixed in Italy,

iii.

57.

Papal
ii.

authority, the popular fentiments af, in the reign of

iv.
1

Edward

III.

239. Is made regent during' cfcape from impeachment for herefy, 258. Her prudent evafion of this danger, 259. Marries lord Seymour foon after Henry's death, 314. Dies in chiW-bed, 315. Paris, maffacre of the Hugonots in that city, on the eve oi St. Bartholomew, V. ,205. See France. Parker, archbifhop, his character, v. 262. biihop of Oxford, is violently appointed prefident of Magda, len-hall, by James II. viii. 266. Parliament, Englifh, a view of, in Its feudal form, ii. 1 14. By \^at titles the clergy obtained feats in, ib. The importance of the barons in, 115. The commons not originally a part of, 116. Compofed wholly of military tenants, ib. When ufually affembled, 12 i. That fummoned at Oxford in the minority of Henry III. grants, in his name, a renewal and confirmation of the great charter, 155. Refufes fiipplies to Henry, 165. 172. The fpirited rcmonllrances of, to the kmg, on his demand of a fupply, 177. Grants a fupply on Affembles, dreffeil a folemn confirmation of the great charter, 179. in armour, 183. That termed the mad one, meets at Oxford, ib. A fupreme council of twenty-four chofen by, to regulate the government, ib. The firll efforts toward fending reprefentativcs of counties tOj 184. Regular feflions of, appointed by the council of barons, ib. A committee appointed by the council of twenty-four, of equal authority with, to aft in the intervals ot the fellions, 187. One called by Henry, which authorifes him to refiimc the governOne fummoned ment, in confequtT.ee of the pope's abfolution, 194. by Leicefter after the battle of Lewes, which appoints a council of nine to adminilter government, 208. Again fummoned by Leicell-er, Approves of and the houfe of commons regularly formed, 210. the ordinances of the reforming barons, after the civil wari were eudcd. k 2
iv.

Renounced by Henry VIII. Par, Catharine, married to Henry VIII.

493.
Plenry's abfence in France, 246.

19.

See Reformation

Her narrow

'

INDEX.
ended, 223.
firfl:

in the reign of Henry IIJ. ib. The reforms the adminifbation of juftice, 235. The barons prohibited coming to, except fummoned by writ, 269. Grants fupphes to Edward fur a French war, 284. Is awed into a confirmation of the two charters, by the earls of Noifulk and Herefummary view of the ford, while the king is in Flanders, 292. fupplics granted to Edward I. 323. The banifhment of Piers Gavadon demanded by Thomas earl of Lancafter, 331. Procnres the government to be vefted in a council of twelve, 333. Pafi'es a fentence of forfeiture and perpetual exile agalnft the Defpencers, 346. Depofes Edward H. 357. A council of regtncy formed by, to adl during the minority of Edward Ul. 371. Ratifies Mortimer's treaty with Robert Bruce, 376. Condemns Mortimer to death, 379. Alfiils the king in his endeavours to reftore Edward Baliol in Scotland, and its advice to him, 386. Grants fupplles to affift the pretenfions of Edward to the crown of France, 396. Is fummoned by prince Edward during his father's abfcnce in Flanders, but no fupplles obtained, 400. Remarks on the prefent power of, ib. Its conditional grants to the king, 401. Refolutions of, on his alfuming title as king f France, 402. Frames an at for redrefs of grievances before the making the required grants, 412, Is prevailed on to repeal this aci, 414. Advifes the king to break the truce with Philip, and makes grants for the renewal of the war, 423, The confideration it arrived Its frequent endeavours to aboto, in the reign of Edward III. 4S7. lldi purveyance in this reign, 4^9. Attempts in vain to reduce the price of labour, 496. Settlement of government ellabllflied by, duiing Isdiflblved, and the Increafe of its the minority of Richard II. ill. 3. authority fhewn, 4. Impofes a poll-tax, and the alarming confequences of it, 6. Its peremptory deputation to the king, 15. Its imdue compact with the duke of Glouceiler and his party, 19. Proceedings againit the minlftry, 20. The irregularity of their conduift, Influence of the king over, and their compliance with his mea23. Grants Richard the duties fures, 449. Adjourned to Shrewfbury, 33. on wool and leather for life, with other fubfidles, ib. Before their dlffolution veft the parliamentary authority in a committee of twelve lords and fix commoners, 34. Names of the commlliioners, ib. note. Heads of the accufatlon prefented to, a^ainft king Richard, 41. Depofes him, 46. Aft agalnfl herefy, ^^. Repealed, ib. The repeal Confufions in, at the fupprefled by the influence of the clergy, ib. Oppofes his attempt to exclude females acceffion of Flenry IV. 62. from the fucceffion, 80. Advifes the king to feize the tempoialities Renews the fame advice to Henry V. 92. of the church, ib. Grants to Henry, after the battle of Azincour, 103. 113. Caufes

Other laws enafted

I.

fummoned by Edward

Ap123. minority of Henry VI. ib. Refufes fupplles to the duke of Bedford, regent of France, 153. One called at St. Edmund's Bury, 172. Makes the duke of York protestor during pleafure, 199. Refumes all the grants That of Coventry, to the crown fince the time of Henry V. 201. remarks on, 214. The title of Edward IV. recognized by, 221. Atwhich contributed
points a
to encreafe
Its

influence in government,

new arrangement of

adminiflratlon

durmg

tlie

taiuders reverfed,

ib.

Aft

of forfeiture and atuiudtr paTed agaiuH

Henry

index;
reftoratloa of

Henry VI. and bis queen, and their party, 222. Summoned,- at the Henry VI. 243. New IVllcm of attainders and reverfals, ib. Summoned by Edward on his relioration, 251. Their grants to

Reflections on the inconfiftency the king toward a French war, 253. of their proceedings, 263. One fummoned by Richard III. recognizes his authority, creates his fon prince of Wales, and makes grants, 29O. Attainders reverfed on the coming in of Henry VII. 315. Expedient for quahf'ying the king's prior attainder, lb. Entail of the crown, how managed, 316. Attainders of the York party, 318. Grants a fupply Grants fupplies to the for the afiillance of the duke of Britanny, 343.

king

for a

war with France, 353.

Pafles a

law to indemnily

all

who

Grants al under the authority of the king for the time being, 366. Henry another fubfidy, 372. Its obfequioufnefs to his opprefTive meaChufes Dudley, the minilter of his extortions, fpeaker, The king's fuit tor Star-charnber authority coniirmed by, 397. Benefit of clergy murder limited within a Year and a day, 398. abridged, ib. Statutes againlt retainers, and for other falutary purpofes, 399. Law permitting the entailment of eftates to be broke, 400.
fures, 389.
tb.

paffed by Henry VII. 401. The lirlt of Kenry VIII. attaints Empfon and Dudley, theminifters of the extortions of Henry VIL 41 2. Redreifes fome abufes in the late reign, ib,

Review of other laws

.Grants fupplies for a war with France, 419. Impofes a propor424. Grants of, to Henry, by the influence of cardinal Wolfe y, and of Sir Thomas More, iv. 47. Paffes an acl againll Continues to abridge the papal authority, in levying annates, 107. the regulation of monafteries, and cleftlon of bifhops, 117. The fuccefiion of the crown regulated, 118. Declares the king fupreme head of the church, 120. Attaints fir Thomas More, and bifliop Fifher, 12 1. Unites England and Wales, ib. Paffcs an at of attainder againft the accomplices oi the Holy Maid of Kent, 137. I'he lelTer
note.

tional poll-tax,

monafteries fuppreffcd by,

150.

between England and W'ales, 151.

of the commons to the king, 163. king's marriage with Anne Boleyu,

Farther progrefs made in the union The grofs flattery of the fpeaker

ReaAiu afligned
ib.

for annulllno- the

Mary and Elizabeth illegitimated, and the fuccelfton fettled on the king's ilTue by Jane Seymour, ib. All authority of the bllhop of Rome renounced, 164. Pail'es the bill of fix articles, for abolidilng diverfity of opinions In religion, 194. Ena(5Is that royal proclamations ihall have the force of laws, 196. Yet pafTes a ftatute declailng that the king's proclamations fhall not infringe the laws or cultoms of the realm, ib. Confirms the furrender of the monalleries, 199. DIlTolves the order of c^t. John of Jerufalem, or knights of Malta, 205. Grants, with rcludance fupplies to Henry, 200. Infiance oF its fervile Cijmpliance with Hem-y's caprices, 459. Condemns Dr. Barnes for herely, 212. Attaints queen Catherine Howard and her afibciates, 219. Pafles an art to fecure the virtae of Henry's future wives, 221. Ireland ered:ed into a kingdom by, 459. Ratifies the future decifions of the commiflioners appointed by the king to ellabliih a religion, 222. Proliibit,.s the reading of the bible to the lower clafles of the people, 224. Grants fupplies for a French' war, 237. Enailits that offences againll the kin""'s oroclamatloas fliall be judged by a council of nine, ib. Enforces obcdienc*e
princefs

The

k 3

ta

N D

X,

to the Erudkion

rjf

lieftores the princelFes

24?.

The

ftyle

Man, publifhed by Henry VIII. Z'i,'^, Mary and Elizabeth to their right of fuccefTiont of the king's regal title fettled, ib. The king's
a
Chr'ifl'zan

debts contrafted by a general loan remitted, 243. Another oath of The law of the fix articles mitithe king's fupremacy impofed, ib. Grants another fubfidy, 251. Beflows on tlie king all gated, ib. The abjedt Battery bellowed the iiniverfity and hofpital revenues, lb.

on the king, 252. Henry's fpeech to, on proroguing it, ib. Attainder of the duke cf Norfolk, 263. A recapitulation of the ftatules Remarks on the ftatute granting him paffed by Henry VTTT. 269. One fummoned b) the the duties of tonnage and poundage, ?72. duke of Somerfet, protector, 306. The wholefome laws paffed this Lord Seymour condemned, 319. Celibacy recomfefiion, ib.

mended

to the clergy, but their marriage permitted, 321. Heavy taxes laid on money and trade, 462, note, Depiives the protestor of
all his offices, ib.

and

fines

him, 340.

PafTes a fevere aft againft rioters,

Intereft for
ih.

thorlfed,

declared illegal, 354, Acis paffed, againft treafon, and

money

The new liturgy aumaking provifion for

mafs celebrated in, at the acceffion of queen of treafon limited, ib. The queen's legiAll Edward's ftatutes of religion repealed, ib. timacy cflablllhed, ib. The duke of Norfolk's attainder reverfed, 380. Is diffulved, for oppofing the Spanifli alliance, 385. A large fum fent over by the emperor Charles V. to bribe the new one, 394. Gardiner's {peech at the opening of, 395. The caution of, with refpeft to the pretenfions. of Philip, lb. Is diffolved, 397. A new one fumrnoned, which reverfes the attainder of cardinal Pole, 399. Implores forgivenefs of the pope fqr their defetilon from the church of Rome, 400. Its cautiou to prevent the refumptlon of chu'ch lands, ib. Revives the fangulnary lavys againft heretics, 401. Tenths and firft fruits reftored to, Subiidjes granted by a new one, 441. the church, 422. All falea or grants of crown-lands by the queen for feven years to come, conLaw for regulating the militia, 448. Tlie firft law for firmed, ib. repair of the highways by a general parifli-duty, 449. The joy difcovered at the acceffion of queen Elizabeths v. 2. A new one called, by whom the title of the queen is recognized, 9. The newly erefted; monaflerles fuppreffed, 10. All ftatutes of Edward VI. concerning religion, reitored, 11. The nomination of bifhops given to the crown, ih. The mafs aboliftied, and liturgy reftored, 12. The queen's royal power over all her dominions ftrongly afferted, and the affertion of the papal authority fubjecied to the penalties of treafon, Laws againft prophefying and witchcraft, 77. Supplies granted 76. to the queen, ib. Elizabeth's fpeech at the dlHolulIon of, 103. new one fummoned, after an Interval of five years, 173. Is prohii bitcd, by the queen's order, from meddling with any matters of ftate, Rtfiiftlons on her haughty treatment of, and her declared noib. tions of the proper objefls of Its attention, 181. Laws paffed this, fpirited fpeech of Peter Went worth, a commoner, fcilion of, 183. in favour of liberty of ipeech in, 225. Petitions the queen forchurcl^ rrformation, Inftead of proceeding on the bill introduced for that purppfe, 228. Lav/s Supplies granted by, to the queen,, 235.
the poor,
ib.

Mary, 379.

The Latin The ipecles

agtilnlt

INDEX.
Confirms the affociaticn for the proteftion of popery, 236. Appointf. a regency, in cafe of her violent death, the queen, 258. Elizabeth's fevere law againil Jefuits and popifh prielfs, ih. 259. fpeech, on the application made by the commons for farther religious Ratifies the fentence againll Mary queen of Scots, reformation, 264. and petitions for her execution, 301. Grants fupplies to the queen,
agaitill

on the defeat of the Spanifli armada, 345. PalTes a fevere law againfl Votes fupplies, 367. The queen's fpeech to, ih. Tyrannical ftatutcs Its legiflative power checked by Elizabeth, 463. One fummoned by James I. vi. 14. Appoints palled by, 466. commifTioners at the king's defire, to treat of an union between the two kingdoms, 25. Becomes jeaious of the regal prerogative in ecrecufants, 366.

Buckingham lays before it an infincere acclefialUcal affairs, 53. count of the treaty for the Spanifh match, which the king and prince
vouch, 141.

The

king's fpeech relative to a war with Spain,

142.
I.

agalnft monopolies, 143. Its ill humour, his acceffion, 199.

a(?t

An

One fummoned by
owing to

Charles

oifguit againfl

on Bucking-

Other contributing caufes, 202. Is adjourned to 0>;206. The king lays his necefTuies Refufes fupplies, 207. before it, ib, Diffolved, on the plague appearing at Oxford, 2 1 1. fecond called by Charles, 212. A third

ham, 201.

ford on account of the plague,

king's threatening addrefs to it, 240. The petition of right pafied, 253 ; which is followed by a grant of fupplies, Is diffolved, 276. Is fummoned after eleven years interval, 256.

fummoned, 239.

The

345.

The

king's pleas to procure fupplies, 346.

Is

abruptly dif-

Meeting of the long, 367. An al for triennial parfolved, 353. liaments paffed, 394. Aittainder of Strafford, 414. Al againfl adjourning and proroguing the parliament without its own confent, 416. The ft.ar-chamber, and high commiflion court, abolifced, 420. Other arbitrary courts fupprclfcd, 422. Adjourns, and appoints a committee of both houfes to fit during the recefs, 425. Appoints a committee to attend the king to Scotland, ih. Makes a prcfcnt, wi:h^ acknowledgments, to the Scottilh army, which are now difbanded, 425. A day of thankfgiving appointed for the national pacification* ih. Applies to the earlofiiirex for a guard, 429. Votes the king's interfering in a bill depending in, to be a breach of privilege, 4s 8. Refie(9;Ions on the uncertainty of parliamentary privileges, 459. Petitions or addreffes received from divers bodies of the common people, promifing to proteft its privileges, 475. Is petitioned by a body of women, 476. The bifhops votes taken away, 477. Threatens the queen with an impeachment, ib. J'affcs the militia bill, 479. Raifes an army, and appoints the earl of Effex general, 490. Obtains loans of the people, ib. Sends conditions of agreement to the king, 492Stops all remittances of revenue to the king, 496. Their fleet intercepts fupplies from the queen to the king, ;'/;, Its haughty raception of the king's overtures, 500. Votes an addrefs for a treaty after the battle of Edge-hill, 518. Its demands in the nego<i:u.ion at Oxford, For the operations of its forces againll the king, fee iT^.v, J 9. iValkr, Fairfax, Crom-'.vel, Sic. The military operations conducted by a conuiiittee of both hoults, 526. The fecret mtalures and dcfpotic authority of this committee, ib. Applies to Scotlaiul
1

k 4

f.^!

INDEX.Sends commiflioners to engage the Scots to corfor nfilflance, 536. Receives and enforccb lubfcrlption to 'the fedtrate witli them, 540.
folemn league and covenant, 54.1. Remits money to Scotland, to Meafiues taken to fupprcfs the Lifn rtbelUon, raife an army, 543. A committee of, lent to Ireland, is excluded the council by 543. the influence of Ormond, 544. Lays an excife on beer, wine, and other commodities, vii. 4. Publifhes an ordinance for retrenching a meal a week, toward the public fervice, /3. Is wrote to by the king, but rejects his offers of treaty, 6. The independents form a party in, Differences between Manclieller and Cromwel, 22. 21. Paffes the felf-denying ordinance, 27. Receives propofals from the king for a treaty, 30, Sends commifTioners to Uxbridge, 31. Summons an affembly of divines at Weiiminiter, for regulating religion, 32. De-

mands of the commiflioners at Tlxbridge, as to religion, Ih. Demands 3s to the militia, 35. Demands with regard to Ireland, 36. Other demands made to the king, 37. Return of the commiflioners, j,^.
Execution of Laud, 38.
58.
Publiihes the king's letters taken at Nafcby, Refufes a treaty with the king, 66. Iffues orders for fecuring hira, if he came to London, ib. Reproaches the king with Gla-

morgan's trdufattions
difcipline, 69.

in

Ireland,

68.

EftabliPnes

the pvtfbytevian

admit the divine right of it, 70. Rellrams the power of excorrmiunication, ib. Is informed by the Scots of the king's arrival in their army, 73, Sends frefli propofals to t^ie king, 76. Treats with the Scots for delivering up the king, 78. He IS delivered to the commiflioners fcnt for him, 80. Propofes a reducliou of the army, 83. The army begins to mutiny agamll its authority, 85. Sends propofals for their going to Ireland, 86. Votes to dilhand all who refufe that fervice, 88. DIfcovers Cromwel's Ichemes, and prepares an accufation againfl him, 90. Its oppreflive acrts render it odious to the people, 91. review of its civil adminillration, 92. Orders out the London militia to defend it againfl the army, 95. Enters into a negotiation with the army, 96. Appoints
refufes to

But

Fairfax general In chief of all the forces, 100. Is obliged to vote according to the inflructlons of the army, ib. Is forced by the populace to reverfe a vote for the change of the London militia, loi. Their fpeakers apply to the army for proteftion, ib. New fpeakers chofen, and defence prepared for, loz. The old fpeakers reiniiated by the army, 103, Negotiates again with the king, 1 11. Votes againfl anyfarther negotiation with the kinr, 1 13. Declares the Scots enemies, Endeavours to regain its liberty during the abfence of the army, 120. and fends to treat with the king, 121, The points debated between them, 122. Difavovvs any concurrence in the feizure of the king by the army, 130. Is furrounded by the army, 131. Proceeds to a eoncluflon of the treaty with the king, ib. The prefbyterlan members excluded, and confined by colonel Pride, ibi. The remaining members reverfe the former proceedings, 132. See Commons. Its pioceedings after the battle of Worcefler, 201. Erefts a high court of jufllce to try offences againfl the commonwealth, 202. See Commoiiiuealth. Grants Frames the navigation aft, 211. letters of reprifal againfl the United Provinces, ib'. Refufes to admit th'j apology of the Dutch for Trompt's conduft, and
'

'

commences

INDEX.
commences war wkli the States, 213. See Blake, Ayfcue, 8cc. Th Is violently diffolved army remonilrates for a new one, 217. by Cromwel, 219. Refledlions on its proceedings, 220. Anew one fummoned by Cromwel, 227. Character of it, 228. Regulations in
government and lemnized by the
religion propofed by, ii.
civil

Orders marriage to be

fo-

magiftrate, 229. Refigns its authority to Cromwel, 231. One fummoned by the proteftor, 238, The equitable plan of election, ib. Is reproved by the protector for difpiiting his

and is then difby the protedlor, 268. Votes a renunciation of the royal family, 269. motion made by Jcphfon for bellowing the crown on Cromwel, ib. The fame motion made in form by alderman Pack, id. This motion agreed to, and a comauthority, 241.
folved,
il/.

Is forced to recognize his authority,

new one

chofen

firms his prottftoral authority, on his

folved, 278.

mittee appointed to perfuade the proteCtpr's acceptance, 270. Con-f refufal of the title of king, Is again afiem.bled in two houfes, as formerly, 277. Is dif375.

One

called

by Richard Cromwel, 294.

Votes againil

Is diffolved by their influence, 297. the council of officers, 296. The long one reftored by the conncil of officers, 298. Difcover^ a defign formed for reftoring the king, which is fuppreffed, 302. Cafliiers Lambert, and veils the command of the army in commiffion, Is expelled by Lambert, il>. Is again reitored, 313. Reduces 303. the army to obedience, 314. Is defired by Monk to fend the regiments Monk arrives, and i& thanked, i/^. His reply, out of London, 3 i6. i6. Its authority difputed by the people, particularly by London, 317. Orders Monk to maicli into the city to fcize the refractory citizens, 318. Is ordered by Monk to hx a time for diffolution, and for calling a neW one, 319. The fecluded members take their feats, arid after fome neceffary votes, iffue writs for a new one, 32c. The new one meets, and fir Harbottle Grimftone chofen fpeaker, 327. See Commons. The houfe of Lords re-affembles, 328. See Lords. Charles II. proclaimed, ii. committee appointed to invite the king over, il. A(5l of indemnity paffed, 353. Settlement of the revenue, 354. Its caution in difbanding the army, 355. Is diffolved, The new one paffes an aft for the fecurity of the king's perfoH 358. and government, 371. Refigns all military authority to the king, 373. Corporation al paffed, 374. Al of uniformity paffed, ib. Grants the king four fubiidies, being the laft grant of that nature, Militia regulated, ii. Repeals the triennial aft, 395. Grants 391. fupplies for the Dutch, war, 401. z}.o8. Five mile aft, 408. Regulates the building of London, 416. Votes a fupply to the knig, 417. An aft of incapacity and banilhment paffed againit Clarendon, 427. Prohibits the importation of IriHi cattle, 447. Supplies grinted,

Aft agaiuff conventicles paffed, ;(5. Coventry aft, 469. Meets, years prorogation, 500. ~ Speeclies of the king and the chancellor Sliafteibury to, ik 501. I'ell aft palled, 505. Is prorogULd on tlie diicontent of the commons, 512. Its legality difputed, after a twelvemonth's recefs, viii. 26. Exhorts the king to guard againil tlic growing power of France, 27. Addrcifes the king to form an alliance with the States againh France, 31. Is adjourned,
456.
after

two

/,-'.

Takes

the popilh plot into ccnlidcraiion, 78.

A new icll-aft paffed, 83

is

INDEX.
Character of this long on?, ^9. new one furnIs difToived, 88. Habeas corpus aft pafled, 107. Is prorogued, and jnoned, 93. afterwards difToived, to jtop proceedings againft Danby, iio. The The perlccuting ftatute, 35 king's fpeech to the new one, 128. The king evades giving Eh'z. repealed, and diiTcnters eafed, 14.5.
Is difiblved, and a new one fummoned, 148. Is fuddenly difToived, 154, Meets at Oxford, 150. One His fpeech to, on the fettleraent of a revecalled by James II. 220. nue on him, ib. Arguments urged for and againfl the grant of a reAn aft venue during lifcj 221. The grant during life voted, 24. of attainder pafTed againft the duke of Monmouth, 226. The conSettles the crown vention fummcned by the prince of Orange, 508. on the prince and priacefs of Orange, 319. parliament of Scotland, recognizes the title of the maid of ^Niorway to Refers the pretenfions of Baliol and Bruce to the crown, ii. 246. Is fummoned by the the award of Edward I, of Engin.nd, 249. queen dowager in an abbey near Haddington, and determines to fend Summioned by the Co7ithe young queen Mary to France, iv. 311. gregation of the Lord, iij which the catholic religion is lupprefTcd. The queen in and the prefbyterian difcipline ellahiilficd, v. 38. Is fummoned by France refufcs to ratify the proceedings of, 39. Mary, to attaint the banifned lords, 94. How this fcheme ftiiled,

Lis affent to this bill,

149.

ib.

The

I fO, note.

protellant religion eflabliflied, with the queen's fanftion, Is fnmraoned by the regent Murray, condemns Mary to

prifon for the murder of her hufband, and ratifies the fettlement of Appoints commiflioners to the erown en her fon James VI. 125. Prohibits the clergy from negotiate a treaty with Elizabeth, 171.

law propofed to meddling with the affairs of government, 256. it by J.ames, for the external government of the church to be veiled The bill dropped by the oppofition in him and the bifhops, vi. 89. of the clergy, 90. One held by Charles I. 300. Its proceedings toward ratifying the afts of the affembly, flopped by prorogation, The creation of peerAbohfhes the lords of articles, 426. 344. Its conTriennial parliaments eRablifhed, ib. ages limited, 427. Its lent made necefTary in the appointment of officers of iiate, 428. cool behavioiu- on being informed by the king of the Irifh malTacre,
444.
Send-s

commifTioners to treat with the Englifli parliament,

ih,

Oppofes the delivering up the king to the Englifli parliament, vii. One fummoned by Charles II. after the defeat at Dunbar, 192. So. One called on the reftoration, which annuls all laws pafTed fince the
year 1633,

439.

Proceedings of, One. fummoned before Lauderdale as commifTioner, viii. 50. Severe law Its Enafts a contradiftory tell aft, 167. againft conventicles, 51. Rejefts the king's abjeft fervility to James II. on his acceflion, 237. The convention fiuuapplication for indulgence to catholics, 258. inoned by the prince of Orange, offers the crown to him and the
365.

The

covenant annulled,
ib.

368.

Act of indemnity,

Aft againfl conventicles, 442.

princefs, 309,

Parma, duJicis

of,

is

left

by Philip

II, of Spp.in govcrijefs of the

Low

Countrliiij V. 19J.

Parma,

INDEX.
f'arma, prince of, fucceeds Don John of Auftrla In tKe command of tlie Low Countries, v. 222. Reduces fevtral provinces to obedience to His fucceifes agalnlt the earl of Leicefter, 275. PreSpain, 268. pares to join the armada In the invafiop of England, 333. Refufts. Marches to affilt the catholic to join the fleet on Its ill fuccefs, 344. league in France, 358. Parry, William, is inftigated by the Jefuits to take away the life of queen Elizabeth, v. 265. His deliberate profecution of his purpofc, 266. Is difcovered and executed, 267. fafcal II. pope of Rome, his difputes with king Henry I. about InvefHis infolent anfwcrs to Henry, 327. 32g. His titures, i. 326. Ihameful breach of treaty with the emperor Henry V. 33I0 Compromife beThreatens Henry v/ith exconimunication, 332. tween, 333. the antiquity of that doflrine in England, vi, 569, PciJJi've obedience, The principle of, endeavoured to be enforced by the houfe of lords, Arguments urged concerning, ib. vili. 12. Paftiirage, laws enafted by Henry VIII. to reftrain the throwing lands

The inducements to this pra61Ice, and evils refulting. 277. 327, Patents for monopollesj debates In the houfe of commons concerning, See Monopolies. in queen Elizabeth's reign, v. 538. Pavta, battle of, between the Imperialills and Francis I. of France,
into,
iv.

from

It,

>

Paul

III, pope, liopes at

Iv.

his fucceffion to effedl a reconciliation

with
rage

Henry VTII.

{40.

Excommunicates Henry, 14,. 184.

The

expreffed againft Henry on his fupprcffing the religious houfes, 184, council iummoned at Mantua, the authority of which Henry deAppoints Beaton, primate of Scotland, a carclares agalnll, 188.

dinal, 231.
".

Is offended at queen Mary's IV. pope, his charafler, Iv, 420. Infills on full reflitution affuming the title of queen of Ireland, ib. His conduit compared witli that of the of all church poffeffions, ib. emperor Charles V. 427. Cites archbllhop Cranmer to Rand trial for he re fy at R,ome, 420.' His hauglity behaviotir oji the Englifh ambaifador's notification of the accefilon ot Klizabeth, v. 4. Pau/inus, archbllhop of York, converts Edwin king of Northumberland Converts Colfi the Saxon high priefr, ib. to chriftlanlty, i. 43. Peaefa, fon of Penda, king of Mercia, receives chrillianlty into his

kingdom,
Lev/is

I.

47.

Pecquigni, treaty of peace there,

between Edward IV, of England and

XI. of France,

lii.

255.

Peers,

when firll created by patent, HI. 58. A great council of, fummoned by Charles I. at York, vl. 359. Houfe of, fee Lords.

Pembrohe, earl of, his ineffectual endeavours to fave Chateau Gaillard from being taken by Philip of France, 11. 52. earl of. Is niarefchal of England, at the death of king John, , il. 145. Piocures young Henry III, to be crowned at Glouceller, ib. Endeavours to conciliate Is Chofen protedor of the kingdom, ib. Takes the citv ^he affedlousi of the barons to the yoyng king> 148. of

N D E

X.:

f Lincoln from the French, 150. The barons conclude a peace witk him, 151. His prudent care to reflore the form of government, 152.
Dies,
ib.

Pembroke,

Aymerde

Valence

earl of, joins in the

ii.

confederacy of Thomas 335.

earl of Lancaller, againil Piers Gavallon,

Takes Gavafton
at fea,

prifoucr in Scarborough caille, 336. earl of, is taken prifoner with his whole ,

army

by Henry

king of
,

Caftile,

ii.

4S2.

earl of, defeated by Edward duke of York at Mor21Q. Sir William Herbert, created earl of, iv. 350. Deferts North, umberland, and declares for queen Mary, 371. Is confined to his huuie for engaging in the duke of Norfolk's defigns, v. 162. Pen, admiral, commands the proteftor's fleet fent to the WlH Indies, Makes an attempt on St, Domingo, 25 j. Takes Jamaica, vii. 254, and is fent to the Tower, lb. PevAa, king of Mercia, his charafter, i, 47, His enterprifes, ih.

Jafper

Tudor
iii.

timer's cvofs,
,

Killed,
fufes to

ib.

Pcnnhigton,

commander of fome

fhips fent in the fervice of France, reIs

fctil

againil Rochelle, and returns, vi. 208.

ordered back

to Dieppe, where his men defert the fervice, ib. Penruddoe, and other royaiills, excite an infurredlion againft
at Salifbury,
vii.

Cromwel

243.

a Brcwnift, his cruel profecution for writing againil the hierarchy, V, 467. Pcnfyhania, when fettled, viii. 328. People, their fituation under the feudal government in England, ii.

PmrVf

III. Perigord, cardinal, endeavours an accommodation between prince ward of England and John king of France, at Poiihtiers, ii, 455.
Pe-qury, the frequency of, under the old and the caufes traced, i. 222.

Ed-

Anglo-Saxon law, remarked,

Perhin Warbec.

See Warhec.

Perth, Knox, the reformer, arrives from Geneva, and preaches there, Riot of reformers there, againil the catholic worfliip, ib. The V. 26. queen regent received there by accommodation with the Congregation
Is belleged and taken by the Congregation, 30. f the Lord, 29. fynod of prefbyterian miniilers there, routed by a mob of women,

A.,
vii.

529Pcfcara, marquis of, the Imperial general,

fieges IVlarfeilles, iv. ^^.

invades Provence,

and be-

Peter the Hermit, undertakes to refcue the holy land from the Turks, Leads a vail multitude on and applies to pope Martin II. i, 294.

297. of Fomfret, a hermit, his cruel treatment by king John, for a. prophecy concerning him, ii. 73. of Savoy, uncle to queen Eleanor, invefled with the honour of Richmond, and the wardlhip of earl Warrenne, ii. 163. See CaJUle. i^i^g of (Ja'ilile. , des Roches. See Winchjlcr.

this enterprife,

Pelcri

INDEX.
Pdfr*s Pencf) occafion of itnpofing that tax, fufpended by Henry 11. 406.
Peters^
i.

49.

The payment

of

III,
,

chaplain to Oliver Cromwel, a frequent text of his, Viu and executed, 358. father, a Jefuit, and confeffor to king James H. is made a privy
note.

Hugh,

Is tried

counfellor,

viii.

252.
a bifliopric, iv. 183.
at her execution,
v.

Peterborough,

when iirft erefted into behaviour to Mary queen of Scots

Pean
316.

of, his

Petition of right, this

famous bill taken under confideration by the houfe of commons, vi. 246. Is paffed by the commons, 256. Faffed by the lords, 253. The king's evafive manner of paffing it, ib. ReThe petition at large, 572. ceives the king's full aflent, 256. Petitioners and uibhorrers, an account of the origin of thofe party diftindions, viii. 126. Peylo, a fryar, infolently reproaches Henry VIII. from his pulpit, Iv. Is in turn abufed by Dr. Corren, ib. Is reproved by the 134.
council, ib.
Philip,

king of France, alTumes the government on his father Lewis Vllth's illnefs, i. 453. Henry II. of England mediates a peace between him and his family, 454. Engages in a crufade, 458. StiHis army, mulates young Riciiard to revolt againfl his father, 459. with that of Richard I. intended for the crufade, rendezvous at Vezelay, ii. 7. Reiterates his pronilfes of friendlliip with Richard, S. Takes the road to Genoa, and embarks his army, ib. Is obliged to winter at Meflina, ib. His charadler and that of E.!chard compared, ib. Their differences His difputes with Richard at Mcirina, 10. accommodated, 11. Arrives in Paleitine, and affifts at the fiege of Acre, 13. Efpoufes the pretenfions of Conrade marquis of Mont~

ferrat, to the

kingdom of jerufalem,
Europe,
ib.

in

oppcfition to
Is

Guy
from

nan,

15.

Returns to

prevented

de Lufiginvading

Makes prince John from his allegiance, 17. the death of Conrade the pretence of his enmity to Richard, 19. His holtile meafures on hearing of the captivity of Richard, 24. Invades Normandy, ib. Befieges Roilen, but is repulfed by the earl of Leicefter, 25. His laconic letter to prince John, 30. Is routed, an i his records taken by Richard, ib. Concludes a truce with Richard, 31. Concludes a peace at Louviers, which is ioon broke, 32. Makes a truce with Richard for five years, 33. Takes Arthur duke of Britanny under his proCetlion, 40. Concludes a peace with John, 42. The Norman barons appeal to him againQ John, 45. His difputej with John, ib. Marries his daughter to Avtbur duke of Britanny, ib.
Normandy, but feduces
His fucceffcs againlt John, 46. Is appealed to by the Britons on the murder of Arthur by [ohn, 49. Summons John to apj>ear before him, and, on his non-appearance, fentences him to the forfeiture of all his royalties in Fiance, //;. Takes various places from John, and, by his addrefs, raifcs the fiege of Alencon, ib. 50. Be^ fieges and takes Chateau Gaillard, on the frontiers o." Normandy, 51. Takes Fakife, and the governor Lupicaire inlills with him agalnil
provinces,

'

Acquires the pofleflion of Normandy, 54. With the other Accepts the offer of the kingdom of England made by pope Innocent IH. 69. Prepares an armament to acquire pof-

John,

^'J,.

ib.

fcinoft

t
feffion of it, i^.

t)

3^.

the pope's legate, 73.

^4. Demands hoitages of the barons for barons to his fon Lewis, 9^ His condu6t Sends forces over with Lewis, tl>. their fidelity, il). Dies, and is fucceeded by refpecling this enterprife of liis fon, 131. bis fon Lewisj ^57, Phi'lip. king of France, cIteS Edward 1. as duke of Guienne before him to anfwer for fome differences at fea, ii. 26:2. Gains the proDefeats tlicif vince of Guienne, by artifice from the Englifli, ih. Forms an alliance with John Baliol /attempts to recover it, 264. king of Scotland, 265. Fldward forms alliances againll him, 284.

His rawe on the treaty between John and Pandotf His fleet dellroyed by the earl of Salilbury^ His refleftions on the offer of the kingdom of England by the

His fuccefTes in Flanders, 296. Concludes a truce with England, and fubmits his differences to pope Boniface, ib^ Beftows his filter oa Edvv'ard, and his daughter on prince Edward, 297.
. ii.

the Fair, of France, his cruel treatment of the knights templars,

362. de Valols, how he became entitled to the crown of France, iL Receives homaf^e for Guienne from Edward IIa. of England, 391. 392. Prepares to oppcfe the holli^e prctenfious of Edvvard to his crown, 39S. His fleet deflroyed by Edward, 403. Relieves Tournay,

His reply to Edward*s defiance, 405. befieged by Edward, 404. Concludes a truce with Edward, by the mediation of Jane countefs Efpoufes the pretenffons of Charles de Blois to of Hainault, 407. Confines the count de Mountfort iii the duchy of Britanny, 416. Concludes a truce with the countefi the tower of the Louvre, 417.

His furprife and movements on Edward's invaHis precipitate behaviour in following of Normandy, 427. Edward to Crecy, 433. His memorable defeat there, 434. The Concludes a truce with Edgreat number (lain at the battle, 436. ward, 443. His death and charafter, 449. -, fon of the emperor Charles V. is propofed by his father as a bufband to Mary queen of England, iv, 383. Subftance of the marRefleftions of the Englilh on this match, ib. riage articles, 387. Caution and referves of the parliament with refpe6t to his pretenfions, Dlfgufls the EngArrives in England, and is married, 398. 396. Is denied the ceremony of lilh by his haughtinefs and referve, ib.
and Edward, 421.
ijon

His attempts to acquire popularity, 402. His coronation, 401. His artifice to elude motives for proteling the lady Elizabeth, ib. the charge of promoting the cruelties exercifed againll the Englifli His Leaves England, and retires to Flanders, 422. reformers, 416. father makes a formal refignation of all his hereditary dominions to Ungratefully negle(?>s paying his father's penfion, 426. him, 425. Endeavours to engage England in his quarrel with France, 429. Comes over to England to prcfs the queen on that meafure, 432. Battle of Raifes an army under Phillibert duke of Savoy, 434. Takes the town, ib. Joins the army under the St. Quintin, i^. duke of Savoy, but declines engaging G\iife, 444. Enters into neDeath of queen IVIary, 445. Receives a gotiations for peace, ib. Makes propufals of marriage kind embalTy from Elizabeth, v, 3. She refufes his propofal of adhering to the Spanilh to her, ib.
alliance

INDEX.
Peace of Cateau Cambrefis with Prance, the court of Rome to prevent the excommunication of Eh'zabcth, 19. His character deh'neated, 64, Vows to fpend his life ia the extirpation of herefy, 65. His cruel perfecution of Conllantiiie Ponce, his father's confeffor, ib. IfTuea rigorous orders for the profecution of hcrPtics, 66. Commencement of his open enmity to Ehzabeth, 67. Forms an alHance with tke duke of Guife for the fupprefling of herefy, 70. Concerts a malfacre of the French Hugonots with Catharine de Medicis and the cardinal Leaves the duchefs of Parma governefs of the Low of Lorraine, 93. Countries, 192. The Fiemifli prottftants revolt, ib. Determines to overthrow the Fiemifli privileges, 193. Rcmonftrates to Elizabeth againlt her giving couatenance to the Flemifh exiles, 214. Revolt of Holland and Zealand^ 215, The revolted Hollanders affociatc under the prince of Orange, 216. Recals the duke of Alva at his own requeft, ih. Elizabeth aims to accommodate matters, 219. Sends Don John of Auftria governor of the Low Countries, ib. The pacification of Ghent concluded, ih. Invades Ireland, 233. Remonilrates againil the depredations of Drake, 235. Founds a feminary at Doiiay for the education of Englifli catholics, 236. His power and naval ilrength, 272. Project'? an invafion of England, 33c. Fits out the invincible armada, 333. Kis inflruClions to its comsnander the duke of Medina Sidonia, 340. Kia behaviour on thrr deftrudlion of the armada, 345. Excites difcurbanccs iu Scotland, Makes peace vvi:h France, 380. Dies, 393. H: 3 character, 371.
alliance againft France,

17.

18.

Exerts

his

good

offices at

vi, 6.

Philip Iir. of Spain,

charailer of him, and his minitler the duke of Coneludes a peace with James I. 27. Ac'knowlcdores the independency of the United Provinces, and concludes a truce with

Eerma,

vi. 6.

IV. of Spain, the honourable reception he gave prince Charle?, His conduct on undcrllanding Buckingham's fcheme to 133. prevent the marriage, 139. archduke of Aulhia, and fon of Maximilian, is educated in the Low Countries, iii. 334. His friendly interview with Henry VII, ax Calais, 3S4. Marries jean, daughter of Ferdinand king of Arragou, and Lfabclla queen of Caltile, 390. Forced by a Itorm on thr. soaft of England, pays Henry a viht a: Windfcw, 391. Obliged byHenry to furrender the carl of SuffoUc, whom he had protefted, 393. Arrives in Spain, and dies, 394. His fon Charles aiSanced to the ^ prlncefs Mary, Henry's daughter, ih. Fhilippa., daughter of the count of Holland and Hainault, li affianced, to prince Edvva:d, fon of Edward II. ii. 354, Raii'cs an army to reprefs the Sc(ts in Edward's abfence, and takes th^ir king David prifoner, 439, 440, Goes over to Edward's camp at Calais, ib. Intercedes with Edward for the deputies of Calais at its furrender,
vi.
.
'

them

for twelve years, 44.

443.
fir Robeit, his fpeech in the third parliam-ent of Charlts I. 242. PhiUibat, duke of Savoy, commands ta.e Spanifli army againft Fraiigc, iv, 434. JBdkgcs St, Q^uiuliii, w. Defeats the cozulable Mont-

Philips,
vi.

jiiorency,

1
jiiorency,

13

:s.

and takes him prifoner, ib. Philip arrives at his catnpj but declines any a6lion with the duke of Guile, 444. Ph'ilpot, a reformer, archdeacon of Wincheder, inltance of his zeal again ft Arianifm, iv. 41 3. Is burnt himfelf for herefy, ib;
Pitts at the battle of See Northumberland. 26. Rebels againfl -i Thomas, created earl of Worcefler, iii. 3^. Henry IV. 69. Taken prifoner at the battle of Shrewlbury^ and executed, 71. , of the houfe of Northumberland, engages with Catefby in the famous gUnpov/der-plbt, for blowing up king and parliament, vi. Hires a vault under the parliament-houfe, and conveys thirty31. fix barrels of gunpowder into it, 33. Flies on the difcovery of the fcheme, 36. Is killed, ii. Pilgrimage of Grace, an infurreftion raifed againfl Henry VIII. in the north of England under that name, iv. 1711. Pilkingtotit, fherifF of London, profecuted by the duke of York for fcandalous expreflions, viii. 178. Pinkey; battle of, between the duke of Somerfet and the earl of Arran,

Piercy,

and Scots harafs the Britons, i. I2, 13, furnamed Hotfpur, taken prifoner by the Scots
iii.

Otterburne,

"

a council fummcned there, in oppofition to pope Julius II; which removes to Milan, and after to Lyons, iii. 417. interdicted by the pope, 418. his fpeech in the houfe of commons, on kneeling and making Pi/ior, the fign of the crofs, v. 174, 175. Pius V. pope, excommunicates queen Elizabeth, v. 172. Is brought intG> Plague, a great one in the time of Edward III. ii. 448. England by the earl of Warwic from Havre de Grace, v. 80. One at London, vi, 14. Another, 206. At Oxford, 2H. On board the fleet, 212. Great one at London, viii 408. Popifh, a hiftory of, viii. 67,, Plot, gunpowder, hiftory of, vi. 7,\. Rye-houfe, Meal-tub, 124. See Oatss, Coleman, and Bedloe. 99.

Pijay

186.

Edwafd, fon of Edward III. and John kingIs Is befieged by the admiral Coligni, v. 187. of FiTince, ii. 456. defended by the young duke of Guife, lb. Pole, Arthur, and his brothers, nephews of the cardinal, are convifted of a confpiracy againil queen Elizabeth, but pardoned, v. 63. Edmund de ia. See Suffolk. , - Sir Geoffrey de la, enters into a confpiracy with fome Englifh Difcovers the noblemen, and his brother the cardinal, iv. 187.
PoiaierS) battle of, betv/een
,

confpiracy, and is pardoned for it, ib. Michael de la, chancellor of England, and earl of SuflFolk, , fome anecdotes of, iii. 15. Impeached by the commons, ih. Reflections
,

on his cafe, 16. Deprived of his office, 17. Is made dean of Exeter, ib. Reginald de la, his defcent, iv. 185. Declines any concern in the divorce of Henry VIII. from queen CathaInveighs againfl; the conduft of Henry in rtligious alterations, rine, ib. Is created a cardinal, and Is invited to England by Henry, ib. 186. fent legate into Flanders, it. Is fupeded of aipiring to the crown, ib.
Enters

INDEX,
Enters into a confpiracy witli fome Englifli noblemen, who are difHis relations profecuted by the king-, covercd and executed, 187. His mother attainted by parliament, ih. And executed, 214. 198. Is propoftd as a hufband to queen Mary, 380. Why it did not Is invited to England in quality of legate, lb. take elfeft-, 381. Is flopped in his journey by the emperor, and why, 384. His attainder reverfed, and his blood reflored by parliament, 399. Arrives In England, and invites the parliament to reconcile themfelves to the Gives the parliament and kingdom abfolution, fee of Rome, ib. 400. Debates with bifhop Gardiner on the expediency of punifhing heretics, 405. Is made archbifhop of Canterbury on the burning of Cranmer, 431. His politic behaviour, ib. Oppofes the queen's defign of engaging the kingdom in Philip's quarrel with France, 432. His death and charafter, 446. Polerone, in the Eafi; Indies, taken by the Dutch from the Englifh,^ is agreed to be reftored by treaty, vii. 236. The Englilh again exPoll-money, fidt levied

Dutch, 422. by parliament, and the alarming confequences of it, Hi. 6. A proportional tax impofed by parhament to affiit Henry VHI. in his war with France, 424. Pollrot affafTinates the duke of Guife, at the fiege of Orleans, v. 78. Ponce, Conttantine, confeflbr to the emperor Charles V. is cruelly treated by Philip of Spain for herefy, v. 6^.
pelled,

419.

Is refigned to the

Poor,

356.

an atl pafied, for raifing charitable contributions for them, iv. The lirft legal eftablKhment for the fubfiftence ofj when made,

V- 483-. Popedom, its Gtuation at the time of the Norman invafion, i. 185. See Papacy and Reformation. Popular government, the firfl: beginnings of, in England, ii. 272. Population, obfervations on the propcrell means of promoting, iii. 403. Porters of London petition the long parliament, vi. 475., Porto Rico, ah attempt againft, by Francis Drake, v. 378. Port/mouth, duchefs of, mittrefs to king Charles II, how introduced to him, vii. 465. Portugal, the kingdom of, revolts from the crown of Spain, vii. 251. The princcfs Catharine of, married to Charles II. of England, 3 78. Pojl-majler, Initance of that office at the time of queen Elizabeth,
V.

484.

Pofi-houfe, at
vii.
'

what fum farmed,

in the protedlorate

of Oliver Cromwtl,

340.

Poultry,

is eftablllhed by parliament, vii. 35S. the eftabliflied prices of, at the beginning of the reign of Charles I. vi. 177. Poytiings, Sir Edward, fent over to Ireland by Henry VII. to reduce the malcontents there, iii. 367. Pafles the memorable ilatute which bears his name, ib. Difappoints Perklii Warbec in his defigns upon that kingdom, 370. Made comptroller by Henry VIII. and chofen of his privy council, 409.

Pojl-ojice

Prague, battle
palatine,
vl.

of,

between the duke of Bavaiia and Frederic eledor

104.

Vol, Via,

LI

Preachlrgy

INDEX.
Preaching, the abufe of, reftrained, and twelve homilies puhlidied to Farther red; ii6l ions of, to prevent the read to the people, iv. 291. people being diilrafted by oppofite doctrines, 309. Prejeaut, a French admiral, kills fir Edward Howard in an engage-

ment
lofes

in

Conquet harbour,
ih.

iii.

431.

Invades the

coafl:

of Suffex, and

an eye,

Prelates,

obnoxious ones, how treated by the court of Rome in the time of Richard II. iii. ^6. Their unfitnefs for being intruded with the great offices under the crown, in the papal times of England, Caufes which favoured their promotion to them, 404. 403. Prerogative, regal, the notions entertained of, in the time of Elizabeth, Inquiry into the ancient prerogatives of the crown, 453. V. 44c. Apology for the arbitrary exertions of, by James I. vi. 49. The review of the commons maniftft an intention of limiting it, 51.

various articles of, claimicd until the time of Charles I.

Prejhytery,
is

160.

Scotland by parliament, and the catholic religion fuppreffed, v. 38. Cruel infuks fhewn to queen Mary for The caufes of the her adherence to the catholic religion, 48. The niorofe feverity of the prefbyterian clergy traced, ^^. meaning of that term explained, vi. 333, twte. DiftinAions beeilablifhed
in

Is eilabliflicd ia tween prefbyterians and independents, vii. 19. of Charles II. Is fuppreffed on the reftoration Ivngland, 69. And by the aft of uniformity, 374. The prefbyterian clergy 362.

tjefted,

385.

Prefs, liberty of the, its commencement, viii. 332. Preflcn, battle of, between Cromwel and the Scots under

Hamilton and

Langdale,

vii.

127.

Pride, colonel, violently excludes and confines the prefbyterian memProcures a petition to be bers of the long parliament, vii. 131. figned by the ofiicers, agalnil the office of king, on the offer of that
title

to

Cromwel, 274.
Jefuits, a fevere

Frlejls

and

law againft them,

v.

259.

a French admiral, engages fir Thomas Knevet off the Frimauget, coall of Britanny, and is blown up with him, iii. 423. Prime minitler, refleftions on the nature of this office hitherto unknown
in

Europe,
39.

ii.

343.
in

Primogeniture, the advantages of adhering to, in the fucceffion of princes,

Printing, the art of,

the earlier ages of the Englifli hiflory, ib. firfl introduced into England, iii. 268, note. , the invention of, one of the caufes of the quick progrefs of the Rellriftions laid on the prefs by Elizabeth and reformation, iv. 37.
ii.

Not underflood

by vvliom

James I. vi. 165. Proclamations, royal, declared

iv.

force of laws, Offences againft them, by whom to be judged, 237. This law repealed, 307. Thofe of queen Elizabeth enforced more rigoroufly than laws, by the ilar-chamber, King James's plea for the utility and neceffity of ifluing V. 463.

by parliament to have the

ib.

196.

Reflections on this ilatute,

them,

vi.

52.

Differ from laws,

i,^.

Prophecying,

the puritans, fcntiments concerning, ib.

^

among

explained,

vl.

4.

King James's
ProteUuraief

N D E

X.

ProfcBorale, the fupreme government altered to

tlifs form, and Oliver The oiuiines of this form of government 232. explained, ib. Peace made with the Dutch, 236, Tlie nation divided into twelve military juriflit'tions, under fo many ma^ofSee Cromzuel, Oliver, and Richard. generaJs, 244. how the German Reformers acquired that name, iv. 09. P-roteJIants, See Reformatio?!. Promfions, refleflions on legal redriftions laid on the prices oF, ii. x(^Zi> The prices of, in the reign of Edward II. th.

Cromwel

chofen,

vii.

Provifors, the Itatute of,

iii.

when

firfi.

enaCled,
his

ii.

492.

Enacted anev/,

56.
the principles advanced
it

Prynne,

in

HiJIrlo majlyx, vi. 297.

His
of his

fevere fentcnce for

in the ilar-chaaiber,

299.

i-epetition

cruel ufage for another offence, 307.

His fentences reverfed by the

commons, 377.
Puffendorf, the Swedlfli agent at Paris, informs de of the Englilh minillry, vii. 463.

Wit

of the fchemes

Puns recommended to orators by Ariftotle, vi. 190. Puritans, an account of theif obftlnate fcruples at the infancy of the Are deprefTcd by queen Elizabeth, but counreformation, v. 150. The court of ecclefiailical comtenanctd by her minifters, 155. 223. miflion inflituted for the fuppreffion of, 262. fevere law paffed.

againil recufants,
feverities

366.

Petition king
vi.

James

for relief a^ainft the

exerciled againit them,

13.

11.

Conference at Hamptonin
I.

court,

Their influence 163. moting the diflatisfacElion of the hrfi: parliament of Charles
10.

Their pretenfions,

prov\"ith

The fpccies of, pointed out, 274. 203. Tranfport themfelves to America, until Hopped by the king, 310. Under countenance of the parliament, begin to attack the urofcfFcd See Nonconforihijl;. religion, 385. Frequently cndcavourtd to be Purveyance, the hardfhips of, i. 342. abohihed by parliament in the time of Edward IIJ. ii. 489. The
him and Buckingham,
nature of that prerogative of the crown explained,
v.

346.

Parlia-

mentary attempts to regulate V/as made ufe of by her to

fpeech againil,
v.

it,

checked by queen Ehzaberh, ^^47. victual her navy, 461. Lord Bacon's
attimpt to free the natioa

519.
of, vi.

The commons
24.

from the burthen

An

inefTe-dual treaty for the rclin-

quifhmcnt of, 54. Puzas, Hugh de, bifhop of Durham.

Pym, the
'

fubjetl of his fpetch at the

See Durhcm. opening of the fourth parliament

of Charles I. vi. 347. His fpeech againfi: the earl of Strafford in His condutt on Strafford's trial, 407. Isthe long parliament, 367. appointed chairman ot the committee of the lower houfe, fitting during the recefs, 423. Is impeached by the king, 467. His death, and the regard paid to him by the parliament, vii. 6. Pyrcnnees, treaty of, between .France and Spain, vii. ^06.

L1

^UJKERS,

INDEX.
Q:.

4^UJKERSy the origin of tliat fed, vii. 332, Wlicncc they (Jerired ^^Vjtheir name, 334. Their riotous zeal occafions their perfecution, ib. Their fingularities, 335. Their addiefs to James II. on his acceSion, viii. 2x6, note, ^een dowager of France takes refuge in tlie court of Charles I. Is requelled to Is infuhed on account of her rehgion, ib. vi. 390.
depart by the commons, 391. ^leens of England ; fee each under their refpelive names. warranto, a writ of, iffued againil the city of London, viii. 178. The pleadings in behalf of the city, 179. Conditions on which the

^w

charter was reilored, 181.

R.
extraordinary, in the time of Richard III. which defeat the purpofes of the duke of Buckingham againil him, iii. 289. Rahijhoroiv, admiral, is put ailiore by his fleet, which declares for the

jyJINS,

king,
Raleigh,

vii.

19.

Piiblifhes filft expedition to Guiana, 377. a Wing account of that country, ib. Goes under lord Effingham in the Attends Effex in another expedition, expedition againft Cadiz, 379. and takes Fayal, 383. Falls fick while Effex is in difgrace, on the His letter to apprehenfjon of his coming into favour again, 411. Is difmiffcd from his emCecil, on the queen's difpleafure, 526. Is Enters into a confpiracy againft James, fe. ployment, vi. 5. Is grofsly abufed on trial byfentenced to death, but reprieved, 9.

V/ alter, goes over Huoonots, V. 188. His

to France a volunteer in the fervice of the

Writes his HiHory of the World, dunng his Sir Edward Coke, 10. Spreads reports of a gold mine long confinement in the Tower, 93. Is releafed, and obtains permiffion for his expedition in Guiana, ib. His fon killed by the Spaniards on landing, 96. Is difthere, 94. Is carried appointed in the mine, and plunders St. Thomas, ib. ciiarafter of his back prifoner by his men, 97. Is executed, 99. conduft at Guiana inquired Hiftory of the World, 195.

Hk

into, 554. Ralph de Guader, earl of Norfolk, reafon of his confpiring againft WilPeace concluded between them, 267. liam the Conqueror, i. 263.

Randolf, the Englifh ambaffador in Scotland, his charafter of the Scots Is fent by Elizabeth to interpofe in favour of the reformers, v, 54. Forms a party in oppoiition to the earl of earl of Morton, 232,

Lenox,

ib.

'Ravaillac affafiinates

Henry IV. of France,

vi.

56.

Ravenna, battle of, between the' French under Gallon de Foix, 2nd the Spanifh and papal armies, Hi, 423. Read, an alderman of London, enrolled by Henry VIII. as a foot foldier, for reufing a benevoleiice to him, iv. 244.
5
Fwadiri^,

INDEX.
Miadlng, a council fummoned there to oppofe the tyranny of Longchamp bifhop of Ely, ii. 17. Is befitged and taken by the earl of Effex, vi. 511. A gariifon eflabliihed in, by the king, 533. JR.al prefence, why the clergy were fo much attached to the doArine cF, in the infancy of the reformation, iv. 322. The point of, debated in convocation, 385. The debate adjourned to Oxford, ib. Inftance of queen Elizabeth's attachment to that doftrine, v. 153, -note. Recog7iiUon, act of, palled in the mofl ample termsj by the parliament in favour of jamc3 1. v. 553. Records, judicial, how preferved among the Saxons, i. 214. Rcciifants, a ievere law enacted againft them, v. 366. Redivald, king of the Eaft-Angles, protefts young Edwin againft Adelfrid, king of Northumberland, i. 41. Defeats and kills Adelfrid, 42. Confpired againft, and killed, 43. Reformation, the firft commencement of, in Germany, by Martin Luther, iv. 35. His dodlrines fpread among the Lollards in England, 36. Henry VIIL writes againft Luther, and receives the title of Defender Luther anfwers Henry clofely, ib. of the Faith from the pope, ih. To what caufes the quick progrefs of, may be afcrlbed, 37. The pope declared to be Antichriil, and fet at defiance by the reformers, How the reformers favoured the civil power in their tenets, ib. 3S. The firft fteps toward, in England, 95. Progrefs of, 107. How far forwarded by the appeal to private judgment, 126. Tindal makes tranflation prepared by order a tranflation of the fcriptures, 130. of convocation, 154. All authority of the bifhop of Rome renounced, Articles of faith prepared by the convocation, 166. 164. How far proteftant principles were favoured in thefe articles, ftated, 167. (Suppreflion of reUgious houfes, 150. 178. The law of fix articles pafled, 194. The bible granted to every family, 200. Hofpitah, colleges, and other foundations, diflblved, and their revenues fcized, by the king, 221. The chapter lands of Canterbury, York, and London, extorted from thofe fees, 222. The Litany, and part of the public fervice, allowed to be celebrated in Engliili, 254. The accefiion of Edward favourable to, 287. The twelve homilies publifhed, to be read to the people, 291. I^aws pafTed favourable to, The cup rcttored to the laity, and private mafies aboliflied, //;. 307. Penalties on denying the king's fupremacy, ib. new communioniervice framed, 309. Liturgy framed by a committee of billiopij and divines, 320. Gardiner and other bilhops, deprived of their biftioprics, 345. The general antipathy, at this time, to popery, The liturgy revifcd^ 348. Articles of religion framed, ih. 347. The liturgy authorifcd by parliament, 354. The catholic religion All Edward's ftatutes relating to reyeftored by queen .Mary, 376. ligion repealed, 379. The reformers perfecuttd, 411. '6<i.t Herefy. Cecil's arguments to induce queen Elizabeth to reilore it, v. 5. The The newly ereclcd queen's prudent caution in performing it, 7. The queen declared governcfs of th.c monafteries fuppreifed, 10. church, ib. All Edward's llatutes concerning religion confirmed, 11. The mafs abolilhed, ih. The Engliih folemn difputation, 12. The bifhops degraded for non-compliance, ib. liturgy reftored, 54.

VL

Piogrcf-^

INDEX.
Rife of the afTociation called the ConFrogrefs of, in Scotland, 22. Riot of proteflants at Edin.bnrgli, on the gre^afton of the Lord, ib. Riots of Knox's congregation at Perth, feltival of St. Gyks, 24. The catholic religion fupprcfled See Congregation of the Lord. 27.
in Scotland,
difcipline eflabliflned, 38. Struggles Cruel intolence of the boots reformers See Gonde ; Civil wars of France, 68. to their queen Mary, 48. Is eftablilhed in Scotland by Medicis, Catharine de ; Hugonots, &c. character of the plan parliament, with the queen's fanClion, no. Refleclions on the conduft of reof, eftdblrflied in England, 149. formers, 189. Cruel feverity of the emperor Charles V. toward the The Flemilh proteftants revolt, 192. Flemifh proteflants, 191. The catholic league formed IVIaffacre of the Hugonots at Paris, 2c6. review of Elizabeth's couin France againlt the Hugonots, 212. Severe laws paffcd againd popery, ducL in religious matters, 222.

and the pre{byterian

in favour of, in France, 40.

235.

Popery

finally

fupprcffed

by the
^'^6.

ftrict

law againft Jefuits and

popifh priefts, 259. Regicides, trial and execution of,

vli.

380.

Reginald,

his clandeftine Canterbury, Chrift-church, Is fcnt privately elcflion to that fee on the death of Hubert, ii. 57. His imprudent conduct, ih. to Rome for confirmation, ib.

iub-prior of

Rchearfal, a character of this fatirlcal play,

vii.

333.

Religious eflallflomeniSy the foundation of, iv. 31. -^ hotfes, the number of, fupptefTed by Henry

VIII. iv. 182. The See MonqJIeries. Reliques, the artifices of, expofed on the difiblution of mcnaflerles, iv. 180. ,Remoffl ranee, an account of that framed and puffed by the commc.ns in Reafoning of the people on both fides the long parliament, vi. 449. with regard to it, 451. Is anfvvered by the king, 457. Rcnaiid, a Frenchman, takes the earl of buftolk prifoner, and is knighted

amount of

their revenues,

ih.

by him,

iii.

149.
to
I

Reprefntaiivcs counties, ii.

Requcfens,

parliament,
P4.

the

firft

fteps

towards chufing them for

in the

See Commons.

cnmmcndator of Cafiile, fucceeds the duke of Alva

the

com-

mand of

Low Countries,

the fiege of Leyden, ih. the Spanifli affairs in the Low Countries, 219. Frequent laws paffed againft, Retainers, the term explained, iii. 399. by Henry Vil. ib. Story told of Henry relating to, ib. The practice
of, how deflroyed, ib. 400. Revenue of th^ Anglo-Norman kings of England, in what it confifted, 11. Danegelt, Scutage, 127. Crown-lands, ib. Taliiages, 126. 125. and moneyage, 2,5. Efcheats, 128. Wai'dfliips, 129. Fines, amerciaments, and oblates, 130. State of, ordinary and extraordinary, at Amount of, in queen iViary's time, the time of Henry V. iii. 120. State of, in the State of, in the reign of James L vi. 171. iv. 433. State of, between the protectorate of Richard Crorawel, vii. 339. relloration and revolution, viii. 324.

His charafter, ib. Undertakes Dies, and his troops mutiny, which ruins
v.

217.

Revenues, ecclefiaflical, the alienanon of, prohibited, v. 12.

Revolution in 1688,

compared with the depofiiiou of Richard IL

iii. 46. Reynolds

N D E

X.
inclch.

ReynoIJs excites an infurreftion in Northamptonfhire, to dedroy

furcs,
vi.

44.

RiLaumoiit, Eiiftace de, lus encounter with

Henry

III. at Calais,

ii.

444.

Yields himfelf prifoner, and

is

generoufiy treated, and fet at liberty

by him, 445. Rhee, ifle ot, attacked by the duke of Euckingham, vi. 236. Rhehnsy Chark-s VII. attended by Joan D'Arc, marches in there, and is crowned, iii. 151. Rhodes, the knights of, chufe Henry VII. of EiK'ktnd, protcftor of their
order,
iii.

385.

Richard, fecond fon of Henry II. invefted by his father with the duchy of Guienne, and county of Poiftou, i. 434. Inltigated by his mother Eleanor to revolt againft his father, 436. Is reconciled to his Refufes homage to his elder brother for his duchy, 454. father, 447.

The

difference

compromifed by

their father,

ib.

Becomes

intitled to

the fucceffion by his brother Henry's death, 455. Refufes his father's aflignment of Guienne to his brother John, ib. Refigns it to his Is encouraged to rebel again, by Philip of mother Eleanof, ib.

Excommunicated by Albano, the pope's legate, 460. France, 458. Peace concluded with his father, and he is contracted to Alice, filter of Philip of France, 462. His remorfe on feeing his father's body, 463. His acceffion, ii. i. I. difcountenances his former evil advifers, and carefTes'his father's miniflers, ii. 2. Releafes his mother, and makes ner tegent until his arrival in England, ib. Prepares for a crufade to the Holy Land, 3. Jews prohibited by an edii from appearing at his coronation, ib. A maffacre of, on that occafion, ib. His expedient to
raife

money

for the crufade, 5.

Sells the

vaffalage of Scotland,

///.

His
the

reply to Fulk, curate of Neuilly, 6. In whofe hands he placed adminiftration, during his abfence on the crufade, ib. Meets

Philip of France, with his army, at Vezelay, 7. Renews his engagements of friendlhip with Philip, 8. Embarks his army at r.larleilles, ib. Is obliged to winter at Meflina, ib. His charaCier, and that of
Philip, compared, 9. The occafion of his attacking the Sicilians, and His difputes with Philip, ib. Sets afide his taking Meitma, 10. concraft with Alice, and propofes to marry Berengaria, daughter of Sanchez, king of Navarre, 12. Is attended on his crufade by his bride, and his filler Joan, queen dowager of Sicily, ib. Some of his veffels wrecked and pillaged on the coall of Cyprus, ib. Conquers and imprifons Ifaac, prince of Cyprus, 13. Efpoufes Berengaria there, ib. Arrives in Palelline, and afiifts at the liege of Acre, ib. Engages to fupport the pretcnfions of Guy de Lufignan to the king., dom of Jerufalem, in oppolition to Conrade, marquis of IVJontferrat, Troubles in England during his abfence, 15. Confers the 14. kingdom of Cyprus on Lufignan, on condi'"ion of his quitting his preteniions to Jerufalem, 19. Defeats Saladin, 20. Is obliged to abandon the intention of befieging Jerufalem, ib. Concludes a truce with Saladin, for three years, three mouths, three weeks, three days, and three hours, 21. His cruel treatment of his prlfoners, 22. Is arrefted on his return, by Leopold, aixhduke of Aiillria, 23. Is delivered

up to the emperor Henry VI. who imprifons him

in irons, ib.

4.

Is

INDEX.
Is carried to,

and accufed before the diet

himfclf, 28.

reply,

ib.

Ranfoms

at Worms, 26. His fpirited His ranfom, how levied, accord-

Obtains his liberty, and efcapes a ing to the feudal fyftem, ib. Is again crowned at Winchefter, feccnd arreft by the emperor, 29. Goes over to Normandy, to revenge liimfelf on Philip's perfidy, ib. Concludes a truce with him, Defeats Philip at Fretteval, 30. 29. His brother John fubmics to him, ib, M?,kes peace with him at 31. Louviers, which is quickly broken, 32. Takes the bifhop of Beauvais prifoner, and fends his coat of mail to the pope, ib. Concludes a Is wounded in beneging Vitruce with Philip for iive years, 33. domar, count of Limoges, ib. The gallant reply of Gourdon the Kis fenfibillty of the retort, ib. Dies, archer, who fhot him, 34. ib. His character, ii5. Refle&ions on his reign, ^iS- Mifcellaneous
affairs,

36.

Richard

State of parties at that junlure, 2. his acceflion, iii. i. of government fettled by parliament during his minority, 3, The adminiftration, how conduced, 40 Council appointed, ib. War with France, ib. His embarrafTments at his accefiion, 5. Has a conference with Watt Tyler, 10. Popular infurrefticns, 6. His prudent behaviour at the death of Tyler, ib. Reflefticns on this Heads the army againrt the Scots, 12. Burns Edinaffair, 11. Returns to England prematurely, burgh, Perth, and Dundee, ib. ib. His attachment to Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, 14. Awed by his parliament, 15. Deprived of his regal power by a council of Fails in the enfourteen, appointed by his uncle Glocefte.r, 17. deavour to influence the eleflion of the houfe of commons, 18. Confults the judges, on the validity of his commifuon to the council of Their opinion, ih. Violent proceedings againll h's fourteen, ib. ininitlry by the duke ot Gloccfter, 20. His, and his queen, Anne, their inefFctiuai concern at the execution of fir Simon Burley, 23. Exerts himfelf, and removes archbifhop Fitz-Alan from his office Removes Gloceiter and Warwick from the of chancellor, 24'. council, ib. Truce v/Ith France, and marriage of Richard to Seizes the charter of London, and the chaIfabella of France, 26. Declares Mortimer fucceffor, i8. rader of his adminiflratlon, ib. Hurries Glocefter over to Calais, and awes his faftlon, 29. Proceedings againll his party, 3 1. Procures Glocefler to be murdered at Calais, 32. Creation of peers, 33. Removes the parliament to Shrewfbury, ib. Their grants to him, ib. Prevents the duel between the dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, and banifhes them, 36. Oppofes the fuccelTion of Hereford to the dukedom of Lancafter, 37. Embarks for Ireland, 38. Leaves the duke of York guardian of the realm, 39. Returns to oppole the invafion of the duke of Lancafter, ib. Seized by the earl of Northumberland, and confined in Flintcaille, 40. Heads of accufation preferred againll him in parliament, Comparifon betv.-een this period of hiftory, and the revo= 41. lutlon in 1688, 46. Depofed by parliament, ib. Murdered in Pomrret-cafde, 49. Flis character, Comparifon between, ib. and Edwaj-d III. 50. Mifcellaneous tranfaclions during this reign, Comparifon between Lis htuaticn, and that of Charles VI. of 52. France, 92.

W.

Form

Richanl

INDEX.
flic ban! 111.

the

firft

afts of his adminiflration,

iil.

282.

Reflections

Appoints the duke of Buck, on his feizure of the crown, 2S3, ingham conftable, iL Procures his execution, for rebelh'ng againft Obtains a parHaraentary fanftion of his fovcreigntVj him, 289. Suppofed to poifon his wife Anne, to make room for his 290. Marches to oppofe marriage with the princefs Ehzabeth, 291. His fufpicions of his the invafion of the earl of Richmond, 294. own party, il>. Battle of Bofworth, 295. Killed, ii. His character,

296.

Jlichemontf

Arthur count de, taken prifoner at the battle of Azincour, iii. Evades his parole on the death of Releafed on his parole, 127. Henry V. tb. Obtains the duke of Burgundy's filler by the regent's Engaged in tlie Englifh interefl:, ib^ Attends the conintereft, 128. grefs at Arras, 161. ^tchlieu, cardinal, prime minider of France, his charafter, vi. 232. Rivals the duke of Buckingham in his addreffes to the queen of France, Throws a mole acrofs the harbour of Rochelle, to complete the 234. Supplies the covenanters in Scotland with monei', blockade, 263. 337. The conclulion of his adminiflration, and death, vii. 247. P.ichmond, Henry earl of, carried into Britain by the earl of Pembroke, on the eftabliihment of the York family in Edward IV. Hi. 251. His pedigree, 285. Meafures taken for his fafe cuftody by Edward, 286. Edward difappointed in a fcheme for getting him into his power, Overtures for his marriage with the princefs Elizabeth, 291, 287. Makes unfuccefsful attempts for a defcent on England, 292. His Lands at Milfordparty exhort him to another fpeedy attempt, ib. haven, 293. Richard III. killed, i<^. See Battle of Bofworth, 295.
102.

Henry
-

of Henry made lord-lieutenant of Dies, 163, note. Jiidley, bifliop of London, pleads with Edward VI. in behalf of the princefs Mary, iv. 347. Is Imprifoned on the acceflion of queen Mary,
,

VH.
duke
of, natural fon

VHL

Ireland, Iv. 122.

376.

Is fent

llantiation, 385.

under a ftrong guard to Oxford, to debate on tranfubIs burnt for herefy, together >vlth bifhop Latimer,
of Right.

414.
Right.

See
Is,

Petition

Rinuccitu,

fent nuncio to the Irlfh catholics, vll. 161. Excites the Irlfh to break the pacification concluded with Ormondj Is driven out of Ireland, 163. 162.

by the pqpe,

Riots, a fevere ftatute paffed againft,

iv. 340. Rippon, treaty of, between Charles I. and the Scots covenanters, vl. 35S, Is adjourned to London, 361. Rivers, earl of, uncle to Edward V. entrufted with the care of his perfon, His character, ib. The firft who Introduced the art of printill. 268. ing Into England, ib. note. Arrerted by the duke of Glocefter, while conduCUng the young king to London, 270. Murdered in Pom-

fret caftle,

272.

^izzio, David, fome account of his IntroduClion to the court of Mary, queen of Scotland, v. 95. His promotion and characler, ib. Excites the jealoufy of Darnley, the queen's hufband, 96. Incurs the hatred of

the

INDEX.
tLe proteilantSj
th.

A confpiracy formed

againft

him by

the chancellor

Morton, 97.

Robbery, Henry IIL ii- 227. His fon taken priRobert III. Ling of Scotland, his character, iii. 75. Dies of grief, ib. foner by Henry IV. of England, ib. , tbeeldeftfon of William the Conqueror, his character, i. 272. 286. Revolts againtt his father, 273. Extraordinaiy rencounter between hiiu Returns to England, and his father, 274, Reconciled to him, 275. and rcpulfes the Scots, ib^ Succeeds to the duchy of Normandy, 286.' Mortgages his dominions to his brother, and enters the crufade, 299. His reputation on the crufade, 312. How he loft the kingdom of EngEnters into an acReturns, and invades England, 319. land, ib. commodation with liis brother Henry I. 321. Diilreffed by his remiffnefs, 322. RocheUe, Pennington ordered to afiift in the reduftion of, deferts, and fails back to England, vi. 20S. A fquadron fent by the Dutch againft, 209. Buckingham brings a fleet and forces to affift the town, and is ignorantly refufed admittance, 235. The blockade efFefted by throwing a mole acrofs the harbour, 263. Is forced to furrender at diicretion, 264. Rochford, lord, brother to queen Anne Boleyn, is accufed by his wife of intimacy with his ^i\\.&r, iv. 155. Is confined by the king's order, 157. Is condemned, 160. Is tried, together with the queen, 159. , vifcountefs of, calumniates queen Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII, Condu6ts the fecret amours of queen Catherine Howard, iv. 155. 220. Is beheaded, together with the queen, 22 J. from the barons by king John, and the com, the caftle of, taken mon m.en of the garrifon hanged, ii. 93. Ruchejier, eail of, a charadler of his poems, viii. 336. Rochngham, a fynod fummoned there by WiUiam Rufus, to depofe An? fdim, archbiftiop of Canterbury, i. 303. Rocroy, defeat of the Spaniards there by the prince of Conde, vii.
Rodolph'i, a Florentine

Is affaffinated in the queen's prefence, 98. inliance of the general praclice of, at the time of

merchant in London, is employed by the pope to Is engaged by the negotiate with the Catholics in England, v. 195. Spanifh ambaflador to difturb the government in favour of Mary queen of Scots, 196. The duke of Norfolk enters into his fchemcj

.i

Goes to Rome to mature his defign, ib. 197. Roger, earl of Hereford, caufe of his confpiring againft William the His eftate forfeited, and himfelf confined for Conqueror, i. 263. life, 266. , archbidiop of York, crowns prince Henry, when alTociated with Sufperded at Becket's inftigation, 413. his father Henry II. i. 412. Complains to the king, and the confequences of this complaint, 415. Circumftances of a quarrel between him and Richard archbifhop of Canterbury, 469. Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's, burnt for herefy, iv. 412. Makes inroads into France, 137. Rollo the Dane, his hiftory, i. 136. Settles in Neuflria, and marries the daughter of Charles the Simple, His prudent government, 1 39. ^cc Normandy. 138.
Romans,

INDEX,
Romans^ their
nia,
i. 6. Subdue it all except CaledoRcfufe affillance to tlie Brituii^, 13. Rome, refleftions on the policy of the court of, i. 3^0. The venal principles of the court of, at the early per'od of Henry III. his reign, Church of, w'len at the fumnnit of its power, 229. ii. 168. chai after of the decretals of pope Gregory IX. ib. Eemarks on

firft

arrival in Britain,
it,

lo.

Abandon

12.

Our literary obligations to the the ntw orders infiituted by, ih. The bad principles on which the church ancient clergy of, iii. 297. Its encroachments on civil authority, ib. of, is founded, iv. 31. Favourable however to the relloration of the arts, 33. Confecj[uence of the fale of indulgences by pope Leo. X. 35. See Luiher Its authority rerounced by the i'^n.o-ii fn convoand Reformation. cation and pailiament, 119. Rtflections on this event, 121. See
Reformation.
iv

City

of,

taken and facked by. the Imperial troon?,

69.
1

Rood of Grace
crofs,

a miraculous crucifix, the artifice of,

by

Iviifey,

bifhop of Rochefter,

Roper^ Sir Anthony, is land to paRure, vi, 303. Rofe, red and white, party diftinCtions of the houfes of Lancnfler and York, iii. 217. Remarks on the confufed hilloi-y of the wars between, 234. Rafewei, a prefbyterian preacher, his profecution for treafonable wordD, viii. 201. Rofnt, marquis of, minifter to Henry IV. of France, comes over to Dover to confer with queen Elizabeth, v. 433. Difccvers Elizabeth to have entertained the fame vitv.'s with Henry, of eltablifhing a new fyftem of policy i-a Europe, 434. Is fcnt ambaffadoi from Henry IV. of France to king James, on his acceffion, vi. 6. Propofes to James a league againit the houfe of Auilria, 7. Concludes a treaty Avi:h James for the fupport of the United Provinces, il. Rouen, beneged and laken by Philip of France, ii. 53. The king of Navarre mortally wounded at the fiege of, v. 71. Is taken by Montmorency, and the garrifun put to the fword, ib. Roundheads, the appellation of, when, and to whom given, vi. 464. Roundivay-doavn, battle of, between lord Wilmot and Sir William WalRoutiers.

expofed at P.^l's 180. fined by the ftar-chamber, for converting arable

iv.

519. See Brahan(^.ons. Roxborongh y James II. of Scotland killed at the fiege
vi.

ler,

of,

iii.

220.

Royal
Rufus.

Society, the hill inllitution of, viii.

332.
See ParUa-

See

Pf'illiani

Rufus,

Rump parliament,
ment-

the reftoration of the long one fo termed.

Runnemede, the great charter of Englifh liberties figned there by king The principal heads of this charter, 85. Remark* John, ii. 84. upon it, 88. See Charter.
Rupert, prince, fon of the elelor palatine, offers his fervice to Charles T. and commands a body of horfe for him, vi. 505. Defeats a party of Effex's army at Worceder, ih. Defeats the left Vving of Eifcx's army at Edge-hill, 507. Surptifes Effcx, and carries oil booty and prifoners,

520,

Is lent vvellward to join tlic Cornifli troops, 322.

Takes
Briilol,

INDEX.
523. Obliges the parliamentary forces to retire from Newark, Marches 10 the relief of York, 11. Engages raflily in the Urges the battle battle of Marfton-raoor, where he is defeated, ib. Retires to Briltol, 60. Capitulates; is dlfmifTed by of Nafeby, ^6Commands the fquadron which the king, and leaves England, 61. deferted to Chai'les II. and is harafled by admiral Blake, 204. Takes Commands under the duke of York againft; refuge in FrancCj 205. Joins Albemarle during his engagement with Tromp the Diitch, 402. Obtains the command of the Englifii fleet, and de Ruyter, 412. C06. Engages the Dutch on their own coafl:, ib. Another aclion, i(5. Another at the mouth of the Texel, 508. Is appointed one of the His death, 204. Was the inventor of privv-council, vlii. 102. etching, 326, Rhjfd, lord, fuppreffes an infurrect ion in Devonfliire, excited to oppofe the Ste. Bedford. reformation, iv. 330. Is created earl of Bedford, 339. ^ , lord, privately favours the French intrigues, but refufes to accept Is made one of the privyany prefent from that court, viii, 43, note. council to Charles II. 102. Refigns, 123. His charaAer, /^. Enters Is fent to the Tower, into the duke of Monmouth's conlpiracy, 182. Is condemued, 193. Is executed, 195. Tried, 1S9. i88. Mui/j-ven, lord, afhils with others in auafTinating David Rizzio, v. 97. governor of Plymcuth for the parliament, is defeated by the , royalifts on Bradoc Down, vi. 518, DeRutland, earl of, created duke of Albemarle by Richard II. iii. 33. ConTpires againft Kenry IV. and betrays his affociates, graded, 48, Summary view of his treacherous behaviour, 64. Killed at the 63. battle of Azincour, being then duke of York, IQ2, Ruytef. See De Ruyter. Rye-hoiife-ploti hiltory of, viil. 186,
]^n(lol, 9.
vii.

S,

C'^, Don Pantaleon, brother to the Rcrtuguefe ambaiTador, hanged by Cromwel for affafiinatidn, vii. 237. Sadlet-f Sir Ralph, ambaffador from Henry VIII. to the court of Scotland, concludes a treaty of marriage between prince Edward and Mary, Kis retinue infulted, at the the mfant-qu^cn of Scotland, iv. 233. His demand of the ilipulated inftigation of cardinal Beaton, 234. Orders the Scots prifonera hollages, evaded by Arran, the regent, ii^. Is made counfellor to the regency on parole to return to England, ib. Affifts in reftoring the advantage to the Enghfh,, cf Edward VI. 282. Is appointed one of the commiffioners at the battle of Flukey, 304, for determining the caufe between Mary, queen of Scots, and Murray,

the regent,
Safety,

v.

134.
of, eleled, vii.

committee

304.
11.

General Monk's artful beha^

457.

viour to, 312. Saladin, king of Egypt, his charafter,

Recovers Palel^ine from

the crufaders, ib. Acre taken from him by the Chriilians, 15. Is deConcludes feated by the Chriftlans under Richard I. of England, 20. Review of his conduft in this war, ib. a truce with Richard, 21. Inftance of his philofophy, ib, Dies, 22.

SnUck

INDEX.
Saltci

crown of France, the foundation of, Attempted to be introduced into the Enghfh government by Henry IV. iii. 79. Revoked at the inilance of the houfe of commons, 80.
fucceffion to the

law of
ii.

traced,

389.

Salt/bury, an infurrection of royalifls there,

under the protectorate, wlio proclaim Charles II. vii. 243. ~"-, earl of, natural brother to king John, commands the Englifh fleet againft h'hilip of France, and deltroys his (hips in their harbour,
74.

ii.

, countefs of, miftrefs to Edward III. the dropping of her garter, fuppofed to be the occalion of inftituting the order of the garter, ii.

^39iii.

448.

earl of,

befieges Orleans,

iii.

138.

Killed before the town.

-, earl of, inftances of generalfhip in, at the battle of Bloreheath, 204. Taken by queen Margaret at the battle of Wakefield, and beheaded, 209. -, countefs of, mother of cardinal Pole, is attainted and condemned by parhament, but reprieved, iv. 198. Executed, 213. fecretary Cecil created earl of, by James I. vi. ^. , Caufes which procured his promotion, lb. Procures the difmifiion of his former affociates, ib. Communicates to the king the hir.ts he received of the gun-powder plot, 34, Is made treafurer, 46. ExpoRnlates with the parliament on the king's necefiities, ib. Invents the title of baronet, to fupply James with money by the fale of it,

7'-.
Bailee
is deflroyed by an Englifli fleet, vi. 306. Sanche%, king of Navarre, inilance of his confidence in the juftice of Henry II. of England, i. 467. His daughter Berengaria married to

Richard
Santillands,

I.

ii.

12.

is fent from the parliament to queen Mary in France, to obtain a ratification of their proceedings in reforming re-

Sir James,

ligion, V. 39.

Sanchmch,
fleet,

earl of, fails

in

in

the Danifh harbours,

attempting to feize the Dutch Eaft India vii. 406. Is killed at the battle of
vi.

Solebay, 485.
,Sanqjthar, lord, executed for alTaflination,

61. the Spanifh Armada,

Santa Croce, marquis

V-

of,

is

appointed to

command

I^if J 339333Santa Crufz,, a Spanilh fleet burnt in the harbour

vii.

of,

by admiral Blake,

257.

Saville, Sir

John, a zealous commoner againfl the court, is promoted and ennobled by king James I. vi. 117. Savoy, a conference there, between twelve bifliops and twelve prefbvterlaix
minlfters, vii. 369. , Philibert duke of.

See PhlUbcrf.
firft

Sautre, William, rettor of St. Ofythe, the for herefy, iii. 6^.

perfon burnt in England

Saxons, national charafter of,

Arrive in Britain under Hengifl Their confettle there, 20. ^uefls in Britain, very ruinous to the country, 26. Throw back all the
i.

18,

^nd Horfa, 19.

Subdue

Britain,

and

INDEX.
the Sntifh improvements into ancient barbarity, ik After filbduin^ the Britons, war againft tach other, 27. Difficulty of continuing Brief view of their idolatrous religion, their hiilory, and why, 28. Made but flow improvement in arts in England, 60. 'iheif 31. Their gradual eccleiiaftical fubietlion bigotry and fuperllition, 61. to the fee of Rome, traced, i3. Their theological difputej., 63. Reduced to defpair by the ravages of the Danes, 79. .'idmit the Danes to fettle with them after defeating them, 83. Their monks

no. Their afiPefted aufterities, 113. Oppofed by Review of the SaKon government in Engthe fecular clergy, 114. The fucceflion of their princes, how regulated, 199. land, 198 Account of their ittenagemot, or national council, 20 1. Earl
charafterifed,

and ylla'efman, iynonimous appellations among, i5. note. Their government ariilocratical, toward the time of the Norman conqueft, Several orders of men, 204. otace of popular liberty among, 208. Their courts of juftice, 212. among,z,^. State of legiflation among, Their criminal law, 215. Their military force, 225. Public 214. Value of money among, 226. revenues, ib. Their manners inquired into, 229. Finally fubdued by William duke of i^^^ormandy, See Harold aud William. Their laws compared with 193. 231.
the civil law, iii. 300. Saxony, Maurice ektlor of. See Maurice. Scandal and reproach, inilances of the fevere punifiiment of, by the court of liar-chamber, vi. 303. Scone, th.e famous {tone there, on which the kings of Scotland were anointed, carried to London by Edward I. ii. 282. Robert Bruce

crowned
Scotland,

there, 317.
Scots,

Edward

Baliol

crowned

there, 385.

the Sects and Pifls invade Britain, i. 13. King Conftantine defeated by Athelilan king of England, 104, 105. King Duncan killed by Macbeth, 168. Macbeth killed, and Malcolm reilored. ib. King William taken prifoner by Henry II. does homage, with all his nobility, for his ranfom, 448. The vaffalage of, fold by Richard I. to ralfe money for his crufade, ii. 6. Remarks on the ancient hiftory of, 245. Alexander III. king of, marries the filler of Edward I. ib. Dies, 246. Is fucceeded by Margaret of Norway, Guardians appointed during her Infancy, ib. ib. treaty of marriage negotiated between her and prince Edward of England, ib. She dies on her pafTage to Scotland, 247. Competitors for the crown of, 248. 255. Their claims referred to the decifion of Edward I. of England, 250. inquiry into the nature of the homage done by the kings of, to thofe of England, 251. The parliament of, and the competitors for the crown, attend the fumnions of Edward to Norham, foutli of the Tweed, 253, Edward afierts his right to difpofe of the crown, as liege of the kingdom, il>. The fortrelTes in, delivered up to Edward, 256. The barons and prelates fwear fealty Edward decides in favour of John Ballol's right to the. to him, 257. crown, 258 Baliol fwears fealty to Edward, and is put in poffeffion of the kingdom, ih. The Sects, and their new king, provoked at Edward's ads of ufurpation over them, 259, Aflign a council to carry on the adminlftration, and all'emble an army to oppofe the forces of Edward, 280. Berwic taken by Edward, and the garrifoa
z\i6.

An

I
garr'ifon

N D E

X.
Scots defeated by earl

put to the fword, 281.

The

War-

Roxborenne, and the caftle of Dunbar fiirrendered to Edward, ib. Edinburgh, and the whole country, fubdued, 282. fOiigh taken, ib. Baliol carried prifoner to London, Baliol fwears fealty to liim, tb. and committed to the Tower, 283. Earl Warrenne left governor of, The Scots abandoned by Philip of France, in conftquence of th.
his treaty

leaves the adminiftration in

Warrenne, returning to England, hands of Ormefoy and Creflingham, Their oppreffions of the Scots, ib. The Scots rife againft the 298. Gain a vidory over WarEnglilli, under William Wallace, 299. The regency given to Wallace made regent, 302. renne, 301. the fteward, and Cuming of Badenoch, on Wallace's refignation, The Scots army defeated by Edward at Falkirk, 304. Apply 303. Engage pope Boniface to France for faccour, but are refufed, 306. John de Segrave left guardian of, by EdJn their intereft, 307. Is again fubdued by ward, who is defeated by the Scots, 309. Edward, 310. Young Robert Bruce arrives in Scotland, and fpirits up the nobility to a revolt, 314. Bruce is crowned at Scone, 317. He reduces the Engliili in Scotland, and is acknowledged by the Bruce defeats Edward at Bannockburn, 340. whole country, 337. The independency of, efta-blifhed by this victory, 341. He invades England on the death of Edward II. 372. The nature of the war made by the Scots, and their army, defcribed, 373. Death of RoState of, at this bert Bruce, and acceffion of his fon David, 381. period, 383. The earl of Marre appointed regent on the death of Mun-ay, ib. Marre defeated and flain by Edward Baliol, 384. He Is routed by Sir Archibald Douglas, and is crowned at Scone, 385. Douglas defeated by Edward III. of England, flies to England, ib. He is acknowledged no longer and Edward Baliol rePcored, 388. King David than protefted by the prefence of the Enghfh king, ib. defeated and taken prifoner by queen PhiHppa, 440. Is rai.fomed, 461. An exprefs inquiry into the nature of the homage paid by the kings of, to thofe of England, 501. The Scots obtain afiiftance from France to invade England, and their condudl in thefe incurfions, iii, 12. Dlfoblige their allies, who return home, 13. Invade England Battle of Homeldon, 68. again, but are worlled, 67. Prince James taken prifoner by Henry IV. and educated in England, 75. Carried to France by Henry V. 114. The Scots army in France refufe to obey their young king while in captivity, ib. James I. rcllored, 129. Murdered, ib. Affairs of, during the reign of Henry VI. and beginning of Edward IV. 219. State of, in the time of Henry VII. James IV. receives and affifts Perkin Warbec, 371. Marries 332. Margaret, eldell daughter of Henry, 386. The Scots routed at His queen Marthe battle of Floudtn, and James killed, 439. garet marries Douglas earl of Angus, iv. 5. The dui:e of Albany called over to the regency, 6. The ftate of, as it appeared to AlConfufions in, on Albany's going over to bany on his arrival, ib. F^eafons in favour of alliances with France or England France, 8. Extraordinary cafe of Patrick Hamilton burnt lor contraftcd, 4.3. Friar Forrell; burnt, 215. The reformation fpreads in, herefy, 214. Zi6. Hciiry declares war againil, 2:; 7. Sir Robert Bowca defeated
the

with Edward, 297.

by

INDEX.
by the lords Hume and Huntley, 228. Battle of Solway, 229. The infant queen IVIary, contraded to Death of James V. 230. Invaded by Henry VIII. and prince Edward of England, 233. The Englifh defeated at Ancram, 249. Edinburgh burnt, 245. Is included in the peace of Campe between Henry and Francis,
Cardinal Beaton of Wifhart the reformer, 295. Its misfortunes at this time, owing to a flicceffion 297. The duke of Somerfet prepares to profccute of minorities, 299. His manifefto, 300. The Scots prepare to repel the war with, tb. The young queen Mary Battle of Pinkey, 303. Somerfet, 302. The earl of Arran refigns the regency to fent to France, 312. The young queen Mary married to the the queen dowager, 439. Englifli reformers protedled there from the profedauphin, 440. Account of the affociation called cutions of queen Mary, v. 21, See Congregation, and Guijit The Congregation of the Lord, 22. Mary of. Treaty of Edinburgh, 36. Settlement of the adminiThe catholic ilration during the queen's abfence by this treaty, ili.

353.

Hiilory

affaflinated,

religion

fupprefled,

and the prefbyterian

difcipline

eftabliflied

by

Qjaeen Mary arrives, on the death of her hufband, 45. The queen expofed to infults for her adherence to the catholic The poverty of the reformed clergy there, 54. The religion, 47.
parliament, 38.
benefices hov/ afiigned by the privy council, ^^. confederacy formed married to the lord Daniley, 89. againfl: Mary at Stirling, which is encouraged by Elizabeth, 90. The rebels driven into England, 91. Murder of Darnley, 107. The proteftant religion eftabHfhed by parliament, with the queen's Mary married to Bothwel, 115. Reflections fanftion, no, 7iote. Mary imprifoned In Lochlevia of the people on thefe events, il>. Maiy forced to refign the crown, and her fon James caftle, 120.
ecclefialtlcal

Mary

VL

crowned, 124.

The fettleArrival of Murray the regent, 125. ment of the crown and adminiftration confirmed by parliament^ Mary flies to England, il/. Her iL Battle of Langfide, 128.
Murray caufe examined before Englifli ccmmiflioners, 135. 144. The earl of Lenox appointed regent^ the regent alFafiinated, 167. 168. He is put to death by Murray's party, and the earl of Mar Morton made regent on the death of Mar, ib. Dlfchofen, 202. Mortori tried and execontents and faftions againft Morton, 230. confplracy of nobles formed, who feize the young cuted, 232. king James, 248. James efcapes from them, 254. Earl of Arran

degraded, 256. and Elizabeth, 270. commlflioners, 299.

entered into between James to death by Englifli And executed, 319. The hoftile laws between^ and England, aboliflied, vi, 41. The natural confequences of their king fucceeding to the crown of England, 82. View of the ftate of religion there, 84. James obtains the jurifdiftion of bifliops to be acknowledged, iL The eflablifliment of epifcopal authority and The nature of the excommunication proceremonies oppofed, ih.
defenfive alliance

Queen Mary fentenced

nounced by the ecclefiaftical courts in, 86. Behaviour of Black, miSeditious principles of the clergy there, niftier of St. Andrews, 87. Some of the refradory minlfters puniflied on his acceflion to the 88. crown of England, il/. The general aflembly fubmit to regal and epifcopal

INDEX.
copal authority, 89.
cations between

court of high commiffion ere5\ed,

ib.

Alter-

Confeqiiences of the James and the clergy, 90. Difconinfluence of the nobility, and the abfcnce of the king, 320.

Introduction of the canons tumult at Edinburgh on occafion of the liturgy, 327. The covenant eftablifhed, 329. Epifcopacy abolifhed by the general affembly, 334. The covenanters affiled by cardinal The covenanters raife forces, and fecure the whole Richelieu, 336. country, ib. Their zeal inflamed by Michelfon the prophetefs, 337. pacification conCharles marches with a force to Berwick, 339. cluded with the covenanters, 341, A letter from the malcontents to ATiother armament fent againft the king of France intercepted, 357. them, iL The Scots army rout lord Conway at Newburn, ib. They Treaty of Rippon, ib. Are attake poffenion of Newcaltle, 358. tacked by Straft'ord, 360. The army difbandcd by the Englilfi houfe The lords of articles abolifhed, on the arrival of of commons, 423. Reflexions and views of the covenanters, on the Charles, 426. breaking out of the civil war in England, 536. Send commiffioners Summon, by their to the king at Oxford, to offer a mediation, 538. own autliority, a convention of Hates, 539. The folemn league and covenent framed with the P^nglifh commiffioners, 540. Raife an army to affill the Englifli parliament, 542. 1'he king puts himfelf into the hands of the Scots army before Newark, vli. 73. Dehver up the king to the parliament for the payment of the arrears of the army, 79. Their commiffioners affronted by the independent fadliort in the long parliament, 113. Their commiffioners concert a treaty
tcnts of the inferior clergy there, 322.

and

liturgy,

325.

witli the
tliere

at

this

king, for arming in his favour, 1 16. Parties diftinguidied time, ib. The royalitls defeated by Cromwel, 12S.

Charles II.

proclaimed after

his

father's

execution,

Cruel and infulting treatment and execution of Montrofe, 179. Treatment of Charles on his landing, 183. Numbers burnt for witchcraft, 186. Battle of Dunbar, 190. Charles Charles crowned at Scone, 192. marches into England, 195. Is routed by Cromwel at Worcefter, Stirling-caltle reduced by Monk, and the records of the king196. dom fent to London, 207. Dundee and other towns taken, ib.
miffioners fent to Breda, to propofe terms to Charles,

159. 173.

Com-

The kingdom
miniilration of,

fubmits

to the

commonwealth,

ib.

The

civil

ad-

under the proteftorate of Oliver Cromwel, 26G. The forts rafed and troops difbanded by Charles II. on his refloi-ation, 365. A parliament, ib. Prelacy tacitly reftored, 366. Sharp made archbilliop of St. Andrews, 367. Trial and execution of Argyle and others, ib. Lord Lorn condemned, but pardoned by the king, 438. Arbitrary impuProceedings of parliament, 439. fition of fines under the adt of indemnity, ib. Difordcrs occationed by the re-eftablilhmeut of epifcopacy, 440. And by violent mcafurrs to fupprefs conventicles, 442. Infurrc6^ion and renewal of the Cruel covenant, 443. The infurgents routed by Dalzicl, ib. execution of the covenanters, 444. I'he attempts to reconcile tLe people to epifcopacy without efie^f^, \iii. Ag. A pasiiamopt.. cj. Severe law againit conventicles, f3. The arbitra/y admisiillrat;.)!!

Vol. VII

Mm.

of

INDEX.
of Lauderdale, 53. Cafe of Mltchel, 54. Arcliblfliop Sharp murdered, 114. parliament held by the' duke of York, 167. Con-^ demnation of the earl of Argyle, 169. Cruel perfecution of the covenanters, 171. Two women drowned for not abjuring the declaration, 174, A declaration of indulgenee pubhrtied by James II. 259. Revolts againft Jarnes, on the coining over of the prince of Orange, 300. The convention fummoned by the prince, makes a tender of the crown to him and his princcfs, 309. Scriptures, a tranflation of, made by Tindal the reformer, iv. 131. See Bili/e. Scutage, an explanation of that term, and n what occafions levied by the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 127. None levied by Edward I. 323. Seajights. See under the names ot the refpeeiive commanders. Secretaries ofjlate, a lilt of thofe during the reign of James I. vi. 155. During that of Charles I. vii. 153. Sedgmoor, battle of, between the duke of Monmouth and the earl of Feverfham, viii. 329. Sedky, Mrs. her influence over James JI. viii. 219. Segra-ve, John de, appointed guardian- of Scotland by Edward I. ii. 309. Is defeated by the Scots, ilf. Self-denying ordinance paffed by the long parliament, vii. 27. between the prince of Orange and the prince of Seneffc, battle of,

Conde,

viii.

9.

Sever us, emperor, completes Adrian's rampart, i. lo. This rampart erected of Hone, 13. Seymoar, lady Jane, maid of honour to queen Anne Boleyn, attraifls the notice of Henry VIII. iv. 156. Is married to the king the next day after Anne Boleyn's execution, 162. Is brought to bed of a fon (afterward Edward VI.), and dies, 176.

iv.

J Sir Edward, brother to queen Jane, made earl of Hertford;^ Commands the forces of Henry VIII. in an invafion of 176. Scotland, and burns Edinburgh, 245. Is fent with forces over to

Calais, 253. Is appointed one of the regency during the minority of Edward VI. 282. Is Is chofen proteftor by the regency, 283. created duke of Somerfet, 284. See Somerjet. lord, fecond fon of the protestor Somerfet, commands a , fquadron flationed at Dunkirk, to prevent the duke of Parma from joining the Spanifli armada, v. 335. Sir Francis, his fpeech at the opening of tlie third parliament , of Charles I. vi. 241. ~Sir Thomas, is nominated one cf the council to the regency, , during the minority of Edward VI. iv. 283. Is created lord Seymour, and high admiral, 285. His charafler, 314. Marries the queendowager, ib. Cabals agaiiiil his brother the protestor, during his Forms a party in parliament agairilt the abfence in Scotland, ih. Is intimidated, and defires a reconciliation with his proteclor, 315. AddrefTes the lady Elizabeth, after the queen dowager's brother, ih. death, ih. Is committed to the Tower, 318. Is exaniined by the council, ih. Is attainted by parliament, 319. Is executed, 320. See Milan. Sforza, Francis, obtains the invelliture of Milan, iv. 98.

Shaftejlury,

INDEX.
Shaftejlury,
~^

Anthony Afhiey Cooper, earl of, his hint of /hutting up the exchequer, carried to the king by Sir Thomas CKfford, vii. 475. His Ipecch to parliament on the Dutch Is made chancellor, 478. war, 500. Ifl'ues writs for fopplying vacant feats in parliament, 502. Is difmilTed Deferts the court, and joins the country party, 505. from being chancellor, 512. Is fent to the Tower for difputing the legality of the parliament after a twelvemonth's prorogation, viii. 26. Is Flatters the duke of Monmouth with hopes of the fucceflion, 95. made prefident of the council, 102. Is removed by the king, 123.

Prefents the duke of York, as a popifh recufant, to the grand jury of luftiIs accufed of treafon, but acquitted, i66. Middlefex, 127. Retires to Holland, gates the duke of Monmouth's confpiracy, 183. and dies, 184, His charafter, ib. Shakefpeare, fcarcely any mention of civil liberty to be found in his A character of his dramatic writings. hlttorical plays, v. 469, no!c. vi. 191. Compared with Jonfon, 192. Sharps a Scots prefbyterlan commlffioner, abandons their caufe, and is made archbiihop of St. Andrews, vii. 367. His cruelty towards the covenanters, 444.. Is fliot at by Mltchel, viii. 54. Is murdered, 1 14. Dr. is fufpended by the court of high commiffion, in the reign of James II. for preaching agalnft popery, viii. 255. Shatv, Dr. procured by the duke of Gloucefter to declare his brother Edward illegitimate, In a fermon at St. Paul's, Iti. 277. Ill fuccefs of this fcheme, 278.
,

Sheep, the

number

of, reftri<51ed

by

flatute, iv.

277.

Sir

Thomas More's

cenfure of the exceflive breeding of, 328. SherJieUy recorder of Salifbury, is prolecuted in the ilar-chamber for

breaking a painted church window,

Sheriffs,

vi.

290.
ii.

the primitive nature of their Office,

tirft

270.

.Ship-money,

England, i. 142. Impcled on occafion of Is Firll levied by Charles I. vi. 225. the Spanhh invadon, v. 461. extended over the whole kingdom, 301. Trial of John Hambden, for refufing to pay it, 315. The Iheriffs voted delinquents for
levied
in
affeffing
it,

by the commons, 372.

reign of

Is declared illegal,

3S0.

Caufe of its decay at that time, ib. See Navy. Shirley, Dr. and Fag, a member of the lioufe of commons, great dif' putes between the two houfes, occafioncd by, viii. 14. Shore, Jane, accufed by the duke of Gloucefter in council, iii. 274. Remarks on the accounts given of her, ib. note. Her lullory, 276. Shreivjbury , battle of, between Henry IV. and young Plercy, iii. 71. Jizabeth, countefs of, her fcandalous reports of queen , communicated to Ehzabeth by Mary queen of Scots, v. 506. ' , earl of, is added to the privy council for the conJidcration Mary committed to of the cafe of Mary queen of Scots, v. 144. his cuftody at Tutbury, 146. She is removed from his care, on account of his indulgence to her, 25 S. Is appointed to attend on her
Shipping, ftate of, in the

Edward

III.

ii.

496.

execution, 311.

earl of,
viii.

of Orange,

renounce* the catholic religion, and joins the prince 284.

iNI

Sialy,

I
Sicily, tranfaflions

N D

X.

of Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, during their wintering there, on their way to the crufade, li. ^, The pope's contells with the emperor Frederic concernin^r^, 171. Is offered, by the pope, to Richard earl of Cornwal, who refufes it, ib. Is accepted by Henry III for his fecond fon Edmond, i-jz. The. heavy debt incurred by Henry, in affcrting this grant, ib. crufade publifhed againil, by the pope, 173. Sidney, Algernon, fecretly negotiates with France, and receives bribes and prefents from that court, viii. 43, ncte. Enters into the duke of Monmouth's confpiracy, 185. Review of his life and charader, 196. Is tried, ib. His defence, 197, Is executed, 198. Sir Henry, lord deputy of Ireland, reduces Shan Oneale, , V. 399. His vigilant adminillration, ib. Sir Philip, writes to queen Elizabeth, to difTuade her from , marrying the duke of Anjou, v. 244. Is made governor of Flufhing, His death and charafter, 276. 273. Sigelert, king of Eaft Anglia, reflores Chriflianity in his kingdom, and faid to found the univerfity of Cambridge, i. 46. , k'"g of WefleK, depofed for his bad adminiftratior, i, 55. Hi* bafe ingratitude to his proteftor, ib. Revenged upon him, 56. Sigefert, a Nonhumbrian pirate, routed by Alfred, i. 89. Silver, See Money. Simier, is fent over by the duke of Anjnu, to profecute his fuit with queen Elizabeth, v. 239. Hi.^ art in rendering his converfation agreeable to her, 240. Difcovers Leiceiler's marriage to the queen, ib. Is taken under the queen's immediate protelion, on Leicefter's attempting his life, ib. Simnfl, Lambert, a baker's fon, becomes the inftniment of Simon the prieil to difturb the government of plenry VII. iii. 323. Opens his pretenfios in Ireland, as earl ofWatwic, which revolts under him, Receives forces from 325. Crowned at Dublin, as Edward VI. ib. Defeated the duchefs of Burgund}^, 328. Invades England, 329. at the battle of Stoke, ib. Becomes fcuUion to the king, and is promoted to be his falconer, 330. Si'non, Richard, a pried, concerts the pretenfions of Lambert Simnei,

againft
revolts,
Sinclair.,

Htnry VII.
325.
iv.

iii.

Why otily
329.
Is

Carries his pupil to Ireland, which 323. confined, on Simnel's overthrow, 330.
to the command of the Englilh at Solway, ii. for attempting the life of Oliver Cromwel,

Oliver, favourite of

James V. appointed
tlie

Scots army,
Sindercome,
vii.
is

defeated by

condemned

Poifons himfelf, 284. 282. Sirnamcs, when introduced into England, ii, 140. Siihric, a Danifh nobleman, appointed king of Northumberland, by Athelftan, i. 104. Fate of his fons, //'. Siward, duke of Northumberland, his hiftory, i. 168. Six articles, law of. See Articles. Skinner, applies to the houfe of lords for redrefs againft the Eaft India company, and is taken into cudody by the commons, vii. 454. Shaves, or villains, how conlideied among the Anglo-Saxons, i. 211,

Two

kinds of,

ib.

SviakaUe,

INDEX.
Smaknlde, a league of the proteflant pr'nces of Cerrriany formed therj^ iv. 99. Money remitted to the league by Henry VIII. 142. Smyrna Jieety Dutch, attacked by Sir Ro:;ert Holmes, vii. 478. Society, civil, more probity to be found in, than amoHg rude and barbarous nations, i. 222. Soilaluium, or Saxon bond of compafl, defcribed, i. 206. Soldiers, common, their pay in the time of Edward III. ii. 497, nok^

emoluments arofe, ih. between the Eng;lilh and French fleets, and De Ruiter, the Dutch admiral, vii. 485. Solway, battle of, between the Englifh and Scots, iv. 229. Solyman, fuUan, conquers Hungary, and btfleges Vienna, iv. 99. Somerfet, duke of, governor of Normandy, obliged to furrendcr Roiien, and the reft of the province, to Charles VII. iii. 176. Succeeds the duke of Suffolk in his influence with Henry VI. and his queen, 188.
their cldef

Whence

Solebay, battle of,

Killed at the firft battle of St. /ilban's, Sent to the Tower, 199. 200. the carl of Hertford, protestor during the minority of Edward VI. created duke of, iv. 284. Procures his authority to be conFavours the eilablifhment of the reformation, firmed by patent, 286. 288. Appoints a vilitation of diucefes, 29 I. Makes preparation for Publiihes a manifefto, 300. Advances the war with Scotland, 299. toward Edinburgh, 301. Defeats the Scots at the battle of Pinkey, Leaves V/arwic to treat for an accommodHtion, and returns 303. Calls a parliament, ih. to England, 306. Paffcs laws favourable Suppreffes fome popilh ceremonies, 308. to the reformation, 307. Orders Haddington to be fortified and garrifoned, 310. Is informed of his brother's cabals againft. him, 3i.f. Commits him to the Tower, and orders a profecution of him, 318. Signs the warrant for his execution, 32P. Appoints a commiflion to inquire concerning inclofures, 329. Infurrcflions of the people, ih. Endeavours Is opat an alliance \^ilh the emperor, but fs difappointed, 333. pofed in his intention to conclude a peace with France and Scotland, His haughty exertion of his authority e:scitts cabals againd 334. him, 335. Becomes obnoxious for courting popular favour, ib. Dem.olifhes churches, to build a palace with tlie materiiils, 336. Kemoves the king confpiracy formrd againft him at Lly-houfe, ib. to Vv^'indlor, and prepares fur his defence, 337 Is deferted by ail but i-'aget and Cranmer, and defpairs, ib. Is fent to the Tower, Confefics on his knees before the council, the charges laid 338. againft him ; is deprived of his offices, and fined, 340. Is re-admitted to the council, ib. Marries his daughter to the lord Dudley, fon to Warwic, ib. The fchem^s of Northumberland to ruin him, 351. The charges Is arrelied, together with his duchefs and friends, ib. againft him, ii-. His charaCler, and Is tried, ^52, Executed, 353. refit 6tions on his fate, ib. -, Carre, vifcount Rochefter, created earl of, vi. 70. Is inftigated by his lady to procure Sir Thomas Overbury to be poifoned, lb. Is Uung with remoife, and declines in the king's favour, 75. Is convi'ded of Ovcvbuvy's death, 77. Is pardoned, and dies in ob,

fcurity, 78,

Mm

Sbutham^iotit

INDEX.
Southampton, Wriotliefely, chancellor, and one of the regency, daring Puts the great the minority of Edward VI, created earl of, iv. 284. Is deprived of the chancellorfhip, and refeal in commiflion, 285. moved from the council, 286. Is re-admitted to the council, and Enters into a plot cabals with Warvvic againft the protestor, 336. Retires from the council, and dies againfl him at Ely-houfe, 337.

of vexation, 339.
r.

who makes him by the queen's orders, 406. Is tried with Enters into EfTex's confpiracy at Drury-houfe, 423. Is fpared, but detained in prifon, 432. Eflex, and condemned, 427. Sec Spain, ftate of, at the time of Henry VII. of England, iii. 333. Ferdinand of Arragon. Leagues with the Italian ftates againlt France, 368. Obtains poffeffion or the kingdom of Naples, 414. Death of Ferdinand, and acceiTion of his grandfon Charles, iv. 12. See Charles V. Acquires the final poffeffion of Navarre, 25. The kingdom of, reSee figned by the emperor Charles V- to his fon Philip, 425. Philip II. Charles retires to the monadery of St. juft, in Eitremadura, Peace of Cateau Cambrefis, v. 16. ViiSory of St. Quintin, 434. ih. His Philip vovi's to fpend his life in the extirpation of herefy, 6^. Its flourilhing Hate and power at cruel perfecution of heretics, ib. The invincible armada fitted out for the conqueit of this time, 172. England, 333. This fleet deftroyed, 343. Cadiz taken and plundered by the Engliih, 380. The harbour of Ccrimbra attacked, and Peace concluded with England, vi. a rich carrack taken there, 444. 27. Acknowledges the independency of the United Provinces, and concludes a truce with them for twelve years, 44. Arrival of prince
,

earl of, attends the earl of Effex to Ireland,

v.

general of horfe,

404.

Is difplaced

The Charles there, to profecute his marriage with the Infanta, 133. match broke off by Buckingham, 137. Acknowledges the republican government of England, vii. 250. The Englifli ambaffador murdered Revolt of Portugal, and other ill fucthere by banifhed royalifts, ib. Declares war againft England, on the feizure of Jamaica, ceffes, 251. The galleons taken and deftroyed at Cadiz, 257. A fleqt 255. War with France, 431. Its fituaburnt in Santa Cruz harbour, ib. tion at the time of the congrefs of Nimeguen, and motives of haftening the treaty there, viii. 22. The treaty of Nimeguen concludedj, Declares war againft France, 2c6. 46. Spaluto, archbiftiop of, comes to England, turns proteftant, efcapes to Italy, and dies in confinement, vi. 197.
Speaker of the Houfe of Comvwns, firft appointment of, Spenfer, his charafter as a poet, v. 492.
Spenfer.
iii.

3.

Sprague,

See Defpenfer. admiral Sir Edward, is killed in the engagement with \X\t Dutch at the mouth of the Texel, vii. 509. Spurs, battle of, between the troops of Henry VIIL and the duke of

'

Longueville, iii. 435. 'St. Alban^s, the monaftery of, by whom endowed, i. 49. Obfervations on the petition of the borough of, to parliament, in the reign of Ed-^ ward II. iii. 508. Battle of, between Henry VI. and Richard duke of York, iii. 200.' Between queen Margaret, and the erj-1 of Warwic, 210.

su

INDEX.
Andreivs, Wifliart the reformer burnt there, by cardinal Beaton, Is furrendcred to the 297. The cardinal affailinated there, ib. queen dowager of Scotland, 299. Curious refolution of a fcholaftic debate there, by the fub-prior's fervant, 460. Walter Mill burnt meeting of bifhops and clergy fuoimoned there by there, v. 23. king James, vi. 90. prior of, attcndc the queen regent of Scotland, in her en, deavour to fiipprefs the riots of the reformers, v. 27". Joins the affb" ciation termed the Congregation of the Lord, 30. St. Aubin, battle of, between the duke of Britanny and the French,
^V.
iv.

342. Bartholomew, maffacre of the Hugonots at Paris, on the eve of that day, V. 205. St. Dennis, battle of, between the conftable Montmorency, and the prince of Cond^, v. 186. Battle of, between the prince of Orange, and marefchal Luxembourg, viii. 46. St, D'lfier taken by the emperor Charles V. iv. 247. St. Edtnonjhury, a confederacy of the barons formed there, by cardinal Langton, to aflert their privileges againll the oppreflions of king John,
^
iii.

St.

" 79'
St. Giles,

tutelar faint of
v.

Edinburgh,
negotiations

riot

of proteftants there on the

fellival of,

24.

St. 'John,

his ineffeftual

United Provinces, vii. 209. wealth and the States, ih.

"

with the States-general of the Excites a quarrel between the Common-

vr

of Jerufalem, the knights of, refufe to furrender their revenues iv. 205. The order diffolved by parliament, il'. St, Orner's, the prince of Orange defeated there by marefchal Luxembourg, viii, 27. Si. ^nnt'm, battle of, between the conftable Montmorency, and the Spauifh army, under Philibert duke of Savoy, iv, 434. Stafford, lord vifcount, is tried for the popifh plqt, viii. 140. Is condemned, 142. Executed, 144. Standard, battle of, i. 357. Statdey, lord, fufpefted by Richard III. of favouring the earl of Richmond, ii. 294. His fon retained by Richard as the pledge of his fidelity, lb. His ambiguous conduft previous to the battle of Bof\vrth, lb. Declares for Richmond, foon after the commencement of the action, lb. Created earl of Derby, 314. -, William, governor of Dcyenter, betrays the place, and deferts with his whole garrifon to the Spaniards, v. 328. Sir William, prefents the earl of Richmond with Richard III.'s , crown, found in Bofworth-ficld, iii. 307. Detected by Sir Robert Clifford In abetting Perkin Warbec, 362. Tried and executed, 363. Stannary Courts fupprelfed by the long parliament, vi. 422. Star-chamber, the jurifdiciion of, how founded, and when eftabliflied, iii. 397. The nature of that jurifdidion explained, v. 453. Its antiquity, vi. 159. Its authority not limited by any precifc law or ftatute, 160. Oppreflive fentences of this court, 295, 298, 303, 313. |!ts proceedings condemned by the commons, 3^3. Its fentence on
to

Henry VIII.

ni

Prynng

INDEX.
Pr^'nne anc^ others reverfed, and fatisfaflion ordered, 378. Is abolifted by parliament, 420. Siayner, captain, takes and deftroys the Spanifh galleons at Cadiz, vii.

king of England, his prctenfions to the crown, how founded, Aflumes the crown, 352. Grants a charter to his fubjeCls, 350. 353. His title ratified by the pope, ib. His fubjefts fwear a conditional allegiance to him, 355. Summoned before a fynod, by his brother Henry, bifhop of VVinchefter, 359. Taken prifoner by the emprefs Matilda's partv, 361. Exchanged for earl Robert, Matilda's brother, 365. Difgufts his nobles, by demanding their caltles, 366. His party laid under the papal interdIcl:ion, but removifd by his fubmifTions, iIj. The archbifhop of Canterbury refufes to anoint his fon Euftace, 368. Enters into a compromifc with Henry, fon of the emprefs Matilda, ib. Dies, 369. His charaditer, ib. Stigand, archbilhop of Canterbury, proclaims Edgar, and encourages Not permiited to officiate the Englilli to refiil the Normans^ i. 232. Attends him to Normandy, at the coronation of king William, 235. His character, 255. Degraded and imprifoned, 257. 239. Still-yard, merchants of, when eilablilhed into a compariy, iv. 349. ib. The privileges of, annulled by the council of Edward Stirling, a confederacy of malcontent Scots nobles formed there, againll
Stephen,
i.

VL

queen Mary,
Stoke, battle of,

v.

90.
iii.

The
329.

rebels forced to retire into

earl of

England, 91.

between Henry VII. and the

Lincoln,

Lambert

Simnel's general,
Sto-ive, his

acknowledgment of the advance of trade during the peaceable

relgu of James I. vi. 570. Stotvel, an abhorrer, refifts the order of the houfe of

commons

for his

commitment,
Strafford,
vi.

vlii.

131.
of, his
ib.

from L-eland, and fent lieuteObtains the chief command nant-general againil the Scots, 357. by the iilnefs of Northumberland, 359. Advifes the king to conGains an advantage over the Scots, 360. The tinue the war, ih. army difcontented, ih. His general unpopularity at the meeting of Is promifed proteftion by the king, 367. the long parliament, 365. Is taken into cultody, Is impeached by the houfe oF commons, 369. Is accufed by tlie commiffion appointed for trying liim, 396. ih. Examination of his cafe and conduct, 399. Irifh parliament, 397. His defence, 401. Notes of his fpeech in council, produced againlt him by V^ane and Pym, 407. His defence againft this paper, 408. The populace excited againlt Is attainted by the commons, 409. him, 410. Writes to the King to give him up, 414. His attainder His charafter, ib. Is executed, 418. palTed, 415. Stratford, archbifhop of Canterbury, is employed by Edward III. Enters into a combination in collecting the new levies, ii. 409. His letter to the againft the king on his return from Planders, 410. king, 411. "Gomes to parliament unfummoned, in his pontifical Is length reconciled to the robes, and demands admiLlance, ib. king, ib.
284.
Is called

Wentvvorth earl His character,

preferment, and the motive of

it,

'.'.

btraltoUi

I
Stratton, battle of,

N D E
earl

X.
royallfig,

between the

of Stamford and tKe

n.

517-

Straw, Jack, one of the heads of Tyler's infurreflion. ^t^TyleP. Strickland, a member of the houfe of commons, introduces a bill for the

amendment of
arrd prohibited

Is lummoned before the council, the liturgy, v. 174. appearing in the houfe, 175. Is reftored to his icat,

177Strigtil,

earl of.

See Stronghotv.
tin,

Strode, his cruel treatment in

ment, relating to
,

mcmbet

Cornwall for bringing a bill into parlia271. of the houfe of commons, impeached by Charles I.
iv.

467. Stronghow, Richard, earl of Strlgul, engages to afflfl: Dermot, king of Leinlkr, i. 428. Applies to Henry 11. for permiflion, 429. Marri&s the daughter of Dermot, and fuccetds to his kingdom, ih. The Irifn not able to withftand him, 430. Receives from Henry the comvi.

miffion of feiieichal of Ireland,

ib.

Strozzi, the French admiral,

makes an attempt on

Jerfey, but

is

engaged

333. Stuart, the caufes of the unhappinefs of the princes of that houfe In the government of England pointed out, vi. 580. Refleftions on the admiuillration of that family, while on the throne of England, viii.

by an Englilh

flett,

iv.

320.
i

James, of Ochiltree, joins in the defigns of the count d'Aubig, ney, in detachin^: James VI. of Scotland from the interell of England, Is made earl of Arran, 247. See ^rran. V. 231. Subfidies and Fifteenths, the nature, amount, and method of levying taefe taxes, vi. 173. Are altered into a land tax, 175. The laft grant of
fubfidies, vii.

391
fent

Suetonius Paulinus,

by Nero

to Britain,

i.

7.

Subdues Arglefey,

Defeats Boadicea, 8. the chief feat of the Druids, ib. Recalled, 9Suffolli, earl of, fucceeds, at the death of the earl of Saliibury, to the comof the fiege of Orleans, iii. 139. Difconcertcd by Joan d'Arc, Raifes the fiege, 149. Beheged himfelf at Jergeau, rV^. Taken 146. prifoner by one Renaud, whom he knighted, ib. Negotiates a truce
witl> Charles

mand

VII. of France, 169. Concludes a treaty of marriage between Henry VI. and Margaret of Anjou, 170. Created a duke, Impeached 171. Defends his conduct in the houfe of lords, 184.

by the commons, 185.

the king, 187.
Is

His

jultiflcation of himfelf, j^.

Bauiihedbjr

Murdered, i88.

-, Edmund de la Pole, earl of, flies to Flanders, and why. III. 391. pardoned, but elopes again, 392. Political improvement of this

incident by Henry VII. ib. His fccrets betrayed, by the treachery of Sir Robert Curzon, ib. Proteded by Philip archduke of Aullria, Deluded over to England by Philip^ and committed U> 393. the Tower, ib. Beheaded by Henry VIII. 433. Motives to this
aftion,
ib.

Charles Brandon, duke of, marries Mary queen dowager of France, filler to Henry VlII. privately, iii. 445. Henry reconciled to him, lb. Retires difgulted, iv. 4. is fcut by H&ury to invade PiCiirdyf

INDEX.
Penetrates almoft to Paris, 52. Is fentby Henry tofupcardy, 51. Dies, 255. prefs Dr. Mackrel's infurrection, 171. The king's chara<3:er of him, 256. For his daughSiiffblk, the marquis of Dqrfct created duke of, iv. 361. Is appointed to command the ters, Jane and Catharine, fee Grey. army, to defend his daughter Jake's pretenlions, 370. The command taken by Northumberland, ib. Declares for queen Mary, 372. Is apprehended, but releafed, ib. 375. Engages in a confpiracy againft Mary, 389. Is taken prifoner, ib. Is tried and executed, 393. , lord, and lord chamberlain, is ordered to fearch the vaults under the parliament-houfe, and difcovers the powdpr intended to blow up king and parliament, vi. 35. earl of, his daughter married to the earl of ElTex, y\. 67. See ,

Succeeds Salifbury as treafurer, 71. EJfex. Suiis in forma pauperis, firfl given to the poor, iii. 398.
Sunday, fports and exercifes allowed on, by proclamation of James I. vi. The puritans diftinguifh themfelves by terming it the Sabbatbf 93. 211. An edift for fports on, renewed by Charles I. 299. Remarks on Sunderland, earl of, is made fecretary of Hate, yiii. 102, Is fuppofed to have entered into a correfpondence his conduct, 175. with the prince of Orange, 294. Supplies, extraordinary, the amount of tkofe granted to James 1. by parSee Revenue. liament, vi. 172. Surienne, fir Francis, refufes obedience to Henry VI. 's order to furrender Maine to the duke of Anjou, iii. 174. Reduced to capitulate by Dunois,./^.

Carre and

Retires into Britanny,

ih.

in his pleafures, iii. 410. Colan army, and marches to oppofe James IV. of Scotland, 438. Created duke of Defeats James at the battle of Flouden, 439. See Norfolk. Norfolk, 440. made earl of, iii. , "-, lord Howard, fon to the duke of Norfolk, Is made admiral of England, and by the emperor Charles V. 44-0. Commands the Englid^ admiral of the Imperial dominions, iv. 40. Commands in the invafion of Scotland, incurfions into France, 41. Is made governor of Boulogne, but afterHis charafter, 261. 43. wards difplaced, 262. The motives of Henry's averfion to him, ib> His accufation and execution, ib. Srtffex, hiftory of the Saxon kingdom of, i. 52. -, earl of, is appointed one of the commiffioners to hear the caufe between Mary queen of Scots, and Murray the regent, v. 134. Marches againft the northern infurgents, 164. Is fent with forces to Writes to Scotland, to check the progrefs of Mary's party, 168. Scotland, in order to fruilrate the treaty entered Into by Mary with

Surrey, earl of, encourages

lefts

Henry VIII.

Elizabeth, 170.

Swart, Martin, fent with forces by the duchefs of Burgundy, to the Defeated and killed at the afliftance of Lambert Simnel, iii. 328.
battle of Stoke, 330. Sweatingficknefs, firft appearance of. Hi. 314. Appears again, iv. 1 8, note. Snveyn, king of Denmark, his invafion of England, in conjunftion with Oldveking of Norway, i. 132. Exads tribute of Ethelrcd, and de-

paits

INDEX.
Subfequent invafions by him, 134. 141. Dies at Gainfborough, 144. Sweden, acceflion of Charles X. by the refignation of >queen Chriftina, and his fuccefies in the north, vii. 246. Peace concluded with Denmark, by the mediation of the Englifh and Dutch, 304. Joins in Is detached from it by France, 480. the triple league, 435. Drive Sivifs, leagut w th pope Julius II. againll the French, iii. 416. the French out of Milan, and reinftate Maximilian Sforza in that Invade Excel other nations in their infantry, 432. duchy, 424. Deceived in a treaty by Tremoiiille the governor, >u Burgundy, 435.
parts, 133.

Art defeated by Francis I. of France, at Marignaii, 436 A body of, in the fervice of Fiancis, defert in difguft, 54.
Synods held in England,
i.

iv.

9.

358, 362, 391, 397.

ii.

64, 128, 267, 271, 302, 303, 318, 334, 343, See Convocation. 17, 57, 192, 285,

:}:....:

..

T.

ej^JlLL IJGE S

levied by the Aglo-Norman kings, ii. 126. Tauard, natural brother to Confiantia, queen of Naples and Sicily, His apprehenfions on the ardifpofTefTes her of her dominions, ii. 9. rival of the crufaders, Richard I. of England, and Philip of France, who are obliged to wanter at Meflina, iL His infidious behaviour toward his gueits, II. Tangier, the fortrefs of, yielded to Charles II. as part of the dowry with Is demohfhed and abanthe princefs Catharine of Portugal, vii. 378. doned, viii. 156
Tanijlry, in the Iriih cufloms, explained, vi. 59.

Is abolifhed, tb.
arbitrarily

Taxes,

how impofed in the reign of Edward I. ii. 323. Are increafcd by Edward III. 491. Never impofed without
parliament,

by the houfe of Lancafter, iii. 122. by Henry VIII. under the name of loans, iv. 46. Exorbitant levies of, in the reign of Edward VI. 322, note. A review of thofe impofed
during the time of the commonwealth,
.^

confent of Oppreffively raifed

vii.

337.

Taylor, parfon of Hadley, burnt for herefy,

,

iv.

412.

bifhop of Lincoln, violently thrull out of the parliament honfe for refufmg to kneel at the celebration of mafs, iv. 379. Templars, knights, charafter of that order, ii. 361. Their cruel treatment by Philip the Fair, of France, 362. The order abolilhed by

pope Clement V. 364.

Temple,

William, refident at Bruflels, is fent to the Hague, to conFrench conquefts in the Netherlands, vii. 433. His negotiations with De Wit, ib. Concludes the triple alliance with the States and Sweden, 435. Is fent plenipotentiary t the treaty at Aix-la-Chapelle, 436. Is vifited by Dc \Vit, and the information he brings to him, 463. Is recalled from tlie Flaguc, His remonftrance to the king on being appointed am466. baffador to the States, viii. 7. Is fent to the congrefs at Nimeguen, 21. His remonftrance to the king, refpei:ling an alliance againil France, 37, 38. Concludes an a,lliance with the States, to
fir

cert an oppofition to the

obi

ire

INDEX.
His
death,
ib.

(Oblige Louis to comply wilh the treaty of Nimeguen, 42. Advifes the king to form a new council, loi. His charader as a writer, 337,

between king Henry 1. and duke Robert, i. 324. and principles of, explained, ii. 103. Terouane^ befieged by Henry VHI. iii, 434. Extraordinary relief brought them, ih. Capitulates, 435. The duke of York fet afide by it, 506. TV/? act paffed, vii. 505. new one paffed, with an exception in the duke of York's favour, viii. 83. Is difpenfed with by James H. 239. His privilege of difpenfing
I'enchebray, battle of,
ITenures, feudal, the nature

with

it,

confirmed
battle

in

the cafe of Sir

Edward

Hales, 244.

'Tenvkejlury,

of,

between Edward IV. and queen Margaret's

'Tsxel,

army, iii. 250. engagement between prince Rupert and

of, vii.

De

Ruiter, at the

mouth

508.
viii.

YhamSf among the Saxons, import of that diftinftion, i. 208. Theatres, caufe of the licentioufnefs of, after the reftoration,

How
-i

334.

corrected, 335.

Theft when firfl made capital in England, i. 346. Thenhald, archbilhop of Canterbury, made legate

in England, i. 366. Refuf:s to anoint Euftace as king Stephen's heir, 368. Favoured by Henry II. on this, account, 383. Theodore, archbifhop of Canterbury, calls a fynod at Hatfield againil the herefy oi the Monothelites, i. 64. Thaulcufsy count de, defpoiled of his dominions for protecling the Albi-

genfes,

ii.

67.

Themas a

i. 383. ApHis magnificent way of life, tb. Goes pointed chancellor, 384. Inilance of the king's familiarity with amhaffador to France, 385, him, 386. Promoted to Canterbury, tb. His ailumed fanftity on this occafion, tb. His attacks on the earl of Clare, and William of Eynf-

Becket, his hiftory previous to his preferment,

Oppofes the king in a national fynod, 492. Is prevailed on to (ubfcribe the conflitutions of Clarendon, 395. His forrow for Sued for fome lands, and his behaviour therebis compliance, 396. upon, 397. Condemned for contempt at the council of Northampton,
ford, 388.

398.

Confults with

his

fuffragans about a

fublequent demand of

the king, 400. His extraordinary vlfit to the His king, 401. Appeals to the pope, and leaves the kingdom, 403. His reprefentations abroad, 406. Excomreception in France, 404. municates Henry's minifters, 407. Obtains a legatine commiffionj
ib.

money made on him by

Ineffeftual treaties of pacification

Is reconciled to him, 41
1.

410.

between him and the king, Oppofes the coronation of pruice

Henry when affociated with his father, 412. Sufpends the archbifhop of York, and excommunicates other bifhops who affift at the coronation, 413. Murdered at the altar, 417. His character, and Canonized by pope Alexander, 421. that of the age he lived in, ib. Pilgrimages to his fhrine, ib. King Henry does penance at it, 444. His muiderets how puniflied, 452. The extraordinary devotion paid to his flirine, iv. i8i. The fluine pillaged, and Eeckct's bones burnt
by Henry

ViH.

1S2.

Ihomond^

INDEX.
Thomond, eari of, his hlftory, v. 400. Throgmorton, Sir Nicholas, is tried at Guildhall, on account of StrfHis jury cruelly treated, folk's confpiracy, but acquitted, iv. 393. His brother Sir John conviAtd, ib. Is relcafed from confine* 39^.. mpnt by Philip, 402. Is made ambaiTador to Paris, and fends over Reintelligence of the hollile meafures of the French court, v. 33. news his application to Mary queen of Scots to ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 42. Mary's fpirlte-d declaration to Vim on being denied
Is employed by Elizaa pafTage through England to Scotland, 43. beth to encourage an infurreftion in Scotland againll Mary, 90. His Is fent prudent management in this affair for his own fecurity, 92. The tenor amb^fTador to Scotland, on the captivity uf Mary, 121. Is ordered not to affill at the coronatioa of of his commifTion, ib. the young king James VI. .125, ^^t Worcejlcr. Tihetot, John, earl of Worcefter. See Agriculture, Tillage. Time, how meafured by king Alfred, i. 97. Tindal flies to Antwerp, from the Power of Henry VIII. iv. 150. Makes a tranflation of the fcriptures, 131. Is artfully fupplied with money to perfeA it, by Tonltal bilhop of London, ih. Tobacco, when firft introduced into England, v. 275. The popular arguments for Toleration, not a priellly virtue, iil. 119. and againft, occafioned by the debates between cardinal Pole and The chief caufe and bifliop Gardiner on that fubjec^, iv. 406.

origin of it, vi. 165. Tomlinfon, colonel, tlie fpeech of Charles

I.

to, at

his execution, vii.

143. Tongue, Dr. his character,

plot,
viii. 6'^.

and

his inteljigence

concerning

tlie

Is

recommended by the houfe of commons

for

popafh church-

prefermerit,

132.

,t

Tonnage and poundage granted by parliament to Henry V. for life, lii. Granted in like manner to Richard III. 290. To Henry VII. 104. The duties of, arbitrarily levied by Henry VIH. iv. 272. .'.318. Remarks on the ftatute grafting thefe duties to him, ibt. The lon^ poffefiion of the duties occafions them to be confidered by the Princes (hort hiltory of thefe as their proper right and inheritance, vi. 50. grants, 268. Are levied by Charles I. after the Expiration of the The fpeaker of the commons forcibly detained -.-'grant of them, 269. A limited grant until the paffing a remonllrance againd them, 278. Are granted to Charles II. for life, -of, made by the commons, 394.
.

vii.

354.

Tonjial, bilhop of

London,

is

fent

baffador to the emperor Charles

firft

by Heniy VIIL to Madrid, amV. iv. 60. Buys up all Tindal's

His regency during the

incorrefi tranflation of the fcriptures, and burns them, 131.

in fo

fcheme

doing,

ib.

Is appointed one of the

minority of Edward VI. 2S2. Is difniiiTed the council for oppofinor bill of attainder paficd the reformation, 293. His charader, 356. againft him by the peers, but rejefted by the commons, 357, I reftored to his fee of Durham by queen Mary, 37 ij.

Torture arbitrarily inflifted by the otSccrs of Itatc during the reign of queen Elizub^th, v. 457.

INDEX.
7>rj, the origin of that name, as a party dii1inllon, viii. iz6. The views of that party in oppoiing James II. and their plan for fettling the government on his abdication, 310. Tojii^ brother to Harold duke of Northumberland, his fubjefts rebel
juftify themfelves to-Harold, who went Superfeded by Morcar, ib. Retires to Flanders, 177. Prepares to difturb Harold's government, 180. His depredations on the EngUih coafls, 187. Defeated and killed by Harold, 188. Teurnajy in Flanders, is befieged by Edward III. ii. 405-. Taken by
i. 176. to fupprefs them, ib.

againfl him,

They

iii. 437. Wolfey put in poffefiiorr of the biihopric, ib. up to France, iv. I4. Tournholt, battle of, between prince Maurice and the Spaniards, v. 376. Toursy truce concluded there between England and Charles VII. of

Henry VIII.
Is delivered

France, iii. 169. Toulon, battle of, between Edward IV. and the Lancaftrians, iii. 218. Trade, regulation of, among our Saxon anceftors, i. 222. board of^ when eredled, viii. 329. See Commerce. Tranjlamare, Henry cbunt de, engages Charles king of France to invade his brother Peter king of Caftile, ii. 475. Becomes pofTefTed of Caftile by the flight of his brother, 476. His foldiers defert to prince Edward, 477. Is defeated by Edward, and Peter reftored, ih. Murders Peter, and regains the kingdom, 478. See Cajiile. Tranfubjlantiation, the point of, debated in convocation, iv. 385. The debate renewed at Oxford, ib. Traguaire, earl of, goes to London to inform Charles of the tumults in Scotland, in oppofition to the canons and hturgy, vi. 328. Prorogues the Scots Parliament, 347. Intercepts a letter from the malcontents tc the king of France, 345. Treafon, high, the cafes of, limited by law, in the reign of Edward HI. ii. 487. The vigorous and contrary flatutes againft, enacted by Henry VIII. and his parliaments, iv. 269. A fevere law againft, palled by the lords, but altered by the commons, 355. The fpecies of, reftrided by parliament, 379. Statutes of Elizabeth concerning,

TreafurerSf an account of thofe during the reign of

James

I.

vj.

156.

153. Trent, the council of, affembled, iv. 293.

During that of Charles

294-

I. vii.

Is transferred to Bologna,

Robert, gives his opinion againftthe validity of Richard II/s commiflionto Gloucefter's faftion, iii. 18. Executed for it, 21. Treves taken from the French by the Imperialilis, vlii. 19. Trials by battle allowed by Henry II. to be evaded by appeal to a jur)', V 450Triple alliance formed againll: Louis XIV. vii. 435. 2'rinity college, Cambridge, when, and by whom founded, iv. 279. 2Vomp, the Dutch admiral, quarrels with Blake in Dover road, vii. 212. Engages Blake, ib. He and De Ruiter defeat Blake, 214. Engages Blake for three days, and is worfted, but fecures the merchant fliips under his convoy, 2 [5. Engages Blake for two days, and is defeated, 235. Is killed ia an engagement with Monk, ib.
Trejiltan, Sir

Trompt

INDEX.
Trotiip,

fon of the former, fuftains an engagement againft the duke of York, after the death of Opdam, vli. 403. He and De Ruiter, engage the duke of Albemarle four days, 410. Is defeated at the mouth of the Thames, 412. His commiffion taken from him, 414. Troye, treaty at, between Henry V. and Philip duke of Burgundy, iii. no. Articles of, fpecified, ih. Refleftions on this Treaty, in. Tudovy Sir Owen, marries Catharine, widow of Henry V. iii. 118, Taken prifoner at the battle of Mortimer's Crofs, and beheaded, Remarks on the adminillration of the princes of that houfe, 210.

vi. 561. Tunis is bombarded by admiral Blake, and the fhips in the harbour burnt, vii. 254. Turenne, marfhal, his fuccelTes in Alface, viii. 10. Prevents MontecuIs killed, ib. culi from paffing the Rhine, 1 7. Turkey, commencement of the trade with, by a company eftabliilied hj queen Elizabeth, v. 479. Turnpikes, the firfl: law for the erefting of, when palTed, viii. 329. Tyler, Wat, and Jack Straw, heads of the infurreftion in the reign of Richard II. aflemble their adherents on Blackheath, iii. 8. Tyler Is killed by Walhas a conference with the king in Smithfield, 9. worth, mayor of London, 10. Tyrconnvl, earl of, hischarafler, and violent opprcflion of the proteftants Is made lo\-d lieutenant, 252. in Ireland, viii. 251. Proje6ts a re verfal of the ad of fettlemewt, 260. Enters into a correfpondencc Tyrone, earl of, his charafter, v. 401. with Spain, and heads an infurreftion of the native Irilh againft the Defeats the English under Sir Henry Bagnal, ih. Englifh, 402. His conference and treaty v/ith the earl of ElFex, 408. Breaks the truce on the return of Effex to England, 412. Is driven into the joins the Spaniards who invade moraffes by lord Mountjoy, 413. Is defeated by Mountjoy, 438. Ireland, 437. Surrenders himfell Is pardoned, ib. to Mountjoy, 445. Tyrrel, Sir James, murders Edward V. and the duke of York in the Tower, by orders of Richard III. iii. 280^ Proves the murders by order of Henry VII. on account of Perkin Warbec's impollure, 360. Executed for another crime, 390. ' , Walter, accidentally kills William Rufus with an arrow, i. 307. Joins the crufade for penance, ih. Tylhes, the large pretenlionii the Saxon clergy formed under that namt^,
'

^-

73-

Tythings, the fubdivifion

adminlftration of juftice,

of counties into, by Alfred, for the regular i. 92.

V,

J/'ACARIUS

puW"c lef^urcs in civil law at Oxford, under the ThecbaiJ archbiihop of Canterbury, iii. 299. Vagrants are punifled by q';een Elizabeth by martial law, v. 455. Valence, bifhop of, rnaten.ai uncle to queen Eleanor, made chief mireads
prote(5tion of
niller to

Henry Hi.

v.,

iG-^^,

Valentine

INDEX.
of the houfe of commons tn his tonnage and poundage, His fentence by the court of king's bench^ ib. vi. 278. Van Ghent, the Dutch admiral, is purpofely infulted by an Englifii Is killed by the earl of Sdiidlv'ich at the battle of yacht, vii. 4734 Solehay, 485. Vane, Sir Harry, fecretary, his imprudent manner of urging the king's demands in the houfe of commons, vi. 352. Notes of Strafford's fpeech in council, found among his papers by his fon, and made ufe of to condemn Strafford, 407. His doubtful dtpofitions concerning this
Vafent'ine forcibly detains the fpeaker

chair, until the paffing a remonliraiice againft

paper, 408. , Sir Heni-y, the younger, how he procured the condemnation of Is fcnt by the parliament with offero the earl of Strafford, vi. 407. His charadler, ib. to negotiate a confederacy with the Scots, 540. Becomes Procures the folemn league and covenant to be framed, tb. His fpeech in parliament a leader of the independents, vii. 21. Is fent with other preparatory to the felf-denying ordinance, 25. commiflioners to the Ifle of Wight, to treat with the king, 121. Is named one of the His remarks on the king's abilities, 123. Is fent with other comcouncil of ftate after ihe king's death, 158.

now reduced by Monk, 208. Encourages difcontents againft the protestor, 242. Is confined His general conduft bj" the long parliament on its reiloration, 314. and behaviour, ih. Is excepted from the aft of indemnity on the reHis charafter, ib. Is executed, 383. ftoration, 353. Is tried, 380. Vaffrne, fenelchal of Noimandy, fent by Lewis XI. of France, with fome forces, to the afllftance of Henry VI. of England, iii. 223. Gets pofTcfiion of AInvvic cal'ile in Northumberland, ib. Vajjals under feudal tenure, obliged to ranfom their fuperlor lord, if The ranfom of Richard I. of England, how jn captivity, ii, 28.
miflioners to fettle the affairs of Scotland,
levied, ib.

Vaffalagey
:.

Their condithe origin and nature of, explained, ii. I03. tion under their refpective lords, iio. Military Service, why changed into pecuniary fupplies, 247. Vaughan, an outlaw for debt, motives for confirming his eledion to

the houfe of commons, vi. 17. Vdal, a puritanical clergyman, his cruel perfecution for writing againft epifcopacy, v. 466. Velvet, the price of, in queen Elizabeth's reign, vi. 176. Venalks commands the Forces on boardPenn's fleet, fent to the W^fl Takes Jamaica, Is routed at St. Domingo, 255. Indies, vii. 254.

and is fent to the lower, ib. Venncr, an account of his infurredlion, vii. 363. Commands Vere, Sir Francis, is made governor of Flulhing, v. 375. Defends the Englifh auxiliaries at the battle of Tournholt, 376. Oftend againfl the Spaniards, v. 444, note. ,. Robert de, earl of Oxford, his afcendancy over Richard II. , His preferment and licentious condudt, 15. Defeated by iii. 14.

the duke of Gloucefter, 20. VerneuiU battle of, between the duke of Bedford and the carl of Buchan,
iii.

131-

,^
i

crvinSf

t
P'efvlns,

N D E

2c:,

peace
V.

of,

between Henry IV. of France and Philip

TI. of

389. Ve'x.elay, the annies of Ric'iard I. of Er);T!ar,d', ana Philip of France^ intended for the criifade, rendezvous therfe, ii, 7 Vidor IV. pope ; fee Alexander III, how he incurred the ref^ntment of V'idomar, count of Lirnoges,

Spain,

Richard I. ii. 35. Is beheged by him, and all his garrifon hanged Richard receives his death vyonnd at the afiault, tb. Viemie, John ^, admiral of France, fent by the regency of Charles VI. Returns home dif* to affiit the Scots in invading England, iii. 12.
ib.

gufted, 13.

Vtgo fakeri and burnt by Sir Francis Drakej v. 350* Villains, among the Anglo-Saxons, what, 1. ?.ii. Villenage, the gradual decay of, deduced from the revival of Lae arts, No remains of, left at the time of queen EiizabcLn,. 304. iii. 302. Is VilUers, George, is introduced to the notice of James I. vi. 76. made cup-bearer to him, ib. Is' made duke of Buckingham, 79. See Buckingham. Virgil, Polydore, caufe of his antipathy to cardinal Vv'olfcy, iv. 15. Virginia, the firit fettlers planted there by i)ir Walter Raleigh, defert it, V. 274. The fettlements there refumcd and effefted, vi. 187. Uljler, a company formed in London for planting colonies in, on its An infurredlion of the falling to the crown by attainders, vi. 60. Irilh, and maiTacre of the Englifli there, 436, 437. See Ireland. Union of England and Scotland attempted by king James I, vi. 25, Commiffioners appointed to treat of it, ib.
Uniformity,

the

aft

of,

paffed,

vii..

374.

The

penalties

of,

in

creafed, 396. their revenues Uni'verjjties,

granted to Henry VIII. by parliament, but declined by him, iv. 251. United Provinces of the Low Countries, commencement of their Pacification of alTociation agalnfl: the dominions of Spain, v. 215. Ghent, 219. Conclude a treaty with queen Elizabeth, 221. Again Conditions of her league implore the proteftion of Elizabeth, 269. with them, 271. Are reproved by Elizabeth for the extraordinary honours bellowed on Leicefler, commander of the Englifh forces, Are difpleafed with Leicefter, 277. And jealous of the in273. tentions of Elizabeth, 329. The earl of Leicefter recalled, ib. The government of, conferred on prince Mam-icc, tb. Conclude- a new treaty with Elizabeth, 375. Another, 393. A treaty between James I. and Henry IV. for the fupport of, vi. -n. Their freedom ackowledged by Spain, and a truce of twelve years concluded, 44. Banifh Vorftius, an Arminian, to gratify James, -57. Are induced to pra(5life feverities againft bigots, ih. Obtain of James a refignation of the cautionary towns, 80. Acquire their full freedom by this rellitution, 82. Renew the war with Spain, and receive forces from England, 150. Cruelties exercifed by the Dutch on the Englifh factors at Amboyna, 1S5. Their herring-bufles attacked by the Englifii, and a fine paid for the licence of fifliing, 306. Arc obliged to remove Charles II. after the murder of Doriflaus, vii. 172. Vol. VIII Decline n

INDEX.
iDecHne the propofed coalition with the Englifh commonwealth^ 2101. Their (hips taken by the Englidi, 21 r. Engagement between Tromp and Blake, 212. Their apology rejedled by the Englifh commohweaitlit, 213. bee Tromp, De Ruiter, &c. Make peace with Cromwel, 236. Review of their conduft toward the Englifh, 3'97. Nova Bclgia taken from them, 399. Order De Ruiter to attack the En-glifli ftttlemen's, 400. Their (hips felzed by the EnglHh, 401. War declared againfl them by the EngUHi, 402. Treaty of Breda, Triple alliance, 435. Charles determines to quarrel with 419. them, in virtue of his league with France, 472. Their Smyrna fleet attacked by the Englifh, 478. War declared by England, 479. War declared by France, 480. Their defencelefs (late at this time, Sea-light at Solebay, 485. Rapid progrefs of Lewis XIV. 482. on their territories, 487. General conrternatiorf of the States, 489, Send deputies to beg for peace, 490. The prince of Orange made Stadtholder, 494. Sea-fight at Schonvelt, 506. Another at the motuh of the Texel, 508. InefFetlual congrefs at Cologne, 510. Pesce with England, 513. Their motives for haflening the treaty of Nimeguen, viii. 22. Conclude an alliance with Charles to oblige France to peace, 38. Peace ot Nimeguen, 46. Join with Germany in a league againft Lewis XIV. 278. Concur with the prince of Orange in his intention of affilling the Englifh nation againft

James
Vorjlius,

II.

285.
difciple of

Arminius,

banifhed from the United Provinces^

his charafler,
1.

to gratify king |ames

Vort'fgcrn, prince of

vi.

57.
15. I9, 20.

Dumnonium,

Depofed,

20.
fuccedfi his father Vbrtigern, i. 20. XJrhan difputes the papacy with Clement, i. 303. of archbifliop Anfelm, 304. in. dies of grief, at the taking of Paleiline
/'^or/iwi?;-

His kind

receptioft

by Saladin, i. 457. pope, how ele61ed, iii. 57. Urhar'i/Is znd Clementines, fource of thofe diftinflions, lii. 57. Urrey, colonel, deferts from the parliament army to prince Rupertj vi

VL

EfTex's army furprifed, by his intelligence, and Hambden killed, 521. Is deuated by Montrofe near Invcrnefs, vii. 51. Is executed in Scotland, x8i. Urfavic, almoner to Henry VII. fent by him to mediate between France and Britanny, iii. 340. The duke of Britanny's anfwer to his propofals, iB. Sent a fecond tim'e with new propofals, 342. Ufury, how looked on at the commencement of the reign of Richai^'d I. ii. 3. Is worfe praftifed after the expuHion of the Jews by Edward than by them before, ii. 238. Ill-judged laws againft, by Henry VII. iii. 40X. Another fiatute pafled againfl, iv. 35-4. the meaning of that word limited to the taking exorbitant interelt, and condemned by law, V. 483. Utrecht is taken by Lewis XIV. vii. 488. Uxhr'idge, negotiations entered into there for tlie treaty between Charles I,

520.

and the long parliament,

vii.

31.

WAGER

INDEX.
"^

/
of,

W.
i.

TJ/'AGER

of law, the fource

222.
a
lay.'

Wages of labour ers, regulated

b^/

of Henry VII.

iii.

402.'
ib.

Remarks on

the rates at that time, compared with the prefent,

Wakefield, battle of, between Margaret and the'diilte of York, iii. 209. Aftion there between Sir Thomas Fairfax and Goring, vi, 534. Waheman, Sir George, the queen's phyfician, is acqufed of an intention

to poifon the king,

viii.

63.
is

Is acquitted,

113.

Walcotty

J'eutenant-colonel,

tried

and executed for the duke of

Monmouth's confpliacy, viii. :8S. Waleraii de Ties, his difpiites with Richard earl of Cornwal, fon of king John, concerning r. manor in that county, ii. 158. Wales, thejlate of, and the relllefs difpofition of i'.s princes, previous to Prince Levvellyn applies to Kenry the time of Hen/y III. ii. 196. Griffin delivered for protection againir his rebeilious fon Grifiln, it. vip to Henry, by his elder brotlier David, who does homage to Henry, ih. Griffin lofes his life in attempting an efcape from the

Tower
-the

His fon Leweliyn fucceeds, and renews of London, 197. homage to Henry, ih. lie confederates with Leicefter, and inih.
,

vades England,

Is

reduced by

Edward

I.

for not

homage, 241.

Lev^'ellyn

defeated and killed

by Mortimer,

renewing his 242.

brother and fucceiTor David tried as a traitor, and executed, ih. bards all put to death, 243, The traditional account of its annexation to the crdv/n of England, and giving title to the king's eldcft fon, ib. The motto of the princes of, v/htnce derived, 436. The Welch remonflrate againfi: the taxes impofed by prince Edward, Appeal to Charles kingof to defray his expences in Caiiile, 478. France, 47-9. Infurrefiion there by Owen Glendour, iii. 66. United Farther reguto tlie Englilh government by parliament, iv. 121.

His

The Welch

lations

made

to complete
His

tlie

union, 151.
ii.

Wallace, V/illiam,

character,
f.rll:

299.

becomes
ag'.iinft

a leader of

the
ib.

His difcontented Scots, ib. Chafes Ormefby, the Er.glifh

exploits

the

Englini,
Is

juiticiar}^,

to England, 300.

coun-

tenanced by Robert Bruce, ib. Gains a visSory over earl WarMakes an inIs made regent of Scotland^ renne, 301. 302. curfion into England, ib. Refigni his regency, to avoid giving umbrage to the Scots nobles, 303. Is routed at Falkirk by Edward, 304. His prudent retreat, ih. His conference with youngRobert Bruce, on the banks of the Carron, 30J. Gains Bruce over to the Scots intereil, 306. Is betrayed into the hands of Edward, Is executed on Tower-hill, ih. 311. Waller, Edmond, the poet, his anecdote of James T. vi. 75. H/3 character as a writer, and as a member of parliament, 527. Forms a party without doors againft the violent councils within, ib. Isdifcovered, and, with two others, condemned by a court-martial, 528. Is pardoned, on paying a fine, 529. His character a^ a poet, vii. 345, His death, .ib, n 2 l^'atliKf

INDEX.
IVallei'f

Sir William, a parliament general, his rapid exploits, vi. 514^ Is fent into the weft, and is defeated Joins the earl of EfTex, 515. by lord Wilmot on Round way-down, 519. Is routed by the king at

Cropredy-bridge,

vii.

16.

WaUingford-houJe, cabal of, againft Richard Cromwel, vii. 295. Walpols, Mr. a particular examination of Perkin Warbec's impoflure,
in reference to his Hijlorkal Dotilts,
ili.

Walfingham.,
V.

miniller to queen Elizabeth,

454. countenances the puritans,

is

155.

When
The

ambaffador at Paris,

deceived by the plaufible

conducl; of Charles, 204. Is fent ambaffador to France, on occafion ot the intended marriage between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou,

of inllruftions received by him, tb. Is fent ambaffador to Scotland, to difcover the real charafter of James, 255. Sends a favourable account of him, ib. His vigilance and artifices to detetl confpiracies, 257. Difcovers Babinglon's confpiracy, 287. His fchemes to acquire full infight into it, ib. Seizes the confpirators, Juftifies his conduct toward Mary queen of Scots, on her 2S9. tr/al, 298. Kis letter to Thirlftone, the Scots fecretary, relating to the execution of Mary queen of Scots, 3 4. His death and characler, 522. JValter, archbilTiop of Rouen, is, with others, appointed by Richard I.

242.

It

range

contrariety

Is averfe to the

French marriage, 244.

-2

counfellor

to

Longchamp,

ii.

\().

Js

made

chief jufticiaiy, I7-

Forces prince John to an accommodation, 25. Attends queen Eleanor to Germany to ranfom the king, 28. Waltheof, earl, enters into a confpiracy againft William the Conqueror, i. 264. Betrayed by his wife, 265. Confeffes it to Lanfranc, archbiihop of Canterbury, and after to the king, ih. Executed, 266. J'/alzuorth, mayor of London, kills Watt Tyler at the head of his adherents,
lii.

10.
i,

IVapentahe, what,

94.

War,

reflexions on the ftate of, and

iii.

manner of carrying on,

103. 165.

in the

early times of the Engliffi hiftory,

Civil, favourable to

eloquence, vii. 342. Warhec, Perkin, his parentage, iii. 356. For what purpofe fent for by the duchefs of Burgundy, 357. Secreted in Portugal, ib. Sent to Ireland, and affum.es the character of the duke of York, 358. Invited to Paris by Charles VIII. ib. Magnificent reception and appointments, lb. Retires to the duchefs of Burgundy, on the peace between England and France, ib. His Intereft gains ground in England, 359. His fecrets betrayed by SIr,Pvobert Clifford, 361. His private hiftory publlfhed by Henry VII. 361. Puts to fea with a band of refugees, and efcapes the fnares of the Kentifti men, 365. Makes an ineffeftual attempt upon Ireland, 370. Received by James IV. of Scotland, and married to lady Catharine Gordon, 371. Attends James in an invafion of England, and publiffies a mariifefto, ib. Defired by James to lei.c Scotland, on his concluding a truce with England, 378. Excluded Flanders, he retires to Ireland,

379'

INDEX.
Befieges EKCtcr, il. Makes a defccnt on Cornwall, tb. His wife taken Raifes the fiege, and his followers dilperfe, 380. prifoner, and generoufly treated, ib. Flies to a fancHiarj^, 381. Conduced to London in mock triPerfuaded to furrender, ib.

379.

umph, ib. Makes a confeffion, which is pr.blifhed, ib. Efcapes, 382. Taken, and put in the ftocks, u). Concerts an efcapc with r!ie earl of Warwic, ib. Executed, 383. His impofture ellablifhed by an
Ward/hips,
exprefs examination of circumftances, 455. a branch of the revenue of the Anglo-Morraan kings, the vaft advantages made thereby, ii. 129. The opjjiefiive nature of the prerogative, v. 461. The commons attempt to free the nation from

54. Warham, archbifhop of Canterbury, and chancellor, chofen to the Rcfigns his places, and reprivy-council by Henry Vin. iii. 409. His obfervation on cardinal' Wolfey, 16. tires, iv. 4. Informs

the burden of, figning, which

vi.

24.

Enter into treaty with the king for the

rc-

fails,

Henry of Wolfey's arbitrary condud, 17. Declares agaiull: the king's completing his marriage with Catharine of Arragon, 76. impofed on by the ilory of the Holy Maid of Kent Dies, 112.

How

Warrcnne,
ford,

the laft baron who fiibmitted to the provifions of Ox186. Joins prince Edward in fupport of the royal caufc againfl the earl of Leicefter, and the turbulent barons, 200. Commands the van at the battle of Lewes in conjunftion with Edward, Flies beyond fea on the lofs of the battle, 205. His replv, 204, when required to fhew his title to his eftate, 238. Defeats the Scots, and takes the caftle of Dunbar, 281. Is left governor of Scotland, Returns to England on account of his health, 298. Collects 283. an army to fupprefs Wallace, 300. Is defeated by him, 301. Retreats to England, ib. Joins the confederacy of the earl of Lanca'ler
earl,
ii.

againft Piers Gavafton, 335. Warfaiv, the battle of, gained by Charles X. of Sweden, vil. 247. JVariuick, Guy earl of, confederates with the earl of Lancafler againfl Piers Gavafton, ii. 335, Seizes Gavafton, who is put to death at

Warwic
->

caftle, 336. Earl of, left by Henry V. guardian of his infant fon HenrvVL iii. 116. This charge transferred by parliament to the bilhop of WInchefter, 124. Befieges Montargis, 137. Obliged to raife the fiege by the count of Dunois, ib. Becomes regent of France, by the refignation of the duke of York, 167. Dies, ib. , earl of, ditlinguifhed by the appellation of Kiag-maler, his eharafter, iii. 181. Made governor of Calais, 202. Brino-s over a body of foldiers from thence to the duke of York, who defert to the: king, 204. Lands again, and is received at London, ib. Defeats, and takes Henry at Northampton, 205. Defeated by queen Margaret at St. Alban's, 210. His behaviour previous to the battle of Touton, 218. Sent by Edward IV. to Paris, to negotiate a marriage with the queen of France's filler, 228. Returns difgniled with Edward's fecret marriage with the lady Elizabeth Gray, ii?. Makes

",

Ji

'a

party

N D

^E

X.

Gains Edward's brother the duke of s party againft the king, 230. Confufed accounts Clarence over, by giving him his daughter, ib.
of their fubfequent operations, 234. Raifes men, in conjun^llon with the duke of Clarence, but dcfpairing of fuccefs returns to Calais, 236. Refufed admittance by the deputy governor, ih. Received by the king of Fiance, 237. Enters into a league with queen Margaret, 338. Marries his daughter to her fon Edward, ib. Gains over his brother Montacute, 239. Lands at Dartmouth, 240. Amazing increafe of his army, 241. The king expelled by the treachery of Montacute, ib. Rtiieclions on his temporary adminitlration, 248. Defeated and Lillso a; the battle of Barnct, 249.
Flantageuct, earl of. 3ni;;'-;foned In the Tower by Carried openly through London, to dis312. countenance the pretenfions of Lambert Sirnnel, 327. Executedj

War-ziic,

Edward

Henry

VIL

iii.

Dudley, vifcount Lifle created carl of, iv. 284. Attends the J duke of Somerfet in his expedition againft Scotland, 300. Reltorcs the advantage to the Englilh at the battle of Pinkey, 303. Endeavours to foment the difFerences between Somerfet and the admiral, His hiftoiy and charafter, ib. Defeats the infurgents in Nor317. folk, 33 r. Cabali with Southampton againft Somerfet, 335Enters into a confpiracy againll him at Ely-houfe, 336Procures Somerfet to be fent to the Tower, 339. Becomes the chief of the council, and drives Southampton away difgufted, ib. Marries his fon lord Dudley to the lady Jane Seymour, daughter of Somerfet, 340. Gardiner, and other bifhops, deprived of their biftioprics, 344. The libraries of Weftminfter and Oxford purged of Romifh books, 345. Is created duke of Northumberland, 350. ^ct Northumberland. of, eldeft ion of Dudley duke of Northumberland, takes , earl the command of Havre-de- Grace, for queen Elizabeth, v. 71, 72. Prepares to defend it by order from the queen, 79. Is beiieged, ib, - The garrifon infefted v.'ith the plague, 80. CapitUr.
lates, ih.

Watches, pocket, when firft introduced into England, v, 484. Welles, Sir Robert, heads an infurre61ion in Lincolnfhire againft Edward IV. iii. 235. Defeated and executed by the. king, 236. M^ent'worth^ Peter, his fpirited fpeech in the.houfe of commons, in repjy to affertions of the regal prerogative, V. 180. His fpeech in favour of liberty, 225. Is fummoned before a comrm'ttee of the houfe in the ftar-chamber, 227. His firm behaviour before them, ib. Is releafed by the queen's favour, ib. Offends the queen-again, by refuming; the fubjeft of the fuccelTion, 364. ProIs fent to the Tower, ib. pofes queries to the houfe of commons^ jfor determining the extent of
.

their privileges, ^\^.

'

'

\
in

vi.

Sirlhomas,

his

fpeech

the third parliajnent of Charles

I..,

of Strafford, 286. ^te. Strafford. .,wi^'..\' Weregild, among our Saxon anceftors, what, :i, 219.,, fTjnrroa Wtjhc, the Saxon kingdom ini Britain, bv whom foundi&dj. i 2^. Hiftory. of;.53, :,,,; ;/ o ^^^-jj.: Z
244.
Is created earl
,

...

..^

.'

t)

X.

Dr. dean of WIndfor, fent bv Henry VIII. ambaflador to James IV. of Scotland, to accommodate differences, lii. 425. Advifes Henry to prepare for a war with James, 427.
IVeJl Indies, the efftfts refulting from the difcovery of, to the Englifh

crown and people,

VVeJlminjler, a

vi.

47.

The

effects

on the

fpirit

of the people,

fynod held there, on the marriage of prieRs, and wearing Another fummontd by Henry bifhop of Win334. cherter, againft king Stcplitn, 358. Is tareftcd into a bifhopric by Henry VIH. iv. 183. Affembly of divines called there, for the relong hair,
i.

gulation of religion, vii, 32. Wejlmorehmci, earl of, liipprrffes the rebellion of the earl of Notting-

ham, and archbifliop

,

ot

earl of, Joins the earl

York, and takes them prifoners, of Northumberland

iii.

73.

in raifing

an

infurreftion in the Nortli, v. 163.

JVeJlphalia-,
vii. 246. Wheat, obfervations on the price 224. Whig, the origin of that name

Takes fhelter in Scotland, 164. the peace of the Germanic body fettled by the treaty of,
of, in the reign

of Henry III.

ii.

223,

as a party diilinftion, viii. 126. The plan of that party for fettling the government, on the abuication of

,Whilgift prevails

312. on queen Elizabeth to eftablifh a court of ecclefiaftical commillion to profecute the puritans, v. 262. Whitlocke, his remarks on the cafe of lord Strafford, vi. 406. His account of the conduct of Charles 1. in the negotiation at Oxford, 586. His fpeech In parliament relative to the Itlf-denying ordinance,
II.

James

vii. 26. Wiatt, Sir

Thomas, engages in a confpiracy againtl queen Marj-, on A body of Norfolk's troops account of the Spanilh match, iv. 38S. Is fupprcffed, taken, and executed, 390. defert to him, 389. Wickham, William of, biihop ot Wiccheller, made chancellor by blichard

n
53.

iii.

24.

his charafter, iii. 52, His dos3:rinefe, by pope Gregory %l. for taking him into cuftody, ib. Cited before Courtney biiliop of London, and protected by the duke of Laiicafter, ib. A new bull iffued againli him, but is proHis addreis in explaining away his tenets, tefted by the people, 54. His opinions fprcad both at home to avoid conviftion of herefy, ^^. Dies of a paliy, iv. See Lollards, and in Germany, ib. WiJdred, king of Kent, hiftory of his pufterity, i. 39. Wilfrid, biihop of Lindisferne in Northumbria, by appealing to Rome againd the decI^^on of an iEnglifli fynod, conlirms the pope's fuprcmacy, i. 62. Wilkins, bifhop, tlie firfi; promoter of the royal fociety, viii. 332. William I. fucceffor to Rollo duke of Npj inandy, injprovcmcnt cl his
JVickljffe,

John, a fecular pried,

bull iffued

country
,

in his time,

i.

139.
declared hi* fuctiis

natural fon of

Robert duke of Normandy,

170.

feffor

by his

fatker,

i.

Makes good

uis pretcuiious at

iat'ier's

ft

deaths,

INDEX.
Vlfits Edward the ConftiTor, who entertains favourable death, 171. Gets Harold in his intenlions of leaving him the fucctfiiou, 172. poffeflion, and engages him to fwear a renunciation of his own pre-

and to affift William in his, 174. Sends amballhdors to ProjeAs cxpollulate with Harold on his breach of faith, 180. an invahon, .81. Situation of Europe at that period, 182. His His addrefs in railing fupplies, 186. fuccefsful levies, 183.
tenfions,

Review of his forces, 187. Embarks, 188. Lands in Sufiex, His addrefs to his Waits for Harold at Haftings, 191. 189. Order of battle, ib. Battle chieftains, the morning of aflt ion, 192.
of Hartings, 193.
battle,

Lofles jn the aftion, 195.

Confequences of the
of the

231.
the

Seizes Dover, 233.

Receives the fubmiffion

Londoners, 235.
William
tifies his

new

GraConqueror, crowned at 'Wellrninder-abbey, i. 236. troops out of the treafm'e of Harold, and the gifts of his His kind treatment of Edgar Atheling, 238. fubjcf^s, 237.

Difarms tliem, and places all liberties of Loudon, ii. Takes the Englifh the power in the hands of Normans, 239. pobiHty with him. to Normandy, il'. Conjectures as to the motives Returns on account of infurrections 01 his journey there, 243. Reduces Extter, 244. Builds a citadel durlncr his abfence, il>. Reduces Edwin and Morcar in ihe north, 246. His rigothere, ii. Tlu"s the occafion of feveral infurrections, I0U3 government, 247. His cruel policy, and tyrannical goReduces them, 250. 249. L)troduces the feudal law, 253. SLibjecls the vernment, 251. Receives Brminfroy, the pope's legate, 256. church to it, 254. Dtgrndes and imprifons Stigand archbilhop of Canterbury, 257. Attempts to fupprefs the Promoies Lar.franc to Canteibury, 25S. Repels Malcolm king of Scotland, and Englilh language, 259. Reduces a rcbcil'on in the province receives homage from him, 261, The Norman barons rebel againll him, 263. Sup cfjMiliirj 262. liis refolute anfwer to the claims of pope GreprLiTed, 265.

Confirms the

gory Vll.

His tldeil fon Robert rebels againfl him, 273. 270= Is reconciled to Extraordinary remonilrance between them, 274. Caufes a furvty of all England to be made, ?^. Ac"hir., zjr. Computation of his revenue, ii. ccunc of donierday-book, 276. Waftes H-r'mpOiire to make the new iordt, 278. Imprifons his Makes war againft France, ii^. Occafion brother bifhop Odo, 279. of his deach, and his remorfe, 280. Predicls the future grandeur of his fon Henry, ii. His charadier, 28|, His title of Conqueror His family, 284. Inquiry in"o his fuppofcd redefended, 282. His vail grants to his chieftaiii* in Engvenues aiid treafure, 300.
land,
ii.

113,

IVillic.m

his acceffipn to the crown of England, 285. His Qiiells an infurre6iion raifcd againft tyrannical difpofition, 286. Invades Normandvt him, 287. His arbitrary adminiilration, 288. Makes'peace with his brother, 2S9. Alfiils him to reduce their ii. Riifus,

Invades Normandy again, brother Henry, 290. snortgage on It from his bruthrr Robert, 299, 7

''-'

291. 300.

Obtains a

Anecdote*
ihf,viiig

'

INDEX.
Appoints Anfelm to ftiewing his indifference about religion, 300. Oppofes Urban in his prethe archbifhopric of Canterbury, 301. Confifcates Anfelm's temporah'ties, tenfions to the papacy, 303. Embarks for Normandy to refcue Mans, 306. Accidentally 304. His character, ib. A famine killed by Walter Tyrrcl, 307. cauftd by the neglctl of tillage on account of his opprefiive taxes,
ii. 128. William, fon of Robert duke of Normandy, committed by Kenry I. to Protetted by Fulk count the tutorage of Helie de St. Saen, i. 335,

of Anjou, ib. Flanders, 341.

,

Marries
Killed,

his
ib.

daughter,
T.

34.0.

Put

in

pofTeffion

of

eldell;

fon of king

Henry

contra61ed with the daughter of

fuccefibr, 338.
ib.

Fulk count of Anjou, 336.

in his

Recognized his paffage from Nonnandy to England,

Drowned
and

Plis

character,

fentiments regarding the Englifli, 339. kirig of Scotland, joins the confederacy of prince J

Henry,

Repulfed bv Richard de Lucv, 439. guardian of the kingdom, 442. Commits depredations again in the northern provinces, 445. Taken prifoner by Ralph de Granville, ib. Does homage to Plenry, with all his nobility, for his ranfom and crown, 448. II. king of Naples and Sicily, how he bequeathed his domiagainft his father
1\.
i.

Henry

nione,

ii.

9.

de Eynsford, excommunicated by

Thomas

a Becket,

i.

308.

Abfolved by the king's order, 389.

of Poiftiers, his character of the Englifh nobility who attended William the Conqueror to Normandy,' i. 240. WilliaiKs, bifhop of Lincoln, his fevere profecution in the ftar-chamber by archbifliop I^aud, vi. 309. Is infulted by the populace when archbiihop of York, 464. Calls a meeting of his brethren, and prefents a proteflation to the king and his peers, ib. W'^iilis, Sir Richard, betrays the defigns of the royalifts during the protectorate to Oliver Cromwel, vii. 263. Difcovers a confpiracy to the protestor, 281. Betrays, to the long parliament, a dellgn formed
to reftore Charles II. 301.
fplllovghby, lord, governor

'

of Paris, unable to maintain it, retires to Capitulates, ib, 164. of Broke, lord, fent by Henry VII. to the afuflance of the duchefs of Britanny, iii. 345. Finds the court jn a diilra died Hate,
the Ballile,

iii.

Returns uome without effefting any thing, 346. Sir Thomas Boleyn created earl of, and fent by Henry VIII. to the pope, whofe foot he refufes to kifs, iv. 103. Winchelfey, Robert de, archbiihop of Canterbury, procures pope Boniface to publlfli a bull exempting the clergy from paying taxes to princes without the papal confent, ii, 285. His reply to Edward I. on a demand of fupply from the clergy, ib. His treatment, on the clergy being excluded from all protection of the laws, 286. The king appoints him and Reginald de Gray, tutors to prince Edward, Joins the conftderacy of the earl of Lanuallcr agaiull Piers 290. avafton, 33^,
ib.

JViltJhire,

I
Wtnchejler^ clergy,
a

IN

u E

X.

fynod fummoned there, concerning the celibacy of the 271. y Hciiry biiTiop of, brother to king Stephen, calls a fynod, and cites Stephen bi-tore it, i. 358. Encourages the pretenfiom of Declares openly in her favour^ 362. the emprels Matilda, 359Infligates the Londoners againft piis fpeech at her coronation, 363. Stephen, th. Befieges Matilda in Wincheiter, 365. His Icgntine comn^iffion withurav n, 366. Pronounces fentence againft Becket at the council of North impton, 398. Henry Beau, irt biihop of, the legitimate foq of John of , Gaunt, intruded by pa "iament with the tutorage of the young king rils character, 135. His difputes with the HeiJ-T VI. iii. 124. <iuke of Glouc^fter compron^ifed by the duke of Bedford, regent of Created a ^ irdinal, and fent with men into Bohemia Erance, ih. agani^ il;^ Huflites, whic-i he lends to the duke of Bedford, 153. Attends the congrefs at A-ras, i6i. His difputes with the duke of Gloucefter throw the Eng ifli affairs into confufion, 163. His arguments in favour of releafing the duke of Orleans, 167. Advifes a Contrives the ruin of the duke of Gloutruce with PVance, 168. Dies, 172. cefter, 171. Peter des Roches bidiop of, Is chofen Joint proteftor with , Hubert de Burgh chief jnfliciary, on the death of the earl of PemHis charaifter and anecdotes of him, 161. Sucbroke, ii. 153. ceeds Hubert de Burgh in his offices and influence over the king, ib. The barons. combine againll him, ib. His inlolent fpeech with regard His dilmiffion procured by Edmond the primate, 163. to them, 162. Windehank., Sir Francis, fccretary, flies to France, to avoid impeachment by the long ptuliament, vi. 371. Windham, colonel, fecretes Charles iX. after the battle of Worceiler^
i:

.^

vii.

199.

Windfur-cajlle,

when

built,

ii.

490.

a fleet to the afCftance of the protcftant malcontents in Scotland, v. 35. Winivood, Sir Rai])h, fccretary of ftate to James E difcovers to the

Winter

is

fent

by queen Elizabeth with

king that
lady,
vi.

Sir

Thomas Overbury was poifoned by Somerfet and

his

77, Is condemned, JViJhart, the Scots reformer, an account of, iv. 295. and burnt for herefy, 297. His prophetic denunciation againft car^

His prophecy, how accomplilhed, 29S. dinal Beaton, ib. Witchcraft, and conjuration, a law againft, v. 77. Witches, numbers burnt under that accufation in Scotland, vH. 186.
Tlie u/covery of, ftudied as a fcience, ib. Wittenagemot, the ancient Saxon council of parliament, particulars re* The commons na lating to, and conjeftures concerning, i. 201.
part of, 202. JVoden, the Saxon god of WTir, fomc accoimt of, Wolfhere, king of Mercia, his hiftory, i. 48.
Woljey,
^i
i.

30.

Thomas,

his
?^'

bnth,

iii.

427.

How

introduced to the notice

Henry. Y-IE

His addreis

in executing a commiflTion

from that King

INDEX.
king to Maximilian, ib. Introduced to Henry VIII. by Fox bifhop Encourages Henry in his pleafures, ib. The of Wincheiter, 428. maxima of government h'c: inftils into him, 429. Admitted of the Put in poffeffion of the His character, 430. .privy councU, zb. ReCreated bifhop of Lincoln, 440. bifnopric of Tournay, 437. conciles Henry with the auke of Sutfolic, who had married his fifter Is promoted to the the queen dowager of France, privately, 445. Shares the revenues of the Italian non-refident fee of York, Iv. 2. His Is made chancellor, 4. His magnificence, ib. billiops, ib. His confidence courted difgulls againft Fravicif I. of France, 10. by Bonnivet the French ambaffador, 13. Is induced to perfuadc Henry to deliver up Tournay, ib. Is believed to have intended the Is appointed legate in Engdelivery of Calais to the French, 15. His oftentation, lb. His arbitrary exertions of power, land, ib. His Chara<9:er of John Allen judge of his legatine court, 17. ib. power retrained by the king, 18. Is infpired with the hopes of the Regulates papacy by the emperor Charles V. whtn in England, 2 i ^ the ceremonial of the interview between Henry and Francis, to The emperor's grants to him .which he had perfuaded Henry, 22. His enormous at his fecond interv!t;vv with Henry at Gravelines, 25. His negotiations lor peace between the emperor and revenues, ib. Goes to Bruges, and concludes an alliance Francis, ineffeftual, 26. with Henry, the emperor, and the pope, againft: Francis, ib. ProIntimicures the condemnation oF the duke of Buckingham, 27. dates the convocation into the grant of a moiety of ecclefiaftical reHis endeavours to procure the required grants from the venues, 46. commons, 47. His arbitrary behaviour to the citir.ens of London, 451. Obtains of Clement VIL the iegatine commifhon for life, 48. His refentment againil the emperor, on miffing the papacy, ib. Eredls two colleges, with other ecclefiaftical regulations, 49. Receives a prcfent covertly from Louife regent of France, on the conAdvifes the king to exert his clufion of her treaty with Henry, 6j. prerogative in levying taxes, ib. Becomes odious for his bad counfels and oppreiTive conduct, 6^,. Builds the Palace of Hampton-court, Goes over to France, and makes a .8jnd prefents it to the king, 64. treaty vvi'ih Francis, 71. Is appointed by the pope to try the king's marriage, jolndy with cardinal Campeggit), 85. The trial opened, Sj. Abruptly prorogued by Campeggio, 90. The great feal taken from him. 92. Is crJcred to depart from York palace, and his moveables are confifcated by the king, ib. His want of fortitu?fe on his difgrace, 93. Is profecuted In tlie ftar-chamber, 94. The peert; exhibit a long charge againii him, /^. Is warmly defended br -Thomas Cromwel in the houfe F commons, ib. Is profecuted ou Is pardonej by the king, gy ,the ftatute of provifors, ib. Is arrcftcd by the earl of Northumberland /or high treafon, 104. His dving requeft to the conllable of the Tovver, ib. His death, and a review of
I

'

-.

ifiis conduft, Ufed no feverities againlt the reformers, 131. 105. Wolves, how exterminated from England, i. 126.

iVoodvilkt iotdj applies unfuccefsfully to

.'"

tjemy VII.

for liberty to raifc

mca

INDEX.
men
tb.

to

affift

the duke of Britanny^

flaia

ill.

342.

Raifes a few privately,

by the French, ib. Woal, a duty granted to Edward I. on the exportation of, il. 238. Oppreffive extortions praftifcd by him on the traders in, 288. Duties The great trade in, at the time of Edlaid on, by parliament, 401. ward III. 495- The llaple of, where fixed in this reign, 498. The price of during the reign of James I. vi. 176. Laws relating to, in Routed and
this refgu, 18 1. Wosllcn manufafture taxed by parliament, iv. 321, note. cloths, iiate of the Engllfh manufa<;l:ure of, in the reign of James I. vi. 181. The art of dying, when introduced into England,
viii.

329.

a bod}' of, petition the long parliament} vi, 475. mob of, rout a fynod at Perth, vii. 529. JVorccJIer, burnt by order of Hardicanate, i. 157. Charles II. routed there by Cromwcl, vii. 196. earl of, his charaiier, iii. 244. Taken and , John Tibetot,

Women,

executed by the Lancaftrians, ib. Wotton, I>r. is one of queen Elizabeth's am.baffadors at the treaty of Cateau Cainbreiis, V. 17. Signs the treaty of Edinburgh with Cecil, on the part of Elizabeth, 36. I fent ambaiTador again to Scotland, His character, tb. Js forced to fly from Scotland on account 277. of his political fchemes, 279. IVounds, the legal compofition for, among our Saxon anceftors, 1. 220. Wrecks, law made by Heniy II. to fecure the property of,, i. 467. His cruelty in V/rhiheJeky, is made chancellor, of England, iv. 257. Perfuades Henry to impeach torturing Ann Afcue fr herefy, 258. queen Catharine Par for herefy, 259. Comes to convey the queen to Is appointed one of the the Tower, and is abufed by Henry, 260. regency, during the minority of Edward VI. 281. Is created earl of Southampton, 284. Sec Southampton. Writs to parliament, the ancient eftablifhment of fummoning barons by,
ii.

269.

Writers, Englifh, a review of thofe during the reign of Charles I.

and the

fucceeding commonwealth, vii. 343. Wycberle^, a character of his dramatic writings,

viii.

336.

yEL VER TO N,
Teamen of the guard,

his free fpeech in the

houfe of commons, on Eli-

zabeth's invafion of their privileges, v. 175. , a lawyer, his fpeech on being chofen fpeakcr of the houfe of commons, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, v. 523.
firfl inftitution of, iii. 314. Tork, city of, its lize at the time of the Norman conqueft, 1. 2 10. court Burnt, 250. The Norman garrifon put to the fword, ib. The chapter of iultlce erefled there, by Her.ry VIII. iv. 175.

INDEX.
great coiincii-of lands of tliat fee, fcized by Henry VIII. 221. Is befieged by the parpeers fummoned there by Charles I. vi. 359. Is obliged liamentary army, but lehcved by prince Rupert, vii. 10. to furrender after the battle of Marfton-moor, 14. Tork and Lancafter, the parties of, how dillingui/lied, iii. 217.

New

fee

Nenv Tork.

archbifhop of, executed for rebellion by Henr\' IV. iii. 74.. left guardian of the realm during , duke of, uncle to Richard II. Raifes forces againft HenryRichard's abfence in Ireland, in'. 39. duke of Lancafter, but efpoufes his party, ib. duke of, fon to the earl of Cambridge, appointed fuc, Richard cefTor to the duke of Bedford as regent of France, iii. 163. Finds the Refigns his go. Englifli affairs .in France in a declining way, 164.
,

Refumes it on the earl's vernment to the eai-1 of Warwic, 167. Concludes a truce with the duke of Burgundy, ib. death, ib. Hia His charnfter, ib. Hii pretenfions to the crown of England, 180. Driven to the affertion of his claim, pretenfions how regarded, 182. Motives which retarded having recourfe to arms, 194. 191. Raifes an army, demanding a reformation of government, 197. I followed into Kent by the king, and retires, after a parky, ib. Created lieutenant of the kingdom, with a power to hold parliaments, 199, Made protedor by tlie parliament during picafure, ib. His mcdeLevies arms againll the kino-, ration, and in what refpeft hurtful, ib. formal reconciliation amons- the and battle of St.. Alban's, 200. the partlfans of York and Lancafter, 202. Retreats to Ireland, 204, Returns and opens his pretenfions to,parlianient, 205. His right of fucceflion and prefent adminiflration, acknowledged, 206. Defeated and killed by queen Margaret at Wakefield, 209. His fon the earl of Rutland murdered by lord Clifford, ib. For his fon Edward, fee

Torki

defeats the earl of Pembroke at Mortimer's 210. Enters London, and procures a popular election to the crown, 212. Sec Edward IV. James duke of, fecond fon of Charles I. ferves in the French and Auftrian armies during his brother's exile, vii. 278. A prefent voted him by parliament on his brother's reftoration, 328. Takes com-

Edivdrd duke of Tork, Edward duke of,

iii.

infra.

Crofs,

mand

of the fleet which carried his brother over to England, as lord high admiral, 329. Seduces the daughter of lord Clarendon, 361, Marries her, ib. Becomes a zealous catholic, 389. His motives for defiring a Dutch war, 398. Commands a fleet, and defeats Opdam the Dutch admiral, 403. His behaviour in this engao-ement juftified, ib. His duchefs dies a catholic, and he now openly profeffes the~ fame religion, 472. Is, with the French fleet, attacked by de Ruiter at Solebay, 485. Is fet afide by the teft-aft, 506. Maintains an intimate correfpondcnce with the king of France, viii. 6. His daughter the lady Mary married to the prince qf Orange, 35. Obtains an exception from the new teft-ad, 84. Retires to BrufTels, 96. Bill of exclufion paffcd againd him by the commons, 105. Returns, and retires to Scotland, 122. The earl of Shaftcftury prefcnts him to the grand jury of Middlcfex as a popidi recufant, 127. The exclufionbUl

INDEX.
till

Arguments urged for and againft his excIuTion Holds a parliament in Scotland, 166. His cruel adminiftration there, /5. Sues His daughter the Pilkington fheriff of London for defamation, 178. is reftored lady Anne married to prince George of Denmark, 204,
refumed, 134.

from the fucceffion, 335. Returns to England, 171

to the

office

215.

of lord high admiral, 205. Sec j^ames II.

ib.

His accefiion to the crown,

Yorhjhtre, infurreftlon there, in

Edward IV. 's

by the lord Montacute,

time, iii. 233. Defeated Joined by leaders of diflintlion, ib.

Mutual executions, ib. No paitiDefeated again at Banbury, ib. ** culars to be found how it was quelled, 234. Tpres taken by Lewis XIV. viii. 40. Tvreey battle of, between Henry IV. of France, and the generals of the
catholic league, v. 338.
^

Z.

^UTLESTEIN,
of
it,

viii.

283.

his commiflionto England, and the confequences Is fent by the prince of Orange to forbid king

James returning to London, 303.

FINIS*,

^..qqA

-^yii'

%^'-^:^