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Professor of Laws and Political Law Bar Reviewer Ateneo Law School
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Election Laws 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1987
Constitution
Omnibus Election Code (B.P. BlS. 881) Automated Election Law (R.A- No.9369 amending
R.A. No.8436)
Synchronized Elections Act (R.A. No' 7156) 1991 Local Government Code (R.A. t*o. 7160)
Fair Election Act (R.A, No.9006)
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6) Postponement and
Failure of Llections
7) Automated
Elections
3) Elective Officials
and Candidates
8) Pre-Proclamation
Cases
4) Campaign 5) Contributions
and Expenditures
9) Post-Proclamation
Cases
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1) Commission on Elections
Enforcement Power: All election laws (persons and policies)
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1) Commission on Elections
Processr Division - MR to En Banc - Certiorari to
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Judicial: Disqualification, Election Protest, Quo Warranto, Pre-Proclamation, Annulment of Procla mation
Administrative: Failure of Eler--tions, Postponement of Elections; Election Offense, Annulment of Book of Voters
Contempt: Judicial (not Administrative)
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2) Voters: ConCepts
What? Suffrage is a Right
(,rit
an obligation)
Who? Qualifications defined in Constitution; Disqualifications defined in Statute; Allow Absentee Voting, Dual Citizens, Disabled and llliterates to Vote
How? Procedural Requirements allowed to be imposed, Substantive not aliowed
2) Voters: Qualifitations
Filipino Cftizen
year prior
Resided in place wherein propose to vote for at least 5 months prior to election day Free from Disqualifications
2) Voters: Disqualifications
Sentenced by final judgment 1 year or more
imprisonment of
political
- crime involving
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2) Voters: Deactivation
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2) Voters: Opposltion
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Where Oppose? Electlon Rggistration Board Who may Oppose? Vdter, Candidate or Political Party
When? Specified Period How Oppose? File Written Opposition/ Challenge
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2) Voters:
lnclusion/ Excltlsion
What? Applications already acted upon Where File? MTC (not Comelec), then (question of law)
RTC,
then
SC
Grounds? Disapproval or Name Stricken Out (lnclusion); Not Qualifidd or Voter Not Real
(Exclusion)
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2) Voters:
or Party
What Grounds? (1) Eook Prr-"pared lmproperly, Preparation Attended with Vice or Fraud, and (2) Book contains Statistically lmprobable Data (not qualification of voters)
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3) Officials: Electite
{tlational Office
local Office
Governor, Mayorand Punong Barangay; VLCE: Vice-Governor and Vice-Mayor; Sanggunian Members; Sangguniang Kabataan
LCE:
ecdion
ltr
3) Officials: Party;List
Multi-Partism/ Party Loyalty/ Social Justice
Exclusive
3-5eat Maximum
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3) Officials: Candidate
Definition: Seeks public office ond files certificate of candidacy ond c;lrnpaign period has started (but connot compoign Lefore compoign period)
Effect of Non-Filing: [tlot a car didate (not tiable for unlowful octs ond omission: before becoming o condidote; before stort af cuntpoign period) Effect of Filing: On Tenure of lncumbents (elective - remain in office; apF,ointive - ipso /ocfo resigned)
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3) Officials: Substitution
Grounds: (1) Death, (2) W thdrawal, and (3) Disqualification (not allowed if violate term limit; CoC denied due course or cancelled nuisance and material m isrrlpresentation )
When? Up to mid-day of' eiection day Substitute? Qualified and Same Party
Limitationsl Subslituted carr no longer run for any other positipn; Witldrawal not affect
liabilities
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3) Officials: Quali$ications
Set by the Constitution (naflonal) and statutes (local)
(unconstrtutrona,
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Lack of Qualifications
3) Officials : Disqualiflcations
Commission of Election Offense What Offenses? Vote- Buying, l-e rrorism, U rrlawfu I Expenditures, Unlawful Campaign, (loercion of Subordinates, Threats, Prohibition against Relr:ase of Public Funds (other election offense ,s - file EO case RTC hears)
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3) officials: oisqu8tifications
Nuisance Candidate
Who ls? Campaign Capabitity, lntention, Performance, Exposure, Platform, Party Affiliation, Orga nization, Profession, lncome, Health, Education, Name Where File? Comelec Division When File? Within 5 days from last Oay Filing of Certificate of Candidacy
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3) Officials: Disqualifications
Misrepresentation
What? Misrepresentation must be Material (pertains to Qualifications and Disqualifications) and Willful/ Deliberate; Even if there is 'Misrepresentation," if actually Qualified - Not Disqualified Where File? Comelec Division When File? 25 days from Filing of CoC
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4l Campaign: ConcePt
Definition: Act designed to promote the election or defeat of a candidate
Operative Act: tntent/ Design (not all acts of beneficence are considered campaigning) and Period (start of campaign)
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4) Campaign: Fprms
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5) Prohibited Contributions
Financing lnstitutions Public Utility Operator
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5) Lawful Expenditures
Use of Facilities
Advertisements
Travel
Meetings/ Rallies
Counsel* Copying of List of Vote,rs*
Sarnple Ballots*
Compensation
Communications
Written Materials
Pollwatcherc
Office/ HQ
El.lon
Volunteers*
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6) Postponement of Elestions
Grounds: (1) Force majeure, (2) Violence, (3) Terrorism, (4) Loss or Destruction of Election Paraphernalia, and (5) Analogous Causes Extent: Serious ond lmpossible to have free and orderly elections Conditions: Grounds must exist before voting
Authorfty: Comelec en panc (petition or motu propio); not BEI or electiiin officers
Resuh: Special Electiong ,
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6) Failure of Elections
Grounds: (1.) Force majeure, (2) Violence, (3) Terrorism, (4) Fraud; and (5) Analogous Causes
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Conditions: Election not held or:iuspended, After voting, During preparations or trarrsmission of election returns, Canvassing
Authority: Comelec en
Qanc
(petition)
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7! Automated Elections
Statutory Bases:
8435
RA 9369 amending RA
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7| Automated Elections
Features: Use of Ballots, Stand-alone machine, with Audit Trails, Minimum Human lntervention and Security Measures
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7) Automated Elections
Processes: Counting at Counting Center as ballots arrive (physical transport)
Precinct-Level Result: Printing of Elections Returns (30 copies) then Electronic Transmission to Board of Canvassers; Results loaded in Data Storage Devices
Canvassing at BoC: Consolidatiori of Results in Data Storage Devices then Electronic Transmission to Comelec (Senate and PartyList) and Congress (President and VicePresident) and Proclapation
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8) Pre-Proclamation Cases
Allowed: Objections pertaining to Proceedings and Composition of BoC; Pol lwatchers-related; Data-storage Delayed,
Destroyed, Falsified (before convoss)
NotAllowed:
1.
2.
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9! Post-Proclamatlon:
GroUnds: Fraud and lrregularities in Castin!, Counting and Canvassing
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