Submitted to: Lect. Parveen Gaur EEE Deptt. BRCM College of Engg. & Tech.

Bahal-2006 Submitted by:

SURRENDER FAGERIA 05-EEE-2324

PREFACE
AI is about inventing machines that will help people in a variety of ways, by giving machines some of the sophisticated capabilities that humans have, such as the ability to understand spoken words, or interpret images, or to learn from experience. We can say that AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. If a computer does something that a person is supposed to do then the computer is said to be intelligent. Artificial Intelligence means inducing such type of intelligence artificially. Usually, these machines do not look or act at all like people, but they can be amazingly useful to people by improving and assisting our lives in that what we humans like to do.
ROHIT MITTAL

INDEX
S.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

TOPIC
Meaning of A.I. History of A.I. Requirement of A.I. system Some applications of A.I. including example of AAI Chances of improvement Present and future Bibliography

Meaning of A.I. (Artificial Intelligence):

A.I. is about inventing machines that will help people in a variety of ways, by giving machines some of the sophisticated capabilities that humans have, such as the ability to understand d spoken words, or interpret images, or to learn from experience. We can say that AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. If a computer does something that a person is supposed to do then the computer is said to be intelligent. Artificial Intelligence means inducing such type of Intelligence artificially. Usually, these machines do not look or act at all like people, but they can be amazingly useful to people by improving and assist- ing our lives in that what we humans like to do. Generally, people have two type of thinking about AI, one is like a fear that these machines will replace humans and another is that a machine can not do at all work of a human being. But both of these thinking are incorrect and AI experts work in such a way that these machines are becoming more and more useful to us but not by replacing humans instead by complementing them.

History of AI:
The intellectual roots of artificial intelligence and the concepts of intelligent machines date way back to the time when intelligent artifacts appear in Greek mythology. There we find the idea of intelligent robots. After modern computers became available, following World War -2, it became possible to create programs that performed the difficult intellectual tasks. From these programs, general tools were constructed which had applications in a wide variety of everyday problems. The advancement in AI started with the advancement in Formal Logic, this was carried out by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, who published their book Principia Mathemat ica, which revolutionized formal logic. The term Artificial Intelligence came in to existence in 1956, it was coined together by John McCarthy as the topic of Dartmouth conference, the first conference related to this topic. The first National conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) was held in 1980 at Stanford. By the 1990s, major advances had taken place in all areas of AI, with significant demonstration in machine learning, multi-agent planning, scheduling, uncertain reasoning, data mining, natural language understanding and translation, vision, virtual reality, games and other topics. A very important chapter got attached to the history of AI, when in 1997,a chess program beat the current world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in a widely followed match. This chess program was run on Deep Blue, IBMs massively parallel computing system. It was able to successfully beat the chess champion because it could search 50 to 100 billion positions in the three minutes that each player had, to make a move. This was the example of large scale computing in short time period which is a significant characteristic of intelligent machines.

Requirements of an AI system:
Computers work on the premise of binary logic. When a computer only knows Yes and no, it is very difficult to achieve results that are not rigidly defined. Intelligent machines extend their concept beyond binary logic. For example if I want to develop an AI thermostat to heat my house, the program needs to have knowledge of the seasons, weather conditions and the passage of time, plus it must understand concepts like warm, cool or too hot. AI deals with inventing intelligent machines, intelligence requires two things: (1) Knowledge (2) Reasoning Skills The reasoning segment deduces facts that are not known to the knowledge and this process produces some sensible course of action while building experiences. This requirement for AI is an extremely difficult task to implement.

Knowledge-based vs. Expert Systems:

Programming a system to beat a chess champion or drive an autonomous rover on the surface of Mars is accomplished in one of at least two ways. AI applications can be categorized mainly as Knowledge-based or Expert systems. A trivial knowledge-based system could be a series of conditional statements like:
If the animal is a bird It does not fly, If it swims and Is black and white Then it is Penguin.

As this system becomes more and more complicated, the time it takes for a computer to arrive at an intelligent outcome becomes unacceptable. Expert systems try to solve this problem by acquiring knowledge from a human by asking questions. Over time, the program can gain experience and can actually solve problems or give advices, based on what it has learnt.

Some Applications of AI:

Artificial Intelligence is already very much a part of everyday life in industrialized nations. It is helping people in almost every field and is being used to enhance a wide variety of products, create new applications and make better use of information to work smarter, not harder. Its applications vary from computerizing a house to its use in large industries. Some of its applications are: (1) (2) (3) (4) AI could be used for an electronic butler that answers our questions using all the resources of the internet. AI could be used for an artificial infant we raise from its birth; teaching it and helping it develop its own unique personality. AI can be used in a Security system that learns the patterns of attacks and improves itself. AI agents are prowling the web. Here we can consider websites such as Amazon.com which already uses a process known as Collaborative Filtering to compare our buying patterns with those of other customers and make recommendations accordingly. AI can be used for doing shopping on the net. AI is of great use in the field of E-Commerce. The aim here is to have the machine making the right business decisions for us. AI can play a supportive role by consolidating information to enable the user to make an intelligent decision. The two latest researches in this field are: 1. E-Broker System and 2. Automatic Negotiation

(5) (6)

1. E-Broker system In the internet trading environment, an E-Broker system is a system whose clients are the prospective buyers and sellers. For each client, there is a specific wish list. In Security trading, a buyer can specify the type of product, the number of lots, the maximum purchasing price, expiry date and time. The seller can specify the product, the number of lots, the minimum selling price, expiry date and time. The system maintains a database of outstanding requests from prospective buyers and sellers. It then shortlists the buyers and sellers and matches them. 2. Automatic Negotiation Automatic Negotiation is another E-Broker system where systems responsiveness is less critical. Here the difference is that there is an element of bargaining. To many of us, bargaining is an art ant the mechanisms are fuzzy. (7) (8) AI is being used in game playing. AI is being used in some Expert systems. MYCIN was the first in 1974, which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments. It did better than medical students and practicing doctors.

(9) Applied Artificial Intelligence is the most important example of application of AI.

APPLIED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AAI)

Applied Artificial Intelligence (AAI) Group of C-DAC, Pune is involved in a number of activities such as knowledge-based understanding systems vis--vis Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Translation System, Information Extraction & Retrieval, Language Tutors. Web-based solutions include Chat Server, WebLILA, developing an Online Application System for Department of Technical Education (DTE). Other strategic software developments and solutions include Technical Training Tools, Data Management & Analysis, Simulations and Decision Support Systems. The activities of the Group are listed here: Mantra Speech recognition and speech synthesis LILA Web based solutions Technical Training Tools Data Management and analysis Anveshak Saranshak

MANTRA
MAchiNe assisted TRAnslation tool MANTRA translates the English text into Hindi in a specified domain of Personal Administration, specifically Gazette Notifications, Office Orders, Office Memorandums and Circulars. The utility of MANTRA has to be viewed in the context of the Indian environment, its socioeconomic and demographic conditions, its historical background and above all the transitory phase India is passing through presently.

Translating from one language to another, particularly of a different family, covers a very broad spectrum. The strategy adopted here is - NOT WORD-TO-WORD... NOT RULE TO RULE.... but a LEXICAL TREE-TO-LEXICAL TREE. MANTRA uses the Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG) formalism to represent the English as well as the Hindi grammar. The MANTRA Technology is being expanded to translate English texts into other Indian languages such as Gujarati, Bengali, and Telugu. The accuracy rate of translation in these languages is considerably high. Besides, it is also being expanded to translate Hindi text into English in the specified domain of personnel administration, as well as other domains like Banking, Transportation and Agriculture.

The Salient Features of MANTRA are:

 Format Retention (Font sizes, alignment, styles) Input to MANTRA can be through: .rtf (Rich Text Format) or .htm file created using standard DTP packages Speech recognition program Optical Character Recognition Package Pre-processing Tools: Phrase Marker Proper noun, Dates and other domain specific identifiers Spell and Grammar checker Uses Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) for Parsing and Generation Custom modifications to the Earley's style bottom-up parsing algorithm to speed up the parser User friendly selection tool for multiple outputs On-line word addition and grammar creation, updation facility LILA Web-LILA: Web-LILA is a web-based extension of LILA Technology. In this series, online language tutors for five Indian languages - Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Telugu and Tamil are being designed and developed. The salient features are the same as in LILA Hindi PRABODH. Web-LILA facilitates a simulated environment of a virtual classroom session, wherein an on-line teacher would be available (at a pre-determined time) for interactions with the students and to attend to their subjective queries and clarify their doubts. This opportunity could be utilized by students or the registered users for enhancing their skills, securing prompt feedback and suggestions either through a chat session or through an email. In addition, the following features are also provided: Users will be given exercises, which will be provided with typing Hindi phonetically. Chat Session and Discussion Forum. Online teacher, using live video streaming. Posting of Subjective questions to the user. Online Audio & video streaming facility. Learn more about Web-LILA

LILA will further be enhanced with the development of HINDI PRABODH, PRAVEEN and PRAGYA on the web with English as a medium of instruction on one hand and through different Indian languages on the other hand as the medium of instruction. CHAT SERVER: In progress is the work of developing and integrating the Chat Server technology, with the Translation tool; where-in users have access to information of their choice instead of any pre-determined language. Technical Training Tool: In the field of technical training the AAI Group has made major strides in developing Computer Based Training packages (CBTs) and Interactive Electronic Manuals (IETMs). These are backed by block diagrams, photographs, video clips, animations and real time simulations to facilitate easy explanations and effective comprehension. To make students more receptive to the subject, Virtual Reality linkages have been provided in training modules. Two major projects undertaken in the technical field pertain to Diesel Engines and Radars. The Packages contain the principle and theory of working, their units, subsystems, configurations and interfaces. In both these training packages, presentation techniques like animations, block diagrams, photographs and video clips have been incorporated. The Radar training module has a built in module of Radar simulator, which can be used either in Stand Alone mode or an Instructor Controlled Configuration. The group has also developed in depth packages linked with larger industrial units. These projects commence with an overview or introduction of the whole complex as a guided tour. The package is thereafter divided into smaller modules of individual units and technical know how of each individual unit. Unit modules are then knit into sub-systems through interfaces and so on. All training packages have an inbuilt interactive question/Answer Bank that can be used by a student for self-assessment as well as in an examination mode by an instructor. Log-In/Log-Out data monitoring for each trainee's progress is also incorporated, if so desired by the client.

Data Management and Analysis:

In the field of Data Management, the AAI Group has projects in hand for collation and analysis of data on parameters and matrix specified by the client. It is important to note that these projects do not necessarily contain digital data. Input data is often is in the form of incident or intelligence reports or news items. Such packages have an immense potential, a wide variety of applications and therefore clients. The AAI Group integrated this data in creating the Decision Support Systems (DSS) for certain clients. Anveshak ( The Quester)

Chances of Improvement:
AI systems have encountered great advancements but still there are great chances of improvement in this field. To study the method of improvement we need to combine the concepts of working of human brain and digital computer. Working of Human Brain: We do know that the Neuron, or nerve cell is the fundamental functional unit of all nervous system tissue, including the brain. Each neuron consists of a cell body, or Soma, that contains a cell nucleus. Branching out from the cell body are a number of fibers called Dendrites and a single long fiber called the Axon. Dendrites branch in to a bushy network around the cell, whereas the axon stretches out for a long distance usually about hundred times the diameter of the cell body. Eventually the axon also branches in to strands and sub strands that connect to the dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons. The connecting junction is called Synapse. Each neuron forms synapses with anywhere from a dozen to a hundred thousand other neurons. Signals are propagated from neuron to neuron by a complicated electrochemical reaction. Chemical transmitter substances are released from the synapses and these enter the dendrites raising or lowering the electrical potential of the cell body. When the potential reaches a threshold, an electric pulse or action potential is sent down the axon. In this way whole processing takes place. Now, after studying working of human brain we can compare it with a digital computer and then try to reach at any significant outcome. This comparison can be made by running a Neural Network on digital computer. Comparison of Brain and Digital Computer: Computer Human Brain

Computational Units 1CPU, 10^5 gates 10^11 neurons Storage Units 10^9, 10^10 bits 10^11, 10^11 Cycle Time 10^-8 Sec. 10^-3 Sec. Bandwidth 10^9 10^14 Neuron Updates/Sec 10^5 10^14

The difference in storage capacity is minor compared to the difference in parallelism. Computer chips can execute an instruction in tens of nanoseconds, whereas neurons require milliseconds to fire. Brains more than make up for this, however, because all the neurons and synapses are active simultaneously, whereas most current computers have only one or at most a few CPUs. A neural network running on a serial computer require hundreds of cycles to decide if a single neuron like unit will fire, whereas in a real brain, all the neurons do this in a single step. Thus even though a computer is a million times faster in raw switching speed, the brain ends up being a billion times faster at what it does. A brain can perform a complex task recognize a face, for example in less than a second, which is only enough time for a few hundred cycles. A serial computer requires billions of cycles to perform the same task less well. The conclusion is that there is a hope that a device could be built that combines the parallelism of the brain with the switching speed of the computer. When this would happen, field of AI would be completely revolutionized and all the limits of improvements will be broken.

Presents and Future of AI:

When we talk about presents and futures of AI then some questions arise like: (1) (2) (3) Have we succeeded yet? What we are trying to achieve? What if we achieved it?

The answers to these questions are: AI has been developed a lot but not completely, so we have succeeded but some work is still to be done. That is we have not succeeded completely till now. We are trying to achieve three things: Perfect Rationality Calculative Rationality Bounded Optimality Perfect rationality means always doing the right thing. That is it should not be the case that an intelligent machine is doing right thing at one moment and wrong at another for same inputs, randomly. Calculative Rationality means telling what would have been rational choice about an event at the beginning of its deliberation.

Bonded optimality means a bounded optimal agent behaves as well as possible, given its computational resources. If we achieved what we are trying to achieve then chances of errors will get finished. For example if expert systems become reliably more accurate than human diagnosticians, doctors may be legally liable if they fail to use the recommendations of an expert system. In brief, we are hoping to achieve these things for the welfare of mankind and wish that the movie Artificial Intelligence may become true.

Bibiliography:
www.google.com www.cdacindia.com