Sed

I I I
I
(April 2002)
I
Faisalabad, Pakistan
S.M. Khatib Alam and Ejaz Ahmad
A Case Study of Low Income Communities
This document is produced as part of Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project for the purpose of disseminating lessons learnt from FAUP. The views are not necessarily those of DFID or the Government of Pakistan. FAUP April 2002 Parts of this case study report may be reproduces for educational use, provided that such material is not printed and sold. The authors expect that, any material which is used will be acknowledged accordingly. Front Cover: New forms of enterprises such as embroidery making have become very popular and are in great demand.
Layout & Designed by Kashif Abbas Malik At: FaizBakht Printers The Mall Jhang, Pakistan.
FOREWORD
This case study is the seventh of a series of very interesting research being undertaken and produced by the team of Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project (FAUP) based on its experience of working in Faisalabad over the last seven years. The purpose of this report is to highlight some of the initiatives that have been implemented for the development of small enterprises by the project. Economic development must be at the heart of the fight against poverty as we strive for a socially and politically progressive society. It generates employment, supports the creation of wealth and improves levels of income and savings for poor communities; only then do people find themselves in the position to be able to pay for improved social services. This is vital for the economic outlook of any district working to fight poverty and deprivation by improving access to basic social services. Related closely to this is equipping people with the skills that will allow them to explore opportunities that otherwise would have been denied to them. The labour force in Faisalabad has contributed to the districts industrial boom in the last five decades. Despite sustained industrial growth there are large pockets of low-income urban populations living in abject poverty within the city. The benefits of economic growth are well documented but have remained limited for the citizens of the city and district more widely. The challenge lies in not only stimulating local economic development through the promotion of enterprises but also providing a comprehensive framework for such enterprises and their development. Often links with adequate credit facilities and business support services are missing or limited. FAUP has provided access to skill development programmes and facilities that encourage the emergence of this sector for low-income communities in its project areas. The focus of this work has been first to train communities to develop vocational skills, and then support many of the women to access financial sources from commercial institutions and assist them in identifying non-government avenues for funding micro-credit initiatives. Links were developed with banks such as the First Women Bank and local NGOs in Faisalabad that were in a position to offer low risk credit. The training has been successful in helping poor women to apply their skills by working from home and earn an income that would not have been possible otherwise. There have been difficulties in accessing credit facilities and business support services for many small initiatives. Nonetheless almost all the women trained are benefiting from the training and skills they have developed. They are now seen as equal partners in supporting their families, with many running small businesses from home, which has led to rising income levels. This would have been unheard of in the past and is a testament to the success of the project that women are more active members of their community, contributing to the livelihoods of their families and providing the necessary impetus to the city's economy. The lesson here is that women have an important part to play in our society and are an important human resource in driving local and national economies. The project has demonstrated that if women can be trained then they will want to work and utilise those newly acquired skills, which are all so important in sustaining their communities. We now have a policy framework in the form of the Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001which encourages the participation of women in local community development. This research will be extremely beneficial for those private and public organisations and institutions, which are about to conceptualise, plan or implement small enterprise development programmes in partnership with government, private sector and community members. I am confident that the document will be a valuable asset to other professionals, researchers and planners.
Chaudhry Zahid Nazir District Nazim District Government, Faisalabad April,2002
PREFACE
The support and development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) has been a major focus of Pakistan's policy makers over the last few years. Indeed, SMEs have always been around and have always contributed significantly to Pakistan's economic development, as they have to the economic development of nearly all the countries of the world. However, in Pakistan SMEs have never received the necessary attention that they merit in terms of policy and regulatory frameworks and other support necessary for their growth because they have often been seen as part of the informal economy. There are approximately 220,000 SMEs in Pakistan providing employment to over 80% of the labour force, contribute 50% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by manufacturing goods to meet the needs of local and regional markets and contribute to more than 50% of export earnings through direct and indirect means. These facts support the case for greater investment in the small and medium enterprise sector in Pakistan. The drivers of an economic development process are its labour force. A well-trained and motivated workforce will form the foundation on which small businesses are based and crucial to economic growth. However enterprise development cannot occur in isolation and is part of the integrated and inclusive approach to development. Low-income communities with proper vocational skills can work to raise their incomes and ultimately their standards of living. They then are in a position to pay for services such as water, sanitation, education and the provision of primary health. FAUP has nurtured initiatives for the development of small enterprises in low-income communities. The project devised and implemented a strategy for human resource development through skill training, accessing credit and developing market linkages. Women as a vulnerable group have been targeted by the project in order to provide enhanced business and technical skills. Women's Enterprise Training Centres (WETCs) were established where training could be conducted. These centres have been multi-purpose and fulfilled several roles acting as focal points for women in the community, where they could meet, discuss common problems and undertake their training sessions as well. The project identified a number of commercial banks that were in a position to offer assistance to small enterprises. Similarly NGOs and donor agencies were also sought to support micro-finance initiatives. In addition FAUP encouraged the formation of saving groups to support internal community lending schemes. More than 4000 women have been trained and many are applying their practical skills at the household level earning and saving incomes supporting their families, while others have been offered contracts by local industry. Many women that have been trained have commented that their lives have been changed following the practical application of their skills to work for the benefit of their families. They talk of greater equality in the home, an increase in confidence levels, greater mobilisation and the affordability of basic social services. Women in the project communities have attained a degree of empowerment never imagined before. In the project areas enterprise development has meant the creation of opportunities - the opportunity to earn more money, the opportunity for self-employment in the home, the opportunity to develop individual capabilities and instil a sense of pride and self-belief that had been missing previously. These low-income communities have a greater opportunity to access basic social services because now they can afford to pay for them. This is an example of the integrated and inclusive approach to development in practice. This report is the result of obtaining information and cooperation from all FAUP team members but a special mention needs to be made of the Small Enterprise Development team and in particular Farkhanda Siddique. Furthermore we would like to acknowledge the complete support of Dr. Tariq Sardar, (Additional Project Director, FAUP) and Nadir Ehsan who have provided continuous encouragement during the completion of this case study.
Ejaz Ahmed Social Development Consultant
S.M.Khatib Alam Project Co-ordinator
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City
TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Preface EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 5.1 5.2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Faisalabad District Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project Project Objectives FAUP Overall Strategy Project Interventions Enterprise Development Strategy Indicators CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION Population of the Project Areas Household Income in Project Area Professions of the Communities Enterprises in the project Areas Enterprise Employment Unemployment in FAUP Areas FAUP and Small Enterprise Development Description of Components Definitions and the Nature of Enterprises Essential Inputs for Enterprise Development CHAPTER 3 -IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS Enhanced Business and Technical Skills Identification & Implementation of WETCs Other Training Centres in FAUP Areas Strategy Adopted for the Implementation of Skill Training Skill Training Workshops Access to Credit Market Linkages CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS Women Enterprise Training Centres Impact Assessment of Skill Training Improved Access to Credit and Savings Short Case studies Sustainability CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Recommendations 01 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 06 06 06 07 09 09 09 10 13 14 16 17 21 21 24 29 34 36 38 38 39
Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF BOXES Box 4-1: Box 4-2: Sewing and Cutting Case Study on Stuffed Toys/Leather bags
LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Table 3-1: Table 3-2: Table 3-3: Table 3-4: Table 3-5: Table 3-6: Table 4-1: Table 4-2: Table 4-3: Table 4-4: Table 4-5: Table 4-6: Table 4-7: Table 4-8: Table 4-9: Table 4-10: Table 4-11: Table 4-12: Table 4-13: Table 4-14: Table 4-15: Table 4-16: Table 4-17: Table 4-18: Table 4-19: Table 4-20: Table 4-21: Table 4-22: Table 4-23: Nature & Number of Enterprises in FAUP Areas Skill Training Programme (1994 - August 2000) Skill Training Programme (September 2000 June 2002) Costs of Training Workshops (1994 August 2000) Costs of Training Workshops (September 2000 June 2002) Duration of Training Workshop & Average Cost per Trainee Women MPCOs Participated in Community Exhibition Educational Level (All Areas) Marital Status of Skilled Women (All Areas) Details of Skilled Women Contacted for Data Collection Age of Trainees (All Areas) Educational Level of Trainees (Skill Wise) Skill Utilisation by Trainees (All Areas) Skill Utilisation by Trainees (Area Wise) Purpose of Skill Utilisation (All Areas) Aggregate Employment Amount saved by Saving Groups Income Level of Skilled Women Income/Saving Earnings Skilled Women's Household Income (All Areas) Skilled Women's Household Income vs Skill Utilisation Skilled Women Household Income vs Skill Utilisation Skill Utilisation by Skilled Women (All Areas) Income Level of the Trainees (for the period 1st May 1995 1st October 2001) Income & Saving Chak 7 jb (for the period 1st January 2001 to 1st October 2001) Income & Saving Shadab Colony (for the period 1st July 2000 to 1st October 2001 Income & saving Islamnagar (for the period 1st May 1995 to 1st October 2001) Income & Saving Islamnagar (for the period 10th June 2000 to 1st October 2001) Income & Saving Noorpura (for the period 1st May 1995 1st October 2001) Income & saving Noorpura (for the period 1st September 2000 to 1st October 2001)
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Figure 1-2: Figure 2-2: Figure 3-1: Figure 3-2: Figure 3-3: Figure 4-1: ANNEXES Annex 1 Annex 11 Annex 111 Terms of Partnership for the Management of WETCs Operating Manual for WETCs Urdu Skill Training Workshop Guidelines for Women Flow of Funds in the Project FAUP Integrated Approach to Development Small Enterprise Development vs Micro Finance Field Area Co-ordination Office Skill Training Programme Percentage of Community Share vs FAUP Share in Skill Training FAUP vs Community Share percentage in the establishment of WETCs
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City low cost loans such as the First Women's Bank. In addition government and non-government agencies have been targeted as potential partners of small enterprises. While on an individual household level empirical evidence suggests that income levels have increased progress to commercial ventures has been slow. The credit facilities and support from businesses have been contributory factors in this equation. Lending institutions have often required collateral but this has been near impossible for already low-income communities. Similarly many existing credit facilities have seen little advantage in processing small-scale loans against protracted bureaucratic systems. These obstacles have hindered the emergence of small enterprises. However women on the other hand have shown considerable innovation in establishing businesses at the household level, which has encouraged incoming saving. The WETCS have been a source of great value to the community and women in particular. The centres have been cost effective, a place where women have been able to congregate, share problems in confidence and learn new skills. An impact assessment study conducted by FAUP denotes that the vast number of women around 85% felt that the trainings had been in many cases life-changing experiences. Many women felt a greater sense of confidence, self-esteem and general empowerment. Some cited examples of how these skills had meant that they could help support their husbands, pay for the education of their children, repay debts and save money for the dowry of their daughters. This would not have been possible had they received no training. The establishment of a community centre for women in one of the project areas is a demonstration of how sustainability can be achieved. This centre is exclusively for use by women and run by women. Supported by local government it is also a commercial enterprise and self-financing. It is a focal point for the community and a symbol of their commitment to local development and empowerment. Greater relevance must be given to the role that small and medium enterprises can play in generating wealth and eradicating poverty. Efforts are underway nationally in Pakistan to redress the balance between a policy framework and practical assistance to aspiring entrepreneurs. This must continue the economic well being of the nation depends on it.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sustainable economic development plays a pivotal role in bringing about prosperity and reducing poverty. Small and medium enterprises are often found at the heart of local and regional economies. Enterprises create jobs, wealth and feel good factor for local communities, encouraging further investment. A skilled workforce is a pre-requiste for economic growth. Therefore the imperative to train and impart real life skills to people becomes valuable. Faisalabad Area Upgrading Projects (FAUP) inclusive and integrated approach to development has included the small enterprise sector. The projects strategic approach involved promoting income generation activities at the household and lane levels, creating employment opportunities. These objectives were set against a number of performance indicators namely, enhanced business and technical skills; improved access to product markets and finally access to credit facilities to support business initiatives. The culture of enterprise development exists within the project areas. Small businesses range from textiles to grocery shops or selling buffalo milk to local communities. The project embarked on establishing Women Enterprise Training Centres (WETCs) across the areas, which were responsible for holding skill-training sessions, encouraging household saving plans and gathering primary data on household incomes. This approach involved inter-dependent components of skill training for women, accessing credit and developing an understanding of market dynamics. Communities were responsible themselves for identifying the need for WETCs and skill development training. Men and women were trained in the project areas though there has been a deliberate focus on women. Over 4000 people have been trained in how to make kites, leather bags and clothes. These skills have enabled women in particular to involve themselves in schemes and activities that have resulted in increased incomes/savings and purchasing power. This has led to an improvement in the quality of life. Evidence suggests that this has allowed them to play a more central role within their domestic life as well as allowing them greater accessibility to basic civic amenities. Communities have been supported in their attempts to secure financial and business support for external sources. Links were developed with commercial organisations in a position to provide
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.0
1.1
INTRODUCTION
Faisalabad District
1.2 Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project The Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project (FAUP) was set up as a result of the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between the Governments of Pakistan and UK in 1989. The PC-I of the project was approved in 1993 by ECNEC. The physical work by the project begin in 1994 -95. This is a poverty alleviation project working with the poor, the poorest of the poor and the most vulnerable residing in select areas located in katchi abadis and slums areas of Faisalabad City. The Faisalabad Development Authority is the implementing agency except for the primary solid waste disposal component, which is implemented by the Faisalabad Municipal Corporation (FMC). The project is co-funded by the Government of Pakistan (20%) and the Government of United Kingdom (80%). The British Government has provided its share as a grant. FAUP is working on the principle of community participation. All projects with the communities (i.e. at the tertiary level) are undertaken on a cost-sharing basis (Figure 1-1). With the exception of education related activities, in all the other sectors i.e. health, environment infrastructure (water, sanitation, paving, solid waste) and small enterprise development the partnership with the communities is on a 50%-50% cost-sharing basis. Figure 1-1: Flow of funds in the project
Faisalabad is the third largest city in Pakistan after Karachi and Lahore. In March 1998, the total population of Faisalabad district was 5,429,547 at an average annual growth of 2.5%. The urban population stood at 2,318,433. According to the last census, 22.8% of the population was considered economically active and 96.4% of this population was registered employed. The unemployment rate in the district was 17.4%. A further breakdown showed that: 64% were self employed 20% were privately employed 10% were government employees 3.6% were un-paid family workers The unemployment rate in urban areas was higher compared to rural areas at 20.9% and 14.7% respectively. In 1998, 45 percent of those in employment held elementary occupations. Majority of the labour force was employed by the construction industry, agricultural industry, forestry, hunting and fishing industries. Faisalabad is an industrial city and has made rapid strides particularly in textiles following independence. Parallels have been drawn with the pace of industrial development in North-West England and is now called the Manchester of Pakistan. The development of the textile industry has been made possible by an entrepreneurial labour force over a period of five decades. Prior to independence there were only five industrial units in Faisalabad City. Today, there are dozens of textile mills with other subsidiary units. There are approximately, 768 large industrial units, of which: 31 are textile spinning mills, 150 textile processing 27 flour mills, 6 sugar mills, 13 vegetable/ Ghee/Cooking Oil units 185 engineering units, 122 hosiery units, 9 cotton spinning factories, 193 soap and silicate, 26 Dall Mills 1 Chip Board, 2 plywood units, one watches and clocks, one maize processing, two beverages, one jute mill, one caustic soda,
GOP
20%
DFID
80%
(as grant)
FAUP
FAUP
50%
COMMUNITY
50% (cash and/or material and/or labour
ACTIVITY
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.3
Project Objectives
Figure 1-2:
FAUP Integrated Approach to Development

Basic Education
The main objective of the project was to improve the quality of life and to facilitate communities to increase their income-earning capabilities. The following steps were taken to achieve these objectives. The capacity building of local communities to participate in the design, implementation and management of infrastructure improvements and environmental care. To enable low-income communities to obtain better quality services from both the public and private sector. To encourage income generation activities for the poor residing in katchi abadis and slums. 1.4 FAUP Overall Strategy
Enterprise Development
Social Development
Environment & Health
Infrastructure Development
1.6
Enterprise Development Strategy
The implementation strategy contained the following main components. Facilitating people to form community organisations with the skills, capacity and alliances to enable the poor, women and the poorest, who are most vulnerable and at risk, to access their needs and rights. Demonstrating successful ways to improve the security and livelihoods of the poor, including the poorest. Assisting the service providers to have the capacity to work with and respond to the demand of the poor. Creating an enabling environment through helping to establish a policy framework and mandate to ensure Project-poor focused urban development. Finally, establishing structures, able to sustain and take forward urban poverty focused development and look towards supporting the emergence of a lead urban poverty organisation (with co-ordination, policy and advocacy roles) and the absorption of key functions back within line departments. 1.5 Project Interventions
The focal point of this strategy has been to enhance the income earning capacity of the poor by involving them in activities resulting in income generation. The small enterprise development (SED) component adopted a two-fold strategy: Creating income-generating activities at the household and lane level in which individuals, households and/or sub-groups within the communities can participate. Enabling employment in enterprises, small, medium and large, not only in the low-income areas themselves, but across the city. 1.7 Indicators
In order to achieve the above, the following indicators were used by FAUP to monitor the small enterprise development strategy: 1.7.1 Enhanced Business & Technical Skills
Development of technical skills for both vocational and managerial types of entrepreneurial activities. 1.7.2 Improved Access to Product Markets
FAUP has undertaken multiple interventions based on the philosophy of community participation. These interventions include health and environment, education, infrastructure development and small enterprise development (Figure 1-2). FAUP's integrated approach to development adopts a bottom up strategy with the active support and participation of communities (physically and financially) in the project cycle processes i.e. Identification, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation and the completion of a project.
Development of market information system of the main products produced in the areas. Feedback on market trends and forecasts. Development of an association of entrepreneurs to procure raw material and sell finished goods. 1.7.3 Improved Access to Credit
The poor and the most vulnerable including women gaining access to financial credit.
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CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION
2.0
2.1
INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION

Population of the Project Areas
2.3
Professions of the Communities
The integrated and inclusive approach to development by FAUP operates in 4 pilot project areas: Islam Nager, Chak-7jb, Noorpura and Shadab Colony. According to a detailed FAUP survey, the population of the pilot project areas in 1999 was 53,751. A population breakdown by area shows: Islamnagar, 20,437 Chak-7jb, 14,248 Noorpura, 11,068 And Shadab Colony, 7,998 The overall average household size within the areas was 7.08 persons. 2.2 Household Income in Project Area
In the project areas 32% of households were managing self-employed activities, whereas other households were involved in the services and employment sub sectors. An area wise analysis showed that in Islamnagar 41% of households were engaged in entrepreneurial activities and the remaining 59% were rendering services or employed in other areas. In Shadab Colony 48% of households were managing self-employed entrepreneurial activities. In the same area 52% of households were employed or providing services. In Chak-7jb and Noorpura, which are comparatively less developed and peri-urban areas, 25% and 19% of households were managing self-employed enterprises respectively. Whereas remaining households in these areas were performing jobs or services in other concerns. 2.4 Enterprises in the Project Areas
The aggregate average household income per month of Project areas was Rs.4,251 and the income per capita per month was approximately Rs.600. However, it is worth mentioning that nearly 73 percent of households were in the income range of Rs. 1,001 to 5,000 per month. The average household income of people living in Islamnagar was Rs.4,511 per month and the income per capita per month was Rs.601. This area wise analysis shows that in Chak-7jb, the average household income was Rs.3,417 per month and the average income per capita per month was Rs. 497. However, the majority of the households belonged to an income bracket of Rs.1,001 to 3,000 per month. This related to an income per capita of Rs.364 per month for these households. The average per household income per month of the people of Noorpura was Rs. 4,085 with an income per capita per month of Rs. 602. About 48 % of households belonged to an income bracket of Rs.2, 001 to Rs.4, 000. The average income per household per month for Shadab Colony was Rs. 5,577 with an income per capita per month of Rs. 796.
There are a large number of enterprises in Islamnagar. People are engaged in trading, the textile business, power looms weaving and cloth selling. Services delivery enterprises can also be found in abundance. In Chak-7jb people are managing self employed micro enterprises like general store, grocery shops, donkey carts being used for transportation of raw material, goods and construction material etc. A large number of households own agriculture land, which has been given on lease to the tenants. Some households are doing self-cultivation on agriculture land. Rearing buffaloes for milk selling is another major enterprise. The carpet weaving, sewing and tailoring is the only major manufacturing self employed enterprises, whereas remaining all enterprises either fall in trading, manufacturing, services delivery or business based category. The percentage of manufacturing micro enterprises is though less but it is a significant segment of economic activities. It provides job to a large number of entrepreneurs and also creates backward and forward linkages of employment and business. In Noorpura the four major professions to be found are general stores / grocery shops, rearing buffaloes for selling milk, donkey carts being used for transportation / sale of various goods, and agriculture farming / cultivation.
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In Shadab Colony communities are engaged generally in service delivery, business and trading. The nature of enterprises in trading and business fields are general stores, cloth selling shops, food hawkers and transportation of goods etc. Whereas service delivery enterprises comprise of auto workshops, commission agents and donkey carts. The value addition and manufacturing enterprises include rice-husking factories, tailoring and rearing buffaloes for milk selling etc. 2.5 Employment of Enterprises
person enterprises. The second highest numbers of enterprises i.e. over 19% employ two persons followed by 7% having three persons on their record. 2.6 Unemployment in FAUP Areas
In total, 4,589 people are employed in 2,394 enterprises as either part time or full time workers. The average employment per enterprise is around 1.91 persons. The ratio of female workers to total workers is around 7.95%. Very few women are employed by micro enterprises. Children below 15 years of age can also be found in the enterprise sector. Their share is, however, less than 1%. Child labour therefore does not exist in any major way. 57% of the workforce is working on a part time basis. Of the total enterprises operating in FAUP areas, 66% are self-employed or these are one
FAUP defines unemployment as person without a job or livelihood. These people therefore, do not possess any regular source of income. Eventually, they depend on charity or seek support for a livelihood from other people. Unemployment in the project areas is almost negligible as only 1% of households are either unemployed or depend upon other sources of income such as zakat and charity etc. In fact, in urban areas under employment or disguised employment is more severe than unemployment as depicted by the nature of professions and their income level. Many people are under utilising their skills and talent and would prefer to manage self-employed micro enterprises even at lower turns of return.
Table 2-1:
Nature & Numbers of Enterprises in FAUP Areas Islamnagar

Auto Spare Parts Shop = (11), Auto Workshop = (6), Barber Shop = (24) , Buffaloes for Milk Selling = (10), Building Material Store = (12), Butcher Shop = (6), Carpentry = (9), Cloth Selling Shop = (54), Cloth Waste Business = (5), Commission Agent = (5), Cone Winding Machine = (8), Cotton Waste Business = (12), Cycle Repair Shop = (9), Donkey Cart = (38) Electrical Shop = (13), Embroidery Works = (10), Furniture Making = (7), General Hawker = (89), General Store = (80), Hakeem = (8), Handicraft Making = (5), Hotel = (12), Iron Scrap Work = (12), Label Making Looms = (7), Lath Machine Work = (12), Mechanical Workshop = (9), Medical Clinic = (11), Medical store = (7), Milk Shop = (13), Motorcycle Repair Shop = (9) News Paper Agent = (5), Passenger Vehicle = (5), Poultry Shop = (5), Power Looms Weaving = (55), Private School = (10), Rickshaw Driving = (12), Shoes Selling Shop = (5), Sweet Shop = (5), Tailoring Shop = (45), Tea Stall = (21), Vegetable Shop = (10), Welding Workshop = (10), Yarn Business = (41)
Noorpura
Agriculture Farming = (21), Barber Shop = (11), Buffaloes for Milk Selling = (49), Butcher Shop = (11), Carpentry = (6), Cloth Selling Shop = (7), Cultivation = (17), Donkey Cart = (43), Electrical Goods Shop = (6), Embroidery Works = (9), Food Hawker = (18), General Store = (59), Hotel = (8), Pan Cigarette Shop = (5), Passenger Vehicle = (5), Rickshaw Driving = (8), Shoes Selling Shop = (5), Tailoring Shop = (14), Tea Stall = (14), Vegetable Shop = (15).
Chak-7jb
Agriculture Farming = (37), Barber Shop = (15), Buffaloes for Milk Selling = (27), Carpet weaving = (28), Cloth Selling Shop = (5), Cultivation = (14), Cycle Repair Shop = (9), Donkey Cart = (53), Food Stall = (5), Fruit Hawker = (32), General Hawker = (17), General Store = (65), Hand Loom = (5), Horse Cart = (21), Medical Clinic = (12), Pan Cigarette Shop = (5), Sewing = (13), Shoes Selling Shop = (6), Tailoring Shop = (15), Tea Stall = (9), Vegetable Hawker =(19)
Shadab Colony
Cycle Repair Shop = (5), Auto Workshops = (28), Barber Shop = (7), Buffaloes for Milk Selling = (44), Carpentry = (7), Cloth Selling Shops = (25), Commission Agents = (12), Contractors = (9), Dairy Farms = (8), Donkey Carts = (16), Electrical Shops = (8), Electronics Shops = (6), Food Hawkers = (13), General Stores = (66), Hosiery Making Units = (8), Small Hotel = (6), Jewellery Shops = (6), Lath Machine = (6), Pan Cigarettes Shops = (6), Passengers Vehicles = (6), Plumber Shop = (5), Power Loom Weaving = (5), Rice Husking Factories = (17), Rickshaw Driving = (7), Tailoring Shop = (12), Tea Stall = (9), Truck for Goods = (15), Video Shop = (8), Washer men = (9), Watch Repair Shop = (6).
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2.7
FAUP and Small Enterprise Development
2.8.3
Improved Access to Credit
The Small Enterprise Development (SED) component of FAUP has focused on the following: Establishing Women Enterprise Training Centres (WETCs) Organising skill training programmes Encouraging saving groups Gathering comprehensive data on household income and the nature of employment The ultimate goal of these initiatives was to enhance the income earning capacity and capability of local people, particularly women by involving them in activities relating to income generation. 2.8 2.8.1 Description of the Components Enhanced Business & Technical Skills
Micro entrepreneurs particularly the poor and the most vulnerable i.e. women and disabled were facilitated to gain access to the commercial banks and development financial institutions for availing loaning facilities. The entrepreneurs, however, are required to fulfil formalities, terms and conditions of banks and financial institutions. The use of savings groups especially for internal lending to act as leverage to attract credit played an important part in achieving this component. 2.9 Definitions and Nature of Enterprises
Vocational and managerial skills are a technical pre-requisite in the promotion of entrepreneurial activities. These skills have different levels and forms. These skills are being provided by WETCs. 2.8.2 Improved Access to Product Markets
FAUP defines enterprises as those deemed to fall under trading, business, value addition, manufacturing and services. In view of this definition, the economic activities of agriculture, livestock, manufacturing, industries, commerce, trading and various kinds of services are defined as entrepreneurial activities. Enterprises can be categorised as micro enterprises to cover household, and family / cottage enterprises. These categories of enterprises indicate the scale of operation, volume of investment, employment, production and sales. Generally, enterprises up to an investment of Rs.10 million (excluding cost of land) are considered small enterprises and with ten or less workers are termed as cottage and household units. Investment value of cottage / household unit goes up to ten lacks. The terminology of micro enterprise is applicable to both kind of enterprises, small and cottage enterprises.
FAUP has facilitated market linkages to ensure that prospective buyers and sellers see community made products. Focused skill-training programmes played a very important part in achieving this component. The development of market information systems on the products produced in the project areas, feeding back into market trends and forecasts were also made.
Photo:
Girls involved in Rug making.
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2.10
Essential Inputs for Enterprise development
helps in exploring more markets and timely sale of goods and services and procurement of raw material and services. 2.10.4 Finances
Micro enterprise development & income generation is plausible through a combination of components. These have been illustrated in Figure 2-1.
2.10.1
Skill Development
FAUP defines 'skill' as vocational and managerial. The acquisition of skills improves efficiency and performance of workers and managers alike. 2.10.2 Technology / Production Development
Micro finance is significant to the development micro enterprises. A conceptual framework of micro finance is shown in Figure 2-2. This framework indicates various stages and their correlation among various activities or the inputs essentially required for the promotion and development of entrepreneurial activities.
The choice of appropriate production technology has been another main consideration in FAUP enterprise development. The qualities of products, cost effectiveness, scale of products, efficiency and market demand have been key factors, in the selection of production technology. 2.10.3 Marketing Support
Marketing is an essential activity, which maximises the profits of enterprises through the sale of goods and services and the procurements of required inputs to produce these goods and services. Thus the marketing process includes purchases, sales, grading, storage and transportation. Marketing activities keep on changing with the volume of production, scope of operations i.e. marketing at local, national and international levels. A market information system
Photo:
Embroidery classes for young women
Figure 2-1:
Flow diagram of income generating activities
Income Generation
Small Enterprises Development
Skill
Finance
Marketing
Technology
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Figure 2-2:
Small Enterprise Development vs Micro Finance
Improvement of Living Standard
Advocacy Sector Interventions
Social Sector Interventions
Economic Sector Interventions
Other inputs Marketing Skills Development Technology
Finances
Micro Level Financial Sector Meso Level Financial System Macro Level Financial System
Identification / Assessment of Needs for Small Enterprises & Estimation of Financial Needs
Target Groups Men / Women Poor / Child / Disable
Regular Saving Compulsory Savings by Communities
Generation of Internal Resources
Generation of External Resources
Grants Loans
Loan
Institutional Sources Non Institution Sources
Consolidation of Resources
Community Based Lending Pools
Identification of Small Enterprises, Appraisal of Requirement of Finances
Policies and Procedures
Modalities for Implementation (Determines cash flows)
Loan Packages
Budgeting (Periodic)
Implementation of Small Enterprises Leads to Income Generation
Page 8
CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
3.0
3.1
IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
Enhanced Business & Technical Skills
FAUP established Women Enterprise Training Centres (WETCs) to support the development of technical know-how and business opportunities. The centres provide training for women in a number of areas including sewing, cutting, embroidery and knitting. The objective being to enable the poor and most vulnerable to enhance their income earning capability by applying these skills in their respective trades. The local multipurpose community organisations (MPCOs) have played a major role in overseeing the running of these centres. 3.2 Identification & Implementation of Women Enterprise Training Centres
Generally, it has been the area level or sub-area level female MPCOs who have identified and prioritised the need of WETCs. Subsequently, local MPCOs raised resolutions for the establishment of WETCs. This resolution was passed and signed by the majority of households in a particular location. 3.2.1 WETC implementation strategy
nominated by the majority members of the local MPCO) and an FAUP team member. FAUP provided knitting machines, Peco machines and zigzag machines as well as a limited number of sewing machines for use in the WETC. In addition, women, who intended to obtain training on the sewing course were required to bring their own sewing machines. For those women who were considered by the local MPCO to be very poor and who did not possess machines or could not afford to purchase one, the local female MPCOs, arranged the use of machines from their own local contacts. Trainees provided their own material at their own cost. The products made from these materials were the property of the trainees. FAUP paid a stipend to trainers at the WETC through a crossed cheque. Female MPCO held regular meetings on a monthly or needs basis to review the progress of the centre and to ensure proper record keeping of income and expenditures and other records such as: Attendance register of the trainees. Record of the bank account, income, and expenditures. Record of the fee of the trainees. Stock register of WETC. Cash and ledger books of the WETC.
The strategy to implement the work to be carried out by WETCs included the following steps. A detailed Terms of Partnership (TOP) was prepared Annexure-I). Its purpose - to determine the roles and responsibilities of all the stakeholders involved in the operation and management of WETCs. A joint bank account in the name of WETCs was opened to handle financial matters. A local master trainer, with a minimum of five years relevant experience was identified and made responsible for the supervision of the centre. The trainer was generally identified by the concerned MPCO. The female MPCO was responsible for arranging a rented building for the centre and paying the utility bills of the centre. However, as part of FAUP share, FAUP provided the rent of the building. A Management Committee (MC) managed the centre. The management committee comprised two community members (as
Proper training was provided by FAUP on all of the above prior to the establishement of the centres. 3.2.2 Manual for the management & operation of WETCs
A manual describing the operational modality was designed (Annexure-II) 3.2.3 Training for management of WETCs
Staff members of all the WETCs have been trained to effectively and efficiently manage the WETCs. For this purpose training workshops were held to teach / clarify modality of management as per manual. 3.2.4 Area Co-ordination Office
The organogram of the co-ordination office of the FAUP's small enterprise development (SED) skill training programme is shown in Figure 3-1.
Page 9
Figure 3-1:
Field Area Co-ordination Office
SED Sector of FAUP
Co-ordination Office
Field Office
WETC Sponsored by FAUP
Skill Training Programme
Improved Marketing Linkages
Loaning through Banks / DFIs Saving & Credit Programme
Linkages for SED promotion through various inputs
An area co-ordination office was set-up in each project area. The area coordinator was mainly responsible for the following: Identification of trainees (within the guidelines laid down by FAUP e.g. to focus predominantly upon the poor and the most vulnerable) Nomination of trainees according to FAUP's notified procedure. Providing support to the entrepreneurial training workshops. Follow-up of the trainees. Assessment of utilisation of skills by the trainees. Linkages of the women entrepreneurs with market for purchase of raw material and sale of finished goods. Supporting access of the loan seeking women entrepreneurs to the commercial banks and development financial institutions. 3.3 3.3.1 Other Training Centres in FAUP Areas Women's Work Centre- Islamnagar
one year. The total cost of the centre was Rs.74,100 with the FAUP share costing Rs.40,500 and the community share 33,600. A local female trainer was hired to train the women. In the centre women were given training in sewing, cutting and hand machine embroidery. The centre ran successfully for the specified period of 1 year and about 120 women received training in a range of vocational skills. After the (agreed) 1 year, FAUP withdrew its support and the centre moved to the trainer's home. For 1 year the trainer operated the centre successfully on a self-help basis. The operation and maintenance expenses were met out of the training fees from participants. During this period 80 women were trained. Unfortunately due to illness, conflict with community members and a lack of commercial acumen by the trainer, the centre closed. The community, however, realised the role and importance of the skills, which they had obtained from the WWC in enhancing household savings and income. During several community meetings of female MPCOs, women once again identified and prioritised their needs for a vocational centre where they could learn skills such as stitching, sewing, and embroidery. Therefore, Rahber-eCarvan, a female MPCO, passed a resolution during a general meeting held on 7th August 1999 regarding the establishment of a WWC. It also took the responsibility for the identification of an expert trainer and arrangement of the building for the WWC.
The first ever-vocational training centre in Islamnagar was established in October 1995, and called the Women's Work Centre (WWC). This centre was established by FAUP in partnership with an FAUP MPCO called the Behbood-eNiswan Network (BNN). This MPCO later registered with the Social Welfare Department as an NGO. FAUP agreed to provide all the required technical and financial support to the centre for
Page 10
CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS The request from Rahber-e-Carvan for a WWC was considered by FAUP. After much deliberation and consideration in several meetings, FAUP finally agreed on the revival of WWC in the area in the form of a partnership. FAUP also agreed to provide financial and technical support for a minimum period of two years. The cost of reviving the WWC was around Rs. 57,000. FAUP's share was Rs. 48,000 and community share was calculated at Rs. 9,000. The equipment and machines, which were already provided to the centre in October 1995, were also given to the WWC. FAUP's share consisted of one knitting machine, ground mat and salary of master trainer for two years. The community matched this by providing five sewing machines and the rent of the building. The centre began its work again in April 2000. During the first ten months of its re-establishment, about 80 women were trained. The set target as approved by the proposal could not be achieved as the centre equipment (i.e. machines) and other related material particularly those which were provided in 1995 malfunctioned due to wear and tear and could not be serviced. Meanwhile, Rahber-e-Carvan passed a further resolution in July 2000, regarding the replacement of outdated machinery and equipment. They also suggested changes to the mandate of the centre from just providing training for enhanced saving to enterprise development for the purpose of income generation. The centre was modernised in March 2001 with the provision of new equipment. The scope of the centre was also revised and during this period a coordination office was set up in the area. The area co-ordinator was responsible for monitoring the centre and follow-up of the progress made by the trainees. The coordinator was also required to provide support to the trained women on developing market linkages and set of enterprises. Due to the change in the objectives of the centre it was renamed the Women Enterprise Training Centre (WETC). The value of the investment in the centre amounted to Rs.184,900. FAUP contributing Rs. 112,900 and the community contributed Rs. 72,000. It was agreed that FAUP would provide financial and technical support for a period of one year. To date, about 700 trainees have been trained by the centre.
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City 3.3.2 Enterprise Training Centre Noorpura
An Enterprise Training Centre (ETC) was established in August 1995 in the Khan Model Colony of Noorpura. A Terms of Partnership (ToP) was signed with the women's working committee of the local female MPCO. Although some material for the renovation and improvement of the centre was provided by FAUP, the community was responsible for carrying out the renovation. FAUP agreed to pay a salary of Rs.1,200 per month for one year for the master trainer. For sewing purposes the trainees had to bring their own machines, while the knitting machine, disc-matic machine and embroidery (PECO) machines were provided in the centre by FAUP. The total cost of the project for one year was Rs.51,233 of which FAUP committed Rs.33,233 and community contributed Rs.18,000. During the proposed period of one year, 120 women were trained in the different skills. After the expiry of proposed period (August 1995 to July 1996), FAUP withdrew its financial support. After the withdrawal of FAUP's support, the MPCO management committee agreed to operate the centre on a self-help basis. To meet the operation and maintenance expenses and salary of the centre staff, the training fee's had to be raised. Previously, when FAUP's support was available, the trainees had to pay Rs.25 for sewing and Rs.50 for embroidery / knitting courses. Following the withdrawal of FAUP's support, charges were raised to Rs.50 for sewing, and Rs.100 for embroidery and knitting courses. This increase in training fee's led to a decline in the number of women signing up for the courses. Many women could not afford to pay for the courses. However, 130 women still received training from the centre. A resolution was passed by the majority members of the area level female MPCO Kawish. In this resolution Kawish, requested the revival of the ETC to train women particularly those who were illiterate, without skills and economically on the margins of society. It also took the responsibility to run the centre on the old fee pattern, with the conditions that FAUP provided financial support for another one year. Moreover, according to the original proposal, which was approved in 1995, it was agreed that this centre would be extended for another period of two years subject to a satisfactory performance.
Page 11
CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS After much deliberation FAUP gave the approval for the revival of the centre in September 2000. New equipment, machinery and material were procured. The ambit of the centre was broadened with a focus on providing income-generating skills enabling skilled women to establish selfemployed enterprises. A co-ordination office was set up to liaise closely with the previous trainees and to provide information on market linkages for the utilisation of skills for commercial purposes. The centre was revived at a total cost of Rs. 200,500 with FAUP providing Rs. 116,000 in the shape of machinery, furniture, fixtures, office equipment and the salary of the trainer and area coordinator. The community agreed to contribute Rs. 84,500. The centre's work began in December 2000. To date the centre is working successfully and about 300 women have been trained. 3.3.3 WETC in Rasool Nagar (Noorpura)
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City 3.3.4 WETC Shadab Colony
Rasool Nagar is a sub area of Noorpura. The majority population belong to the Changar Community - a vulnerable group living in extreme poverty. This community has its own traditions, values and culture and the people from this community, particularly the women, often hesitate to sit and work with women belonging to other than the Changar Community. Realising the utility and importance of the skills imparted in improving income and savings level, the women of Rasool Nagar also requested the establishment of a Women Enterprise Training Centres in their area. The distance between the established WETC (Khan Model Colony) and Rasool Nagar was cited as a major difficulty for the women of Rasool Nagar to travel and avail the training opportunities offered there. Moreover, enough trainees were also available to justify operation of two centres, one in Khan Model Colony and another in Rasool Nagar successfully. The WETC in Rsool Nagar was established in April 2001. The total cost of the centre was Rs. 86,900 of which FAUP matched Rs. 74,900 for the purchase of machinery, equipment, furniture and fixtures and salary of the master trainer. The community contributed Rs.12,000 for the rent of the building. To date centre is working successfully and 150 women have obtained the training.
The WETC centre was established in September, 2000 on the resolution of Social Welfare Organisation. This area level MPCO, identified the need for the vocational centre, where women could be imparted basic skill in the trades like sewing / cutting, embroidery and knitting. The centre started its functioning in December, 2000. FAUP provided financial and technical support for one year with the condition that after the expiry of the one year, the area level organisation would be responsible for the management and operation of the centre, otherwise FAUP would take back all the machinery, equipment and furniture and fixture. The total cost of the project was 217,500. Of this FAUP contributed an amount of Rs.133,000 for the purchase of machinery, furniture and to make payment to the trainer and the co-ordinator. An amount of Rs.84,500 was provided by the community for the payment of rent of the building and for purchase of training material. To date 250 women have been trained. 3.3.5 Enterprise Training Centre Chak-7jb
Another ETC, on the pattern of Noorpura, was established in Chak-7jb in May 1995. The total cost of the centre was Rs. 30,020 and the community share was Rs.8, 580. The community share consisted of rent for the building, training fee's and the electricity expenses of the centre. FAUP gave support in the preliminary renovation of the building and provided other required machines, material, equipment and salary of the master trainer for one year. The centre only just managed to stay afloat for one year. Keeping in view the significance and demand of various skill trainings, Naveed-e-Seher (of neighbourhood D) female MPCO passed a resolution in its meeting held on 2nd October 2000 to set up a WETC in the area. FAUP gave the approval for the establishment of WETC in Chak7jb area in October 2000. The total cost of the set up of WETC was Rs. 221,000. FAUP share was Rs. 136,500 and community share was Rs. 84,500. The project was designed for the duration of one year. During this period, FAUP agreed to provide the necessary financial, technical and managerial support for the centre. However, after the one-year period, the MPCO would take responsibility for the operation and management of the centre on a self-help basis. The centre has trained about 300 women.
Page 12
CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 3.3.6 WETCChak-7jb (For Changar Community)
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City implemented in two phases, the first period from 1994 to August 2000 and the second period from September 2000 to date. The first phase focussed on skill training addressing the domestic needs of communities. This included training on making surf, shampoo and soap making, jams, squashes and syrup making, poultry keeping and poultry vaccination, livestock management and computer training. After assessing the impact of the training and practical utilisation of newly acquired skills there usefulness was found to be limited. Therefore the training programme was re-designed. The new phase included market oriented skills. The chronological sequence of the new design for skill training programme is illustrated in Figure 3-2.
Another WETC was established in Chak-7jb. This centre was set up to train women belonging specifically to the Changar Community. The total cost of the project was estimated at Rs. 75,400. The community's share was Rs. 12,400. To date, 100 women have received training in sewing, cutting, embroidery and knitting. The reasons for set up of another centre in Chak-7jb area similar to the case in Noorpura area for the Changar community. 3.4 Strategy Adopted for the Implementation of Skill Training Programme
FAUPs skill training programme has been
Figure 3-2:
Skill training programme
Dimensions of Skills
Felt Needs of Communities
Innovative Skills
For Domestic Use For Commercial Use
Innovative Skills
Identification of skills (kinds, level, scope) Steps Appraisal of skills (to assess viability in given circumstances) Finalization of portfolios of skill. Design of training (duration, level)
Resource persons identification Preparation of training material Delivery of training Follow up and impact assessment
In House (by FAUP)
Through Other Institutions (in the institutions or in the FAUP areas)
Kites Making Fabric Painting Stuff Toys Making Leather Bags Making Stain Glass Rug Making
Tie & Dye Muqash Maqrama Making Block Printing Flower Arrangement Beauty Parlour Training
Page 13
Table 3-1:
Skill Training Programme (1994 - August 2000)
Sr. No.
1. 2. 4. 5. 6.
Name of Training
Chak -7jb (Nos.)

35 45 23 31 40 174
Islamnagar (Nos.)
35 45 23 0 50 153
Shadab Colony (Nos.)

35 45 23 0 40 143
Noorpura (Nos.)
35 45 23 31 40 174
Total (Nos.)
140 180 92 62 170 644
Surf, Shampoo & Soap making Jams, Squashes & Syrup making Poultry Keeping & vaccination Livestock management Computer Training Total
Table 3-2:
Skill Training Programme (September 2000 - June 2002)
Sr. No.
Name of training
Chak-7jb (Nos.)
45 45 36 35 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 4 515
Islamnagar (Nos.)
25 45 22 37 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 4 483
Shadab Colony (Nos.)

30 45 35 28 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 4 492
Noorpura (Nos.)
33 45 32 29 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 4 493
Total (Nos.)
133 180 125 129 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 16 1,983
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Kite making Fabric Painting Stuff toy making Leather Bag making Stain Glass making Rug Making Tie & Dye Mukaish Training Makrama Making Block Printing Flower Arrangements Beauty parlour skill training Total
Table 3-3:
Costs of Training Workshops (1994 - August 2000)
Sr. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Name of Training
Women Trained (Nos.)

140 180 92 62 170 644
Community Share (Rs.)
FAUP Share (Rs.)

7,215 7,777 27,000 6,400 84,750 133,142
Total (Rs.)
Cost per Trainee (Rs.)

52 43 293 103 1176 386
Surf, Shampoo & Soap making Jams, Squashes & Syrup making Poultry keeping Livestock Management Computer training Total
115,150 115,150
7,215 7,777 27,000 6,400 199,900 248,292
3.5
Skill Training Workshops
FAUP has provided training to communities, especially poor women and other vulnerable groups, in different trades to enable them to raise their income / saving. As evident from Table 3-1, nearly 644 persons were trained during first phase. Of them nearly 25% were men who received the training. During the second phase only women were imparted skill training with the view to bring women in the main stream at par with the men. A total number of 1,983 women were trained during this phase (Table 3-2)The expenses incurred on skill training workshops are shown in Table 3-3 & Table 3-4. A comparative analysis of the expenses
vs- participants shows that during the first phase, the average cost per trainee was around Rs. 386, whereas, during the second phase the cost per training was found around Rs. 672. This difference is mainly attributed to the duration of the workshops and to the cost of training material etc. Also, during the second phase of the skill training programme, the training process was divided into two phases as basic training and as advance training. In a number of skills, which were more sophisticated and technical in nature, training was imparted in two phase (Table 3-5). The types of training and the percentage of community share vs- FAUP share are shown in Figure 3-3.
Page 14
Photo:
Girls making hanging bags (Makrama).
Table 3-4:
Sr. No.
Costs of Training Workshops (September 2000 - June 2002

Name of Training Women Trained (Nos.)
133 180 125 129 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 16 1,983
Community Share (Rs.)

54,560 3,855 4,000 26,909 11,200 26,550 40,000 9,000 26,355 1,400 24,000 227,829
FAUP Share (Rs.)

13,000 116,227 48,045 165,200 139,010 74,500 103,740 90,400 69,200 115,310 74,220 96,000 1,104,852
Total (Rs.)
13,000 170,787 51,900 169,200 165,919 85,700 130,290 130,400 78,200 141,665 75,620 120,000 1,332,681
Cost per Trainee (Rs.)

98 949 415 1311 830 429 651 652 391 708 378 7,500 672
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Kite making Fabric Painting Stuff toy making Leather Bag making Stain Glass making Rug Making Tie & Dye Maqrama Making Skill Training Maqash Work Skill Training Block Printing Trainings Flower Arrangements Skill Training Beauty Parlour Skill Training Total
Table 3-5:
Sr. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Duration of Training Workshop & Average Cost Per Trainee

Name of Training Kite making Fabric Painting Stuff toy making Leather Bag making Stain Glass making Rug Making Tie & Dye Maqrama Making Skill Training Maqash Work Skill Training Block Printing Trainings Flower Arrangements Skill Training Beauty Parlor Skill Training Basic Training Workshop (Days) 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 Advance Training Workshop (Days) 15 15 8 8 60 Cost Per Trainee (Rs.) 98 949 415 1311 830 429 651 652 391 708 378 7,500
Page 15
Figure 3-3:
180,000 160,000
Percentage of community share vs- FAUP share in Skill Training
Contribution (Rs.)
140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Types of skill training Community Share (Rs.) FAUP Share (Rs.)
Key to types of training:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Surf, Shampoo & Soap making Jams, Squashes & Syrup making Home Based Poultry Vaccination & poultry keeping Preparation of feed and fodder & Livestock Management Computer training Kite making Fabric Painting Stuff toy making Leather Bag making Stain Glass making Rug Making Tie & Dye Maqrama Making Skill Training Maqash Work Skill Training Block Printing Trainings Flower Arrangements Skill Training Beauty Parlour Skill Training
3.6
Access to Credit
Strategy adopted for accessing credit 3.6.1 As it was not within the policy framework or means of the project to address financial needs of the poor by extending a credit line, an alternative strategy was adopted. The strategy entailed the following methodology. Extending support to the women for access to loan sources of the commercial banks such as First Women Bank and other DFIs. Facilitation to women in the process of identification of NGOs and donor agencies, which could provide micro credit.
With respect to this FAUP approached commercial banks and NGOs. Linkages were established with First Women Bank (FWB) and seven women were assisted in providing credit for enterprises development. However, these efforts were not fruitful due to high interest rates, complex policies and formalities that had to be met. FAUP also approached a local NGO, Anjuman-eSamaji Behbood (ASB), working in Faisalabad city. ASB extended credit facility to five women in the Islamnagar area for enterprise development. The total amount of these five loans amounted to Rs. 50,000.
Page 16
CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 3.6.2 Formation of Saving/Credit Groups
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City Moreover, the extent and intensity of the linkages developed was not only confined to the market, it focused on developing linkages with the government, semi-government, NGOs and private institutions working in the field of enterprise development and related activities. 3.7.2 Handicrafts Exhibitions
FAUP motivated and encouraged the poor particularly, women to improve their saving by organising them into saving groups. The objective for the formation and promotion of saving groups was two fold. Firstly, to develop saving habits amongst the community particularly with focus on the poor. Secondly, to fulfil the needs of finances of the community members by supporting internal lending out the community saving pools. Thirdly, using the saving as collateral to have access to external sources of credits such as banks and development financial institutions. A detailed strategy was formed for the organisation and promotion of savings groups. The strategy entailed rules & regulations for the formation of saving groups and roles and responsibilities of all the stakeholders involved in saving groups. The salient features of the strategy adopted are as follows. Eligibility of MPCO for saving programme. Reasonable size of membership in a saving group. Minimum saving amount to be deposited by a member per month. The responsibility of financial record keeping. Opening and operating of joint bank account. Termination of membership of a saving group. The utilisation of saving for productive purposes. Strategy for internal lending including detailed procedure. Urdu guidelines were provided to all the saving groups in the project areas. 3.7 3.7.1 Market Linkages Strategy adopted for market linkages
As a part of the marketing communications programme, FAUP arranged three community exhibitions. These were helpful to introduce the handicrafts made by the women artisans of the project area to the general public and to the retailers and the wholesalers specifically at city level. It also helped the women in identifying more sale outlets for the marketing of their products. The community exhibitions included: Handicrafts Exhibition & Family Fair A two-day handicrafts exhibition was held at Jinnah Garden in November 2000. The female MPCOs of the project areas actively participated in the fair and displayed their handicrafts. Majority of the women displayed kites, fabric painted clothes on their stalls for sales. The women who had displayed garments, had acquired the skill from the FAUP Women Enterprise Training Centres (WETCs). This was also a show for the artisans at work. The detail of the female MPCOs who participated and the description of their stalls is given in Table 3-10. Jashn-e-Bahran FAUP participated in an eleven day Faisalabad wide Jashn-e-Bahran (Spring Festival) held at Jinnah Garden, Faisalabad. All the women artisans from the project areas participated in this festival with great zest. A variety of handicrafts that were made by women artisans of the project areas were on display in the festival. These products mainly included leather bags and stuffed toys. A few stalls were allotted for the sale of garments and bed sheets made by the women. It is estimated that about 90,000 people visited these stalls. Indeed, it was a great show, which helped the women artisans in identifying more sale outlets for the marketing of their products. This festival besides improving marketing linkages has also proved useful in boosting the confidence of the women, which has resulted in greater mobility for women.
For this purpose, different strategies were adopted which included individual contacts, visits of the women entrepreneurs to the vendor industries, visits to the vocational institutions, marketing linkages workshops and handicrafts exhibitions. The focal point of all these activities was to find out viable marketing outlets for the marketing of products made by the women artisans residing in the project areas.
Page 17
Table 3-5:
Sr. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Duration of Training Workshop & Average Cost Per Trainee

Name of Training Basic Training Workshop (Days) 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 Advance Training Workshop (Days) 15 15 8 8 60 Cost Per Trainee (Rs.) 98 949 415 1311 830 429 651 652 391 708 378 7,500
Kite making Fabric Painting Stuff toy making Leather Bag m aking Stain Glass making Rug Making Tie & Dye Maqrama Making Skill Training Maqash Work Skill Training Block Printing Trainings Flower Arrangements Skill Training Beauty Parlor Skill Training
Table 3-6:
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Performance of WETCs
Description of the Centre WETC Chak -7 jb WETC Chak -7 jb (for changar community) WETC Noorpura WETC Noorpura (for changar community) WETC Islamnagar WETC Shadab Colony Total Passed Out Trainees 300 100 500 150 700 250 2,000
Table 3-7:
Costs of Training Centres Established in FAUP's Areas

Description of area FAUP Share Rs. 33,233 116,000 74,900 224,133 21,440 136,500 57,200 215,140 40,500 48,255 112,900 201,655 133,000 133,000 773,928 Community Share Rs. 18,000 84,500 12,000 114,500 8,580 84,500 10,000 103,080 33,600 9,000 72,000 114,600 84,500 84,500 416,680 Total Rs.
(a)
Noorpura 51,233 200,500 86,900 338,633 30,020 221,000 67,200 318,220 74,100 57,255 184,900 316,255 217,500 217,500 1,190,608
Establishment of the centre in Khan Model Colony Revival of the centre Establishment of the centre in Rasool nager Sub Total (b) Chak -7jb Establishment of the centre Revival of the centre Establishment of new centre for Chunger Community in Chak -7jb Sub Total (c) Islamnagar Establishment of the centre in Islamnagar Ist revival of the centre 2n drevival of the centre Sub Total (d) Shadab Colony Establishment of the centre Sub Total Grand Total
Page 18
Table 3-8:
Sr.# 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Typical Cost of A WETC

Description of Item Office Table File Rack Office Chairs Sewing Machines Singer Discmatic Singer Knitting Machine (without lace carriage) Zigzag Machine (Braco) Wooden Platform (3 x 8 ft) Tube Light + Fitting Sewing Kit: (tape, box, needles) Iron (National) Steel Ulmirah Soft Board Ceiling Fans 48 inches Wall Clock Durri / Ground Mat (12 x 12 ft.) Total Qty. 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 Approximate Value (Rs.) 3,000 2,000 2,800 12,500 10,000 19,500 8,000 3,000 500 500 1,200 5,000 1,000 2,800 200 1,500 73,500
Table 3-9:
Amount Saved by Saving Groups

Saving (Rs.) 11,625 6,700 16,000 650 34,975
Area Islamnagar Chak-7jb Shadab colony Noorpura Total
Table 3-10:
Sr.# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Women MPCOs Participated in Community Exhibition

Women MPCOs Participated Rehber-e-Carvan,Islamnagar Area Rehber-e-Carvan, Islamnagar Area Rehber-e-Carvan, Islamnagar Area Rehber-e-Carvan, Islamnagar Area Kawish Organisation, Noorpura area. Rehber-e-Carvan, Islamnagar Area Rehber-e-Carvan, Islamnagar Area Rehber-e-Carvan, Islamnagar Area Rehber-e-Carvan, Islamnagar Area Social development Women committee, Shadab Colony area. Roshni Development Society, Shadab Colony. Roshni Development Society, Shadab Colony. Roshni Development Society, Shadab Colony. Shadab Development Society for women Naveed-e-Seher, Chak-7jb Carvan,Chak-7jb Al-Shamash Organisation Caravan, Chak-7jb Caravan, Chak-7jb Islamnagar Welfare society Women Wing Islamnagar Welfare society Women Wing
Nature / Description of Stalls Ladies Garments Dry flowers, glass painting, embroided bed sheets, hand made cards, decoration plates. Baby garments, crockery, cosmetics, jewellery, decoration wares Ladies / Kids garments Display of kites Paintings / portraits Food Stalls Stuffed toys, Fabric Painting, Cushions, tray covers, handkerchiefs, hair bands Food Stalls Garments, Bangles, Palmistry Mehndi Baby Garments Food Stall Food Stall Garments, Kites, Flowers Bangles Baskets Food Stall Bed sheets, cushions Garments, Jewellery Food Stall
Page 19
CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS Basant Night (Kite Night Show) FAUP participated in a funfair called Basant Night arranged by the District Administration to celebrate the arrival of the spring season. The dignitaries and citizens of Faisalabad City took part in a kite flying show with great enthusiasm and fervour. The wholesalers of kites and related materials had set up their stalls for the sale of kites. An FAUP female MPCO (Kawish) also participated in this festival. Women displayed their kites on these stall. These women obtained the skill of kite making from FAUP. This was a unique opportunity for them to introduce their products at the city level.
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City Punjab Small Industrial Corporation Sanat Zar Industrial Home School Social Welfare department Dar-ul-Taskeen Vocational institutes in Faisalabad city Faisalabad Chamber of Commerce and Industry 3.7.4 Linkages developed with private institutions
3.7.3
Linkages with government institutions
The Women artisans of the project areas were also facilitated in developing linkages with private institutions in Faisalabad City. The linkages with these institutions were developed to provide order works, to women and for the procurement of raw materials. Linkages were developed with: Chenab Fabrics Faisalabad Al-Nisa Leather Bag Centre National Textile College Gulistan Colony Anjuman-e-Samaji Behbood Different wholesalers and retailers of the city Nishat Textile Mills. Noor Fatima Textile Unit
FAUP has facilitated trained women of the project areas to develop linkages with the government and semi-government line departments including the following: Industrial Home, UAF, Faisalabad Faisalabad Arts Council First Women Bank Export Promotion Bureau
Photo:
The participation of women in colour painting training sessions.
Page 20
CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS
4.0
4.1
KEY FINDINGS
Women Enterprising Training Centres
FAUP has managed various skill-training sessions since its inception. Approximately 2,000 trainees have passed out from these centres. 4.1.1 Advantages of using WETCs
A comprehensive strategy was adopted for the functioning of the WETC, which is based on the principle of the community participation and therefore, the community itself supervise the working of these centres. The following are some of the key strengths associated with WETC's: WETCs are community based. Therefore, all decision-making on administrative and academic affairs was taken with the consent and co-operation of all the stakeholders involved in its operation and management. A very nominal fee, which is within the paying capacity of the community particularly of the poor, is charged. This training fee charged by the WETCs is far less than the fee charged by other vocational training institution both in the Government and the private sector. WETCs are easily accessible by the women of the areas. Prior to the establishment of WETCs, those women, who could not get the training from other government and private vocational institutions because of the existence of these institutions at long distances from their homes and the difficult access to these centres, were now availing training opportunities at the WETCs. WETCs are well equipped with modern and latest machinery. The learning environment is more conducive as compared to other vocational institutes. Generally, the trainees and the trainer are from the same area and they are familiar with each other and have acquaintance with each other. This promoted a better understanding within the trainees and between the trainees and the trainer as well. Besides providing training in the specified courses of WETCs, women also get training
opportunities in other trades like kite making, fabric painting, leather bags making etc. This broadens the opportunity for employment and self-employment for income enahncement. To encourage the utilisation of imparted skills for the promotion of enterprises. Skills are supplemented with other inputs like market support. For this, the SED area co-ordinator was responsible for maintaining contact with the passed out trainees for providing them the basic inputs required for taking up the business at commercial level. As the WETCs are based on the philosophy of the community participation, it promoted a sense of ownership of WETCs amongst the trainees, which led to the effective and efficient utilisation of the available facilities at the centres and regular monitoring of the centres by the community itself. Financial support was provided to deserving poor women in terms of payment of their training fees and the provision of machines, particularly to the poorest and most vulnerable. The local female MPCO was responsible for meeting requirements of the women, who were unable to get a training opportunity owing to their scarce income. A special provision was also made for the allocation of 5% seats in each WETC for such women. 4.1.2 Disadvantages of using WETCs
The following are some of the weaknesses that were identified: The set-up of WETCs is informal. There is lack of co-ordination between government departments and other vocational institutes. The courses being offered in WETCs are not approved by any competent authority from the government side. There is an internal system for the examination of the trainees. Some outside agency should also verify the skills as well. The certificates offered to trainees are not recognised by other departments and external institutions.
Page 21
Figure 4-1:
100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00
FAUP -vs community share percentage in the establishment of WETC's
86.19 59.28 40.72 13.81 62.92 37.08
85.12 63.76 36.24 14.88 61.15 38.85
WETC Noorpura (changar community)
WETC Chak-7/jb (changar community)
Islamnagar
FAUP Share %age
WETC Chak-7/jb
WETC Noorpura
Community Share %age
4.1.3
Typical cost of a WETC
A community based WETC in the FAUP area involved two types of set-up and operational costs, one pertaining to the machinery & equipment and the other regarding operational expenses. The total fixed cost of a typical WETC amounted to around Rs.73,500. The total operational expenses on account of trainer's salary for a period of two years was Rs.24,000. The community provided the building and paid for the bears cost of the utilities. The trainees brought their own training material. One centre has the capacity to train 140 girls annually in the trades of hand/machine embroidery, hand / machine knitting and cutting/stitching. 4.14 Performance Assessment of the WETC Trainees
15-35 years. The analysis showed that 51% skilled women, who attended the WETCs were from the age bracket of 15-18 years, followed by 45% from 19 to 35 years. The overall skill utilisation rate was 85%. The skill utilisation rate within the preferred age brackets of 15-18 years and 19-35 years was 92% and 81% respectively. Educational Level Educational analysis (Table 4-1) is another significant element, which has been researched. Under this aspect, the number of trainees who attended skill training workshops and the number of skilled women who utilised the skill with perspective of educational levels were identified. This research is helpful to further improve the strategy for the selection of trainees for the skill training workshops and in turn making the skilltraining program more result oriented. It was found that 34% skilled women who attended the skill training workshops were possessing matriculation education, followed by 29% primary, 19% middle, 13% illiterate and 2% intermediate Further analysis with regard to the skill utilisation showed that skill utilisation of the trained women possessing intermediate education was 100% followed by primary 92%, middle 91%, illiterate 84% and matriculation 83%.
Approximately, 2,000 women have been trained in WETC during the period 1995 - 2002. An FAUP study was conducted to assess the performance of these women. The study covered all the four pilot areas and all the skills being imparted. The study covered 333 women. The findings and analysis of the study is elaborated below Age of Trainees The determined age of women was within range of
Shadab Colony
Page 22
Marital status of women vsskill utilisation The marital status of skilled women (Table 4-2) is another aspect which was covered in the study under review. The marital status of the majority of the skilled women was found to be unmarried only 12 % skilled women were married. Further analysis on the basis of marital status revealed that skill utilisation rate of the unmarried women was higher (89%) than the skill utilisation rate of the married women (60%). There were many cases where married women attended the training sessions due to problems in marriages which resulted in an urgent requirement of money each month (Box 4-1). Table 4-1:
Education Level Illiterate Primary Middle Matriculation Intermediate Graduation Master NK Total
Box 4-1:
Sewing / Cutting
Educational Level (All Areas)

Overall Women Trained 43 95 65 112 7 11 333 % age 13 29 19 34 2 3 100 Women Utilised Skill 36 87 59 93 7 1 283 % age 84 92 91 83 100 9 -
Shamim is a 32 years old married woman. Her educational qualification is primary. She has four sons, who are school going. She was married with Mr. Iqbal 17 years ago. When Shamim was married with Mr. Iqbal, he was bus conductor and use to earn an income up to Rs.3000.According to Shamim, since the day of marriage, Iqbal did not take the responsibility to look after his family. He was irresponsible person and never took interest in the family matters. After the eight years of my marriage, he departed me alone and remained involved in another woman. Now he has come back after nine years but there is no change in the attitude of Mr. Iqbal. He does not do any work, spent his time by gossiping with his friends and wandering in the streets and bazras. Many times he snatches money from me to meet his own expenses. During this period my parents assisted me economically. In September,2000, I got the opportunity to avail training in the trade of sewing/cutting. Now by doing the order work of the market due to the learned skill, she is earning Rs.1,200 to Rs.1,500.She described that she learned the skill to lessen the burden of my parents. Of this income, she pays an amount of Rs.1,200 monthly for the rent of the house. She is still dependent on her parents to meet the basic necessities of her family. Her parents are rich and gave her an amount of Rs.3,000 to Rs.4,000 per month. She is happy that to some extent she has lessened the burden of her parents and is confident that in near future she will able to do the order work at large scale and will be completely independent in meeting her family's expenses. She stresses that women should learn skill and should be economically independent. The circumstances, which I have faced and is facing could be the fate of any woman.
Table 4-2:
Marital Status of Skilled Women (All Areas)

Married Women Trained Women Utilised Skill No. %age No. %age 24 6 1 7 1 1 40 60 16 2 18 2 2 100 12 3 7 1 1 24 50 50 100 100 100 60 Unmarried Women Trained Women Utilised Skill No. %age No. %age 197 55 10 21 1 2 4 290 68 19 3 7 0.5 1 1 100 182 43 7 21 2 4 259 92 78 70 100 100 100 89
Description of the Training
Sewing Cutting Embroidery Knitting Sewing Cutting / Embroidery Sewing Cutting / Knitting Embroidery/Knitting Sewing Cutting / Embroidery / Knitting Total
Note: The marital status of the three trainees could not be recorded during the survey
Page 23
CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS 4.2 Impact Assessment of Skill Training
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City There was a lack of product quality Some elaborated that skill was insufficient. None of the skilled women used the skill at a commercial level due to the following: They did not have any interest in business. Lack of market support was an obstacle to business. Finance was the main obstacle in establishing enterprise. It was discovered that, on average, each skilled woman who obtained FAUP training, passed on this skill to about four other women. . Computer Training (c) A total number of 170 people received IT training. Of these, 72 could be contacted. Among them 44 women and 28 were men. It was found that only 14% skilled women were utilising the skill. Of those who could not utilise the skill for income generation cited the following reasons. Majority were students. Not interested in doing job. Waiting for the job opportunity. 4.2.2 Phase -II Skill Training Programme
The FAUP skills-training programme, from 1994 to 2002, consisted of two phases. FAUP conducted an impact assessment of these programmes. The findings and analysis of this assessment are highlighted below. 4.2.1 (a) Phase -I skill training programme Jam / Squash / Syrup Making
A total number of 180 skilled women were given training. Of them 85 responded to FAUP questionnaires regarding the utilisation of training. It was found that about 25% of the women who attended these courses were utilising the imparted skills. However, the skills were mainly being used for the preparation of products for domestic use only. The majority of women stated that they could not utilise their skills in the preparation of products for domestic use due to the following causes. Their business in other home based activities. Their family members did not like home made products. Skill was not sufficient to be utilised for making quality products. Only one woman utilised her skill at a commercial level. The reasons for not using the skill at commercial level are: Non-availability of finances. Lack of market support. They did not like this business. On average, each woman who obtained FAUP training, passed on her skills to about five other women. (b) Surf / Shampoo / Soap
As the primary objective of the training workshops was to equip women with the skills that would enable them to raise their saving and income by using that particular skill. A study was carried out by FAUP to assess the impact of the training programme on income and savings of the women. The study covered only those women who had completed a six months post-training period. Nearly 12 types of trainings were imparted. However, keeping in view the maturity period only 4 trainings were included in the impact assessment. Moreover, only trainees of advance courses were contacted. All skilled women who got fabric painting kite making, leather bags making and stuff toys making trainings were included in the impact assessment study. The results of the study are included in Table 4-3.
Nearly, 140 people were trained. It was found that 51% utilised the skill at domestic level for home used products. Women who did not utilise their skills cited the following reasons. Lack of time and practice at home Family members did not appreciate the products
Page 24
CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS Table 4-3:

Area
Details of Skilled Women Contacted For Data Collection

Fabric Painting
Women Trained (Nos.) 5 14 8 -
Kite Making
Women Trained (Nos.) 45 25 30 33
Leather Bags Making

Stuff Toys Making

Total
Chak-7jb Islamnagar Shadab Colony Noorpura
Total
27
133
129
125
414
a)
Impact Assessment of Skill Trainings c)
criterion of 15 to 35 years, which was deemed necessary for skill training workshops. Use of Skill
The study covered FAUP's four areas of Chak-7jb, Islamnagar, Shadab Colony and Noorpura areas. b) Age of Trainees
Age was an important criterion in the selection of trainees for the programme. Preference was given to women who were between the ages of 15 to 35 for the training course. A detailed analysis shows (Table 4-4): 42% of the trainees who attended the training workshops were between 15 to 18 years old followed by 41% from 19 to 35 years old. Majority of skilled women were from Chak7jb. Nearly, 10% of trainees were 14 years old and below, 6% from age group 36 to 60 years. This reveals that 83% of trainees were within the prescribed age limit of 15 to 35 years whereas about 16% of skilled women (10% below 14 years and 6% above 35 years) attended the skill training workshops, ignoring the age
The skill utilisation aspect of the analysis shows that 46% of the women who utilised skills, were between 19 to 35 years old, followed by 43% who were15 to 18 years old. This indicates that the skill utilisation level of skilled women within the prescribed age limit of 15 to 35 years is higher which is 89% compared to the cumulative skill utilisation level for the rest of the group. The aforementioned trends show that the skill utilisation level has been found to be higher within the prescribed age group, which was considered necessary benchmark for attending the training workshop. It was clear that in order to improve the impact of the training programme the trainee selection process followed the criterion set by FAUP.
Table 4-4:
Area
Age of the Trainees (All Areas)

Description Upto 14 Years (Nos.) 17 2 2 2 4 3 19 8 42 15 15-18 Years (Nos.) 55 24 30 24 46 26 44 30 175 104 19-35 Years (Nos.) 37 22 60 45 47 31 29 13 173 111 4 6 4 4 3 2 23 11 1 36-60 Years (Nos.) 11 1 Not Known (Nos.) Total (Nos.) 121 52 98 75 101 63 94 51 414 241
Chak-7jb
Women Trained Women Utilised Ski ll
Islamnagar
Women Trained Women Utilised Skill
Shadab Colony
Noorpura
Overall
Page 25
Table 4-7:
Description of training
Skill Utilisation by Trainees (Area Wise)

Chak-7jb Women Trained (Nos.) Women Used Skill (Nos.) 4 4 20 24 52 % age Women Trained (Nos.) 14 25 37 22 98 Islamnagar Women Used Skill (Nos.) 11 10 35 19 75 % age Women Trained (Nos.) 8 30 28 35 101 Shadab Colony Women Used Skill (Nos.) 8 14 15 26 63 % age Women Trained (Nos.) 33 29 32 94 Noorpura Women Used Skill (Nos.) 5 21 25 51 % age
Fabric Painting Kite Making Leather Bags Stuff Toys Total
5 45 35 36 121
80 9 57 67 43
78 40 95 86 76
100 47 53 74 62
15 72 78 54
4.2.4
Purpose of Skill Utilisation
241 trained women utilised their skills at domestic and commercial level in order to raise their income -saving levels. A further breakdown revealed that 116 women were using their skills domestically by rendering services to enhance their savings. 105 women used the skills at the domestic level for service provision as well as for generating income. The remaining 20 trainees were applying their acquired skills at a commercial level to generate income (Table 4-8). 4.2.5 Social Benefits of learning skills Increased levels of awareness about socioeconomic issues particularly those pertaining to women. Women who have been trained feel greater levels of confidence, self-esteem and empowerment. Women have realised that they have an equally important role to play in the socioeconomic development of the country, as men do.
Greater self-awareness amongst women about their rights as women. By working together, there is a greater cohesiveness and unity amongst women. They realise the benefits and importance of an organised forum for solving their problems. The value of team working has enhanced conflict resolution skills amongst women. Girls are getting good proposals for their marriages. Greater solidarity amongst the women of the areas because of perennial interaction. 4.2.6 Employment of skilled artisans
FAUP has shown that small enterprises play a pivotal role in promoting the socio-economic well being of a group of people. Entrepreneurial activities address poverty and when planned properly, can generate job opportunities. Moreover, these employment opportunities can be generated at low investment compared to medium and large enterprises.
Table 4-8:
Area
Purpose of Utilisation of Skill (All Areas)

Enterprise at Domestic Level (Nos.) 116 Service Provision at Domestic Level (Nos.) 8 58 43 7 20 Enterprise at Commercial Level (Nos.) 20 Service Provision at Commercial Level (Nos.) 105 Services Provision & Enterprise Development at domestic level (Nos.) 44 17 44 Not Used (Nos.) 65 20 36 35 156 17 Not Known (Nos.) 4 3 2 8 Total (Nos.)
Chak-7jb Islamnagar Shadab Colony Noorpura Total
121 98 101 94 414
Page 26
To date, 137 women have managed to secure employment. 12 people, (3 males and 9 females) were on full time basis. 115 people, (7 males and 108 females), were employed on a part time basis (Table 4-9). 4.2.7 Standard of Skill Training
Support from male members for the purchase of raw material and sale of products in the market, as they could not do these jobs alone. Some explained that they could not start the enterprise at a commercial level owing to home based business activities The analysis of the inputs required by the trainees both aggregate and trade wise suggests that the majority of trainees (40.69%) could not effectively use their skills at a commercial level. This was due to a lack of financial assistance. Therefore in addition to the skill training, women needed financial support in the form of credit to establish enterprises at domestic as well as commercial level.
During the impact assessment the views of trained women were also sought about the standard and quality of training they had received during the workshops. The overall response alludes that 86% (356) of the women were very positive about the training, 6% (25) were negative whereas, the responses of 8% (34) trained women were not known. 4.2.8 Constraints
During the workshops on kite making, fabric painting leather bags making and stuff toys making, 414 women were trained. The opinion of 34 women could not be recorded because 17 of the women could not be located and 17 skilled women did not respond. Of the remaining 380 trained women, 125 (33%) identified a felt need for finances, which is a key ingredient in establishing enterprises for income generation purposes. A total number of 65 (17%) women demanded finances as well as support for improved marketing linkages for establishing enterprises. A significant number of trained women 142 (37%) fall into the category of miscellaneous reasons and cited the following constraints: They needed permission from their family members particularly from parents. They needed the assistance of other women both physically and financially to start the business at a commercial level.
Photo:
Utilisation of glass painting skills
Table 4-9:
Aggregate Employment
After Obtaining Skill Area Male Full Time Female 2 7 9 Total 4 8 12 Male 1 5 1 7 Part Time Female 13 31 37 27 108 Total 13 32 42 28 115
Chak-7jb Islamnagar Shadab Noorpura Total
2 1 3
Page 27
Sewing and making clothes
Cloth cutting
Product marketing
Block printing
Rug Making
Sale of goods produced by communities
Clothes made by community women
Market linkage workshop
Stuff toys ready for sale
Toys raw material
In recooperation of their efforts
Practical demonstration of how to make soap
Surf making training

Photo:
facilitating market linkage workshops
Home made kites
A selection of the type of training for enterprise promoted by FAUP.
Page 28
4.3 4.3.1
Improved access to credit and savings Aggregate Income / Saving of the Skilled Women
An increase in income and saving of trained women was assessed. The results of the study showed that by utilising skills, 241 women of four trades in the project areas were able to raise their income and saving. In aggregate terms, these women were able to generate an income of Rs.78, 890 and saved an amount of Rs.44, 313 during a period of six months (Table 4-11). This significant increase in the saving of women was due to the application of skills at a domestic and commercial level. 4.3.2 Skill Based Income /Saving Analysis
savings of women is in fact attributable of factors like nature of the products, marketability, and the marketing support provided by FAUP in the form of handicraft exhibitions. An eleven-day handicrafts exhibition during the Jashn-e-Bahran at Jinnah Garden Faisalabad proved more beneficial. Women were also able to procure work involving stitching and sewing of leather bags. In addition marketing linkages were developed with industrial units at both local and city level. However, in case of kite making the desired results could not be achieved due to the seasonal nature of the business. Men generally purchase kites during the kite-flying season. However, it was found that the use of this skill was confined to the domestic arena, which contributed to household savings. Thus indirectly increasing income levels.
Further analysis of the overall income and saving of trained women on the basis of skills reveals that the leather bags making skill training proved more useful in enhancing income and saving of women. It enabled the women to raise their savings up to Rs.18,140 and income up to Rs.47, 740. In the case of stuffed toys making, women were able to save Rs.14,425 and earned an income amounting to Rs.30,850. The fabric painting skill training enabled the women to increase their income from zero to three hundred rupees and saving from Rs.1,500 to Rs.11,00. The results for kite making skill remained far from satisfactory. This only helped the women in enhancing there saving i.e. women only saved Rs.647 (Table 4-12). The significant impact of the leather bags and stuffed toy making skills and moderate impact of fabric painting skill in enhancing income and
4.3.3
Saving Groups
Four saving groups were formed (Table 4-10) and they started saving in December 2000. To date the total amount saved by these saving groups is Rs.34,975. Table 4-10:
Area Islamnagar Chak-7jb Shadab colony Noorpura Total
Amount Saved by Saving Groups

Saving (Rs.) 11,625 6,700 16,000 650 34,975
Table 4-11:
Area
Income Level of the Skilled Women

All Areas Before skill Training Women (Nos.) Income (Rs.) Saving (Rs.) Women (Nos.) 52 75 63 51 214 After skill Training Income (Rs.) 22,140 33,000 6,550 17,200 78,890 Saving (Rs.) 9,120 22,001 8,554 4,638 44,313
Chak-7jb Islamnagar Shadab Colony Noorpura Total
52 75 63 51 241
1,500 1,500
Page 29
Table 4-12:
Area
Income / Saving Earnings

Fabric Painting Before skill Training After skill Training Women (Nos.) Income (Rs.) Saving (Rs.) 1,500 1,500 Women (Nos.) 4 11 8 23 Income (Rs.) 300 300 Saving (Rs.) 3,300 5,200 2,600 11,100 Kite Making Before skill Training Women (Nos.) 4 10 14 5 33 Income (Rs.) Saving (Rs.) After skill Training Women (Nos.) 4 10 14 5 33 Income (Rs.) Saving (Rs.) 250 161 104 132 647
4 11 8 23
Area
Leather Bags Making Before skill Training After skill Training Women (Nos.) Income (Rs.) Saving (Rs.) Women (Nos.) 20 35 15 21 91 Income (Rs.) 11,340 23,200 2,800 10,400 47,740 Saving (Rs.) 2,820 10,610 2,400 2,311 18,140
Stuff Toys Making Before skill Training After skill Training Women (Nos.) 24 19 25 26 94 Income (Rs.) Saving (Rs.) Women (Nos.) 24 19 25 26 94 Income (Rs.) 10,800 9,800 3,450 6,800 30,850 Saving (Rs.) 2,750 6,030 3,450 2,195 14,425
20 35 15 21 91
Table 4-13:
Skilled Women 's Household Income (All Areas)

Households Nos. %age 1 3 61 13 9 3 5 5 100 2,367 7 Population Nos. 18 74 1,428 328 276 106 137 Average Family Size Nos. 9 7 7 8 9 10 9 HHs Total Income Rs. 2,000 20,000 594,500 166,900 155,000 66,000 114,000 1,118,400 Average Income Rs. 1,000 2,000 2,900 3,881 5,000 6,000 7,600 3,528 Per Capita Income Rs. 111 270 416 509 562 623 832 504
Income Brackets
Up to 1,000 1,001 to 2,000 2,001 to 3,000 3,001 to 4,000 4,001 to 5,000 5,001 to 6,000 Above 6,000 NK Total
2 10 205 43 31 11 15 16 333
4.3.4
Skilled Women's Household Income
It appears that the majority of skilled women i.e.205 (61%) belong to an income bracket of Rs.2, 001 to 3,000 per month. The per capita monthly income within this bracket range is Rs.416. Followed by 43 (13%) within the income bracket range of Rs.3, 001 to 4,000 (HH per month). Hence we can conclude that the majority of trainees selected for the skill training programmes fell into the low-income bracket (Table 4-13). 4.3.5 Skilled Women's Household Income vsSkill Utilisation
indicates that 205 (61%) women belong to an income bracket of Rs.2, 001 to Rs.3, 000 and their skill utilisation rate is 90%. Where as within other income groups the skill utilisation rate of women varies from 33% to 100% (Table 4-14).
Box 4-2: Case Study: Stuff Toys / Leather Bags
Summaira Jamil and Sabahat Jamil are sisters. They are 20 years and 18 years old and their educational qualifications are middle and intermediate respectively. Summaira received skill training in how to make stuffed toys whereas Sbahat learnt how to make leather bags. Theirs is a family of five brothers and four sisters. The oldest brother works in a factory and earns Rs.3, 500 per month. Three younger brothers go to school. Their father, Mr. Jamil cannot work because of medical reasons. They can earn up to Rs.500 per month. However there business is facing difficulties due to a lack of financial resources, which could support the expansion of their work. They need a sewing machine for the expansion of work immediately. They are happy to be supporting their parents and brothers to some extent. At least, we are financially independent and not a burden on our oldest brother to sustain ourselves, they explained.
The aggregate skill utilisation rate for the trained women is 85%. An analysis of their skill utilisation rate with reference to income bracket ranges
Page 30
Table 4-14: Skilled women's household income -vs. Skill utilisation (All Areas)
Income Bracket Women Trained No. 2 10 205 43 31 11 15 16 333 %age 1 3 61 13 9 3 5 5 100 Women Utilised Skill No. %age 2 100 8 80 184 90 35 81 26 84 10 91 14 33 4 16 283 85
cutting / embroidery and sewing cutting / embroidery / knitting is 100 percent. The skill utilisation of sewing / cutting stands at about 87% followed by embroidery and embroidery / knitting, each 75%, and knitting 64% (Table 4-16). 4.3.8 Income / saving of skilled women
Up to 1,000 1,001 to 2,000 2,001 to 3,000 3,001 to 4,000 4,001 to 5,000 5,001 to 6,000 Above 6,000 NK Total
4.3.6
Skilled women household income vsincome / saving earned
During research an important aspect has been studied. It pertains to the number of skilled women of different income brackets with the income earned or saving made. The analysis of this research shows that skilled women of lower income bracket have earned income. A similar trend has been found amongst women of the highest income bracket as well. Though the result can not be generalised but the analysis shows that skilled women having lower income make more efforts to earn income and to make savings. (Table 4-15). 4.3.7 Skill Utilisation by Skilled Women
One of the mandates of FAUP is to improve the income / saving capabilities of the poor particularly women, living in its project areas. The start of the skill-training program is amongst those efforts, which FAUP has been under taking to enhance the income/saving level of the women. The women can raise their income/saving either by employing the imparted skills at domestic/commercial level or by getting employment opportunity. During survey, the rise in income/saving of the skilled women was also assessed. By utilising the skills, 283 skilled women of the project areas were able to raise their income and saving. In aggregate these women were able to generate an income of Rs.803,650 and saved an st amount of Rs.648,100 during the period from 1 st May 1995 to 1 October 2001. (Table 4-17). This significant increase in the saving of skilled women, as already discussed, is due to the utilisation of the skills both at domestic and commercial level. The break-up of the total saving and income of different areas during varied period of times pertaining to the different time periods are given in Tables 4-18 to 4-23.
The analysis of the women who utilised the skills indicates that 85% women have used the skills. However, further analysis reveals that, the skill utilisation by the women in the trades of sewing /
Table 4-15:
Skilled Women Household Income Vs. Skill Utilisation (All Areas)

Women Utilised Skill (Nos.) 2 8 184 35 26 10 14 4 283 Saving (Rs.) Total Average 18,000 9,000 11,800 204,100 122,100 102,550 57,300 130,350 1,900 648,100 1,475 1,109 3,489 3,944 5,730 9,310 475 2,290 Income (Rs.) Total Average 30,000 15,000 35,100 172,500 212,000 157,100 39,850 156,100 1,000 803,650 4,387 937 6,057 6,042 3,985 11,150 250 2839 Total (Saving + Income) Total Average 48,000 24,000 46,900 376,600 334,100 259,650 97,150 286,450 2,900 1,451,750 5,862 2,046 9,545 9,986 9,715 20,460 725 5,129
Income Bracket (Rs.) Up to 1,000 1,001 to 2,000 2,001 to 3,000 3,001 to 4,000 4,001 to 5,000 5,001 to 6,000 Above 6,000 NK Total
Page 31
Table 4-16:
Skill Utilisation by Skilled Women (All Areas)

Women Trained (Nos.) 224 61 11 28 2 4 3 333 Women Used Skill Nos. 194 46 7 28 2 3 3 283 %age 87 75 64 100 100 75 100 85 Women Not Known Nos. 20 20 %age 9 9 Women Did Not Use Skill Nos. %age 10 15 4 1 30 4 25 36 25 9
Nature of Skill Sewing Cutting Embroidery Knitting Sewing Cutting / Embroidery Sewing Cutting / Knitting Embroidery / Knitting Sewing Cutting / Embroidery / Knitting Total
Table 4-17:
Description Chak-7 Shadab Colony Islamnagar Noorpura Total
Income Level of the Trainees (for the period 1 May 1995 to 1 October 2001)
No.of Trained Women (Nos.) 63 117 54 49 283 Saving (Rs.) 29,300 89,850 80,500 448,450 648,100 Income (Rs.) 4,400 90,400 127,850 581,000 803,650 Total (Saving + Income) 33,700 180,250 208,350 1,029,450 1,451,750
st
st
Table 4-18:
Income & Saving -Chak-7jb (for the period 1st January 2001 to 1 October 2001)
No. of Women Trained (Nos.) 33 27 1 1 63 500 29,300 Saving (Rs.) 12,700 15,600 500 Income (Rs.) 1,000 400 3,000 4,400 Total (Saving & Income) (Rs.) 13,700 16,000 500 3,500 33,700 Average Income Per Month Per Trainee (Rs.) 46 66 56 388 59
st
Nature of Skill Sewing Cutting Embroidery Knitting Sewing Cutting/Embroidery Sewing Cutting/Knitting Embroidery/Knitting Sewing Cutting/Embroidery/Knitting Total
Table 4-19:
Income & Saving -Shadab Colony (for the period 1 July 2000 to 1 October 2001)
Nature of Skill No.of Women Trained (Nos.) 77 30 7 3 Saving (Rs.) 62,550 22,300 2,200 2,800 Income (Rs.) 48,400 40,100 900 1,000 3,800 Total (Saving & Income) (Rs.) 110,950 62,400 3,100 Average Income Per Month Per Trainee (Rs.) 96 139 29 84 -
st
st
Sewing Cutting Embroidery Knitting Sewing Cutting /Embroidery Sewing Cutting/Knitting Embroidery/Knitting Sewing Cutting/Embroidery/Knitting
Page 32
st st
Table 4-20:
Income & Saving -Islamnagar (for the period 1 May 1995 to 1 October 2001)
Nature of Skill No. of Women Trained (Nos.) 15 8 23 Saving (Rs.) 30,600 13,800 44,400 Income (Rs.) 79,200 42,000 121,200 Total (Saving & Income) (Rs.) 109,800 55,800 165,600 Average Income Per Month Per Trainee (Rs.) 95 90 93
Sewing Cutting Embroidery Knitting Sewing Cutting /Embroidery Sewing Cutting/Knitting Embroidery/Knitting Sewing Cutting/Embroidery/Knitting Total
Table 4-21:
Income & Saving - Islamnagar (for the period 10 June 2000 to 1 October 2001)
Nature of Skill No. of Women Trained (Nos.) 17 12 2 31 Saving (Rs.) 13,800 21,000 1,300 36,100 Income (Rs.) 1,000 3,050 2,600 6,650 Total (Saving & Income) (Rs.) 14,800 24,050 3,900 42,750 Average Income Per Month Per Trainee (Rs.) 62 143 139 98
th
st
Table 4-22:
Income & Saving -Noorpura (for the period 1 May 1995 to 1 October 2001)
Nature of Skill No. of Women Trained (Nos.) 16 1 1 18 163,200 302,400 465,600 9,600 8,400 3,600 18,000 13,200 26,400 Saving (Rs.) 145,200 Income (Rs.) 280,800 Total (Saving & Income) (Rs.) 426,000 Average Income Per Month Per Trainee (Rs.) 345 171 342 336
st
st
Table 4-23:
Income & Saving - Noorpura (for the period 1 September 2000 to 1 October 2001)
Nature of Skill No. of Women Trained (Nos.) 31 Saving (Rs.) 285,250 Income (Rs.) 246,200 Total (Saving & Income) (Rs.) 531,450 Average Income Per Month Per Trainee (Rs.) 1,428 -
st
st
Sewing Cutting Embroidery Knitting Sewing Cutting /Embroidery Sewing Cutting/Knitting Embroidery/Knitting Sewing Cutting/Embroidery/Knitting
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CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS 4.4 4.4.1 Short Case Studies Embroidery (Islamnagar)
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City her family's monthly income. In addition, she has been able to purchase a singer machine on instalments out of the income earned. Mudasaras' mother is saving the balance of the money earned by her daughter for her dowry, and to meet other wedding expenses. Mudasra feels that women should work to share the burden of a family rather to be a burden on them. She intends to continue using her skills to generate income after her marriage. In this way she hopes to share the economic burden of her family and to support her husband. She thanked FAUP for establishing WETCs in Noorpura, which enabled her to obtain training in sewing and embroidery. 4.4.3 Sewing / Embroidery (Khan Model Colony)
Hameeda and Naheed are sisters, aged 18 and 17 years old respectively, who reside in Street 15,Islamnagar. Both have received primary level education. They belong to a poor family and their father, Ghulam Rasool earns approximately Rs.2, 000 per month by selling waste plastic and iron scrap. They have two younger brothers and one sister. All of them are unemployed. Hameeda had the opportunity of being trained in embroidery, and Naheed obtained training in sewing and cutting in May 2000 from WETCs situated in Islamnagar. Since June 2000, they have utilised these skills to bring in an income of Rs2, 000 to Rs2, 500 per month. Unfortunately, a large portion of this money is spent in paying off debts, which were accumulated when they purchased a house worth Rs.175, 000 in 1999. They had Rs.95, 000, saved from the income earned by carding of cotton, filling of quilts with cotton and their stitching. There was shortfall of Rs.80, 000 to purchase the house. They borrowed this amount from their relatives and friends. By May 2000 their parents had paid off Rs.10, 000 of the total amount borrowed. However, since the girls started bringing in money by utilising the skills learned, an amount of Rs.25, 000 has been repaid. They hope to pay off the balance of the amount owed (Rs45, 000) within a year. Not only do they feel proud to be house owners, but also feel more secure, as there is no fear of being evicted from their property as a result of an inability to pay the rent at the end of each month. Their status in society has improved as a direct result of being homeowners, and hence they are expecting good proposals for their marriages. 4.4.2 Sewing / Embroidery (Khan Model Colony)
Musarat is a resident of Khan model Colony (a subarea of Noorpura area). She is 18 years old and her educational qualification is middle. Her father is a watchman and earns about Rs.2, 500 per month. She has one younger brother and four sisters. She obtained training in embroidery from WETC's in Noorpura, and has been earning up to Rs.1, 500 per month by doing order work from the textile units. She is given defected pieces of embroidered cloth by the textile units, which she repairs by embroidering in the missing spots. Musarat is no longer dependent on her parents and can meet her daily needs herself. In addition, she not only pays for the education of her younger brothers and sisters but also teaches them. The skills she has learned have enabled her to earn a living, and hence provided her with confidence and security in her abilities to support her own family after marriage. 4.4.4 Sewing / Cutting (Islamnagar)
Mudasara a young 22-year-old girl is a resident of Khan Model Colony (a sub-area of Noorpura area). She is educated to metric level. She belongs to a poor family. Her father works in Rafhan Mills and earns Rs.5, 000 per month. In January 2001, Mudasara attended a training course in sewing and embroidery provided by WETCs. By utilising the skills learned and completing orders obtained from the market, she has been able to contribute Rs.3, 000 to Rs4, 000 to
Fazeelat daughter of Mukhtar Ahmed, a young girl of 25 years, is a resident of Street 2, Islamnagar. Her father works as a watchman in an industry and earns Rs.2, 000 per month, which falls short in meeting the basic needs of a family of ten people. Fazeelat's eldest brother works in a textile mill as a daily wageworker and earns monthly Rs.1, 500 to 2,000. The other three brothers and three sisters are younger than Fazeelat and are of school going age. Fazeelat herself is educated to the primary level. In 1995, Fazeelat got the opportunity to learn the art of sewing / cutting from the WETC in Islamnagar.
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CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS On completing her training, she started to use her skills in order to generate an income. The income earned by Fazeelat is being used to pay off a debt of Rs 40,000, which was incurred when her father borrowed money from a local moneylender to start a cloth business. Unfortunately the business failed and Fazeelat's father could not pay back his debt, which continued to grow. After the failure of this business, her father obtained employment in an industry as a watchman. Currently, the income earned by the Fazeelat and her father is being utilised to pay off the debt, and her brother's income is being used to meet household expenses. To date, half of the borrowed money has been paid back, and Fazeelat is confident that they will be able to pay off the remainder amount within a year or two. 4.4.5 Sewing / Cutting (Khan Model Colony)
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City embroidery from the WETC in Noorpura and is utilising these newly acquired skills to share her father's burden. She earns Rs.3, 000 to 4,000 by doing the order work of a textile unit. She is given defected embroidered cloth by the textile unit, which she repairs by embroidering in the missing spots. Initially she did this job alone, but with the passage of time she has involved two sisters and one brother. She provided training to her younger brother and sisters. Later on, she started this work on a large scale. She got the defected material from the textile unit in bulk, and gave it to the other women of the area, whom she also trained. As a result of her efforts, the family is economically better off. Abida is of the opinion that women who work are more secure and confident. She feels that women should work along with the men in order to help towards improving their living standards. 4.4.7 Leather Bags Making (Khan Model Colony)
Noreen is a resident of Khan Model Colony (a subarea of Noorpura area). She is 19 years old and educated to primary level. Her father, Mr. Abdul Rashid is a mason and earns up to Rs.6, 000 per month. Noreen has two younger brothers and three sisters. She obtained sewing and cutting skills through the WETC established by FAUP. As a result of utilising the skills learned, she is earning Rs.1, 200 to 1,500 per month. The income earned by Noreen by sewing clothes for the women of surrounding houses, is being spent to meet the domestic and educational expenses of her younger brothers and sisters. Since Noreen started earning, the family feel more prosperous and are able to meet their daily expenses. Noreen's' mother hopes to provide higher education for all her children, which had not been possible in the past due to their meagre income. Her father was of the opinion that women should be able to earn for themselves as it is the only way women will be able to realise their importance in a society and be able to safeguard their rights. Noreen hopes to open a training centre for women in the future, and is saving money for this purpose. The ability to generate an income has left her feeling more secure and liberated. 4.4.6 Sewing / Cutting (Khan Model Colony)
Shahnaz is a married woman of about 35 years and a resident of Khan Model Colony (a sub area of Noorpura area). She has four children, two sons and two daughters. Her husband has lost interest in family matters, and refuses to take the responsibility to earn a living for his family. He passes his time by gossiping with other males and by wandering in the streets and bazaars. Consequently, the responsibility for meeting the children's needs rests on Shahnazs' shoulders. Shahnaz is a very hardworking and industrious woman. She has involved herself in different activities to earn a livelihood and support her children. FAUP provided Shahnaz with the opportunity to learn skills in making leather bags. Now she is utilizing the skills learned to generate an income. She can earn up to Rs.1, 000 per month by selling leather bags in schools. If she had more money available, she could take up making leather bags at a larger scale. Shahnaz also learnt sewing, embroidery and knitting from her mother. By utilising these skills she is earning up to Rs.1, 000 per month. In addition, she is also working as a trainer in WETC Noorpura and she is paid a salary of Rs.2, 000 per month. Her cumulative monthly income from these three sources comes to Rs.4, 000 per month. This enables her to meet the basic expenses of her family. Shahnaz's children study in schools, and she is meeting all their educational expenses. She is training her eldest daughter in the making of leather bags, sewing, embroidery and knitting.
Abida is a resident of Khan Model Colony and educated to primary level. She belongs to a poor family. Her father is a power loom worker and earns an income of Rs.2, 000 per month. Her family comprises of ten members. Abida learnt
Page 35
CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS Shahnaz is of the view that parents should educate as well as teach new skills to their children, particularly to girls, so that they are able to care for themselves in case things do not work out after their marriage. She believes that an educated and skilled woman is more secure in a society like ours. 4.4.8 Embroidery (Shadab Colony)
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City and marriage expenses. Abida wants to open a boutique but she does not have enough resources for this purpose. She intends to continue this work after her marriage. 4.4.11 Embroidery (Islamnagar)
Shazia daughter of Mushtaq Ahmed is a young girl of 20 years and a resident of Shadab Colony. She has two brothers and two sisters who are of school going age. Her father is a telephone operator in a telephone exchange and earns Rs.9,000 per month. Shazia trained in embroidery skills from the WETC established in Shadab Colony. By utilising these skills, she is earning Rs.1,400 to Rs.1,500 per month, which she uses to help her family when the need arises. 4.4.9 Embroidery (Shadab Colony)
Fozia lives in Islamnagar and is about 20 years old with a middle level educational qualification. She has one brother and five sisters. She belongs to a poor family and her father Mr. Atta Muhammad works in a factory and earns Rs.3, 400 per month. Her brother works in a factory and earns Rs.2000 to Rs.3, 000 per month. Fozia learned embroidery through the WETC in Islamnagar. This has enabled her to earn an income of Rs.5, 000 to Rs.6, 000 per month. The business is large scale, and she obtains work from the market. Fozia has trained two of her sisters, who now also work with her. The income earned by Fozia is used to meet her sisters' educational expenses. In addition, she is also saving money to make her dowry. She feels that women should work along with the men in order to help towards improve their living standards. She intends to continue this work even after her marriage. 4.5 Sustainability
Shamim daughter of Salah- ud- Din is a resident of Shadab colony. She is 20 years old and is educated to primary level. She has one brother and seven sisters. Her brother goes to school and two sisters are married. Her father, Mr. Salah-ud-Din is a watchman at the Ayub Agricultural Research Station and earns around Rs.1, 800 per month. Shamim learnt to sew and cut through the WETC, and now earns Rs.1, 000 to 1,500 per month by sewing gent's clothes. The income that she earns is mainly used to pay tuition fees for her younger brothers and sisters, and to meet their other educational expenses. Since she has started to contribute to her family's income and sharing her parents' financial burden, she receives more attention and respect from her parents compared to the other sisters. 4.4.10 Fabric Painting (Shadab Colony)
All WETC activities, skill-training programmes, basic functional literacy centres, mother care health (MCH) centres and related development work required a focal point for the community where stakeholders (FAUP, Community and Local Government) could interact with each other. The establishment of the community centre to house women's activities was the only appropriate solution. Therefore a community centre was established and inaugurated by the District Nazim, Faisalabad on 18th September 2002. 4.5.1 Community Centre Objectives
Abida a young woman of 21 years is a resident of Shadab Colony. She belongs to a poor family and is educated to the metric level. Her father, Mr. Mumtaz is a tailor and earns Rs.4, 000 to Rs.5, 000 per month. She has two sisters and three brothers. She availed an opportunity to learn fabric painting through FAUP. Now, by utilising this skill she is earning Rs.1, 000 to Rs.1, 500 per month by taking orders from the market. Abida gives part of the income she earns to her mother and retains the rest for her own expenses. Her mother is saving the money given by her to meet her daughter's dowry
To improve levels of social interaction and cohesiveness for female MPCO members. To facilitate local economic activities especially those that women centred. The centre would be used to initiate different types of skill training programmes. To house activities pertaining to MCH centres, WETC, basic functional literacy centres.
Page 36
CHAPTER 4 KEY FINDINGS To set up co-ordination office to supervise, monitor and guide the women's activities in Chak-7. Line departments, can house their activities for the benefit of community subject to the availability of the space. Methodology
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City (b) Record keeping The coordinator monitors employee attendance (watchman, trainers of WETCs, LHV and sweeper) at the community centre. She is also responsible for maintaining the cashbook; ledger and stock register for all projects undertaken in the centre. (c) Joint bank account A joint bank account has been established with the coordinator and a member of the community development department as cosignatories. Income from the centre will be deposited in the account and consist of trainee fees, token money from the MCH centre, rent from shops, saving from the fee of trainees of closed WETCs and donation by male and female ALOs. (d) Renting out shops The shops will be rented out on the prevailing market rent. (e) Arbitrary note of management committee In the event of a dispute, management committee will resolve issues. (f) Staff of community centre The following staff have been earmarked for management and operation of the community centre. One female coordinator (which is working voluntarily). Two master trainers of WETCs (they are getting the 70% income of the fee of trainees. Remaining 30% is being deposited in the joint bank account of the community centre. One LHV (she is getting 70% from the token fee, remaining 30% is being deposited in joint bank account. One watchman (he is getting Rs. 2,000 (for 24 hours). Sweeper (Nazim of Union Council has deputed this person). 4.5.4 Financial Sustainability
4.5.2
(i) Building of community centre Community centre was built with the intention that it would be a multi-functional facility. A part of the building is commercialised for which a few shops have been built to generate revenue to meet the operational and maintenance expenses of the community centre. (ii) Ownership FAUP has contributed about Rs. 2.5 million for the construction and furnishing of community centre whereas, a piece of land was provided by Faisalabad Municipal Corporation (FMC). FMC have the property rights of the community centre. (iii) Management of community centre Area level male and female MPCOs, community development department were entrusted the responsibility of managing the community centre for women. A management committee has also been formed. The structure of this committee is as follows: District Coordination Officer (DCO) Executive District Officer (EDO) (community development department) Administrative Director, Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) Nazim of Union Council Chairman of Citizen Community Board President of female ALO President of male ALO Local lady councillor Management committee has nominated a female member of ALO which has started performing her duty as the coordinator of the community centre voluntarily. 4.5.3 Roles and responsibility of management committee
(a) Building, furniture and fixture Managing committee is supervising and managing the working of community centre and ensures the productive and proper use of the building, machinery, furniture and fixture.
To ensure financial sustainability, the centre's operational and management expenses will be met from the community centre income. Therefore, the rent of shops, fee of WETCs trainees, token money of MCH centre, fee of the students studying in basic functional literacy centre will be used to meet operational and maintenance cost. In addition, income can also be generated through fund raising activities.
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0
5.1
Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion
FAUP has been instrumental in raising income levels of low-income communities through the promotion of small enterprises as required to do so by its project mandate. A number of strategies and actions plan have been implemented, however success in all its key indicators has been hampered by internal and external variables. Evidence from FAUP has shown that the development of small enterprises cannot occur in isolation. Human resource development is a key ingredient though not exclusive in the prerequisites that are required to make small enterprises a commercial viability. Access to credit is vital if business ideas are to flourish into credible ventures. Once credit lines have been accessed, a suitable market niche is required to sell the products that are being produced. The inability on the part of the project to access credit or sufficient market partnerships was addressed by the mid term review by a DFID team in 1997. At the time it was decided to add a provision of funding for financial services to be made available in the project areas for the promotion and development of small enterprises. Since the second phase was discontinued the plan for Financial Services for Sustainable Livelihood (FSSL) was not implemented. Women's Enterprise Training Centre's (WETCs) and their implementation has been a success story for the project. These centres have been vital for the community in particular for women. The role played by these centres in facilitating the development of women in the community cannot be underestimated. These centres were a community partnership in the formal sense between communities and local NGOs. Over 4000 people were trained in these centres, many of them women. This training was not only in the conventional vocations such as information technology and the use of computers. Women received training in embroidery skills, how to make rugs, industrial soap and jam. The trainings were not a mutually exclusive exercise support was extended on how to access external funding sources for small enterprises and how to identify potential clients in order to market products. Not all those who were trained have found themselves running successful businesses. Many have actually taken up self-employment
opportunities at the household level. This has been incredibly important in working to bring people out of the poverty trap and raise standards of living. FAUP has been successful in increasing income levels at the household level. Similarly there are some women that have taken their skills and are working for local industries. People from the community interested in setting up small-scale initiatives have encountered bottlenecks. One has been the lack of suitable credit facilities for loan applicants from low income communities. A number of national finance institutions were unable to provide loans without collateral against such loans. Unfortunately collateral was one commodity that the poor, impoverished communities were unable to provide. It was in response to these lacunas that FAUP then went about devising a strategy to encourage group community credit and saving schemes. These schemes not encouraged saving within communities but also made available small capital funds for enterprise development but also subsidise larger loans from external sources. Support from external businesses was also sought by the project. Several workshops were held for women on how to develop links with external organisations. Similarly exhibitions, festivals and family fairs where organised and communities were given an opportunity to market their products. While links have been established and a number of women have benefited directly more could have been done by the business community in supporting low-income enterprise initiatives. From the projects perspective the issue of sustainability is an important one. The sustainability of the training centres depended on the availability of a facility where women could congregate to discuss and undertake activities important to their lives. The establishment of a Women's Community Centre (WCC) has contributed to this. The centre in Chak 7 jb is the culmination of the Women Enterprise Training Centre, Basic Functional literacy Centre and Mother & Child Health Centres and all other related activities. The Women's Community Centre is the focal point for women's community activities and their general business. It is a commercial enterprise and run on a self-financing basis. Managed by their respective local NGOs, which previously would have been area level male and female organisations, this ensures wider ownership. Much of the equipment from other WETCs is being utilised by the centre therefore further minimising costs.
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.2 Recommendations Under the new local government system and the legal framework of the Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001 women should be encouraged to participate in the development of small enterprises.
Initiatives for Small Enterprises Development A Case Study of Low Income Communities in Faisalabad City groups. There remains an information and knowledge gap about the availability of technical support for small enterprises. There is a strong need for financial houses such as the SME Bank to make their resources affordable to low-income communities. In addition realistic repayment mechanisms need to be adopted that are flexible rather than rigid. Then projects findings have shown that women between the ages of 15-35 benefit far more training schemes than any other group. To derive maximum benefit women need to have at least obtained primary education standards. All small enterprise development programmes build in the need for an inclusive and integrated approach to credit, marketing and human resource development.
The effort to support the small and medium enterprise sector, particularly within lowincome groups needs to be comprehensive. It must include capacity building, access to finance and business support from the private sector. Recent developments in Pakistan's SME sector, which include the establishment of the first SME Bank, the Small Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA) must improve their accessibility for low-income
Photo:
Community women putting their skills to practical use
Page 39
Before
After
ANNEX - I TERMS OF PARTNERSHIP
TERMS OF PARTNERSHIP FOR MANAGEMENT OF WOMEN ENTERPRISE TRAINING CENTRE AND CO-ORDINATION OFFICE FOR SKILL TRAINING PROGRAMME (AREA SHADAB COLONY)
Women Enterprise Training Centre (WETC) and Co-ordination Office for Skill Training Programme will be set up through joint efforts of FAUP, MPCO concerned and the trainer of the WETC. The roles and responsibilities of all these partners will be as under. Set up of WETC / Co-ordination Office for Skill Training Programme The WETC will be set up in the community's building. The community will be responsible to identify a suitable building for WETC, which should be acceptable to FAUP as well as to the community members. Preference will be given to the trainers own building. The MPCO will co-ordinate the whole skill training programme through this centre. FAUP will provide necessary support to MPCO for set up an office in the same building. Management of WETC Three members Management Committee (MC) will be formed to supervise and manage the WETC. The MPCO will nominate two members for the MC through resolution. The resolution shall be signed, at least by 75% members of the MPCO, in its general body meeting. The Social Organised (SO) concerned will verify this resolution. The third member of the MC will be nominated by FAUP. FAUP will ensure that female SO of its field team becomes member of MC. The trainer of centre will be ex-officio member of MC. The MC will perform the following roles. The MC will present performance of the WETC in the monthly meeting of general body of the MPCO. This meeting will be held regularly, preferably in the first week of the following month. The MC will work on voluntarily basis so community members of MC will not be paid any remuneration of their voluntary services. The MC will ensure that the WETC is implemented according to the approved proposal. The MC will provide support to the passed out trainees of the WETC to develop market linkages, both for procurement of raw material and sales of finished goods. Monthly progress report of WETC will be prepared by the MC and a copy of the same report will be submitted to the FAUP's field area incharge and to the MPCO concerned. MC will make efforts to enrol trainees as per approved seating capacity and ensure their proper training as per curriculum and design of training. Building and Utilities of WETC's Building
MPCO will be responsible for the provision of building for the centre / co-ordination office for community based skill training programme of the area and it's utilities. Appointment of Trainer
Machinery, Furniture & Fixture
FAUP will lend machinery, furniture & fixture to the MC, which will responsible to maintain its inventory. The MC will be responsible to carry out repair and maintenance of the machinery, furniture & fixture (f&f). Expenses for this purpose will be incurred from the fee of the trainees. The machinery, furniture and fixture to be given by FAUP will be used only for the official purpose of the training programme of the centre. In case of its misuse, FAUP has the right to take back the machinery, furniture & fixture. The machinery and F&F will remain the property of FAUP till further decision by the competent authority. Record Keeping
The MC will maintain attendance of trainees and trainer and all relevant record of income and expenditures of WETC. The record of the fee of trainees and its reconciliation with the bank account will also be ensured by the MC. Joint Bank Account
The MC will be responsible to open and operate joint bank account of WETC. The income of the centre would be deposited in this joint bank account. The income of the centre will comprise of the trainees fee, donation of the community and other miscellaneous income of WETC. The joint bank account will be opened on the name and title of the WETC. This joint bank account will be operated by the two signatories. Of them, one person will be nominated by the MPCO concerned and the second person will be nominated by FAUP Fixation & Use of Trainees Fee The trainees fee would be fixed in such a way that it should not hamper poor to benefit from the centre. During FAUP's support period, the trainees fee would be used for the repair and maintenance of the machinery, furniture & fixture. After FAUP support, the trainees fee along with other income could be used for other expenses like trainer's salary and utilities WETC. in addition to the use repair and maintenance of machinery, furniture & fixture. Monitoring & Evaluation FAUP staff will monitor and evaluate performance of WETC after every three month. However, FAUP will carry out this exercise with close collaboration and co-operation of the MC and MPCO concerned. If performance of the centre is found unsatisfactory, FAUP deserves the right to close the centre and remove all of its machinery, furniture & fixture etc. Salary of the staff will also be stopped immediately.
SA M
FAUP in consultation with MC will appoint trainer of the centre. This trainer must possess the necessary skills and experience to impart On-JobTraining to the interested women. FAUP will pay an amount of Rs.2,000 per month to the trainer to meet her salary, utility bills etc. of the WETC. She will perform duties under the direct supervision of MC. The timing of the centre, nature of skills and duration of training courses will be adhere to, as per the detail of the proposal. In case of unsatisfactory performance of the trainer, FAUP management has the right to terminate her services without any prior notice.
PL
Page 40
ANNEX - I TERMS OF PARTNERSHIP
Detail profile of all members trained must be made prior to attending training. All trainees must agree in a written a form that they will allow FAUP to monitor all their business for at least one year post training (maximum twice per year). This monitoring will include finances, administration and marketing. Sustainability of WETC FAUP will provide financial and technical support to the WETC for a period of one year. Performance of the centre would be reviewed after completion of first year and if found satisfactory then FAUP would consider its extension for the second year. During this, period the MPCO and MC will devise a strategy to run the centre for a feasible period of time after withdrawal of FAUP support. In this connection, MC will ensure to rise enough funding through imposition of appropriate fee or donation of WETC to meet operational expenses of the centre. In case of inability of the MC / MPCO to operate the centre beyond FAUP's support period, FAUP shall take back the machinery, furniture and fixture in working conditions from the WETC. Design and Curriculum of Training Curriculum and skill training programme of WETC will be designed by FAUP and to be acted upon by the trainer and MC in letter and spirit. If deemed necessary, FAUP will provide training, render advisory services and expert advice to the trainer to improve her efficiency and ultimately to improve performance of the centre. Arbitration In case of any dispute, social, financial or technical, it will be resolved amicably. In this connection community will nominate and authorised a representative to sort out disputes in association with FAUP's authorised representative. Signed on behalf of the MPCO: Position President General Secretary Treasure Name Designation
Signed on behalf of FAUP: Position APD PC
SA M
Name
PL
Designation Signature Page 41
SSO
SEDS SO
Signature
ANNEX - II MANUAL FOR THE MANAGEMENT
MANUAL FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF WETCs

A comprehensive manual for the management and operation of the WETCs has been prepared, which covers all the academic, technical, financial and administrative aspects of the centres. The manual assists the management committee, the management of FAUP, WETCs's trainers, SED's area coordinators and the others who are directly or indirectly associated with WETCs, in understanding the different affairs of the centres and provides broader guidelines for the operation and management of the centres. The main contents of the manual are being described here very briefly as given in the following. 1. COURSES OFFERED IN WETCS AND DURATION The courses offered, and the duration of the courses, in which training is given to the women of the project areas, is given in the following. Courses offered in WETCs S.No Nature of Courses 1. 2. 3. 2. Sewing / Cutting Han d/Machine Embroidery Hand / Machine Knitting
Duration (Months) 3 to 6 3 3
3.
4.
SA M
Courses offered in WETCs S.No 1. 2. 3. Nature of Courses Sewing / Cutting Hand/Machine Embroidery Hand / Machine Knitting Total
Educational Qualification The minimum educational qualification for getting admission in a WETC is primary level. However, in case if a women is having aptitude and some experience in the course she is desirous of getting admission but does not fulfil the education criteria, could be considered for admission. Age The females belonging to the age bracket of 15 to 35 years will be given preference for the admission in WETCs. Residents of FAUP Area The women who are desirous of getting training from WETCs, should be the residents of any of the FAUP's project areas (Chak7/jb, Islamnagar, Shadab Colony and Noorpura areas.) Membership of female MPCO Only those women will be given admission, who are members of any female MPCO within the project areas. In case, if any woman who intends to get admission in WETC but is not member of any female MPCO, should get her membership from the female MPCO for getting the admission. Experience The women having basic knowledge about the principles of sewing / cutting / embroidery and required aptitude for the work would be given due preference for the admission in WETCs. Machines and Materials Only those women would be given admission who could bring their own machines (for sewing course only) and materials. However, those females who are poor and could not afford to purchase machines and are intend to get training will be given admission, provided the concerned MPCO would arrange machines for them. SCHEDULE OF ADMISSION AND TIMING OF THE WETCs
Schedule of Admission in WETCs Those females who fulfil the eligibility criteria, as described earlier, could get admission during the first week of any month. The number of trainees in each course has been kept limited, so the admission would be given on first come basis. The admission form could be obtained at any time from the WETCs at any time during the office hours. Timing of the WETCs The centres will remain open from 0900 hrs to 1300 hrs each day except Sunday / Friday and any other public holiday. However, in case of any change in the timing and weekly holiday of the centre, the trainer will intimate this to the co-ordinator and the area incharge well in advance. NUMBER OF APPROVED TRAINEES For the proper and smooth functioning of the centres, the number of trainees in each course has been kept limited. The detail is given in the following.
The maximum ceiling on the number of trainees has been placed keeping in view the number of machines available, availability of space and capacity and capability of the trainer. This ceiling can be changed with the change in number of machines and availability of space. However, five percent of total seats in each course is kept for the poor and the concerned MPCO, if necessary, would arrange the fund to meet their training dues and other expenses of the training.
PL
No. of Maximum Trainees 20 10 5 35
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR ADMISSION IN WETCS The females, who intend to get admission in WETCs, should fulfil the following eligibility criteria.
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ANNEX - II MANUAL FOR THE MANAGEMENT

5. TRAINING FEE Courses offered in WETCs
S.No 1. 2. 3. 4 Nature of Courses Sewing/ Cutting Hand/Machine Embroidery Hand / Machine Knitting Admission Fee
Fee/Month (Rs) 25 25 50 25*
8.
9.
SA M
PL
7.
6.
*Admission fee will be charged at the time of admission. The trainees should deposit their fee by 5th of each month, otherwise fine will be charged along with the original fee. A fee slip will be issued to the trainees against the deposition of fee and signatures will be given on the counter-folio of the fee receipt. It would be the responsibility of management committee to maintain record of the fee of the trainees in the fee register. Examination of the Trainees The trainees will have to go through the three stages of examinations. Each examination would held in the first week of each month. It is necessary for the trainees to pass each examination for promotion to the next stage. Only those trainees would be allowed to appear in the examination, who have attended at least 75% of the total classes and they have cleared all the dues of WETC. On the successful completion of three courses, trainees would be awarded participation certificates and those trainees, who have some liabilities to pay would not be awarded certificates unless paid their dues. All this examination process will be supervised and monitored by the SED specialist in consultation with the management committee. ASSESSMENT OF PASSED OUT TRAINEES The impact assessment of the passed out trainees will be carried out after three months of the trainees pass out or as per need basis. This study will be helpful in ascertaining the increase in the saving / income as result of the utilisation of the imparted skill from the WETCs. The results of the study will be helpful in identifying the flaws and reviewing the strategy to fill up those gaps which hampered in achieving the desired results. The concerned area co-ordinator will facilitate in collecting the relevant information and will send a copy of this information to SED specialist. MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT The management committee of each centre is entrusted with the task to prepare a monthly progress report of the centre. The copy of this report must be submitted to the concerned filed office and to the PMU latest by 5th of each month. This report will be helpful in furnishing the information to the concerned management regarding centre's financial, technical and administrative matters. This would enable the management of FAUP in taking remedial and corrective measures on time, if needed, thus improving the efficiency and efficacy of the centres. The area co-ordinator will assist in preparing the monthly progress report of the centres. This report will comprise of the four formats and the following aspects of the centres would be covered in this report.. Attendance of Trainer & Trainees It would be the responsibility of the Management Committee to observe the attendance of the area co-ordinator, trainer and the trainees and keep the record of their attendance regularly. The management committee will also send a monthly sheet of their attendance to the office of the SED specialist. Number of Trainees To Check the progress of the centres with reference to the number of trainees in the centres, a comprehensive format has been prepared to see the number of the trainees on roll during the previous month, number of present trainees, pass out trainees and the number of newly enrolled trainees during the current month. Number and Condition of Machines, Equipment, and Furniture & Fixture Another format has been designed to monitor the efficiency of the centre in the context of number and condition of machines, equipment, and furniture & fixture. This format will be helpful in furnishing the information regarding the number of the total machines, their conditions i.e. serviceable, unserviceable and requiring repair and maintenance. Overall Financial Position of the Centre Another format, showing the updated financial position of the centre on monthly basis, will be submitted by the management committee. This format will be helpful in providing the information regarding receipts to the centres in the head of trainee's fee, order work and the grants / donations if received and the expenses in the head of trainer's salary, repair and maintenance expenses and miscellaneous expenses occurred. MONITORING & EVALUATION OF WETCS The M&E cell of FAUP will carry out the evaluation of the centres after each month or as per need basis. For this purpose, a comprehensive format has been designed. The M&E section will carry out evaluation with the assistance and collaboration of SED specialist, field teams and the management committee. RECORD KEEPING Opening of Bank Account A bank account on the title of WETC will be opened jointly by the MPCO member / trainer and the concerned female social organiser, who will be responsible for operating this bank account. The trainees fee, donation / grants and the income received from any other sources like the order work will be deposited in this account. The trainee's fee will have to be deposited within the three days after receiving the trainee's fee. The balance at the bank will be tallied with the cash register of the centre at the end of each month. Fee Register The trainer of the centre will keep the record of the fee received from the trainees in a fee register issued to her. The management committee will be responsible to tally the record of trainee's fee in the fee register against the fee receipts book, cash deposit receipts in the head of trainee's fee and bank statement. The reconciliation of the record at all these sources is the evidence of maintaining the record properly. Ledger Book After depositing the trainee's fee and the income received from other sources like donation and grants in a bank, cash deposit receipt will be obtain. This transaction along with the number of receipts, nature and date of transaction will be finally recorded in ledger after noting it down in a cash register. Like wise, the transaction pertaining to the withdrawal of money from the bank to meet the repair and maintenance expenses of machinery and other expenses, will be recorded in ledger book after noting it down in cash book. At the end of each month, the ledger book will be cross-checked with the balance at the bank. The reconciliation in the record of ledger book and balance at bank will be a prove of proper record maintaining.
Page 43
Other FAUP Case Studies in this series

Parks Development (June 2001) Communities Take Charge of Local Sanitation Facilities (October 2001)
Community Led Approach to The Delivery of Quality Basic Education (November 2001)
Appropriate Design Standards and Construction Specifications for Tertiary Sewerage Systems (January 2002)
WASA Community Infrastructure (February 2002)
Access to Primary Health Care for Low Income Communities (March 2002)
Initiatives For Small Enterprise Development (April 2002)
Devolution of Power Programme in Pakistan Case Study of Faisalabad District (May 2002)
About the Authors

S.M. Khatib Alam -Project Manager He is the project manager for the DFID funded Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project in Pakistan responsible for coordinating the activities of a diverse team of local and expatriate staff engaged in a multi-sectoral participatory approach to the upgrading of urban environmental infrastructure and social services. Mr. Alam joined the project in 1997.
Ejaz Ahmad - Development Consultant

He holds a Master's degree in Economics and specialises in project planning and management. He possesses extensive experience in the field of development, which extends over two decades. He has worked on some of the leading rural and urban projects in Pakistan like Sarhad Rural Support Programme, National Rural Support Programme, UNDP's Neelum & Jhelum Valleys Community Development Project (A&JK) and DFID funded Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project.
Back Cover:
Product from other enterprises training.
Project Management Unit

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project Gulistan Colony No.2, Millat Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan Tel: +92 (0) 419210051 Tel: +92 (0) 419210052 Fax: +92 (0) 419210059 E-mail: faupfda@fsd.comsats.com.pk
Project Management Consultants

GHK International Ltd., 526 Fulham Road, London, SW6 5NR United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7736 8212 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7736 0784 E-mail: email@ghkint.com Internet: http://www.ghkint.com Internet: hftp://www.ghkpak.com

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I I I

A Case Study of Low Income Communities

Chaudhry Zahid Nazir District Nazim District Government, Faisalabad April,2002

Ejaz Ahmed Social Development Consultant

S.M.Khatib Alam Project Co-ordinator

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

FAUP Integrated Approach to Development

Environment & Health

Enterprise Development Strategy

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION

INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION

Professions of the Communities

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION

Nature & Numbers of Enterprises in FAUP Areas Islamnagar

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION

FAUP and Small Enterprise Development

Improved Access to Credit

Girls involved in Rug making.

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION

Essential Inputs for Enterprise development

Embroidery classes for young women

Flow diagram of income generating activities

Small Enterprises Development

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 2 INTERACTION AND INTERVENTION

Small Enterprise Development vs Micro Finance

Improvement of Living Standard

Advocacy Sector Interventions

Social Sector Interventions

Economic Sector Interventions

Other inputs Marketing Skills Development Technology

Target Groups Men / Women Poor / Child / Disable

Regular Saving Compulsory Savings by Communities

Generation of Internal Resources

Generation of External Resources

Institutional Sources Non Institution Sources

Community Based Lending Pools

Identification of Small Enterprises, Appraisal of Requirement of Finances

Policies and Procedures

Modalities for Implementation (Determines cash flows)

Implementation of Small Enterprises Leads to Income Generation

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

Field Area Co-ordination Office

SED Sector of FAUP

WETC Sponsored by FAUP

Skill Training Programme

Improved Marketing Linkages

Loaning through Banks / DFIs Saving & Credit Programme

Linkages for SED promotion through various inputs

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

Faisalabad Area Upgrading Project

CHAPTER 3 IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 3.3.6 WETCChak-7jb (For Changar Community)

FAUPs skill training programme has been