ADIFFERENTCANADA Laurier(LiberalPrimeMinister)proclaimedthatthe20thcenturywouldbethe ntury,mostCanadianslivedonfarms/smallvillages VictorianEra:AneranamedafterQuee lystrict.Familieswere expectedtoattendchurchregularlyandfullysupportEngland.

Suf fwomenwhodespiterepression,wantedtherighttovotesothey couldinfluencetheirgover ecomeurbanizedasliteratureandartbecamemoreCanadianand sentimental Canadawasstil itishcolony FrenchCanadiansdidnotsupportBritain,theywerenationalistswhowantedCan endent

CANADASCHANGINGPOPULATION AfterLaurierbecameprimeminister,herealizedCanadanee tedtopromoteCanadaasagreatplacetoliveandencouragedimmigration MostCanadiansh c,thinkingtheirownracewassuperior Asaresult,racismanddiscriminationwerecommo ntsthatcame in Headtax:ThefederalgovernmentthentriedtolimitimmigrationfromA rantsfromChina. In1908,therewasavirtualbanonEastIndianImmigrants Thesumme rryingmostlySikhs,wasforcedto returntoIndiaaftertheyweredeniedentryintoCanada ovementsofAboriginalswereregulatedundertheIndianActof1876 Bythe1880s,Aborigin vingonreserves:designatedareasofland, usedtofreetheopenlandforEuropeanimmigran xpectedtotakeupfarmingasopposedtohunting,butalotofthemwent hungryasequipment ols:SchoolsforAboriginalchildrenrunbychurcheswheretheconditions wereunsanitaryan iketuberculosistospreadquickly. Assimilation:Afederalgovernmentpolicytryingtoab alAboriginalcultureand accustomthemtotheEuropeanwayoflife.Suchresidentialschool e examplesofthis. URBANIZATION Morepeoplebegantomovetotownsandcities,howev d poorwasevident AsthepopulationCanadagrew,asdidtheeconomy,withtheuseofel strialgrowth 1

Workersbegantoformtradeunionswhichpressedforbetterpay,reducedhoursofwork andb s.Theywouldgoonstrikewhenemployersrefusedtheir demands. By1914,Canadawasinar idgrowth Atthistime,Canadiansfinallybegantorealizethetollthatindustrializationw onment CANADAANDWORLDWARI

Summerof19141918(ArmisticedeclaredontheWesternFront) EasternFront=pastRussia, ropagandawasusedtopersuadepeopletosupportthewar

CAUSESOFTHEWAR June28th,1914ArchdukeFranzFerdinand(CrownPrinceofAustriaHungary)andhiswife ncip(memberofSerbiannationalistgroup,theBlackHand) whilevisitingSarajevo. Nati trolledbythreeweakandcrumblingempires:TheAustro Hungarian,theRussianandtheOttom sentedbeingpartofanempire andwantedindependence.WhenBosniaHerzegovina,forexample striaHungary,Serbianswereoutraged. Alliances:Toreducevulnerabilitytoattack,manyco dalliances. TripleAllianceAKAtheCentralPowers:Germany,AustriaHungaryandItaly Tri llies:France,GreatBritainandRussia Ifanyonecountrywasattacked,othermembersofw ome involved. Militarism:CountriesinEuropehadbeenrapidlybuildinguptheirarmies.Ge larkeptexpandinginanattempttomaintainthebalanceofpower.Ithadthe strongestarse ntedtobeatGreatBritaininthenavalsector. Bothcountriesstartedtobuildlargebattle ghtsandhadhugefleetsof warships. Imperialism:ManyEuropeancountrieshadacquiredcol doftenchallenged eachotherforrightstocertainterritoriesandresources. THEDOMINO aryblamedSerbiafortheassassinationofFranzFerdinand AustriaHungarydeclaredwaronS iasallymobilizeditstroopsandGermany,AustriaHungarysallydidthesame Allthegrea ithinweeksandwereatwar BritaindeclaredwaronGermanyafteritinvadedBelgium Itbec eTripleAlliance,withmanycountriesatwar

CANADASROLE 2 PrimeMinisteratthetimewasRobertBorden(conservative) Canadabecameapolit tillcontrolleditsforeignpolicy MostEnglishspeakerssupportedthewarbecausetheywere sG.B

WilfredLaurier(liberal)supportedthewarandsaidthatCanadianswerereadytohelp Many eerssignedup(over30,000)becausetheythoughtthewarwould beshortandtheywouldbeh edtheideaofbeingahero o Othersneededtoescapefinancialhardshipsathome Womenwe pportmen,butsomebecamenursesand ambulancedrivers. Minoritiesinitiallywerenotwelc uallyovercamethediscriminationand joined,thoughfewwerepromoted

TRAINING SamHughes(British),theministerofmilitiasetupatrainingcentre rafewweeksofminimaltraining WarbroughtCanadianstogetherastheybegantodevelopa ascalledtheCanadianExpeditionaryForce(CorpsExpeditionnaireCanadien), andfoughtfor ependentlyfromBritain Hugheswasalsoinchargeofthearmamentindustry HecreatedtheS 7wassupplying1/3ofBritainsshells However,becausehewasapooradministrator,theMi efficient andconfusing Hebegantomanufactureweaponsofpoorqualityandwasmoreconce hanquality. TheCanadianRossrifletendedtojaminrapidfiresoCanadiantroopswouldta leswhentheycould. Hugheswasdismissedin1916,butwasknightedbeforeso

THEWARMEASURESACT(Loidesmeasuresdeguerre) Bordenrealizedthegovernmentneededmorecontroltomeetthedemandsofwar He esmeasuresdeguerre)whichsaidthe governmentcoulddoanythingnecessaryforthesecurit ecensored,theycouldinterveneintheeconomyandhabeascorpus(theright toajudge)was uspiciouscouldbesenttojailordeported ImmigrantsfromGermanyandAustriaHungaryhad ndsomewere senttointernmentcamps

THEWARONLAND 3 TheSchlieffenPlan:TheGermanplantoquicklyinvadeBelgium,thenFrance eirattentiontowardsRussia. Theycameclose(35kmfromParisbyAugust1914),buttheywer heplanandwerepushedback Germanythendecidedtodigadefensivelineoftrenchesandth tworkoftrencheswasthenbuiltfromtheEnglishChanneltotheSwissborder NoMansLand fbothsides,comprisedofcorpses, barbedwireandmud BytheChristmasof1914,neither rcouldretreateither

By1914,newweaponsweresoadvancedthatchargingwasnolongeragoodstrategy Themachin reusedtospyonenemies Tankswereinventedin1916andwereusedtobreakthroughthebar ycommandersdidntrealizethatnewweaponsneedednewstrategiesandover3 years,hundred sdiedinFranceandBelgium Conditionswerecold,damp,rainy,muddy,smellyandoverrun renchFoot,wherefeetwouldswellandturnblack,oftenrequiring amputation Injuredmenw anslandbecauserescuewastoodangerous INTHETRENCHES

MAJORCEFBATTLESOFWORLDWARI THESECONDBATTLEOFYPRES April22,1915andApril24th,1915theFrenchandCanadiantr ledbythechlorinegas(AKAmustardgas)usedbytheGermans FoughtInYpres,Belgiumne itethefactthatgasformilitarypurposeswasoutlawedsince1907 Foramonth,neithers ldofFlanders,but6000Canadians werekilledwoundedorcaptured THEBATTLEOFTHESOMM July1916,1916BritishandFrenchforcesunderGeneralDouglasHaiglaunched mmeRiver,France Haiginsistedonusingpreviousstrategies,despitethembeinguselessin esofsoldiersmarchedacrossopenfieldsandwerekilledbyGermanmachineguns 85%ofthe ntwerekilled/woundedinhalfanhour(over700 men) Overamillioncasualtieswhentheba igclaimedvictory.24000Canadiansdied.

THEBATTLEOFVIMYRIDGE 4 GermanscontrolledVimyRidge(northernFrance)sincetheirfirstoffe gainVimy,butfailed Inlate1916,CanadiansledbyGeneralJulianByngwerechosentolead etroopsthoroughlyanddevelopedstrategies Fromthewestsideoftheridge,Canadiansbomb ramonthwhile armyengineersmadetunnelstomovetroopssecretlytoforwardpositions At asterMonday,thetroopsmovedintoposition Canadiansfollowedtheplanofattackandtook s April10th,theycapturedHill145,thehighestpointoftheridge April12th,theytook ion

Greatvictory,takenmoreprisonersandmoreartillerythananyotherBritishoffensive Over nd7000wounded ThevictoryisagreatsourceofprideinCanadianhistory

PASSCHENDAELE In1917,CanadianswerecalledtoretakePasschendaeleRidgeinBelgium Byngwas lacementwasGeneralArthurCurrie (Canadianrealestatedealer) Curriestilltookordersf dtorecapturePasschendaele Curriewarnedthatitwasabadideaandcasualtieswouldbeh lieswon,butthevictorycostover15000Canadianlivesandhalfamillionsoldiers fromb

THEROLEOFWOMEN Almost2500womenjoinedthemedicalandfieldambulancecorps Nurseswerecal iforms Manydiedasaresultoffire,bombsandgas Somebecamevolunteers,butthegreates tiontothelabourforce Before1914,womenweredomesticservantsandworkersintheclothi enbecamehiredforallkindsofworkduringthewar

WARINTHEAIR Atthestart,pilotsflewaloneinbiplanestospyonenemytroopmovements tolsandrifles Withinayear,planesbegantohavemachinegunsmountedtotheplanes Aft fts,apilotbecameanace Aceswouldgobackhometofundraiseandrecruit Lifeasapilot ethan50000pilotswerekilledfrom1914 1918) Canadadidnothaveitsownairforce.Pil

WARATSEA GermanscouldnotmatchtheBritishnavy,buttheyhadsubmarinesakaUboats does,whichdestroyedwar/merchantships Lusitania:In1915,aGermansubmarinesankaBriti rcalledtheLusitania, killing1200passengers,mostlyCanadiansandAmericans. In1917,G dthatsubmarineswouldsinkanyshipwithinthewarzone aroundBritain Allieseventually emandunderwaterlisteningdevicethathelped themlocateanddestroysubmarines Canadah inbow(patrolledtheWestCoast)andtheNiobe(inHalifax) Halifax=ideallocationtorefu hipsasitwasprotectedbytheNiobe Canadasmerchantshipsprovidedfoodandmunitionsto men diedwhilecrossingtheAtlantic. 5

THEWARATHOME Thewarwasgoodfortheeconomy.By1916,theeconomywasbooming. Bor ththeImperialMunitionsBoard,andfactorieswere builttoconstructships,airplanesand housandsofCanadianswereemployedinthesefactories Workerseventuallybecamefrustrat ever PAYINGFORTHEWAR Despitetheboomingeconomy,warwasexpensiveandthegovernme butiontothewar Victorybonds:thegovernmentsoldvictorybondstoappealtopatriots. tizenswerepromisedtheywouldgettheirmoneyback,plusinterest. Incometax:Originall arywelloffindividualspaid3%oftheir income. Borrowingfromothercountries:Victory enotenough,andby 1918,theCanadiangovernmentdeepindebtwasforcedtoborrowmoneyfromother countries,

WOMENSRIGHTTOVOTE 1915WomeninManitobagottherighttovote 1915AlbertaandSaskatchewanfo rioandBritishColumbiagottherighttovoteinprovincialelections 1918AllCanadianw ralelections

THEHALIFAXDISASTER December6th,1917TheMontBlanc(aFrenchvessel),carryingmorethan2500tof dynamit ership.Theresultingexplosiondevastatedmuchof thecityandharbor. 20003000peoplew 00injured.

CONSCRIPTION 6 Bordenhadpromisedtherewouldbenoconscription,butduringhisvis shprimeministerconvincedBordenthatthewarneededtobewon WhenhewentbacktoCanad ryServiceAct(abillthatmade servicecompulsory) TheActhadexceptionsforthedisable obs/specialskillsandthose whodidntbelieveinwarbecauseofreligion Recruitmentrate stlevelsbeinginQuebec FrenchCanadiansfeltnopatrioticconnectiontoBritainorFrance ethe Actwasforcingthemtofightinawarthatwasnttheirs Farmersalsoopposedconsc es.Theyneededtoworkonfarms. Industrialworkersfeltthattheywerealreadyplayingap heoppositiontoconscription. LabourleaderGingerGoodwinhidfromauthoritiesafterhewa ntually trackeddownandkilledbyapoliceconstable.

 CANADASMOSTDIVISIVEELECTION Bordendecidedtocallanelectionovertheissueofconscription Hehadpassedtwopiec ignedtoensurehisreelection o TheMilitaryVotersActallowingmen/womenoverseastov onsActallowingallwomendirectlyrelatedtoservicemento vote.Theactalsocancelled ectorswhocamefrom enemycountriesinthelast14years. BordeninvitedoppositionLibera criptiontojoinhiminaUnion Government TheseLiberalswereofferedCabinetpositionsto ierhoweverwasopposedtoconscription LiberalslostalotofsupportbecauseofLauriers twontheelectionwithsupportfromthearmedforces Conscriptioncontroversyhoweverdidn ,FrenchCanadiansmarched thestreets.OnEasterWeekendof1918,atananticonscriptionr ereshotdeadand10werewounded. Conscriptionwentonwith130000enlisted,butonly250 ar ended.Outof404000menwhowerecalled,380500appliedforexemptions.

COLLAPSEOFTHECENTRALPOWERS 1)Marchof1917CzarNicolasofRussiawasforcedtoabdicateandaprovisiona nd1917TheUSdeclaredwaronGermany,angeredbythesinkingofneutralships suchasth ianrevolutionariescalledBolsheviksoverthewtheprovisional governmentandsignedapeace rmany Inalastdesperateoffensive,theGermanswentandstrucktheweakpointsintheenem s,theSomme,PasschendaeleandeverythingbutVimyRidge Bythetimetheywereonly75kmf hemselves:withoutfresh troops,foodorsuppliesandcouldnotcontinue. TheHundredDays hereCanadiansledbyCurriebroke throughGermanlinesandwonimportantbattlesatArras, nes.The GermanKaiserfledtoHolland. TheArmisticewassignedinarailwaycaronNovemb

CANADAONTHEWORLDSTAGE ParisPeaceConference:Afterthesigningofthearmistice,theAlliesandGermanymetin ement.BordenobtainedaseatforCanada. TheTreatyofVersailles:Thedocumentthatsetou ementin 1919.Bordengottosignit.ItalsocreatedtheLeagueofNations.Americanpresid douta14pointplanearlierin1918thatemphasizedforgiveness, buttheFrench/Belgianle tionfromGermany.Theydecidedthat: o Germanywouldhavetoacceptresponsibilityforcaus ause) o Germanyhadtopay30billiondollarsworthofreparations o TheEuropeanmapwould ermanysterritory 7

TheGermanarmywouldberestrictedto100000men,withnomoreUboatsorair force Germa peancountries,itwasinruins LeagueofNations:CreatedafterthewarbytheTreatyofV nditwasbasedontheprincipleofcollectivesecurity(ifonemembercameunderattack, al .TheLeaguecouldpunishanaggressivenationthrough economicsanctionswhichrestrictedt n.TheAmericansrefusedtojoinas WoodrowWilsonhadastrokethatlefthimhalfparalyzed ampaignforjoiningtheLeague. Afterthewar,peoplewenthungryallacrossEurope.TheSpa continent,killingover22million(morethanthewar).50000Canadiansdiedandschools we

CANADAANDTHETWENTIES Adecadeofprosperity,funandwildliving TheJazzAge,boldnewmusic,shockingf ersreturnedtoCanadawithnopensions,nospecialmedicalservicesandfew jobs WORKERS WorkersWantedhigherwages,betterconditionsandtherighttojoinunions Thisresul mpireSteelCorporationForfouryears,theunionandthesteelcorporation confrontedeac ikesturnedviolent,andthecompanycalled inpolice/troopstobreakthemup. Westernlead st,thinkingcitizensshouldhavemoreinvolvement, influencedbythecommunistBolsheviksi 919TheWesternLaborConferenceUnionleadersfoundedtheOneBigUnion, whichrepresen ingtohelpworkersgaincontrol

THEWINNIPEGGENERALSTRIKE Lasted43days May1919,Winnipegsmetalandbuildingworkerswalkedofftheir erworkingweekandtherighttocollectivebargaining Collectivebargaining:Allowstheuni gotiatewithemployersonbehalfof unionmembers 30000peoplewentonstrike,eventhough tizensCommitteeofOneThousand:Formedbybusinessleaders,politiciansand industrialist onleadersaspartofacommunistconspiracytooverthrow thegovernment. TheFederalgover sstrikewouldinfluenceothercitiesandtherefore intervened TheyamendedTheImmigration portforeignbornunionleaders ThemayorofWinnipegappointedspecialpolice,firedcivic rs arrested 8

BloodySaturday:OnJune21st,strikersheldaparadetoprotestthemayorsactions.The Ro ce/specialpolicechargedintothecrowdwithclubsand pistols,makingtheaffairviolent. reinjuredandmanyothers arrested.Thestrikersthenreturnedtowork. TheRoyalCommissi eandfoundthegrievancestobevalid J.SWoodsworth,whowasarrestedduringthestrikewe e CommonwealthFederation(CCF)whichlaterbecametheNewDemocraticParty(NDP)

CHALLENGESTOFEDERALISM Regionalism:theconcernoflocalproblemswithinaregion,whichincreasedafterthewar. ment:Abriefmovementformedbyprominentbusinessandpolitical leaders,urgingallpoliti icetomakepoliciesthatbenefittheMaritimes.This movementdiedquicklywithoutaccompli onalPolicy:Inplacesince1878,placingtariffsanddutiesonforeigngoodsimportedinto ntedsothatCanadiansboughtmoreCanadiangoods,strengthening theeconomy.Farmersweref eltalienatedbythispolicy.Farmerswantedfree trade(nomoretariffs,allowingfarmerst chinery). UnitedFarmersParties:Farmersmadetheirownpoliticalparties.Bytheearly rairieselectedthesepartieswhichformedthegovernment. FederalProgressivePartyCre ,aformerministerofagriculturein Bordensuniongovernment.ItwantedanewNationalPo blic ownershipofrailways.Theycontestedthe1921election.

CANADIANSCHOOSEANEWGOVERNMENT 1919WilliamLyonMackenzieKingwaschosentoleadtheLiberals WilliamLyonMackenzi r,anauthorityonsocialand economicissues.Hewasconciliatory,alwayslookingforthem dthe leastamountofpeople. ArthurMeighen:chosentoreplaceBordenastheleaderofthe lliantdebaterandalongstandingmemberofparliament.Hebelievedinprinciplesover com eoffended. KingandMeighenhatedeachother;haddifferentapproachestopolitics.(Kingw endpeopleandMeighennotcaringifhedid) Inthe1921FederalElection,Liberalshad117 d50membersand theProgressiveshad64. TheLiberalshadelectedaminoritygovernment(n sition memberstopasslegislation). TheProgressivePartydidntlastlong;butbroughtal ldPensionAct:passedin1927,grantingbasicpension($240peryear)to Canadiancitizens. adasprofileinternationallyandMackenzieKingcontinuedtopush formoreindependence 19 ortBritainwhenitwantedtoinvadeTurkey 1923Kinginsistedthathebeallowedtosign itish representativesigningit CANADASGROWINGINDEPENDENCE 9

KingByngCrisis:Afterthe1925election,theLiberalshad101seats,theConservatives,116 s,24.TheLiberalsthereforeneededthehelpoftheProgressivestostay inpower,butthey faliquorsmugglingscandalintheCustoms Department.TheConservativescalledforamotio ongdisapproval) againstKingsgovernment.Ifithadpassed,Kingwouldneedtoresignasp dGovernorGeneralByngtocallanotherelection,butByngrefusedsayingthatthe censuren st.KingwasfuriousandByngwaseventuallyforcedto callanelection.Kingappealedtona aignandwon. TheBalfourReport:AttheImperialConferenceof1926,thedominionsoftheE dformalrecognitionofautonomy(freedomtogovernthemselves).A specialcommitteeunderL ectedBritishpolitician)examinedtherequest. TheypublishedtheBalfourReport,whichsup nions. TheStatuteofWestminster:Passedin1931bytheBritishgovernment,makingthe r fourReportlaw.(Thereportsupporteddominionautonomy) TheStatutecreatedtheBritishCo ingCanadaequaltoBritain. Canadacouldnowmakeitsownlaws,howeverthereweretwores thAmericaAct:AKAtheCanadianconstitution.IthadtostayinBritain becausetheCanadia reeonanamendingformula(theprocedure forchangingtheact). Thejudicialcourtofapp nBritainuntil1949.

THEECONOMYIMPROVES thebeginningofthe20s=economicdepression itbegantoimprovehoweverinthemidd ntexportbuttherewasalsogrowthintheexploitationofresources

THEUNITEDSTATESINVESTSINCANADASECONOMY TheUSbecametheworldseconomicleader tedinpulpandpapermills/minesacrossthecountry.Themajorityof theseresourcesweree hplants:businessesownedandcontrolledbycompaniesintheUSbutoperatedin Canada.Inv adoflendingmoneytothecompanieslikeBritaindid. Bytheendofthe1920s,theCanadi eBigThreeUS automobilecompanies(GM,FordandChrystler). TheUSenrichedtheCanad aterials(primaryindustries) However,thesematerialsweretakentotheUSformanufactur dustries)

PROHIBITION DuringWorldWarI,theWomansChristianTemperanceUnionandotherorganizations succeed hibition,banningthemanufactureandsaleofalcoholic drinksinCanada Thosewithmoneyc orprescriptionastonic,orillegalbathtubgin) By1920,governmentsadmittedthatProhibi g.Itwasdislikedbymost. After1921,mostprovincialgovernmentsdecidedtoregulatealco ries ofplebiscites(votesonapublicissue),Canadiansadoptedgovernmentcontrolledliquo 10

ProhibitioncontinuedintheUSuntil1933. CanadianscouldnowsupplytheUSwithillegall ng),whichwasvery profitable.Theysmuggledalcoholacrosstheborder.

URBANIZATION Thegrowthinthemanufacturingsectorbroughtmorepeopletocitiesinsearchofwor y1931,citydwellersoutnumberedtheruralpopulation. ThemodernCanadiancitybegantofo teredinthecitycenter,slums becameabiggerproblem,pollutiongotworseandrichfamili reas

THEROLEOFWOMEN 1920S=AneweraforwomeninCanada Inthe1921federalelection,only5womenra ail:theonlywomanintheHouseofCommonsuntil1935 Womenwerestillexpectedtobewives nologysuchas thevacuumandwashingmachine,houseswereexpectedtobecleaner.Marriedw ayathomeandfewwomenbecamedoctorsorlawyers. ThePersonsCaseof1929EmilyMurphy, tedahead magistrate(judicialofficer)inAlberta.UndertheBritishNorthAmericanActho uldholdthistitleandwomenwerenotseenaspersonsunderthelaw.The SupremeCourtof atterdidntstopthere.Emily Murphyand4otherwomenchallengedPrimeMinisterMackenzie natorandtoclarifythedefinitionofpersons.TheywereknownasTheFamousFive. They fthePrivyCouncilinBritainandonOctober18, 1929,womenwereofficiallyconsideredpe atorwasappointedin1930,CairineWilson(Liberal).

ANEWPROSPERITY RoaringTwenties:TheimprovedeconomycausedCanadianstoparticipateinastyleoflife ies.Peopleboughtallsortsoftechnologyandwenttothemovies andfadsfromtheUSquick immyandTurkeyTrotwere introducedandCanadianfashionwasalsoinfluencedbytheUS. Au ochangethelandscapeofthecountry. AssemblyLines:Thefirstassemblylinewascreatedi uldthen bemanufacturedcheaplyandquickly. TheTransCanadaHighwayIn1920,Canadaon ways,and thisfigurewouldincrease10xbytheendofthedecade.TheCanadianShieldandR albarriersthatdelayedtheconstructionoftheTransCanada Highwayandsomostofthebet oonstartedtodriveon therightsideoftheroadliketheAmericansandnotontheleftli oncontinuedtoexpandasmanyveteranpilotsflewgeologistsand prospectorsintoremotear pportunities. Telephone:Inthe1920s,thephonebecameastandardhouseholdapplianceand redbymanyneighborswhichallowedanyonetoeavesdroponothers conversations. 11

Radio:Theuseofradiobegantobreakdowntheisolationoffarawaycommunities.Bythe en answeretuningintoUSstationsforentertainment. Movies:Soonenough,moviescameintoc kingmoviesarrivedin 1927. TheGroupofSevenAgroupofpaintersthatheldanexhibiti thtraditionalCanadianartandpaintedtheruggedlandscapesofthecountry. EmilyCarr:Th hePacificCoast(inVictoria).Shewasinfluencedby theGroupofSeven. Baseball:Basebal anadianswholistenedtogamesontheradio. Boxing,rugby,curlingandgolfwerealsopopul ularwhensportswriterFosterHewittmadethefirsthockeyradio broadcastin1923.

DISCRIMINATION AboriginalNations:Theywerestillnotclassifiedaspersonsunderthelaw. Theysti deralelections Gottherighttovoteinprovincialelectionsin1949. Theygotther 60. Theywerefacedwithdiscriminationandhostility.Residentialschoolsweretraumatizi nalchildrenandsotheyhadtroublefindingwork. Intheearly1920s,theAboriginalpeop alandprovincial governmentsonthreeissues:thepotlachceremony,cutofflandsandAbor h:animportantculturalceremonyamongcertainpeopleofthePacific.Itrecorded births,d dotherevents.Itwascarefullyplannedandestablishedstatus intribes.Thegovernmentsa milationanditwasforbiddenin1884. Aboriginaltitle:Alsoknownaslandclaims.Onlyi e negotiatedlandtreaties. CutOffLands:Largetractsoflandthathadbeensetaside e governmenthadtakenwithouttheconsentoftheAboriginals. JoeCapilano:achiefof ondonin1906topresentaland claimpetitiontoKingEdwardVII.Yearslater,theAlliedT organizationmadeofseveraltribes,appealedthegovernmentsactions.Theysaidthe remova arytotheIndianAct(regulatedrelationsbetweenthefederal governmentandtheAboriginal trespondedbychangingtheIndianActso thattheynolongerneededAboriginalconsenttot derAndrewPaullandPeterKelly,theAlliedTribesofBritishColumbiacontinuedto petitio intreatynegotiations.In1927,theywenttotheHouseof CommonsandSenate,buttheDepar endedthegovernments actions.TheythenamendedtheIndianActagaintoforbidtheraising ursuelandclaims. AfricanCanadians:DiscriminationagainstAfricanshadbeenblatant ovaScotia,TheEducationActof1918providedseparateschoolsfor BlacksandEuropeans. 54. 12

In1921,theSuperiorCourtofQuebecruledinfavourofraciallysegregatedseatingin Mont ,ablackdelegationtoaWorldBaptistConventioninTorontowasdeniedahotel room. In lrefusedtobanAfricanCanadiansfrompublicparks. In1919,theBrotherhoodofRailway rtersasmembers,thefirst Canadianuniontoabolishracialdiscrimination. Immigrants: mentadoptedimmigrationrestrictions,withpreferencetotheUS andGreatBritain ManyC grantsbecausetheyworkedforlowwages Labourgroupssawimmigrantsasunfaircompetitio sianimmigrants:In1923,thegovernmentpassedalawthatexcludedChineseimmigrants toCa nadaJapanAgreementof1922restrictedimmigrationfrom Japanto150servantsandlabourers heeconomyimproved,thegovernmentrelaxedrestrictionsonimmigration. Theywantedtoincr tionsothatbusinesseswouldhavealargermarket.

THESTOCKMARKETCRASH TheNorthAmericaneconomywasboominginthelate20s October29th,1929TheNewYo icesofstocksfell quicklyandledtotheGreatDepression.

THETHIRTIES:ADECADEOFDESPAIR FALLINGOFFTHEECONOMICEDGE Duringtheeconomicboom,sharesinthestockexchangewerebeingexchangedfeverishly hareswithonlya10%downpayment,assumingthepricesofthe stockswouldincreaseandit rycommoninthe20s. Becausestockswerebeingboughtsomuch,thepricesweredrivenupbe vestorsstartedsellinginordertocashinonprofits,othersdidthesameand thevalueof ctober29th,1929TheNewYorkStockMarketCollapseThiswasfollowedbythe Torontoan ntbankruptinasingleday.

LEADINGUPTOTHEDEPRESSION Thedecreaseinthepriceofwheatontheworldmarket:Morewheatwasbeingproduced than reignmarkets,butmanycountriesstartedtoproduce theirownwheat.Assalesdropped,farm pedandmanywereunableto paytheirmortgagesandloanpayments. Overproduction:Otheri ingmoregoodsthanwerebeingsold.They begantocutbackonproduction,whichledtolayo fsonforeigngoods:TheUSimplementedhightariffsonforeigngoods,aiming improvetheUS fprotectionism.Thesetariffsslowed downworldtrade. 13

Germanysinabilitytomeetitsfinancialobligations:AccordingtotheTreatyofVersailles, redtopayreparationsforthewar,howeverbecauseitseconomywasin ruinspostwar,itwa ritainhadbeencountingon GermanysothattheycouldrepaytheirowndebtstotheUS.Howe otpay,theUScouldnotgettheirmoneyback.

CANADAANDTHEDEPRESSION TheDepressionshowcasedCanadasdependencyontheexportofprimaryresources rintfromBC,OntarioandQuebecmadeCanada vulnerabletochangesinworldmarkets Asworl ypeopleinCanadalosttheirjobs Withoutmoney,theycouldnotconsumeorbuygoods Worke ucedthesegoodsalsolosttheirjobsbecauseofthelack ofdemand.Inthisway,millionso adbecomeCanadasgreatesttradingpartnerandsowhentheUSeconomy crashed,wealsofelt

DESPERATEYEARS Factoryworkersandbusinessownerslosttheirjobsandcouldnolongeraffordrent ntstothosewhohadnoothersourceofincome.Many existedononlythis,howeverthosetha arefinancialfailure. Privatecharitiesalsohelpedthoseinneed,withsoupkitchensfeedi ountrywasfilledwithunemployedmendriftingplacetoplacehoppingfreighttreinsin sear

DROUGHTONTHEPRAIRIES ThePrairieshadbeenhitbyadisastrousdroughtthatbeganin1928,lastingalmos ormsandmillionsoffertiletopsoilblewaway Aplagueofgrasshoppersdescendedonthepra rains,cloggingcar radiators,etc. ThePrairieFarmRehabilitationAdministrationAct:Pas efederal governmenttohelpfarmersbuildirrigationsystemsandreservoirs.

THEDISADVANTAGED Forwomen,therewerefewjobsotherthandomesticworkpayingjustafewdollarsa tonly5dollarsamonthandwereexpectedtoliveoffthe landdespitethefactthatcondit Immigrantswereviewedwithhostilityandweredeniedjobs Jewsweretargetedinparticular ouldbeclosedtothem In1931,thegovernmentputastoptoimmigration

RESPONDINGTOTHEDEPRESSION PrimeMinisterMackenzieKingwasunpreparedtodealwithacrisisliketheDepression H onwastemporaryandthoughtthatsocialaidwasthe responsibilityofmunicipalandprovinc 14

 Thisattitudelosthimtheelectionof1930,wherehelosttoR.B.Bennett(conservative)

BENNETTSRESPONSE Bennettwasnotinfavourofgovernmentreliefeither Nevertheless,hegavepr onprograms,thoughthe economydidnotimprove Hisplanwastoraisetariffsby50%topro tectionism),butthis onlybuilttradebarriersagainstCanada Asthesituationgotworse, etforangerandfrustration o Adesertedfarm=calledaBennettbarnyard,anewspaper= idthejoblessmiddleclasswouldbecomeinfluencedbycommunismandin 1931,hebannedthe teditsleaders Thefederalgovernmentalsodecidedtocreateworkcampsforunemployed,sin

WORKCAMPS Werelocateddeepinthewoodstoisolatethemen Theyworkedonprojectssuchasb epaid20centsadayandgivenroom/board,thoughtheconditionswereterrible

THEONTOOTTAWATREK In1935,overathousandmenlefttheworkcampstoprotestcampconditions Unde antotaketheircomplaintstoOttawa TheyrodethroughPrairies,pickingupsupportersalon edtheminRegina,allowingonlytheleaderstoproceedtoOttawa Bennetthoweverdismissed tackedthemasradicals/troublemakers InRegina,theRCMPwastoldtoclearthetrekkersfro eywere held.Theyresistedfor2hours.Onemandiedandmanywereinjured,with130arrest

POLITICSOFPROTEST CooperativeCommonwealthFederation(CCF)FormedintheWestin1932.Itappealedto Can s,labourersandintellectuals.TheirleaderwasJ.SWoodsworth. Asocialistparty,itsuppo amstoassistpeopleinneedofmoney.Theyurged thegovernmenttospendmoneyonpublicwo cialCreditParty:LedbyWilliamAberhartandwonthe1935electioninAlberta.Aberhart wa randhighschoolteacherfromCalgary.Hethoughtthat capitalismwasawastefuleconomics egovernmentshouldput moneyintotheeconomysothatpeoplecouldspendit.Hepromisedea dof25dollarsamonth,butsocialcreditwasdisallowedbytheSupremeCourt.The partyre 971underErnestManningandHarryStrom.

PROVINCIALSOLUTIONS Ontario:theLiberalscamebacktopowerin1934,thefirsttimein2 nwhodidlittlefortheunemployed.Healsosuppressedstrikes. Quebec:theUnionNation chCanadianparty)cametopowerin 1936.LedbyMauriceDuplessiswhodidlittletoimprove 15

BC:LiberalDufferinPattullowaselectedin1933andintroducedreformstoshortenthe work /reliefpayments.Publicworkprojectswerelaunched(Fraser RiverBridgeinNewWestminster erCityHall.Theprojectswere shortlivedasthefederalgovernmentsaiditwastheirrespo eprograms.

ACHANGEINGOVERNMENT By1935,voterswerefedupwithBennettandreturnedMackenzieKingtopower Despite onsonjobcreation,heonlyspentofafractionof that

INCREASETENSIONINTHEFEDERALPROVINCIALRELATIONS In1937,KingcreatedtheRowellSiroisCommission,anotherRoyalCommission Theu dtensionbetweenfederalandprovincialgovernments TheRowellSiroisCommissionrecommende ionpayments(givingmoneyto poorerprovincestoensurethesamelevelofservices) Theec ehoweverandasWorldWarIIbegan,mostofthe recommendationsoftheCommissionwerepush

DISTRACTIONSFROMDESPAIR Movies,magazinesandradiowerestillpopular CBC(CanadianBroadcastingCorporation deralgovernmentso thatCanadacouldhaveapublicradioservice. TheDionnequintuplets ario,theybecameinternational sensationsandweretakenintothecareoftheOntariogover displayandthegovernmentearnedmillionsofdollarsfromthem.

THERISEOFDICTATORSHIPS ManyEuropeaneconomiesdidnotrecoverfromWorldWarI,Depressionworsenedit Som heonlysolutiontosocialsuffering Othersbelievedastrongmilitarywasneededtorestore efStalintookoverastheleaderoftheCommunistPartyafterthedeathof Lenin,theleade thlessandcruelleaderwhose agriculturalpolicieskilledmillionsofSovietworkers.TheU alitarian state,witheveryaspectofpeopleslivescontrolledbythegovernment. Italy:B uce)cameintopowerin1922.Hecreatedafascistgovernment. Fascism:opposedtodemocrac policepowertomaintaincontrol.They controlledallmediaandusedpropagandatopromotet .

GERMANYPOSTWAR Afterthewar,GermanswereunhappywiththeTreatyofVersailles Theydidnotlikebe nedandtheGermancurrencydeclined.TocontrolGerman inflation,Britain,FranceandtheU tertermsforthereparation payments. 16

HITLERCOMESTOPOWER Hitlerhadbeengainingsupportsince1923bycriticizingtheweakgove dbyFascistItaly),promisedthattheyhadthesolutionto bringGermanyoutoftheDepress ecametheChancellorGermanyandbyMarch,hispartyhadwon controloftheparliament The eparationpaymentsandbegantoexpanditsarmedforces Hitlerpouredmoneyintopublicpro antoimprove Nazisabolishedallotherpoliticalpartiesandbannedtradeunions Hitlerb theLeader),aruthlessdictator TheNaziswereracist,thinkingGermanswerethemasterr reraceofNorthernEuropeans NazispersecutednonAryanssuchasJews,homosexuals,Gypsies lities TheysetupconcentrationcampstoimprisonandisolatethemfromGermansociety

ONTHEROADTOWAR In1931,JapaninvadedtheChineseMachuria.ChinacomplainedtotheLeagueofNation n,howeverJapansimplywithdrewfromtheLeague. Spring1935,ItalyattackedAbyssinia(now ndtheLeagueofNations imposedtradesanctionsagainstItaly.

GERMANYONTHEOFFENSIVE In1936,HitlerorderedhistroopsintoRhineland,goingunpunishedbytheLeagueof Nat 36GeneralFranciscoFrancoandhisfascistfollowersledanattackon theSpanishgovernm arbetweenthesocialistgovernmentand therebelforcesofFranco.Francohadsupportfrom dsohewonthe warandbecamerulerofSpain.

THEPOLICYOFAPPEASEMENT NoonewaswillingtofightanotherwarsotheywerewillingtotolerateHitlersactions ouragedhimfurther. InMarch1938,HitlerinvadedAustriaandthendemandedtotakeoverth manspeakingregioninCzechoslovakia).InSeptember1938,ataconferenceinMunich, Britai othisandHitlerpledgeditwouldbehislastterritorialclaim. March1939Hitlertooko spitehispledge August1939HitlermadeapactwithStalin,leaderoftheSovietUnion. ecaseofwarandagreedtosharePolandbetweenthetwoofthem. September1,1939German kanareathathadbeen takenawayintheTreatyofVersailles. BritainandFranceordered er3rd,1939.Germany ignoredthisdeadlineandsotheworldbecameentangledinanewconfl CANADASRESPONSETOGROWINGTENSIONS 17 Throughoutthe30s,Canadaremainedisolationists(uninterestedinforeignaffairs)

In1937,MackenzieKingwenttoGermanyhimselfandthoughtHitlerhadpleasant,no warlike oredidnotseewhyCanadashouldbecomeinvolved. TheSecretaryofState,PierreRinfretan r,ThomasCrerarwereboth antiSemitic TheSt.Louis:anoceanlinerwithover900Jewish nCanada in1939.TheywererefusedpermissiontodockandreturnedtoEurope,wheremanyof entrationcamps.

CANADAANDWORLDWARII CANADADECLARESWAR In1938,BritishPrimeMinisterNevilleChamberlainthoughthehadavoidedwar ivingHitlerpartofCzechoslovakiaashisfinalconquest) Hitlerignoredthetermsandtook lovakia;warseemedinevitable InMay,KingGeorgeVIandQueenElizabethofBritaincameto ies betweenCanadaandBritain PrimeMinisterKingdidnotwanttogetinvolvedinanother itainandFrancedeclaredwaronGermany,Kingdecidedtocall aspecialsessionofParliame nse. OnlytheCCFwasagainstwar,andsoonSeptember10,CanadadeclaredwaronGermany

MOBILIZINGCANADASRESOURCE Canadawasnotpreparedforwar Thepopulationwaslessen elesstheystillgot58330volunteers Aboriginalsvolunteeredatthehighestpercentage ada AfricanCanadianswereoriginallyrejectedhowevertheywerelateraccepted Some 30adaywhileothersfelttriestoBritain FirsttroopswentoutfromHalifaxonDecember ALTHAIRTRAININGPLAN TheBritishCommonwealthAirTrainingPlan:inDecember1939,Cana host/administeratrainingplanledbyBritishinstructorswhowouldtrainpilotsandother rfieldswerebuiltintheprairiesandtheprogramwasamajorCanadian contributiontothe ver130000pilots,navigators,flight engineersandgroundstaff.

TOTALWAR InApril1940,thegovernmentestablishedtheDepartmentofMunitionsandSupplies,with r Howecoulddowhateverhewanted.Hewasdirect,impatientandconvincedleadersto manuf andledbefore.Iftheprivatesectorcouldnotdoit,he createdCrowncorporationstodoth oproducemorewheatandotherfoods Policyoftotalwar:Canadianswillingtodowhateveri 18

THEWARINEUROPE TheAllies:Britain,France,Commonwealth TheAxis:Italy,GermanyandJapan Pho tionedalongFrancesborderwithGermany,wherethey waitedforGermanysnextmove.Theyw inghappened. April1940:Germanyreneweditsblitzkrieg(lighteningwar)andattackedNo zkrieg:PowerfulwartacticusedbytheGermans.Ithadsurpriseattackswithlightning spee ers)wouldcrashthroughenemylines,drivingasfarastheycould whilewarplanesrippedt nemybelow.Soldierswouldalso parachuteintoenemyterritoryanddestroycommunication/tra onlinks.

EVACUATIONOFDUNKIRK IttookGermanyhourstoconquerDenmarkand2monthstosubdueNorway M herlands ItwentthroughBelgiumquickly,thenintoFrance TheAlliesweresoonsurrounde rkandtheyhadtoescape beforetheGermanscapturedthetown Theyattemptedanevacuation veryboatcapableofnavigating theEnglishChanneltoDunkirk EvacuationbeganonMay26 nLuftwaffe(airforce)bombedtheport,makingescapemore difficult Evacuationendedon 40000AlliedsoldierstoBritain TheGermanArmycontinuedtosweepthroughFranceandonJ ndered.BritainandtheCommonwealthwerealoneagainstGermany.

THEBATTLEOFBRITAIN OperationSeaLion:theinvasionofBritain,HitlersnextgoalafterbombingDun oyBritainsairpower. July10th,1940Luftwaffestartedabombingcampaignaimedatharb r,theywerebombingcivilians. TheBlitz:ThenamegiventotheGermanraidswheretheybom for50consecutivenights. TheywerestillunabletodefeattheBritishairforcehowever.T em thatwarnedthemofoncomingGermans.TheyalsohadSpitfiresandHurricanes,fighter pl ivedefenseplanes. Eventually,theBritishairforcebecamemoresuccessfulinshootingdo dinMay1941,HitlergaveuponhisplantoinvadeBritain Morethan23000peoplewerekil

THEWARSPREADS OperationBarbarossa:HitlersnextplanaftertheBattleofBritaintoinvadetheUSSR. twiththeUSSR,HitlerwantedtocompletehisGermanEmpire. 19

WhentheSovietUniontookoverpartoftheBalkansin1940,Hitlerbecamesuspiciousand de TheSovietsweresurprisedandbyautumntheGermansreachedtheoutskirtsofMoscow andLen urg). TheGermanswerenotequippedfortheSovietwinter,soonlosingtheiradvantage In1 notheroffensiveandgotasfarasStalingrad,butwerestopped bywinteronceagain. After ties,theGermanssurrenderedin1943 TheSovietUnionseizedthischancetoregainmuchof ly1944,theSovietswereadvancingintoEasternEuropetowardsGermany.

THEWARINTHEPACIFIC JapanwasanAxismember,butwasnotinvolvedinthewarinEurope In1 nAsiawhichwererichin resourcessuchasoil,rubberandtin PearlHarbour:OnDecember bedtheUSnavalbaseinPearl Harbour,ontheislandofHawaii,destroyinghalthefleet. nes. Thenextday,theUSdeclaredwaronJapan,promptingtheAxistodeclarewarontheUS eastAsiaandBurma,plusIndonesiaandAustralia December7th,1941HoursafterPearlHar antheirinvasionof HongKong ByChristmasDay1941,HongKonghadfallentotheJapanese ongmonthsearlier,butall1975Canadiantroopshad beenkilledortakenprisoner.

CANADASROLEINEUROPE TheDieppeRaid TheAllieswantedtodoasmallraidtotestnewtechniquesandequipmen oughtinAfrica The2ndCanadianDivisionwaschosentobethemainforceofattackina ermanoccupation) Therewereproblemsfromthestartoftheraidhowever MorningofAu yingCanadianstoDieppeunexpectedly metasmallGermanconvoy.Theyengagedinasmallsea ted Germansonshore.Theshipswerealsodelayedsotheycouldnotembarkbeforedawn. The ylightbyGermanmachineguns. Communicationbetweentheshipsandlandwasbadsotheyse shore,trappingthosetroopstoo. Alliedtankscouldntgettractiononthebeachandcoul ,with907Canadiancasualtiesina9hourbattle

CANADIANSATSEA TheRoyalCanadianNavywasdesperatelyshortofequipment/manpower lanticwasinfullforce BritainwasdependentonCanadaforfoodandmilitarysupplies

GermanstriedtostarvetheBritishbycuttingoffandsinkingmerchantships Topreventbei nvoys(warshipsescortedvesselscarryingsupplies) UBoatscontinuedtodestroyhundredsof adabegantobuildcorvettessmall,unstableshipsthatwerequick ByMay1942,Britainh dmoreAlliedshipswere surviving.Thenavypersonnelweregettingbettertrainedandsuppl rved. TheCanadiannavygrewalotduringthewar,andprovidedhalftheescortsacrossthe

CANADIANSINTHEAIR TheRoyalCanadianAirForcealsogrewafterthewarbegan Theyparticipa ,Italy,NorthwestEuropeand SoutheastAsia,includingnightraidsoverGermany Bymid194 ombingGermanindustriesnightafternightwhileUS bombersattackedduringtheday Hambur sslyasthecitywasengulfedbyflames Nearly10000Canadianbomberslosttheirlives In visiontosupportthewareffort Theyweretrainedasclerks,cooks,assistantsandrivers enallowedtofly.Theydeliveredtheplanesbutwerenot allowedincombat.

THEINVASIONOFITALY WinstonChurchillthoughtthebestwaytorecaptureEuropewasthroughthesoft y Theinvasionlasted2years July10,1943CanadianshelpedtheAlliesinvadeSicily.Af llieswon. InSeptember,theymovedtomainlandItalywherethemuddyconditionsandrainy vancesslow. OnJune4,1944,theAlliestookRome,butfightinginItalycontinueduntilsp

DDAYANDLIBERATION June6th,1944DDay:theAllieslaunchedOperationOverlordafullsca metheinvasionwasplannedtotheverylastdetail OnthemorningofJune6th,over30000 eachandworked throughtheGermanbuiltobstacles(concretebarrier,barbedwire)togetin aspoorastherehadbeenastormandtheydidntexpectanattack TheAlliesfoughtforwee hadvancethroughFranceandBelgium,towardsGermany InMarch1945,Alliedforcesattacked regiventheresponsibilityofliberatingtheNetherlands 21

AllieshadattemptedtosavetheNetherlandsearlierin1944butfailed.TheGermanshad des ikeAmsterdamandRotterdam.Theirfoodsuppliesandhad beencutoffandsomanyDutchwere prilCanadiansbegantheirattackontheNetherlands Thefightingwasslowandover6300C diansdefeatedtheGermansinthenortherncityofGroningen May4thGermansweresurround ropsoffoodandconvoysoftruckscarryingsuppliesprovidedfoodtothecivilians Canadian TheAlliesattackedGermanyfromthewestandtheSovietUnionattackedfromtheEast German 945 HitlerandhiswifeEvaBrauncommittedsuicideinaBerlinBunkerbeforesubmittingto

THEHOLOCAUSTDISCOVERED Millionsofpeoplehadbeenmurderedinconcentrationcamps TheFinalSolution:aplana ntin1941toridsocietyofall peopletheyconsideredundesirable.Deathcampswerebuilt ndJewsfromalloverEuropewerebroughttothesecamps.Theirheadswereshaved, families ungweresentimmediatelytodieingaschambers.The strongandhealthyhadtowork,until ytoowentintothe gaschambers. By1945,theGermanshadkilledover6millionJews,gyp ntwascalledtheHolocaust.

JAPANSURRENDERS AftertheAlliedvictoryinEurope,thewarinthePacificintensified By asdestroyed Theirarmywasstillstronghowever,sotheUSdecidedtouseanatomicbomb lanbyUSandBritishscientistsin1941todevelopa nuclearbomb.Canadabecameawarein1 cknamedEnolaGaydroppedtheatomicbombover Hiroshima,killing70000residents. August edonNagasaki,killing40000people. Realizingtheycouldnotwithstandthepowerofthen dered. Thewarwasover.

THEWARATHOME Canadianfactorieswereproducingmoregoodsthaneverbefore Workersworkedverylo emensplacesintheworkforce Manyworkers,especiallysinglewomen,movedfromruralare

CANADASWARTIMEECONOMY 22 Withincreasedproductionandemployment,peoplehadmoremoney Therewereless twerebeingshippedofftoBritain Inflation:Whentherestoomuchmoneyandnotenoughg

KingappointedJamesIlsley(lawyerfromNovaScotia)toaddresspotentialinflationand deb pletobuyVictoryBonds Inflationstilloccurredhowever In1941,theWartimePricesand dpricestopreventinflation 1942Kingintroducedfoodrationing,limitingtheamountof week

GROWINGDEMANDFORSOCIALCHANGE Duringthewar,thegovernmenttriedtorestrictstrikes Workerswantedhig hesteelworkersinNovaScotiaandcoalminersinAlberta/BCwentonstrike,the government lowedworkerstojoinunions TheCCFbegantobecomepopular In1943,theCCFmadeupthe ormedthegovernmentinSaskatchewan FeelingthethreatoftheCCF,Kingintroducedtheune rogramin 1940andexpandedCanadassocialassistanceprogramin1945.

THECONSCRIPTIONCRISIS TheNationalResourcesMobilizationAct:IntroducedbyMackenzieKinginresponsetothe p vernmentactiontowardsthewar.Thisactgavethegovernment specialemergencypowerstomo cesinthenationtodefeattheenemy, thusallowingconscription. Conservativeswerepress verseasconscription SoKingheldaplebisciteontheissueonApril17th,1942 Allprovinc avourofconscription InAugust1942,anamendmenttotheNationalResourcesMobilizationAc seasconscription QuebecwasangryandKingtriedtosmooththeconflictover,butfailed L.Ralstonresignedbutlaterdecidedtostayinhisposition.King kepthisresignationlet idtheissueofoverseasconscriptionfor2yearsuntil... Inthe1944invasionofEurope,C sandthereforereplacements wereneeded.RalstonwentovertoEuropeandconcludedthatmor d needed.KingrefusedtobeconvincedandannouncedRalstonsresignationtwoyearsafter din KingreplacedRalstonwithGeneralAndrewMcNaughton,whohehadhopedwouldbeable t uthefailedtodoso Kingfinallycavedandsentconscriptsoverseas Notallwentpeacefu ealandconscriptsfromBCrefusedto leave

WHATTHEWARMEANTTOCANADA 23 CanadaprovidedsupporttotheAllieseconomicallyandmilitarily Theeconomyboo takenbyindustry

Manufacturingwasnowimportantandindustrialareasbecamemorecommon Thisattractedamas ationpostwar ThewarprovedtotheworldCanadasidentityandstrength CANADAINTHEPOSTWARWORLD

TheUSandtheSovietUnionhadbeenalliesduringWWII,buttheirrelationssoon grewtense chotherandusedspies Bothsidesstockpiledweaponsandbombs Canadaatthistimewastr gitsnationalidentity

THECOLDWARBEGINS TheUSandSovietUnionwereconsideredsuperpowers Theybothhadweaponscapableofnucl foretheysimplyfoughtfor politicalinfluenceinotherpartsoftheworld Thisrivalry sntanopenwar,thoughitlastedover40years Causes: Differentpoliticalsystems:Th hegovernment controlledallindustryandcommerce.Nopoliticaloppositionwastolerated.T scapitalist,withaneconomybasedonprivateenterprise,individualsinvestinginbusiness lehadfreedomofspeechinsuchasystem. Westerncountriesweresuspiciousofcommunism overthrowWesternsocietiesinaworldrevolution. TheSovietstookoverEasternEuropean nistgovernmentsthere CommuniststookoverChinain1949,theformergovernmentfleeingt nUnAmericanActivities:createdbytheUSgovernmentduringtheColdwar toweedoutany redbySenatorJosephMcCarthy,who terrifiedthecountrywithsecretlistsofallegedcommu ctedofbeinga communistwouldbepersecuted,firedandblacklisted(notallowedtofinda

THECOLDWARATHOME In1949,theleaderoftheConservativestriedtomakethespreadofcommunis terLouisSt.Laurent,however,refusedtooutlawcommunismasitwas undemocratictodoso adiansbegantofearcommunism Theybegantosuspectunionleaderswhofoughtforbettercon defenseindustriessecretlysentoutlistsofemployeesforscreening Workerssuspectedof issedfornoapparentreason InQuebec,PremierMauriceDuplessistookastrongstandagain dedofficesandhomestofindrevolutionarymaterial ThePadlockLawwasusedtoshutdown newspapers 24

WhenapoorlyconstructedbridgecollapsedinTroisRivieresin1951,Duplessisclaimedit w ge

NATOANDTHEWARSAWPACT NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization:Amilitaryallianceformed SovietUnionin1949,comprisedofCanada,theUS,GreatBritainandotherWestern European berwasattacked,theotherswererequiredtohelp. TheWarsawPact:WhenNATOacceptedWest ietUnionfelt threatenedandformedanalliancecalledtheWarsawPactin1955.Thisallian ernEuropeancountries,usedtoprotectthemselvesfromattack. Armiesconstantlypracticed severywhere,searchingforsecretsand carryingoutmurders/assassinations In1956,theS rushedarevolutioninHungary TheBerlinWall:builtbyEastGermanyin1961toseparateE

THEISSUEOFNORTHAMERICANDEFENSE Withlongrangebombersdeveloped,NorthAmericabecamevulnerabletoattack Toprotect cks,theUSbuilt3linesofradarstationsacrossCanada: o ThePinetreeLine o TheMidCa TheDistantEarlyWarning(theDEW) Theywereconstructedbetween1950and1957,andwerede rise Sovietattacks Forthefirsttime,USmilitarywasstationedinCanadiansoil. Some omisedtheirindependence Soon,theUSandtheSovietshaddevelopedintercontinentalballis omeetthepotentialthreatofSovietattackinNorthAmerica,CanadaandtheUS established enseAgreement,whichincludedallfigherforces, missilebasesandradarscontrolledbyac ioninCheyenneMountain, Colorado.

CIVILDEFENCE:THEHOMEFRONTINTHECOLDWAR Canadianswereafraidthatanopenwarwould ities Thegovernmentthereforedevelopedcivildefenseplans o Nuclearshelterswerebui lls,etc. PLANNINGFORPEACE:THEUNITEDNATIONS InApril1945,delegatesfrom51countriesdrewupacharterfortheUnitedNations Th aofcollectivesecurity Iffacedwithanaggressornation,itcould: o Condemntheaggress ndresolutions o Useeconomicsanctions,urgingmembersnottotradewiththeaggressor o R lybysendinginanarmedforce TheSecurityCouncilisresponsibleformaintainingpeacean ersareBritain,France,theUS,RussiaandChina 25

Therearealso10othernonpermanentmemberswith2yearterms Decisionsrequiretheconsen nentmembershavethepower toveto(rejectactionsthattheydisagreewith) Upto1955,th sofwhichwerebytheSovietUnion TheUNalsowantedtoabolishdisease,famineandprote nciessuchastheWorldHealthOrganizationandUNICEFforthis TheyalsoestablishedtheI undtostabilizetheworldeconomy

THEKOREANCONFLICT WorldWarIIhadleftKoreadivided Thenorthsidewascommunist,supported ewasafragiledemocracybackedbytheUS In1950,NorthKoreatriedtoinvadeSouthKorea ostlyofAmericanstriedtoforcetheinvaderstoretreat.Canada sentthousandsoftroopsa ,CanadasMinisterofAffairs,urgedallsidestoagreetoaceasefire,which wasreachedi sionbetweenthewestandthecommunistnations

THESUEZCRISIS TheSuezcanallinkstheMediterraneantotheRedSea,theshortestsearou ptspresident,GamalAbdelNasser,tookoverthecanalonbehalfofEgypt Israelwasfright eyhadthreatenedtobarshipstoandfrom Israelusingthecanal FranceandBritainwereq dedtroopsinthecanalzone TheSovietUnionthenofferedEgyptfinancialaidandmissiles Nandtriedtoworkoutasolution HeproposedthataUNEmergencyforcebesenttotheSuez entherivalarmies Forhelpingdefusethecrisis,PearsonwasawardedtheNobelPeacePriz

THECUBANMISSILECRISIS 1959CubanrebelsunderFidelCastrooverthrewCubasproUSleader T In1961,theUSbackedaninvasionofCubabyagroupofantiCastroCubans Theinvasionfa rt October1962USplanestookpicturesoftheUSSRinstallingnuclearmissilesinCuba P isthreat,announcedanavalandairblockadeofCuba TheUSwasreadyforwar SovietPre lyrefusedtoremovethemissilesandordered shipstogotowardstheUSshipsthatblocked vagreedtodismantlethemissilebasesinexchangefortheUSs promisetonotinvadeCuba ORADforcesonalertasPrimeMinisterDiefenbakerwas reluctanttohaveCanadadrawnintot 26

 TheUSwasfuriousandtheeventcausedmuchdamagetoCanadaUSrelations

THENUCLEARISSUEINCANADA ThecountrywasdividedastowhetherornotCanadashouldacceptnuclearweapons rtywasdividedontheissue Duringtheelectoralcampaignof1963,LesterB.Pearson(Liber ian forcesacceptnuclearweaponsundercertainconditions TheConservativesunderDiefenb pealedtonationalism PearsonwoninanarrowdefeatandtheLiberalsformedaminoritygov edintwojustlikeKorea Thenorthwascommunistandinthesouth,therewasadictatorship Sofferedonlymilitaryadviceandeconomichelp,butbythe60s,theywere lendingtroopsa ndonJohnsonincreasedthenumberoftroopsandauthorizedthe bombingofNorthVietnam By ldiersinVietnam Thiswarwasthefirsttoberecordedbytelevisioncamerasandsothean ountryasaresultofseeingthedamageonTVscreens TheNorthVietnameselaunchedtheTet yattackingcities throughoutSouthVietnamandseizingtheUSembassyinSaigon TheUStro 69,RichardNixontookoffice,pledgingtotakethetroopsoutofSoutheastAsia Theforces sthantwoyearslater,aNorthVietnameseoffensivecrushedSouthVietnam,unifying thewho unistrule ThousandsofVietnamesefledtoCanadainfearofcommunism THEVIETNAMWAR

CANADASREACTIONTOTHEWAR Somebenefitedfromthewar,sellinggoodstotheUSDefenseDepartment Mostpeopl meMinisterPearsonalsodoubtedthewar In1965,hecriticizedOperationRollingThunder(t nofNorth Vietnam)

TRUDEAUSFOREIGNPOLICY 27 PierreElliotTrudeau(LIBERAL)waselectedprimeministerin1968. Hew hatwaslessdependentonUSapproval. TrudeaudidnotwanttoangertheStateshowever He ticipationinthenucleararmsracewiththeUSSR hopingitwouldeaseColdWartensions F eswereremovedfromCanadasNATOforcesinEurope Trudeaualsocutthenationaldefensebu Ocontingentin Europe CanadacontinuedtoparticipateinNATOandNORAD

CANADAASAMIDDLEPOWER Trudeauwantedworldpeaceandunderstandingamongnations Canadahadbegantobui ,NorthandSouth,becominga middlepower Hecalledformoreaidtopoorcountriesinth nsfortheir people Thispolicyoftradeandaid=thecornerstoneofTrudeausforeignpol lDevelopmentAgency:formedin1968.Itsresponsibilitywasto boostforeignaidtolessin ies.Countriesreceivingaidwouldhaveto agreetobuyproductsmadeinCanada.Thiswasal f thedevelopmentaidthatCanadagavetoothernations.

THECOMMONWEALTHANDLAFRANCOPHONIE CanadawasinagoodpositiontobuildbridgesbetweenNorthandSouthbecauseitwas ophonie Commonwealth:TheformermembersoftheBritishempire. LaFrancophonie:anorgan akingstates. In1950,CommonwealthcountriesestablishedtheColomboPlantoprovidemoney lopedcountriesintheorganization.MostCanadianaidundertheColomboPlan wenttoIndia

THECOLDWARRENEWED Intheearly1970s,tensionbetweentheUSandtheUSSReasedandtheyag StrategicArmsLimitationTreaty(SALT1):Signedin1972bytheUSandtheUSSR,a breakth wosuperpowers. In1979however,theUSSRinvadedAfghanistanandsentnewmissilestoEast onsedecidedtoannouncethatit,toowasdeployingmoremissilestoEurope. Inprotestaga nofAfghanistan,manyWesternnationsboycotted the1980OlympicgamesinMoscow. In1983 eanpassengerjet Amonthlater,theUSinvadedGrenadaanddeposedaproSovietgovernment eotherofprovokingwar Trudeauappealedtobothcountriestoshowmorerestraintandmade nlistotherleaderstohelpmediatethetensionbetweentheUSandtheUSSR. Februrary29th fpoliticsanddecidedtoretireaftera walkthroughthesnowystreetsofOttawa.

THEMULRONEYERA:CLOSERTIESWITHTHEUNITEDSTATES BrianMulroney(Conservative)became ember1984 MulroneytriedtogetclosertotheUS;developingaclosepersonalrelationshi ldReagan In1985,theUSgovernmentrevealedaplanforadefenseshield,partofwhich heStrategicDefenseInitiative,nicknamedStarWars. 28

MulroneydeniedCanadasofficialinvolvement,buthetightenedotherlinkswiththeUS The viewAgency(FIRA):formedin1973byTrudeautoblockany foreigninvestmentthatseemedt iswouldreducetheUSs controlovertheCanadianeconomy. MulroneydeclaredCanadaopen IRA,replacingitwith InvestmentCanada,whichencouragedsuitableforeigninvestment. In egotiationsthatledCanadaintotheFreeTradeAgreement,withthe US.Theagreementremove singtheborderandopenedupinvestment betweenthetwocountries. Freetradewasverycon ghtitwouldhelptheCanadianindustrygrow, whereasothersthoughtitwouldleadtothedo omy Aftermuchdebate,theFreeTradeAgreementwasestablishedin1989 NorthAmericanFre edin1992,whentheMulroneygovernment expandedthefreetradezonetoMexico. Thisdeci alforsimilarreasons.Amidprotests,theLiberal GovernmentunderJeanChrtiensignedthe adeAgreement,which cameintoeffectin994. TheConservativeshadbeendefeatedin1993.

THEENDOFTHECOLDWAR Thewarendedsurprisinglyquickly SovietLeaderMikhailGorbachev,rea tlyarms, proposedmassivecutsinthearsenalofbothsuperpowers Hethenbeganaseries icalreformsthatwouldhelpthe communistcountriesrunmoreefficiently/bemorecitizenfr edcensorshipandallowedfreedomofspeech Thesechangesencouragedothercommunistcountri vember1919,theBerlinWallcamedown EventheSovietUnionfellapartin1991,withitsst ountries TheColdWarwasover Chinaexperimentedalsowithcapitalismandcitizenswanted heirhopesweredashedhoweverinTiananmenSquareinJune1989.RedArmysoldiers andtanks lvedinthedemocracymovement,killinghundredsmaybe thousands. Regardless,thedivision munistandwesternworldwasgone

THENEWWORLDORDER 29 ManythoughttheendoftheColdWarwouldbringpeace,buttherewerest August1990IraqinvadedKuwait TheUNdemandedthatIraqwithdrew,howeverbyJanuary19 sedandUS/coalitionforcesbegantobombtargetsfromtheairandsea OperationDesertSt yedmuchoftheIraqiarmyandcountryinfrastructure Theuseoflaserguidedbombsandcrui ever AfterwinningtheGulfWAR,usPresidentGeorgeBushproclaimedaNewWorldOrder

Fromnowon,theUNwouldtakeamoreactiveroleasaglobalpoliceforce,ina peacekeepin rafterthecollapseoftheUSSR,theUSwaslefttodominate worldaffairs

SOMALIA OperationRestoreHopeLaunchedinSomaliain1992bytheUN,itaimedtohelpthe co vation. Themissionresultedincrisiswhenonenight,membersoftheCanadianAirborneReg henight,torturedhimandbeathimtodeath.Canadianswereshockedat thisblatantactof eRegimentwasdisbanded.

RWANDA Rwandawastornapartbyethnicrivalries AgroupofUNpeacekeepersledbyCan ohelp controltheslaughter Dallairehadaplantohaltthekilling,butitrequiredtheU sorequiredthesupportoftheUS TheresponsefromtheUNandUSwasunenthusiastic With lehaddied.TheUNhadfailed.

ANEWERAOFGLOBALIZATION OneofJeanChrtiensprioritieswastoexpandCanadastradetoothercountri eandIsrael CanadaalsojoinedtheAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationGroup Theseinitiati alizationtrend,avastnetworkofbusiness, communicationsandculturallinksamongcountri asilyshippedduetoimprovedcommunicationandtechnology TheInternetmadeitpossibleto mostanypartoftheworld

GLOBALIZATIONASAPROBLEM Mostthinkthatitwillraiselivingstandardsforeveryone Othershoweverthinkthat hereconomies Also,manymultinationalcorporationshaverelocatedtopartsoftheworldwh r.Thistakesjobsawayfromonesowncountry,aswellasintroducingpoor/abusive workcon gncountries.

ACHANGINGSOCIETY ManywarveteransgotmarriedoverseasandbroughtbackWarbridestoCanada Theyw severchanging COMINGHOME 30

Toeasethetransitionofveteransbackintosociety,theyweregivenbackthejobstheyhad owsweregivenhiringpreferenceforgovernmentjobs TheVeteransLandAct:Anactenabling agesatpreferredrates.

THENEWFACEOFCANADA Displacedpersons:RefugeeswholanguishedincampsacrossEurope,including concent rsandotherswhohadnohomes,possessionsorhope. Canadaacceptdisplacedpersonsandset s Mostnewimmigrantsnowsettledincitiesasopposedtofarms Suburbs:Newhousingdeve sofcitieswherelandwas cheaper.Manymoresuburbswerebuiltasthepopulationexpanded. easedandsothesecommunitieswerebuilt. Suburbanvalues:Suburbanfamilieswereseenas tayathomemom andtheperfectchildren.Womensjobsweregivenbacktowarveteransandn ctricfloorpolishersmadehouseworkeasier. Babyboom:Thepostwarperioduntil1960where easeinbirthrate. 6.7millionchildrenwerebornbetween1946and1961.

DEVELOPMENTSINSOCIETY Automobiles:Inthe1950s,Canadiansfellinlovewithcars Smallstoresshutdowninwant ngmalls Fewthoughtaboutthepollutionitwouldcause,seatbeltswerenonexistand dri deredacceptable Television/ConsumerSociety:TVencouragedaconsumersociety,wherepeopl e products.Thousandsofinventionswereintroducedandshoppingbecameanationalpastime. hnomorewars/economichardshiptoforcestudentsoutofschool,theteenagerwas invented me,moremoneytospendandmoreindependencethankids Rockandroll(developedinthe50 ouredamongstteens Canadaandthegood:MostCanadianswerestillconservative Hockey tepastime ProtectingCanadianCulture:CanadawasinfluencedheavilybytheUSandHollyw adianculture,thefederalgovernmentcreatedTheMasseyCommission in1949.Itsuggestedth ectedfromUSinfluences. ItrecommendedthestrengtheningoftheNationalFilmBoard(est lsorecommendedfundingtotheartsanduniversities TheycreatedtheCanadaCouncilin19 owritersandartists TheMasseyCommissionalsorecommendedthatTVbeusedfornational BC(previouslymadeforradio)inchargeoftelevision ThefirsttwostationsopenedinT wever,USprogramswerestillpreferredbyaudiencesandchildrengrewupknowing moreabout nCanadianculture 31

In1968,thegovernmentestablishedTheCanadianRadiotelevisionand TelecommunicationsCom ichimposedrulesrequiringCanadiancontent.

POSTWARPROSPERITY OnAugust6th,1945,PrimeMinisterMackenzieKingcalledameetingoftheprovincial my Kingrecommendedthatthefederalgovernmentbeinchargeoftheeconomy Provinceslike erwerenotwillingtogiveuptheirownpowers C.D.Howe,theMinisterofReconstruction,T ategy: o Privateindustrywouldhandlethetransitionoftheeconomywiththehelpof gover Taxbreakswouldbegiventocompanieswhoproducedconsumergoods o GovernmentCrowncorpo nedofftoprivatecompanies o Soon,Canadaseconomywasbooming Theprovincesthentrans stothefederalgovernment Theprovincesreceivetherighttoprovidesocialservices The admuchmorepowerattheexpenseoftheprovinces

RICHRESOURCESANDNEWINDUSTRIES Canadiansbegantothinkthattheywerebecomingthe49thstatebecauseof indebatethatcontinueduntiltheFreeTradeAgreement OilwasdiscoveredinAlbertain194 dwherenewminesandwellsdeveloped Ontariohoweverwasstillthecentreofmanufacturing ythelongestnationalhighwayintheworld,whichwas completedin1970.Itspannedfrom enceSeawayajoinedCanadaUnitedStatesprojectspanningfrom1954 1959.Itlinkedthe es. TheTransCanadaPipelineBuilttotransportgascheaplyfromthewesttotheindustri

CANADIANOWNERSANDWORKERS Inthewest,H.R.MacMillanputtogetheroneoftheworldslargestforestrycompan ameoneoftheworldsrichestmen Tradeunionsfoughtforagreatershareofthecountrys orkdayswerelosttostrikes Wagesroseasaresult,allowingCanadiansmoremoneytospend therbusinesses

LIMITATIONS Womenwerepaidsignificantlylessthanmen Immigrantsandtheworkingpo leconditions TheFirstNationssufferedfromtheindustrialpollution Thedevelopment dboomtownsdisruptedNativehuntinggrounds 32

 THENATIONEXPANDS AfterWorldWarII,islandersofNewfoundland(independentuntil1932 rendumtovoteontheirpoliticalfuture J.R.JoeySmallwoodwasaskillfulpoliticianwh ada June1948Thefirstreferendumwasheldwithnoclearmajority March31st,1949 ionwonthevote. March31st,1949NewfoundlandbecameapartofCanada. THECHANGIN eeninpowerlongerthananyotherprimeminister In1948,heretiredattheageof73 ThemediaatthistimebegantoplayalargerroleinCanadianlife,influencingthepublici romotedJohnDiefenbaker(ProgressiveConservative),whowasseenaselectrifying. Hewon eLiberalschoseanewleader,LesterPearson DIEFVS.MIKE Overthenextdecade,Pears eingPrimeMinisterandLeader oftheOpposition;theywerebitterrivalsthrough5national Diefenbaker:aPrairiespopulistwholistenedoordinarypeople. Hewascommittedtothe calledunhyphenatedCanadianism). HewasalsoanationalistwhobelievedinpreservingCan ionswhile standinguptotheAmericans. Hewasprohumanrightsandthefirstprimemin etand includeanAboriginalsenator. HegavestatusIndianslivingonreservestheright ns HeintroducedtheCanadianBillofRights Pearson:HebelivedthatBritishconnecti dinthelongrun Heintroducedtrialabolitionofcapitalpunishmentandeasierdivorcel lagandimprovedthesocialwelfaresystem

SOCIALWELFARE Kingintroducedanunemploymentinsurancein1940andthebabybonusin194 yPearsonsgovernment,whichimprovedon existingpensionschemes. CanadaAssistancePlan cesfinancesocialassistanceprogramsforall needypeople,introducedbyPearsonsgovernm ointroducedMedicare SaskatchewanPremierT.C.TommyDouglasintroducedamedicareprogram spassedin1962 In1962also,TommyDouglasbecametheleaderoftheNewDemocraticParty, lswerethreatenedbytheNDPandfearedtheywouldwintheelectionthrough theintroductio 33

In1966,theNationalMedicalCareActwaspassed.Thismeantthatfederalandprovincial go arethecostofmedicalcarewithfundingfromtaxes. In1967,Canadaturned100yearsold lizedtheywerebecomingoutoftouchwiththetimesso Pearsonsteppeddown,beingreplaced rwasdefeatedina leadershipconventionoftheProgressiveConservativePartyin1967.

THETRUDEAUERA Trudeauwasaflashypolitician,arrivinginsportscars,datingcelebri orters.Canadianswereinlovewithhim.Trudeaumaniagrippedthenation. Hewantedtobui dthatthegovernmenthadthedutytoprotecttherights/freedomsofthepeople TheYouthq rofyouthinNorthAmerica,amorepowerfulyouthcultureof protestcalledyouthquakewa anwiththeBritishInvasionledbytheBeatles Thisbeganthehippiephenomenon;anerao s Thisyouthquakeshowedthatyoungpeoplewerebecomingmorepoliticallyaware In1972 lelectionswasloweredfrom21to18 Bythe1980s,thebabyboomersbegantolivemoresu h nicknamedthemtheMeGenerationandsothesocialprotestmovementhadgone TheWome ffeminismemerged Womenfelttrappedbytheirhouseholds Inresponse,thegovernment heStatusofWomenin1967 toexamineawomansroleinsociety.Theyrealized: o Womensho fhome o Societyshouldtakeresponsibilityforchildren;daycaresshouldbeimplemented o ntitledtopaidmaternityleavefromtheirjobs o Thefederalgovernmentshouldhelpwomen tion TheNationalActionCommitteeontheStatusofWomen:apressuregroupformedin1971 eylobbiedwithgovernmentstoactquicklyonthe Commissionsrecommendations.Theywonac eequalityofwomenin CanadasCharterofRightsandFreedoms,whichcameintoforcein198 omenbecameengineers,doctorsandpoliticians TheEnvironmentalMovement: Publicconc nmentbegantorisedramatically Eventually,thegovernmentpassedlawsrequiringcompani jectswould notharmtheenvironment Recyclingbecamemorecommonandvehicleshadtobec 34

Greenpeace:Anenvironmentalgroupformedin1970byagroupofactivistsinBC. Concerned hecoastofAlaska,theytookaboattotheareaand refusedtoleaveuntilthetestwascan icssincethenand todayarebasedinAmsterdam.

ECONOMICCHALLENGES TheOilEmbargoof1973bytheOrganizationofPetroleumExporti okeoutintheMiddleEastbetweenIsraelanditsArabneighbors Manywesterncountriesin dIsrael OPECretaliatedbyrefusingtoselloiltothosecountries;gasandoilpricesj lationwasseenacrossthecountry,spreadingtoproductsaswell Aspricesrose,workers agesgothigher,thepricesdidtoo Businessesbegantofallandunemploymentratesgothi egapbetweenthepoorerandmoreprosperousregionsofCanada. Astherecessionofthe70 edonnationalresourceswere mostimpacted.However,OntarioandQuebecdidnotsufferasm resentedthemforthat. WesternAlienation:PeopleinthePrairiesbelievedthatOttawafavo daatthe expenseoftheWest.Inresponsetotheoilcrisis,thefederalgovernmentfrozet osingataxonpetroleumthatwasexportedfromwesternCanada.The moneyfromthosetaxesw ostofimportedoilfromtheEast. Albertanswerefurious. Trudeauincreasetransferp cialservicesandspentmillionsof regionalprojectstoboosteconomicdevelopmentincerta ralsthenboughtintotheNationalEnergyProgram,whichaimedto: o Reducetheconsumptio diansfromrisingoilprices o TomakeCanadaselfsufficientinoil Theprogramgavefun mcompaniessotheycoulddrillforoilin promisingsites.Theyalsoencouragedcitizensto . By1984,oilpriceshadfallenandtheNEPhadbeendismantled THEDEBTCRISIS Soc visioned Governmentwasoperatingatadeficit:moremoneywasbeingspentthanearned esstaxeswhenbusinessesfailed,butthenneededtogiveout morewelfareandsoCanadanee grams WhenTrudeauleftofficein1984,thefederalgovernmentwas160billiondollarsin 35

BrianMulroney(ProgressiveConservative)cametopowerin1984,promisingtofix Canadase lannedtocopyRonaldReagan(theUS)andMargaretThatcher(Britain).He wouldsavemoneyb ams. Hewouldcuttaxesandstimulatetheeconomy;however,thisdidnotwork Canadawash elosttheirjobswhiledebtincreased TheConservativeslostin1993inadisastrousdefea

THELIBERALSANDTHEDEBT JeanChrtien(Liberal)cameintopowerin1993,withadebtof$466billion Their omy;spending6billiondollarsonpublic workssuchasroadrepairsandnewbridges Inter er,andFinanceMinisterPaulMartinconcludedthat Canadacouldnolongerafforditsvastn s Martinbegancuttingfederalgovernmentspending;raisingtuitionfeesandhealthcosts S ttotheUSfortreatmentastheservicestheyneededwerenot availableinCanada

CANADAANDNEWTECHNOLOGY Canadiansbecameworldtravelersduetotheadvancementofair owedaccesstohundredsoftelevisionstations Satellitesallowedforcheaplongdistance 0s,personalcomputerswereintroduceandbythe21stcentury,overhalfof Canadianshadc

THECANADIANIDENTITY THEROOTSOFQUEBECNATIONALISM TheDuplessisEra From19361939andagainfrom1944 mierMaurice Duplessis(UnionNationale) HewasastrongQuebecnationalistwhothoughto n HeintroducedanewflagforQuebecfeaturingthefleurdelis TheRomanCatholicCh ecculture Religionwasacommonpartofthecurriculum,alongwithlanguagesandphilosop gedforeigninvestmentinQuebec Theprovinceguaranteedcheaplabourandpromisedlowtax tionweretrademarksoftheDuplessisregime TheQuietRevolution AfterDuplessisdied rals)cameintopower QuietRevolution:thegroupofchangesbroughtonbyJeanLesagea 36

Lesagefirstruledoutcorruption,wages/pensionswereraisedandrestrictionsontrade unio Theyalsomodernizedtheprovinceseconomy,politicsandculture Theychangedupthecur ceandtechnologyoriented TheinfluenceoftheCatholicChurchdeclined TheLiberals n,withtheaimofstrengtheningQuebecsown economy Thegovernmentboughtoutseveralh tintoaprovincial monopolycalledHydroQuebec TheBirthofSeparatism WithQuebec rierattheinjusticesoftheangloCanadians Theonlysolutionseenbymostwasseparatio lsjoinedterroristgroupssuchastheFLQandfoughtinthenameofafree Quebec Front oupwhofoughtforafreeQuebec.They usedfirebombsandexplosivestoattacksymbolsofEn ationalistsdisagreedwithsuchtactics. In1967,theQuebeccabinetministerRenLvesqu dformedthe PartiQubcois,apartyalsoinfavourofQuebecsindependence/separation. arsonwasprimeministerinthemidstoftheQuietRevolution HeappointedtheRoyalComm culturalismtoinvestigate solutionsfortheFrenchsdiscontent Thecommissionrecommen meofficiallybilingual FrancophonescomplainedaboutthedominanceofBritishsymbols,so ted Canadamakeanewflagandsochosethemapleleaf. Canadiansresentedanewflagbec plymakingthe francophoneshappy However,onFebrurary15th,1965,Canadasnewflagwa udeauandQubec TrudeaureplacedPearsonin1968 HepassedtheOfficialLanguagesAct ountry Manyembracedthedeclaration,butsomeWesternersfeltFrenchwasbeingforcedon weverfeltthatTrudeauwasnotdoingenough TheywantedspecialstatusforQuebecinCo sed TheOctoberCrisis October5th1970membersoftheFLQkidnappedJamesCross,aB treal Inexchangeforhisrelease,theFLQdemandedthereleaseofFLQmembersinprison sed October10th,1970TheFLQkidnappedQuebeclabourministerPierreLaporte 37

Trudeau,needingtotakeaction,askedParliamenttoimposetheWarMeasuresAct,which susp dhadonlybeenusedduringthefirsttwoworldwars Anyonecouldbearrestedwithoutbeing rtoftheFLQwas thenacrime October16thfederaltroopsweresenttopatrolthestreet redsofproseparatistQuebeckerswerearrested October17ththepolicefoundthestrangl hetrunkofacar Twomonthslater,theMontrealpolicefoundthegroupholdingJamesCross eforCrossssafety,thegroupmembersweregivenasafepassagetoCubawhere theydgetp ndertheWarMeasuresActwerereleasedandtheOctoberCrisiswasover

ThePQinPower ThePartiQuebecoistookpowerin1976 LeaderRenLevesquepromised endence Bill101,AKAtheCharteroftheFrenchLanguagethisbillmadeFrenchtheon asintroducedbyRenLevesqueshortlyafterhegotpower. The1980Referendum Arefer uebecspoliticalfuture HeproposedthatQuebecbecomeindependentyetmaintaineconomic udeaupromisedtonegotiateanewConstitutionthatwouldbeanosidewin Thereferendu dRenLevesqueaccepteddefeat PatriatingtheConstitution TheBritishNorthAmericaA tutionsince1867 TheActwasunderBritishjurisdictionhowever,sonochangescouldbem oval TrudeauwantedtobringtheConstitutionhometoCanada,aswellasincludeaCharter eauneededtofirstthinkofanamendingformula,howchangeswouldbemade. OnNovember4 waovernightandthoughtoftheKitchen Compromise.9/10premierswereawakenedinthemiddl hedeal. ThepremiersacceptedtheCharterofRights,giventhatanescapeclausewereadd ncialgovernmentcouldoptoutofcertainclausesintheCharter) Anamendingformulawas scouldonlybemadewiththe approvalof7/10provincesrepresentinghalfofCanadaspopul sstayinginanotherhotel,wasnotincludedintheKitchen Compromise. Hearguedthede mpromise Quebecfeltbetrayed OnApril17th,1982,theNewConstitutionActwassigne d PrimeMinisterTrudeauandtheCanadianConstitutionhadreturnedtoCanada TheConsti

By1984,thegreatestconcernofCanadianswastheeconomy Intheelectioncampaignof1984, ssiveConservative),decidedto appealtotheQuebeckersbypromisingtorepairthedamaged on MulroneywaselectedandbegannegotiationswhenRenLvesqueretiredandRobert Bouras ralParty)cameintopower HisgoalwastogetQuebectosigntheconstitution,butotherpr ternalienationhadbecomeaproblemagainasOttawagaveagovernmentcontractto Bombardie planecompanyasopposedtotheWinnipegbasedBristol AerospaceofWinnipeg. TheReformPa veavoicetowesternCanada.

TheMeechLakeAccord In1987,PrimeMinisterMulroneycalledthepremierstoaconferen scussamendmentstotheConstitution TheyproposedtorecognizeQuebecasadistinctsoci her provinces ManitobaandNewfoundlandwithheldtheirsupporthoweverandtheAccorddis ne1990 BlocQubcois:formedin1990byLucienBouchard,aQuebecmemberofMulroneys rd MulroneysgovernmentformedaCitizensForum,acommitteethattravelledacrossthe iansontheConstitution Theymadeanewpackageofproposedamendments ThiswastheC edreformingtheSenate,makingitanelectedbodywithequalrepresentationfrom allparts portedAboriginalselfgovernment TheAccordwasputtoanationalreferenduminOctober1 leasingeveryone,over50%ofvotersrejectedit ThegreatestoppositionwasinBC,where omuchpower Thisaccordalsofailed Referendumof1995andAfter TheseparatistPar he1994provincialelection PremierJacquesParizeaucalledaprovincialreferendumonQue henosidewonbyalittleover1% LucienBouchardbecameQuebecpremierattheendofthe PrimeMinisterJeanChrtienestablishedtheClarityBill,whichsetdowninlawthata su iredbeforeQuebecsindependencecouldbenegotiated TheLiberalswontheQuebecelection clined BouchardresignedandthenewPremierbecameBernardLandry AMulticulturalNati

FromtheendofWorldWarItothe60s,Canadahadarestrictiveimmigrationpolicy In1962, tsonAsian,Africanandotherforeignimmigrants In1967,legislationmadeCanadasimmigra ind Immigrantswerethenchosenbasedoneducationandemploymentprospects In1971,Trude cialPolicyofMulticulturalism,whichencouragedthe countrysvariousethnicgroupstoex s. In1976,immigrationregulationschangedagain,allowingimmigrationoffamilymembers w lreadyinCanada Post60s,moreallowancewasmadeforrefugeesfleeingpersecutioninthe abecamemoremulticulturalthanever,withthebiggestincreasebeing fromAsiancountries. ghthatmulticulturalismwaspreventingCanadafromforminganidentity

AboriginalNations Aboriginalpeoplelivingonreservesgottherighttovotein1960 everfrompoorhealthandpoverty TheNationalIndianBrotherhood:formedinthelate1960 originalpeoplelivingonreserves. Trudeausgovernmentproposedapolicyoutlinedinthe cument putforthfordiscussionthatcouldbepassedintothelaw) TrudeauandChrtien, ,thoughtthatabolishinganyspecialrights thattheIndianshad(suchasnotpayingtaxes) .Thiswouldallow Aboriginalstointegrateintomainstreamsociety. TheAboriginalswere edselfgovernment,controlovertheirownaffairs. Theypresentedtheirownpaper:Citize . EducationalConcerns Thesystemofresidentialschoolswasabandonedin1969 Abori nschools,teachingtheirownlanguagesandcultures Asparofagovernmentrunboarding tudentswere senttolivewithfamiliesandattendschoolsincitiessuchasVancouver Th ehoweverbeforegraduation Manystudentswereabusedattheschools Thegovernmentap ceda$350HealingFund EnvironmentalConcerns Industrieswereexpandingaroundreserv reconcernedthiswould affecttheirtraditionalactivities Inthe1970s,theInuit,Mt ftheYukon/NorthwestTerritories wantedtohalttheconstructionofoilandnaturalgaspip hroughtheir land Theydemandedastudytoexaminetheeffectsoftheproject TheBer ispurposeandtheysuggestedthatthe constructionofthepipelinesbesuspendedfor10yea talstudy. 40

InQuebec,afterdisputesinthe80sand90s,theCreeoftheNorthmanagedtohaltthe cons esBayHydroProject,whichthreatenedtoflood theirterritory

ThePathtoSelfGovernment 1980CanadianAboriginalpeoplesformedtheAssemblyofF ntheirdealingswiththefederalgovernment Aboriginalrightswerethenentrenchedinth edoms BillC31:passedin1985byParliament.ItgavetheAboriginalbandcouncilsthep veonAboriginalreserves Aboriginalsstillwantedselfgovernment,however. Specific ertainingtoareaswheretreatiesbetweenAboriginalpeoples andthefederalgovernmenthad secases,thegovernmenthadnotkept theirterms. Comprehensiveclaims:Landclaimsper andinpartsofCanada neversurrenderedbythetreaty. TheOkaConfrontation InOka, ,theOkaTownCouncildecidedtoexpandagolf courseintoMohawkterritory(theKanesatake riorsocietystoppedconstructionbyblockadingtheland TheQuebecProvincialPolicewer lock OnJuly11th,1990,thepoliceadvancedontheMohawklines.Gunfirebrokeoutandan andoffensuedandtherewerenightlyviolentconfrontations QuebecPremierRobertBouras anForcesforhelpasotherbands persuadedtheMohawkstoendthestandoff Thedisputed efederalgovernmentandgivento Kanesatake LandClaimsinBritishColumbia Aborigi llygaveupclaimstomostofBC TheRoyalProclamationof1763alsodeclaredthatanylan ngedtotheIndians In1887theNisgaabeganassertingtheirlandrights.Evenwhenth sefundsforlandclaims,theycontinued. Inthemid1990s,thegovernmentsofCanadaand settletheNigsaaclaim In1996,theywontherightto8%oftheiroriginalland,ownersh irownmunicipalgovernment/policinghowevertheNigsaaagreedtopaytaxes. In1998,the finedAboriginalTitle.ItruledthatAboriginal groupscouldclaimownershipoflandift ndbeforethe Canadiangovernmentclaimedsovereignty. APowerfulForceforChange N omthelargesttreatynegotiatedeverinCanada 41

 ItgavetheInuitpoliticalcontrolof1.6millionsquarekilometersontheEasternArctic

THEGOVERNMENT Government:theformaldecisionmakingsystemthatactstoestablishedrule :Bodiesorgroupsresponsibleforcarryingoutspecificaspectsofthe governmentswork. ionmakinghaveEuropeanroots,whobroughttheirformsof governingwiththemtoNorthAmer ythepeople Directdemocracy:Wheneveryeligiblecitizenparticipatesdirectlybyvoting taffectsociety.ThiswaspracticedinAncientGreece. Representativedemocracy:Whereelec ativesmakedecisionsonvoters behalf.Example:Canada. Constitutionalmonarchy:Therec ch(kingorqueen)asheadofstate. Canadaisanexampleofone. TheQueendoesntactual eCrownhasultimatepower. InCanadatheCrownisrepresentedbytheGovernorGeneral. Can galdocumentthatoutlineswhoshouldhavethepowertomake variousdecisions.Itoutlines rnmentanddefines/limitsthe governmentspower.Canadaisaconstitutionalmonarchy:thep ibilities ofthemonarcharesubjecttothelawsintheConstitution.Originallycalledthe aAct,afteritsamendmentin1982,ithas3mainparts: o Adescriptionofthepowersofpr liament o ACharterofRightsandFreedomsthatoutlinesthebasicrightsandresponsibiliti an o AnamendingformulathatdescribeshowtheConstitutionmaybechangedor altered.Thi 10provincestoagreeontheproposal;the7 provincesmustalsomakeupatleastonehalfo rittenConstitution:Customs,lawsandstatutestakenfromBritishtraditionthatwe abideb ntheConstitution.Forexample:politicalparties. TheNonwithstandingClauseAclausein tallowsParliamentorthe legislatureofprovincetoallowanacttostandevenifitcontr lSystemAKAFederalism:anorganizationofregionalgovernments(provinces)acting onbehal nts,withacentralgovernmentresponsibleformattersvitalto thenationasawhole. All ifferentresponsibilities. SharedResponsibilities Immigration Agriculture HealthCare N ralResources EnvironmentalIssues ProvincialResponsabilities Education Charities Healt vicesandHospitals Licences Highways

Federal NationalDefense ForeignPolicy AboriginalAffairs PostalServices BankingSys

MarriageandDivorceLaw ProvincialCourtSystem CriminalLaw ProvincialPoliceandPr ons TheFathersofConfederationassignedallnewareasofdecisionthatdidntexis tasresidualpowers. Thisexplainswhythefederalgovernmentisinchargeoftelevision etechnologydidnotexistbackwhentheConfederationwascreate Municipalgovernments: hatprovideessentialserviceslikegarbage disposalandwatersupply.Theyarecontrolledb vernments. Canadaisdividedintothreebranches:legislative,executiveandjudicial epowertomakedecisionsandadministerthem. Legislativepower:thepowertomakelaws. enthavethepowertomake/amendlaws. Judicialpower:thepowertointerpret/administer risseparate fromthetwoother branchesofthegovernmentto ensurethat thegovernment ERALGOVERNMENT ParliamentismadeupoftheGovernorGeneral,theHouseofCommonsandth eetatleastonceayearinasessiontopassnewlaws,amendsand debateissuesofconcern use.Itistheonlypartofthelegislativebranchthathas electedmembers.Electionsfors ery5yearsunlessanelectioniscalled earlier. Ridings:AKAconstituencies,areastha ualinpopulation(100000 citizens).EachridingisrepresentedbyaMemberofParliament( ntheHouseofCommonsdependsonthepopulation DebatesintheHouseofCommonsaredire hosen byotherMPschosentoleadthediscussion Memberssitwiththeirparties Theop r)sitoppositethegovernmentparty Theirjobistoscrutinizetheactionsofthegovern alpartyholdsprivatemeetingscalledcaucuses.Here,theydiscuss concernsandopinionsfr onisreachedincaucus,itistraditionforallMPs tovoteinfavourofthepartyspositi henmembersofthelegislaturevoteaccordingtowhattheywant,asopposed tofollowingap :AKAtheUpperHouseofParliament.ItisindependentoftheHouseofCommonsandruns its eckonthelegislationpassedintheHouseofCommonsandmayalso introducetheirownbills eedtosendthebilltotheHouseof 43

Commons,thoughthispracticeisrare.SenatorsareappointedbytheGovernorGeneralby rec imeMinister.Senatorsmust: o BeCanadiancitizens o Beatleast30yearsold/youngerthan rovince/territorytheyrepresent o Ownatleast$4000ofproperty. Provinceswithgreat oresenators Patronage:Arewardgivenforindividualloyaltyorsupport TheExecutive ral:Themonarchsrepresentative.Theymustgiveformalassent(agreement)to abillbefore meMinister:TheleaderofthepartywiththemostelectedrepresentativesintheHouse ofC heGovernorGeneraltobecomeprimeminister. TheCabinet:Madeupofelectedpartymembers ter.Usuallyeach memberisresponsibleforaparticulardepartment,ie.Defenseorfinance. re heldinprivateandinthemeetings,theymayexpresstheirviewsfrankly. Cabinetsolid r,cabinetmembersmustshowfullsupportoftheir leader.Thisiscalledcabinetsolidarit pearsunified Partywhip:Onememberofapartythatiselectedtoensurethatmembersare tpartybillsandvoteaccordingtotheparty. ThePublicService:AKAthecivilservice rmanent employeeswhoperformthebusinessofthegovernmentie.Gatherstats,writedetails axes. HowaBillBecomesLaw PrivateMemberssBill:ifthememberintroducingabilli heHouseofCommonsorSenatemayintroduceabill. Procedure: Ideaforbillisdrafted abinetapprovesidea Lawyersdraftthebill Cabinetcommitteeexaminesthebill Cabi ebill ThebillisintroducedtotheHouseofCommonsforthefirstreading Secondread heprincipleofthebill. TheParliamentarycommitteeexaminesthebill TheHouseamend :Usuallylittledebateandvote Ifitpasses,itgoestotheSenate(unlesstheSenatei eitis giventotheHouseofCommons) Senateexamines,debatesandamendsthebill On te TheGovernorGeneralgivesformalassentandthebillisnowalaw 44

 Provincialgovernments Hasresponsibilitiesineducation,healthandsocialservices,tr nandnegotiation withthefederalgovernment. Thistableshowstherolesinprovincialgov lgovernments. FederalGovernment Role Provincial/TerritorialGov. GovernorGeneral Re ativeofthemonarchy LieutenantGovernor Leaderofthegovernmentand PrimeMinister Pr Ministersresponsiblefor Cabinet Cabniet departmentsaschosenbythe leaderofthegove islativebranchof LegislativeorNationalAssembly HouseofCommons governmentwhereelec tativesmakeand changelaws Providessobersecondthought Senate [Noequivalent] tothe f Commons Civilservice/bureaucracy,non PublicService PublicService electedpeoplewh businessofthegovernment LocalGovernments Simplestformisatowncouncil Thel dmayor,reeve,chairperson,overseerorwarden AboriginalSelfGovernment ManyAborigi avelocalgovernmentsthatprovideforthepeoplesneeds Theleaderiscalledachief erlevelsofgovernmentregardinglicenses,accessto highwaysandeducation

THECITIZENANDGOVERNMENT Elections: AnyCanadiancitizenovertheageof18mayvote Electionsarehelda ncialparliaments Municipalelectionsusuallyoccurevery23years WhenthePrimeMinist ion,theyasktheGovernorGeneralto dissolveParliament 45

PoliticalcampaignsareusuallyexpensiveandthereforetheElectionsExpensesActwas creat tedthespendingofcampaignsandevenedouttheplayingfieldfor candidateswithfewerfun s:Partiesusuallyseekpublicopinionthroughouttheyearthroughpolls. Onelectionday,p etupineveryridingusuallyinschoolsorchurches.

TheElectoralSystem: Firstpastthepostsystem:UsedinCanada,whenthepollsclose, ndidatewiththemostvotesineachridingisannouncedthewinner.Nomajorityis needed.T gionalism. Proportionalrepresentation:UsedinIsrael,HollandandItalywhereeachpolit outalistofallitscandidates.Voterssupportacandidatebasedontheirpartyandthe nu latureisbasedonthetotalnumberofvotesitreceives. PolitcalParties: Mostelect oapoliticalparty Membersofthesamepartysharethesameideology(groupofbeliefs) edbetweenleftwing,centreandrightwing LEFT CENTRE RIGHT Supportchangeinorder ut Traditionisimportant;change improvethewelfareofcitizens. changemustbesupporte edwithcaution. mostpeoplewantIt. Governmentsshouldplaylarger Governmentsshouldpl ntsshouldplayasmall rolesinpeopleslives,especially onlywhenitimprovesthelives sshould ensurethatneedsofcitizensare insocialservice. ofcitizens. met. Lawand ndorderareimportantto Emphasizeslawandorderto encourageandprotecttherights pro itions protecttherightsofallcitizens ofindividuals fairlyandequally. Joining arsold NonGovernmentalOrganization(NGO)nonprofitorganizationsthatworktoimpro xfam. PressureGroups:madeupofpeoplewhoshareacertainviewpointandwanttochange/ nttopromotetheirinterest. Institutionalizedpressuregroups:Wellestablishedandhave ations. Issueorientedgroups:Lesspermanentandtendtoaccomplishlimitedaims. Gove vicefromthesegroups Lobbyist:usedbyinstitutionalizedgroups.Theyarepaidtoreprese rticulargrouptokeydecisionmakerssuchaspoliticians. 46

Media:Partiesoftenusethemediatopresentaskewedviewofcertainthings.Theyuseprop eirside. Civildisobedience:theactofintentionallybreakingorrefusingtokeeplaws ThisisaformofprotestusedbyMartinLutherKingandGhandiwhobothultimatelydiedfor

CANADASLEGALSYSTEM RuleofLaw:Thismeanswearegovernedbyafixedsetoflawsthatapplytoallpeople. Mag 5byKingJohn.Itguaranteedmanyrights forBritishcitizens. HabeusCorpus:Theright hrelationshipsbetweenindividualsorgroups,asindisputesoverpropertyor personalrela rsonwhohasbeenhurtiscalledthePlaintiffwhereastheaccusedis calledtheDefendant. attersthataffectsocietyasawhole.Asthecrimesareagainstsocietyasa whole,thedef ersonandthoseaccusingtheaccusedpersonarecalledthe Crownor,thepersecution.Onlyt anmakecriminallaws. CriminalCodeofCanada:PassedbyfederalParliamentin1892andco . Commonlaw:BasedonthedecisionsofjudgesintheBritishroyalcourts,akaitsbasedo appenedbefore. Statutorylaw:Writtenlawsetdownbylegislature. Qubecscivillaw ltraditionandonlyappliestoitsown province.ItisbasedonRomanlaw. TheCharter 4oftheCharterofRightsandFreedomsguaranteeCanadianslegalrights Theserightscann operlegalprocess Indictableoffences:moreseriouscaseshandledbyprovincialsupremec ffences:usuallylessseriousandhandledbylowercourts. SupremeCourtofCanada:Thehig suesinCanadasince1949.TheGovernor GeneralontheadviceofthePrimeMinisterappoints rofjusticeencourages lawyersandjudgestorecommendsuitablecandidates.3ofthe9just m Ontario,onefromtheMaritimesand2fromtheWesternProvinces.OneischosenbythePri e.In2000,BeverleyMcLachlinwasthefirstwomantoholdthattitle. Penalsystem:The dofcrimes.Theymayforcetheoffendertopaya fine,makesomekindofrestitutiontothe iceorgotoprison.Infirst offences,ajudgemayplacetheoffenderonprobation:Asetp w conditionssetbythecourt. 47

Lifeinprison:Thisisthemaximumsentence.Itmeans25yearswithoutparole. Parole:Th ehavior. Prisonersservingsentencesofunder2yearsgotoprovincialprisons Those veinfederalinstitutions Thereareminimum,mediumormaximumsecurityinstitutions stratesofimprisonment(incarceration)intheWesternWorld YouthandtheLaw Before ospecialtreatmentwhentheybrokethelaw TheYoungOffendersAct:Passedin1984,giv fenders YouthCriminalJusticeAct:Passedin2000,representingamovetowardsharsher p h,especiallythosewhocommittedseriouscrimes Youthbetweentheageof1217whoarec dthesame legalrightsundertheCharterasanyothercitizen Theygetspecialrightsbe xceptionofseriouscrime offenders Youthcourt:Specialcourtsespeciallyforyouth,w sthecase.A sentenceiscalledadispositioninyouthcourtandcanvaryfromjailtocomm meforayoungoffenderis5years. InformationTechnologiesandtheLaw Copyrightis chasbecomeaconflictinNorthAmerica. Technologyassistedcrime:Websiteshavefacilit ographyandevenhatesites CanadianRadioTelevisionandTelecommunicationsCommission:t iblefor regulatingcommunicationsinCanada.TheCommissiondecidedthatgenerallawsgo gandaandpornographywereenoughtoprotectCanadians. TheCanadianCentreforInformatio rity:ajointinitiativeoftheBritish ColumbiaPoliceAcademyandtheJusticeInstitut rcoalistohelp policedealeffectivelywithtechnologyassistedcrime.

THEERAOFHUMANRIGHTS Humanrights:Rightsthatareconsideredbasictolifeinanyhumansociety. TheUniversal ts:ProclaimedattheUnitedNationsGeneral Assemblyin1948.Itisbasedonthebelieftha ndequalin dignityandrights.ItisnowbindinguponCanadaininternationallaw,andthe greewithitsgeneralprinciples. TheRighttoVote 1947CanadiansofChineseandEa 947TheChineseImmigrationActwasalsorepealed,allowingChinesewivesandchildrento howerealreadyCanadiancitizens. 48

 1949JapaneseCanadiansthathadbeenrelocatedduringWWIIwereallowedtoreturnand 60Aboriginalsobtainedtherighttovote. In1960,DiefenbakerpassedTheCanadianBill izedandoutlinedrightsalreadyheldbyCanadiansundercommonlow However,thebillcoul flegislation THECHARTER FundamentalFreedoms:Section2protectsthefundamentalfreed ,religion,thought, belief,expression,peacefulassemblyandassociation. EqualityRig ftheCharterguaranteesequalitybeforeandunderthelaw.Every individualhasaccessto ohibitsanydiscriminationagainstindividualson thebasisorrace,colour,religionorany otwithstandingClause:Section33oftheCharter,whichgivesthegovernmentanescapeclaus ernmenttopassalawevenifthatlawviolatesaspecificfreedomorrightasgivenby the otectsBritishColumbiansfromdiscriminationofallkinds.Itcovers employment,tenacyand ases,accommodation,servicesandfacilitiescustomarily availabletothepublicandhatepr alesoftengetpaidlessforthesameamountofworkthatmendo Inordertoavoidthis, sthatitis discriminatorypracticeforanemployertoestablishadifferencebetweenmale heConventionontheRightsoftheChild:Thefirstlegallybindinginternationalagreement vilandpoliticalrights.Itwasadoptedin1989bytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.It ighttofreedomofexpression,thatchildrenshouldnotbeseparatedfrom theirparentsunle erest,thatchildrenshouldhavethehigheststandardofhealth andarighttoeducation. ternationalYearoftheChild CanadianCoalitionfortheRightsoftheChild:Anorganizat rganizations, conductingresearchintohowwellCanadafulfillsitsinternationalobligation rensrights. HUMANGEOGRAPHY 49

POPULATION Demography:thestatisticalstudyofhumanpopulations. Census:Acompletewayofgatheringinformation,definedasthetotalprocessofcollecting, shingdemographic,economicandsocialdatapertainingtoaparticulartime, toallpersons ry.Itcomesintheformaquestionnaire.Canadahasdonea majoroneevery10yearssincet ledoneevery5years. Canadiansarerequiredbylawtofillitout.Censusesareusuallymo ntriesasthereistechnologyavailabletokeepdatacurrent.Indevelopingcountries howeve ylessaccurate. ComponentsofPopulationChange:a)howmanypeopleareborn igrantsemigrants=increase/decreaseinpopulation Crudebirthrate:Numberofbirthsin ulation,multipliedby1000. Crudedeathrate:Numberofdeathsinoneyear,dividedbythe y1000. Naturalincrease:Subractingcrudedeathratefromcrudebirthrate.(Doesnotinc onentialrateofincrease:Imaginethatacouplehasfourchildrenandeachchildgrowsupto erationtheywillhave16descendants.Insteadofaregularrateof1,2,3,4,an exponenti uleofSeventy:Aconvenientwaytoexpressexponentialpopulationgrowth,usingthelengtho opulationtodoubleinsize.ItstatesthatDoublingTimeisapproximatelyequalto70 divid cent)peryear. MIGRATIONS Immigrationratesrateofpeopleenteringthecountry.Calcu ants dividedbythepopulation,multipliedby1000. Emigrationratesrateofpeopleleavi tedbynumberofemmigrants dividedbythepopulation,multipliedby1000. NetMigrationRa tweentheEmigrationrateandtheImmigrationrate. BirthrateDeathRate+/NetMigrat Canada,theUSandAustraliaareseveralcountriesinwhichimmigrationisasignificantfact wth.Mostimmigrantsareyoungandgenerallysinglemales,whichgivesthehost countriesa ichresultsinahigherbirthrate. Lifeexpectancy:Theaveragenumberofyearsthanani . Lifeexpectancyisover75todayinCanada,whereasinthe17thcentury,itwaslittleo enturywerehigh,butpopulationgrowthwasslowbecause deathrateswerealsohigh. Aft thOrganizationandaidprogramsmadeimprovedhealth measuresavailabletoallcountries.D tbirthrateswerestillhighin developingcountries,explainingtherapidpopulationgrowt rld. 50

TheDemographicTransitionmodel:Showschangesoveraperiodoftimein3elements:birthra ndsinoverallpopulationnumbers.Itassumesthatinanycountry,highbirthrates andhigh lyfall.Itassumesthatcountrieswillpassthroughperiodsof industrialization/urbanizati ebirth/deathrates. Agestructure:Agestructureofapopulationhelpsusunderstandwhy pulation Threeagegroupshavebeendetermined:Childrenupto15,workingadultsfrom1624 ncyratio:Thethreeagegroupsgiveustheproportionofthepopulationthatisbeing suppo . Childrenandolderpeopleputpressureonsocietyformedical,educationandotherserv d:agraphthatshowstheageandsexstructureofapopulation.Ithashorizontalbar graph cktobackatageintervalsof5years(calledcohorts). Expandingpopulation:Countries ny children.(Shownontheleft) Stablepopulation:Birthratesanddeathratesinbalanc ation:Agrowthratebelowreplacementlevel. Canadasbirthrateanddeathratehave ngthepopulationis gettingolder Theincreasingnumberofelderlypeopleputstrainso es Lesschildrentolookafteragingparentsmeansmorelongtermcarefortheelderly anadaisaroundthe200000mark Moremoneyisnowspentonhandlingrefugeeclaimsthanp on Theagingpopulationhasbeendeclaredbythegovernmentasthegreatestfuturechallen bution:thewaypeoplearespacedovertheEarthssurface. Ecumene:permanentlyinhabitedp tely35%oftheworldslandisnotgoodforsettlement. Populationdensity:Thenumberof sities:Calculatedbydividingthepopulationofacountrybyitsarea. Nutritionaldensity aloriescanbeproducedfrotheland. Worldpopulationwillcontinuetogrowinthe21st rtantindealingwithhowfastapopulationwillincrease Developingcountriesarelikely onincrease 51

LIVINGSTANDARDS EachyeartheUNpublishesaHumanDevelopmentReport,rankingitsmembercountries accordin : o Adultliteracy o Lifeexpectancy o PercapitaGDP(grossdomesticproduct) GrossDo hetotalvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedinacountryin oneyear.Dividingthisby vesyoutheaverageGDPper capita(perperson). Infrastructure:Thingssuchastransportat tionslinks,electricpowerdistribution systems,schoolsandhospitals. FirstWorldCoun edcountries,themostwealthycountries. SecondWorldCountries:Newlyindustrializedcount ildinguptheirindustriesand infrastructure. ThirdWorldCountries:Developingcountries erninfrastructureormanyindustries. TheHighlyIndebtedPoorCountries:Developingcou moftheUNHuman DevelopmentIndexwhoareindebttothedevelopednations. Qualityo utrition,lifeexpectancy,literacy,thestatusof womenandchildren,freedomofspeech,e heenvironment Povertyisalsomeasuredindifferentways o Onemeasuresetstheabsolut ingcountriesatlessthana dollarperpersonperday.TheWorldBankestimatesthatwitht elowthepovertyline. Almost800millionpeopleindevelopingcountriesarestarvingorm erWorldWarII,TheInternationalMonetaryFundandTheWorldBankweresetuptoprovide l etheirlivingstandards.Theyencouragedthecountriestoinvestin projectstoboostecono anyoftheprojectsfailed.Asthedevelopingcountries couldnotrepaythecompaniesandbe ernbanks,theyaccumulatedgross amountsofdebt. Structuraladjustmentprograms:Progr debtedcountriestorestructuretheir economybywelcomingforeigninvestment,increasingex ninggovernmentservicesoverto theprivatesectorinreturnforloansfromtheWorldBank aryFund. Multinationalcompanies:Largecompaniesthatoperateinmorethanonecountry,of ticalpower. Bilateralaid:Assistancefromonegovernmenttoanother. Multilateralaid:As edbyanumberofgovernmentsandusuallyinvolveslargescale projects. Tiedaid:Aidgive hed. CanadasForeignAidProgram: 52

TheCanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgencyandseveralNGOssupportforeignaid countrie rld

TheCleanWaterCrisis Anestimated1.2billionpeoplearoundtheworldlacksafewater einsomewaybycontaminatedwater Ex.Cholera,typhoid,malaria,leprosyandbilharzi DSandmalariaarestillwidespreadintheworld Pandemic:anepidemicthatoccursover

URBANIZATION Urbanization:themovementofpeopletocities. CAUSES: o Mechanization:theuseofmachinerydisplacedworkersinmining,fishingand fa trialization:Theswitchtoaneconomydependentonmanufacturingindustries encouragedthe onofmanufacturingsiteswhichbecamedestinations forworkersleavingruralareas. o Tech ngeinfuelsources:Theswitchfromfirewoodtocoalandthen petroleummeantenergysuppl ymucheasier. Urbanareasaregrowing1.5xfasterthantheworldpopulationgrowth Inmigr ocities. Squatting:Livingonlandthatyoudonotown. Pushfactors:Factorsthatpushp s. Pullfactors:Factorsthatattractpeopletomovetothecity.

Site:thephysicalcharacteristicsofthelandonwhichacityisbuilt. Situation:ther yanditssurroundings. Ifsiteandsituationcanaccommodatetherightkindsofactivitie However,communitiesmaydieiftheirsite/situationcannotsustainthem Basicactivities:A ctivities.Examplesincludeindustries,tourism,militaryfacilitiesand transportation. N tivities:AKAtownservingactivitiessuchasgrocerystores,churches,parksandother recr ties. Themultipliereffect:Whenthecreationofonejobislinkedtoothermultiplejobs se.Thisleadstounequalgrowthindifferentcommunities. CITYFORMS Politicalandreli rveimportantreligious/politicalfunctionssuchasa nationalcapitalorholycentre. Org esthathaveevolvednaturallyinwaysthatfitthephysicallandscape.Urban functionsble 53

Plannedcities:Designedtokeepurbanfunctionsapart,withseparateareasforhomes,shops esecitiesarelinkedbytransportation. Transitcities:Madeupofsubcentreslikedtoac tationservices.Urban functionsarearrangedalongtransitlinesforquiteadistance. Aut itiesthatexpandoutwardsinalldirectionsfromthecitycore.Roadslink urbanfunctions nes.Thesecitiesarelargeandusuallycontainsuburbs. Highdensitylife:Wheremanypeo . NorthAmericanshavebegantopreferlivinginsuburbs,whichhavepoppedupinalmost rsarenowusedfrequently,pollutingtheenvironmentand requiringthechangingofwaterbo oreefficient. Centersofcitiesareusuallythemostdesirablepiecesofland;theyarec ctionsasthecostsarehighest.Landattheseareaswouldguaranteeagreaterchance atsuc stablishwhatuseswillbepermittedoncertainlands OfficialPlan:abroadplanforgr llydrawnupbyacity afterlengthyconsultationswithitspeople. ByLaws:Locallawso ectthelandusezones Sustainablecities:Citiesthatdonotcompromisethequalityofli . Characteristicsofsuchcitiesincludeaneffectivetransportsystem,aixoflanduses,a ousing,aneffectiveinfrastructure,civicamenitiessuchasparksand maximumuseofaltern rbanProblems: EnergyConsumption:Citiesuse80%ofenergy.Alternativesourcesofenergy nsportation:Mosturbandwellersusecarstocommuteincities,causingmorepollution. Fo iesmustbeimported,resultinginmorepollution. Wastes:NorthAmericansarethemostwast ecyclinghasbecome increasinglypopular;howevermoremustbedonetocontroltheamountof andfills. Density:Toomanycitieswastespace.Theprocessofinfillingcouldincreasedens drebuildingareastoaccommodateahigherpopulation.

PATTERNSINECONOMICDEVELOPMENT Economicdisparity:Whenmoneyisspentonluxuryitemsfortherichwhileothermembersof rugglingunderthepovertyline. Economy:thesumofalleconomicactivitiesthattakeplace cactivities:Processesthatproducewealthandmaintainqualityoflife. Moneyeconomy:i esofproducing/distributing/consuming 54

Nonmoneyeconomy:includesforexample,theenvironmentorvolunteerwork (contributingto nindirectway) Primaryindustries:Thosethatextractnaturalresourcesfromthephysical condaryindustries:Concernedwithmanufacturingandconstruction. Tertiaryindustries:Prov rvicestobothbusinessesandindividuals. Agglomeration:Anotherwordforconcentration. e:Acoreareathatleadstheeconomicgrowthofaregionwhichusuallyhashigherrates of ney. Periphery:Areasonthesidesoftheeconomiccore. RegionalDisparity:Anunevendis dvantages. Coreandperipherypatternsmeanthateconomicopportunitiesarenotevenlyspr n:Whenskilledandeducatedpeopleleavetoseekeconomicsuccessinareasthatseemto hav ditionalEconomy:Dependslargelyonprimaryindustriessuchasfarming. SubsistenceAgricu riculturepracticedinmany3rdWorld/Developingcountrieswhere theyconsumewhattheyprod thlowlevelsoftechnology. DevelopingEconomy:Achangeintheeconomybroughtforthbyte ionsie.The IndustrialRevolution. Industrialized/DevelopedEconomy:Diverseeconomieswit easofwealthgeneration,where tertiaryindustriesnowemploythemajorityofworkers. : Availablenaturalresources Stablepoliticalsystem Aliteratepopulation An eandprogress Agribusiness:Farminghasbeguntoevolveintoagribusiness,whicharefarm orporationscontrolledbyshareholders.Theyproducespecializedproductstomeetindustrial omputersareintegraltothisbusiness. Averticallyintegratedbusiness:Abusinessthatc situses. NonrenewableresourcesResourcesthatcanonlybeusedonce,suchaspetrole kly. RenewableResources:Thosethatregenerateovertimesuchasforests. SustainableDev ptthatrequireseconomiesthatdonotharmtheabilityoffuture generationstosustainthe onomicdecisionsarenowbasedonthis.Thisconceptdealswiththefactthatresourcesare dbeusedinthemostefficientwaypossible. 55

Decentralization:Theprocessofmovingeconomicopportunitiesoutoftheeconomiccoreofan mouttotheperiphery.Governmentsoftenusecashincentivestoencourage developmentelsew nomieshaveevenforcedrelocation. SunsetIndustries:Wheneconomicforcesmakesomeindu ete.Duetoachangein conditions,theyarenolongerabletomakeaprofit. Regional lemanddespiteattemptstomoveeconomic resources,attemptshavebeenineffective Some tthisnaturalflowoftheeconomy ENVIRONMENT Biosphere:Thezoneofearth,waterandairinwhichwelive.

Inthe20thcentury,concernfortheenvironmentbegantoincreaseasthegovernment begant sourceconsumption Agenda21anactionplanproducedbyagatheringofheadsofstatein aysofharmonizingeconomicgrowthalongwithasafe environment.Itencouragedthedevelopm eworldeconomy,however littleprogresshasbeenseen.

Only3%ofthewaterintheworldisfreshwater Groundwater:Undergroundwater egantousedrillstotapthegroundwaterin aquifiersbeneaththeirland.Thewatersupply quifierscome fromwaterseepingthroughthesurfaceofporousrocks(calledpermeablerocks timesthewateristrappedinbetweenlayersofimpermeablerock,whichdoesnot allowwater aterssuchaslakesandriversarealsobeingabused Theyareusedfordisposalofsewagean eecosystemsofmany naturalareas

HoleintheOzoneLayer: Ozonelayer:AthinlayerofO3thatis1550kmabovetheEart ethancanblocktheUVraysofthesun. Inthe1980s,itbecameapparentthattheOzone henorthernandsouthernpoles,whereholesopenedinthelayers especiallyinthespring er TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramhasbeenworkingtophaseouttheuseof the strialnationsagreedtocuttheiruseofsuchchemicalsin anagreementcalledTheMontreal ospheretraptheheatenergyfromthesun,causingGlobalWarming,a gradualtemperatureris phere. EffectsofGlobalWarming 56

 Soils

HeatwavesarelinkedtoGlobalWarming Glaciersaremeltingandsealevelsarerising Dis reasedtemperaturesandtheearlyarrivalofspring Coralreefsarelosingtheircolouras lourcantadaptto warmerweather Permafrost:Thepermanentlyfrozensubsoilthatismelt orelinesinthe Arctic. KyotoProtocol:SignedbyCanadain1997,itpromisedtoreducegre by6percentby2012.Countriesnotmeetingtheirreductiontargetscouldbuycreditsfrom ssionsbelowtheallottedlevels. Alternativesourcesofenergy:Windturbines,solarpanels c. Soilisabasicprimaryresource,thebasisofthebiosphereandprovidessurvivalforpl %ofthelandonEarthcangrowcropsbutsoilisbeinglostanddegradedaroundthe world ntodesert CAUSES:Poorfarmingtechniques,irrigationinaridareashasmadesoilstoosal calcountriesarenutrientpoorandsoilonslopesiswashedaway,potentially turningthel

DependenceonChemicals Theincreasinguseofpesticidesandherbicidescanseepintog iskillsinsectsalsoandoffsetsachainreactionwithinecosystems GeneticallyModified edbysplicingagenefromanotherorganism intothem,makingthemmoreresistanttodisease heyrequire lesspesticides Thegeneralpublicdisagreedwiththeidea,afraidoflongt y modifiedfoodsandsotheywereremovedfrommanyshelvesandcompaniesallaroundthe wo lmosthalftheforestsonEarthhavebeenclearedorreduced Tropicalrainforestsaresto y:thevarietyoflifeonEarth.Theyalso absorbCO2andgiveoffoxygen.Deforestationcon lwarminginthis way.Italsoimpactswindpatterns,precipitationlevelsandtemperatures hemselves. Temperateforests:Canadahas1/3oftheworldsborealconiferousforestanda epine,usedforloggingandrecreation.Theforestsarebeingdestroyed andtheAboriginal naltreasuresbeingthreatened.In1992,the CanadiangovernmentendorsedTheTriCouncilCo ctedAreas,which plannedtocompleteanetworkofprotectedareasbytheendof2000. St gementofresourcessotheyaresustainable. 57