CONTENTS 1: Visual representation of design 2: Design conept 3: Boardwalk in context 4: Site plan 5.

Floor plan 6: Concept diagram 7: Exploded axonometric 8-11: Calculations - Post and Primary beams 12-14: Detail drawings 15-16: Calculations - Secondary beam 17-19: Sections 20-21: Renders 22: Elevation 23-25: Second Story 26: Second stor visual 27-28: Willow weave-Nails 29: Render 30: Credits

Our primary interests were in traditional wooden construction and designing with wooden joints, principly inspired by Crannogs vernacular architecture. We then researched more modern examples including the mathematical bridge in Cambridge which we felt was apt due to its mathematical focus of the project. A sculptural piece by Ai WeiWei built out of old temple parts was also an inspiration for its traditional oriental joinery. A key feature in our design was to get people as close to the water as possible, close enough on a lower level to engage and touch it. On top of this we created a pond space to allow for a closer interaction with the wildlife. As a sight of natural beauty, we chose the site taking into account the present habitat of the birds. We also desired to get out into the centre of the loch to envoke a sense of awe at the beautiful stillness and topography. Its trajectory into the loch was taken so you would view the most picturesque areas of wildlife to the east. However, we wanted areas providing panoramic views which were accomodated by a raised platform.

1:1250 Site Plan

1:200 Plan

A key aspect of our design was to create a series of view points. We decided on three areas, focusing on different elements of the loch and surrounding scenery. The principle walkway runs continuously at the same level allowing access for all users. The design steps down at the end of the boardwalk bringing users closer to the water and the birds.
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Exploded Axonometric

COLUMNS Check loading on column A

The chosen column dimension 200 x 200 mm (200 x 195 in Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwood)

Total area of floor carried by column = 2.2 x 1.575 = 3.47 m2 (column carries half of the adjacent spans). Therefore, the total load carried by each column P = 3.47 x 5.5 (+4.5 pedestrian load) = 23.59 kN For stress class D40, the compressive strength parallel to the grain fc,0,k = 26 N/mm2 Consider actual construction details and conditions in determining effective length Le for buckling (the height the column can buckle): Le = 3000 mm From Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003)): E0.05 = 9.4 kN/mm2 , therefore The slenderness ratio y =

Le 3000 = = 53.3 , where the radius of gyration about the axis of the section rxx 56.3 x-x rxx = 56.3mm (from Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods).
Using these values (Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in terms of the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40 strength, the slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.7471 The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:

E0.05 9400 = = 361.5 fc,0,k 26

kmod kc,90 kls fc,0,k 0.50 1.0 1.1 26 = = 11.0 N / mm 2 M 1.3 kc,90 = 1 as there is no increase the bearing strength because the applied length of the uniformly distributed load q is 3000 mm > 150 mm (typical value for most beams under UDL) fc,0, d =

P 23.59 10 3 = = 0.590 N / mm 2 200 200 A The check for buckling strength is sufficient when c kc, y fc,0, d and the column is therefore safe
The actual compressive stress c = against buckling.

c = 0.590

kc, y fc,0, d = 0.7471 11.0 = 8.22 N / mm 2 0.590 8.22 N / mm

2

Therefore the column is safe against buckling.

1:500 Post Plan

Check loading on column B

The chosen column dimension 250 x 250 mm (250 x 245 in Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwood)

Total area of floor carried by column = 3.0 x 2.250 = 6.75 m2 (column carries half of the adjacent spans). Therefore, the total load carried by each column P = 6.75 x 5.5 (+ 4.5 pedestrian load) = 41.625 kN From Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003)): For stress class D40, the compressive strength parallel to the grain fc,0,k = 26 N/mm2 Consider actual construction details and conditions in determining effective length Le for buckling (the height the column can buckle): E0.05 = 9.4 kN/mm2 , therefore

E0.05 9400 = = 361.5 fc,0,k 26

Le 3000 = = 42.4 , where the radius of gyration rxx 70.7 about the axis of the section x-x rxx = 70.7mm (from Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods).
The slenderness ratio y = Using these values (from Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in terms of the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40 strength, the slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.5640 The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:

kmod kc,90 kls fc,0,k 0.50 1.0 1.1 26 = = 11.0 N / mm 2 M 1.3 kc,90 = 1 as there is no increase the bearing strength because the applied length of the uniformly distributed load q is 3000 mm > 150 mm (typical value for most beams under UDL) fc,0, d =
The actual compressive stress c =

P 41.625 10 3 = = 0.666 N / mm 2 250 250 A

The check for buckling strength is sufficient when c against buckling.

kc, y fc,0, d and the column is therefore safe

c = 0.666

kc, y fc,0, d = 0.7471 11.0 = 8.22 N / mm 2 0.666 8.22 N / mm

2

Therefore the column is safe against buckling.

Spans and heights

PRIMARY BEAM LOADING Domestic; long term action Live load (impose) 5.0 kN/m2 Self weight (planks) 0.5 kN/m2 Total q 5.5 kN/m2

FLOOR JOIST SIZE

1. Mechanical Properties We have chosen a hardwood, green oak, with Strength Class D40. The grade stresses for D40 were taken from Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for
common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003).

Bending, fmk Compression parallel fc0k Compression perp fc90k Shear fvk Mean Elasticity Modulus E 2. Section

40 N/mm2 26 N/mm2 8.8 N/mm2 3.8 N/mm2 11000 N/mm2

Rectangular section 100 x 295 mm From Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods: Area A = 29.5 x 103 mm2 Second moment of inertia Ixx = 213.94 x 106 mm4 Section modulus Zxx = 1450.4 x103 mm3

1:500 Primary Beam Plan

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3. Modification factors Strength modification factor k mod Service Class 3: external uses, fully exposed (Table 7: Service Classes (Table NA.2 from NAD) ) Load duration: permanent Material: solid timber Therefore (from Table 6: Strength modification factor kmod (Table 3.1 from EN 1995-1-1:2004)), kmod = 0.50! Size factor k h d = 295 mm 295 mm > 150 mm, therefore kh = 1.0 The load sharing factor k is is assumed to be 1.1 as the beam (floor joists) span 2.75m, which is less than 6m apart (from Table 9: Description of assemblies and load distribution systems ) Instability factor for solid beams k crit Considering a full torsional constraint of the beam, kcrit = 1.0 The moisture and creep modification factor k def is defined in Table 10: Values of kdef for timber materials. For Service Class 3 and solid timber material, kdef = 2.0 The material is solid untreated timber, therefore the partial factor !m for material properties is 1.3 (from Table 5:!Partial factors M for material properties and resistances (Table NA.3 from NAD)) Therefore, the design (permissible) bending stress (strength) f md is: !!" !!"# !.!!!! !. !!" !. !!"#$ !. !!" 0.50! 1.0! 1.1! 1.0! 40 =! = = 16.92!! /!! ! !! 1 .3

6. Check section size in bending Bending stress !!" = !

!!!"! !!!

The actual bending stress against permissible strength means that !!" < ! !!" ,!10.02 < 16.92 N/mm2, therefore the section is satisfactory in bending. 7. The design (permissible) shear stress (strength) f vd is: !!" = !
!!"#!! !!!" !!!!" !!

!"#$.!!!!!"!

!".!"!!!!!"!

= 10.02!! /!! !

Max shear force for point load V = = = 2.25!kN! ! ! !V = 16.64 + 2.25 = 18.89!kN

Max shear force for UDL V = q s L/2 = 5.5 x 2.2 x 2.75/2 = 16.64 kN!!
! ! .!

=!

! .! !! .! !! .! ! .!

= 1.61!N/mm! !

Max shear stress in a rectangular section: 3 ! 3 18.89! 10! !! = ! =! ! = 0.96! /!! ! 2 !" 2 100! 295

8. Check deflection of beam

The maximum shear stress in a rectangular section against the design shear stress means that, !! < !!" !!" !0.96 < 1.61 the section is ok.

The instantaneous deflection of the simply supported joist Winst is: max !"#$"%&'()!!"# !!!"# = ! 5 ! ! ! !! 5 12.1!! !2750! ! =! !! = 3.83!!! 384 ! ! ! !!! 384 11000!! !213.94!! !106

4. Total load on joist

The uniformly distributed load / joist w is calculated by multiplying the surface load q with the width of the deck that corresponds to the joist which is equal to 2 times a half spacing s: w = q s = 5.5 x 2.2 = 12.10 kN/m ! The point load (P) representing light pedestrian traffic is 4.5kN

max !"#$"%&'()!!"#$%!!"#$ !!!"# =! ! wins = 3.83 (+ 8.29!! !10!! )!= 3.83 mm

! ! ! !! 4.5!! !2750! = !! 6 48! ! ! ! !!! 48!! !11000!! !213.94!! !10 = 8.28!! !10!! !!!!

Which results in a final deflection wfin = wins (1 + kdef) = 3.83 (1+2) = 11.49 mm

Max allowable deflection (from Table 11: Recommended limits for the final deflection) = L/150 = 2750/150 = 18.3mm 11.49 < 18.3 therefore the deflection of the beam is ok. 5. Max bending moment Each joist is considered as simply supported above each post. The max bending moment occurs at the centre: Max bending moment for UDL !!!" = !
! !.!!! !

!!!"# = 11.44 + 3.09 = 14.53!!"#

Max bending moment for point load !!"# = !

! !.!!! !

!".!!!!.!"!

! !.!!!!.!" !

= 11.44!!"#

= 3.09!!"#

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2.

1.

2.

This isometric highlights the most frequent setup of conntections throughout the boardwalk. The primary joint (1) is a hybrid bridle joint due to its angled connection and dowel fixing. The orange lines highlight where these connections take place. 1.

1:10 Connection Details

12

2.

2. 1.

This is the most complicated joint implemented in our scheme. We had to use large timber posts which easily stay within the safety regulations. This large sizing was neccessary to allow for the joints we chose to work. The beams themselves had to be of a certain diameter for the mortice and tenon (2) and bridle joints (1) to work. 1. Here the purple lines show where these connections take place.

1:10 Connection Details

13

1. 2. 2.

These connections involving two primary beams and a secondary beam are used in four locations on our boardwalk. The secondary connections throughout our design use a mortise and tenon joint with a dowel fixing. Once again the coloured line shows where these connections take place within our design. 1.

1:10 Connection Details

14

SECONDARY BEAM LOADING Domestic; long term action Live load (impose) 5.0 kN/m2 Self weight (planks) 0.5 kN/m2 Total q 5.5 kN/m2 FLOOR JOIST SIZE 1. Mechanical Properties

The grade stresses for D40 (green oak) were taken from Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003).
Bending, fmk Compression parallel fc0k Compression perp fc90k Shear fvk Mean Elasticity Modulus E 2. Section Rectangular section 75 x 147 mm From Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods: Area A = 11.03 x 103 mm2 Second moment of inertia Ixx = 19.85 x 106 mm4 Section modulus Zxx = 270.1 x103 mm3 3. Modification factors Strength modification factor k mod Service Class 3: external uses, fully exposed (Table 7: Service Classes (Table NA.2 from NAD) ) Load duration: permanent Material: solid timber Therefore (from Table 6: Strength modification factor kmod (Table 3.1 from EN 1995-1-1:2004)), kmod = 0.50 Size factor k h d = 147 mm
!"# !.! ! !"# !.! !"#

40 N/mm2 26 N/mm2 8.8 N/mm2 3.8 N/mm2 11000 N/mm2

k ! = min

(From Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5) Therefore kh = 1.0 Instability factor k crit Full torsional constraint of the beam, therefore kcrit =1.0 The load sharing factor k is is assumed to be 1.1 as the beam (floor joists) span 2.1m, which is less than 6m apart (from Table 9: Description of assemblies and load distribution systems )

= min

= 1.004

1:500 Secondary Beam Plan

15

The moisture and creep modification factor k def is defined in Table 10: Values of kdef for timber materials. For Service Class 3 and solid timber material, kdef = 2.0 The material is solid untreated timber, therefore the partial factor !m for material properties is 1.3 (from Table 5:!Partial factors M for material properties and resistances (Table NA.3 from NAD)) Therefore, the design (permissible) bending stress (strength) f md is: !!" = ! !!"# !.!!!! !. !!" !. !!"#$ !. !!" !! 0.50! 1.0! 1.1! 1.0! 40 = 1 .3 = 16.92! /!! !

Max shear stress in a rectangular section: 3 ! 3 4.89 10! !! = ! =! ! = 0.665!! /!! ! 2 !" 2 75! 147

8. Check deflection of beam

The maximum shear stress in a rectangular section against the design shear stress means that, !! < !!! !!" !0.665 < 1.61 the section is ok The instantaneous deflection of the simply supported joist Winst is: max !"#$"%&'()!!"# !!!"# = ! 5 ! ! ! !! 5 2.519!!! !2100! ! =! !! = 2.92!!! 384 ! ! ! !!! 384 11000!! !19.85!x!10!

4. Total load on joist

The uniformly distributed load / joist w is calculated by multiplying the surface load q with the width of the deck that corresponds to the joist which is equal to 2 times a half spacing s: w = q s = 5.5 x 0.458 = 2.519 kN/m The point load (P) representing light pedestrian traffic is 4.5kN 5. Max bending moment Each joist is considered as simply supported above each post. The max bending moment occurs at the centre: Max bending moment for UDL !!"# = !
! !.!!! !

wins = 2.92 (+ 3.98!! !10!! )!= 2.92 mm

max !"#$"%&'()!!"#$%!!"#$ !!!"# =! !

! ! ! !! 4.5!! !2100! = !! = 3.98!! !10!! !!!! 48! ! ! ! !!! 48!! !11000!! !19.85!x!10! !

Which results in a final deflection wfin = wins (1 + kdef) = 2.92 (1+2) = 8.76 mm Max allowable (from Table 11: Recommended limits for the final deflection) = L/150 = 2100/150 = 14.0mm 8.76 < 14.0 therefore the deflection of the beam is ok.

Max bending moment for point load !!"# = ! 6. Check section size in bending Bending stress !!" = !
!!!"! !!!

!.!"#!!!.!! !

! !.!!! !

!!!"# = 1.39 + 2.36 = 3.75!!"# = 13.88!! /!! !

! .! ! !! .! !

= 1.39!!"#

= 2.36!!"# !

The actual bending stress against permissible strength means that !!" < ! !!" ,!13.88 <16.92 N/mm2, therefore the section is satisfactory in bending 7. The design (permissible) shear stress (strength) f vd is: !!" = !
!!"#!! !!!" !!!!" !!

!"#.!!!!!"!

!.!"!!!!"!

Max shear force V for UDL = q s L/2 = 5.5 x 0.458 x

=!

! .! !! .! ! ! .! ! .!

= 1.61!! /!! !

! .! ! ! !

= 2.64 kN =!
! .! !

Max shear force V for point load =

V = 2.64 + 2.25 = 4.89!kN

= 2.25!!" !

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This section shown is taken longitidunally along the boardwalk. It highlights the primary beams connection through the posts and the relationship with the weaved balustrading.

1:20 Section AA

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To ensure that the primary beam was efficient in its use of materials, with minimum excess in cross section, we alternated the secondary beam connections. This layout can be seen in the diagram above.

1:20 Section BB

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1:20 Section CC

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1:200 North Elevation

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SECOND STOREY COLUMN CALCULATIONS These calculations will consider double self weight and live loads, in addition to a double pedestrian load. Point load of pedestrians = 4.5 x 2 = 9kN (considering pedestrians on both levels) Assume column dimensions of 200 x 200 mm (200 x 195 in Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwood), which is coherent with the rest of our design. Total area of floor (one storey) carried by column = 3.47 m2 Total load of one storey, P = 3.47 x 5.5 = 19.09 kN Taking the platforms of the two storeys into consideration the load on one column = 19.09 x 2 = 38.17 kN Therefore, the total load on one column = 9 + 38.17 = 47.18 kN All of the forces are axial. For green oak, strength class D40 the compressive strength parallel to the grain fc0k = 26 N/mm2

The effective length of the column, Le = 3000 mm

From Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003)): E 9400 = 361.5 E0.05 = 9.4 kN/mm2, therefore 0.05 = fc,0,k 26 The slenderness ratio, y =

Le 3000 = = 53.3 , where the radius of gyration about the axis of the section xrxx 56.3 x rxx = 56.3mm (from Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods).
Using these values (Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in terms of the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40 strength, the slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.7471 The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:

kmod kc,90 kls fc,0,k 0.50 1.0 1.1 26 = = 11.0 N / mm 2 M 1.3 kc,90 = 1 as there is no increase the bearing strength because the applied length of the uniformly distributed load q is 3000 mm > 150 mm (typical value for most beams under UDL) fc,0, d =
The actual compressive stress, !! = ! = !
! ! !".!"!!!!"! !""!!""

The check for buckling strength is sufficient when c against buckling.

=!1.18 N/mm2

kc, y fc,0, d and the column is therefore safe

!! = 1.18 kc,y fc,0,d = 0.7471 11.0 = 8.22 N/mm2 1.18 8.22 N/mm2 Therefore the column is safe against buckling.

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D D

This section shows the configuration of the secondary platform and its relationship with the orignal.

1:50 Section DD

24

1:200 North Elevation

25

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To continue our theme of traditional construction we opted to use a weaved willow balustrading. The diagram above indicates how light would be able to penetrate the balustrade by loosely weaving the willow. By doing this it would allow visibility through the balustrade as well as providing safety. The image gives an indication of the form on weaving.

1:!0 Balustrading Detail

27

To attach the decking to the secondary beams we have employed wrought hand made iron nails. This furthers our theme of heritage as these nails have been used for thousands of years on projects such as the Mary Rose.

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CREDITS Group work : Justification Layout drawings Section drawings Discussion of the design Individual work: 1. Detail drawings and Sections - Jack Cripps s1118304 2. Schedule of calculations with diagrams and Plans- Matt Pepper s1105037 and Rachel Braude s1115488 3. Axonometric drawing and 3d Renders- Martin Skarback s1142587

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