DATE: 24/4/2013 TITLE: PROBLEM SOLVING THROUGH SIMILITUDE OBJECTIVE: To measure and calculate in different way (1) Seepage

(water leakage) under dam. (2) To calculate the uplift force on the dam. INDRODUCTION: Permeability, as the name implies (ability to permeate), is a measure of how easily a fluid can flow through a porous medium. In this case, the porous medium is sand and the fluid is water. Generally, larger the soil grains have larger voids and the high permeability. Therefore, gravels are more permeable than silts. Hydraulic conductivity is another term used for permeability. Flow of water through soils is called seepage. Seepage takes place when there is difference in water heads (hL) on the two sides of the structure such as a dam as shown in Fig. 1. The head (h1, h2) at a point is the level to which the free water rises at the point above the datum. In designing a dam it is important to consider seepage under it and the uplift force acting on it.

h1 h2 Datum Figure 1: Seepage beneath a concrete dam DATA: Prototype dam (real dam) is as follows: A long dam of dimension 1:100 model. Head difference (hL) = 20m Length of the dam = 50 m Permeability of soil underneath the dam kp = 1x 10-6 m/sec Calculate all quantities for total length of the dam (eg. seepage m3/s).

Figure 2: The prototype dam.

APPARTUS: a) Fluid mechanics laboratory. 1: 100 model placed in the sand (Permeability km= 2x 10-3 m/sec). Length of model dam is 20cm. b) Geotechnical laboratory. 1:250 model made of conducting paper to give equi-potentials (voltage) in the model. c) Solution of Laplace equation of the problem through solving governing equations using computer software. PROCEDURE: A) Fluid lab -Establish steady flow through the dam. -Measure the seepage flow through the dam. -Introduce the dye at several places and draw the seepage flow lines underneath dam. -Take the reading of pressure tapping under the dam. B) Geotechnical lab -Apply a voltage difference of 10V across the conducting paper. -Obtain constant equi-potential lines at 1V intervals. -Measure voltage at points simulating the pressure tapping points. OBSERVATION:

Water level at the upstream (H1)

=124.mm

Water level at the downstream (H2) =26...mm Table 1: The seepage underneath dam model. Trials 1 Time taken /sec Collected volume of water /ml 25.91 540

2 32.08 700

3 29.78 660

Table 2: The pressure head under the model dam. Pressure tapping points Pressure head /mm 1 91 2 98 3 111 4 123 5 129 6 140

Table 3: The flow lines underneath dam model. Flow line 1 x/mm 380 430 530 670 790 825 y/mm 260 160 125 115 110 165 Flow line 2 x/mm 310 320 440 560 710 790 860 y/mm 265 200 110 85 75 80 107 Flow line 3 x/mm 240 280 380 450 780 840 y/mm 260 150 90 60 35 64 Flow line 4 x/mm y/mm

Table 4: The voltage at points simulating the pressure tapping points. Simulated tapping 1 2 3 4 points Voltage /V 3.4 4.0 4.6 5.2

5 5.8

6 6.6

CALCULATIONS: 1) Draw the flownets for cases (B). 2) Draw the flowlines for case (A) and transfer them using correct scale in dotted lines to flownets drawn for case (B). 2) Determine seepage flow through the dam. 3) Calculate the uplift force on the dam. 4) Compare with computer software solution.

Scale of case (A) model is 1: 100. Scale of case (B) model is 1: 250. Therefore, Specimen calculation for value of X in case (A) at the point 1 X = 380 x (100/250) = 152 mm

Table 1: The coordinate of the flowlines in case of (A) and (B) Flow line 1 Point No Case (A) X/mm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 380 430 530 670 790 825 Y/mm 260 160 125 115 110 165 Case (B) X/mm 152 172 212 268 316 330 Y/mm 104 64 50 46 44 66 Case (A) X/mm 310 320 440 560 710 790 860 Y/mm 265 200 110 85 75 80 107 Flow line 2 Case (B) X/mm 124 128 176 224 284 316 344 Y/mm 106 80 44 34 30 32 43 Case (A) X/mm 240 280 380 450 780 840 Y/mm 260 150 90 60 35 64 Flow line 3 Case (B) X/mm 96 112 152 180 312 336 Y/mm 104 60 36 24 14 26

Fig 1: The flow lines underneath dam model (A)

CALCULATION 2) CASE (A)

[k]P

[q]P

[k]m

[q]m

Assume a datum at the base of the dam. Head different in the Prototype dam Hp = hup hdp = (11.5 + 11.5) -3 = 20 m

Head different in the model dam

Hm = hum hdm = (115 + 124) (30 + 26) = 183mm

Seepage flow through 0.2m length of the model dam [q]m for 0.2m length = (540/25.91) + (700/32.08) + (660/29.78) 3 = (20.84 + 21.82 + 22.16) / 3 = 22 ml/sec Seepage flow through 1m length of the model dam [q]m for 1m length = 22 x (1/0.2) = 110 ml/sec/m

Therefore, Seepage flow through 1m length of the Prototype dam is given by q = (Nf/ Nd) kH [L2T-1] where: q = rate of flow or seepage per unit width Nf = number of flow channels Nd = number of equipotential drops H = total head loss in flow system K = hydraulic conductivity From similarity condition, [q]p /[q]m = [kH (Nf/ Nd)]p/[kH (Nf/ Nd)]m Since flownets are identical in prototype and model, therefore (Nf/ Nd)p = (Nf/ Nd)m [q]p = [q]m [kH]p / [kH]m = 110 x (1x 10-6 x 20) / (2x 10-3 x 0.183) = 6.01 x 10-6 m3/sec/m Length of the Prototype dam is 50 m. Therefore, total seepage flow through the Prototype dam Q = 6.01 x 10-6 x 50 = 3x 10-4 m3/sec

CASE (B) Seepage flow through 1m length of the Prototype dam [q]p = kP HP (Nf/ Nd)p = 1x 10-6 x 20 x (Nf/ Nd)p From flownet graph 2 (Nf/ Nd)p = 3/10 =0.3 [q]p = 1x 10-6 x 20 x 0.3 = 6 x 10-6 m3/sec/m

Therefore,

Length of the Prototype dam is 50 m. Therefore, total seepage flow through the Prototype dam Q = 6 x 10-6 x 50 = 3x 10-4 m3/sec

3) CASE (A) Specimen calculation for 2nd tapping point in case (A) Assume a datum at the base of the dam. Water head 2nd tapping point in case (B) When total head different is 0.183 (Hm). Here, upstream side head (hum) is 0.239m and downstream side head (hdm) is 0.056m. h2m = measured head + thickness of base = 0.098 + 0.013 = 0.111m Therefore, total head at 2nd tapping point = water head + datum head = 0.111+ 0 = 0.111m

Therefore, Total head at 2nd tapping point in the prototype dam when head different is 20 (Hp). Here, upstream side head (hup) is 23m and downstream side head is 3m. From similarity condition, [h2 - hd]p / HP (h2p 3) / 20 h2p = [h2 - hd]m / Hm = (0.111 0.056) / 0.183 = 0.055 x 20/0.183 + 3 = 9.01 m = total head datum head = 9.01 0 = 9.01m

Water head at 2nd tapping point of Prototype dam

Table 2: Water head at each tapping points. Tapping points Water head in case (A) /m Total head /m Water head in prototype /m 1 0.104 8.25 8.25 2 0.111 9.01 9.01 3 0.124 10.43 10.43 4 0.136 11.74 11.74 5 0.142 12.40 12.40 6 0.153 13.60 13.60

Average water head under the the Prototype dam

hp = (8.25+9.01+10.43+11.74+12.4+13.6)/6 = 11m P = hpg = 11x 1000 x 9.81 = 108 kPa

Average water pressure under the Prototype dam

The area of the Prototype dam foundation (1m length) A=lxw = 1 x (0.29 x 100) = 29 m2 Uplift force on 1m length of Prototype dam F = PxA = 108 x 29 = 3132 kN

CASE (B) Specimen calculation for 2nd tapping point in case (B). Assume a datum at the base of the dam. Voltage at 2nd simulated tapping point in case (B) when applying 10 V different (Vm). Here, upstream side voltage (Vum) is 10 V and downstream side voltage (Vdm) is 0 V [V2 - Vd]m = 4.0 V Therefore, Total head at 2nd tapping point in the prototype dam when head different is 20 (Hp). Here, upstream side head (hup) is 23m and downstream side head is 3m. From similarity condition, [h2 - hd]p / HP (h2p 3) / 20 h2p = [V2 - Vd]m / Vm = 4 x 10 = 4 x 20/10 + 3 = 11 m = total head datum head = 11 0 = 11m

Water head at 2nd tapping point of Prototype dam

Table 3: Water head at each tapping points. Simulated tapping points Voltage in case (B) /V Total head /m Water head in prototype /m 1 3.4 9.8 9.8 2 4.0 11 11 3 4.6 12.2 12.2 4 5.2 13.4 13.4 5 5.8 14.6 14.6 6 6.6 16.2 16.2

Average water head under the Prototype dam

hw = (9.8+11+12.2+13.4+14.6+16.2)/6 mm = 12.87 m

Average water pressure under the Prototype dam

P = hpg = 12.87 x 1000 x 9.81 =126 kPa

The area of the Prototype dam foundation (1m length) A= l x w = 1 x (0.29 x 100) = 29 m2 Uplift force on 1m length of Prototype the dam F = PxA = 126 x 29 = 3654 kN

4) From computer software modal analyze

Seepage flow through 1m length of the Prototype dam [q]p = 5.4x 10-6 m3/sec/m Total seepage flow through the Prototype dam Q = 5.4 x 10-6 x 50 = 2.7 x 10-4 m3/sec

Fig 3: The variation of water pressure under long dam foundation. Average water pressure under the Prototype dam P = (85+93+108+123+138+156+168)/7 = 125 kPa

The area of the Prototype dam foundation (1m length) A= l x w = 1 x (0.29 x 100) = 29 m2 Uplift force on 1m length of Prototype the dam F = PxA = 125 x 29 = 3625 kN

RESULTS CASE (A) Seepage flow/ (m3/sec) Uplift force /kN 3x 10-4 3132 CASE (B) 3x 10-4 3654 Software model 2.7x 10-4 3625

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