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Activity 2 8
Remember:
• SHOW ALL WORK. You must communicate to me how your got
your solution. This is as important as your solution.
In the last activity, you found simple probabilities. In this activity, we’ll look at some
probabilities that are more complex. We’ll also see how understanding the mathematical
concept of sets can help you.
Sets
What is a set?
In probability, a set is a group of objects with a set of rules to decide if an object belongs
with the group or not.
“Everyone enrolled in this course” is a set. It’s a group of objects (people), and I can tell
who’s in the set (you) and who’s not (President Obama). “Young adults” is not a set
unless it’s better defined who is a young adult and who is not.
Example 1:
Write the elements belonging to each of the following sets.
What is a subset?
A subset is a set completely contained within another set.
Example 2:
Tell if B is a subset of A.
a. 2 b. 3 c. 10 d. 0 e. 12 f. 4
Probability
Example 1:
Are the events mutually exclusive?
event 1: rolling a single die and getting a 4,5, or 6 event 2: rolling a single die and getting a 1 or 2
yes, these events are mutually exclusive because if you get a 4,5, or 6, that means you didn’t get a 1 or 2
event 1: choosing a random student who is female event 2: choosing a random student who is in 9th grade
no, these events are not mutually exclusive because you could be a girl in 9th grade
Some probability question ask the probability of event A “OR” event B. To find these
probabilities, simply add the probability of A plus the probability of B if A and B are
mutually exclusive events.
Example 2:
What is the probability of drawing from a deck of cards a 2 or a queen.
These are mutually exclusive events—a card is never both a 2 and a queen. The probability of drawing a 2 is 4/52.
The probability of drawing a queen is also 4/52. 4/52 + 4/52 = 8/52 = 2/13. So the probability is 2/13.
What if the events are not mutually exclusive?
You still add the two probabilities of the two separate events, but there’s one more
step—subtracting the probability of both.
Example 3:
If a single card is drawn from a deck of 52, find the probability that it will be a red or a face card.
Problem Set 4
Answer if the events in 1-6 are mutually exclusive (m.e.) or not mutually exclusive
1. owning a car and owning a truck
2. wearing glasses and wearing sandals
3. being married and being over 30 years old
4. being a teenager and being over 30 years old
5. getting a 4 and an odd number on a die you rolled one time
6. being in 12th grade and not being in 12th grade
Find the probabilities of drawing the following cards from a standard deck
7. less than a 4 (count aces as ones)
8. a black card or an ace
9. a heart or a jack
10. a red card or a seven
8 8 8
Example 1:
Each bar represents a number of students who
received a bachelor’s degree in different major
areas. If twice as many people receive a degree
is business as in the social sciences, the business
bar will be twice as long as the social sciences
bar.
(If you printed this out in black and white, you may
want to check out the color coding in the original
pdf.)
Example 2:
The entire circle represents ALL U.S. public school
students, so every student needs to belong in one
slice of the pie.
9 2
What is a histogram?
A histogram is a visual display similar to a stemplot, but it can be used with large data sets.
A histogram has two dimension. One is the range of values, divided into equal subunits,
and the other is the frequency of data values in those ranges.
Example 5:
Use the student exam score data above to
create a histogram.
What is a scatterplot?
A scatterplot compares two quantitative values simultaneously. On a two-dimensional
graph, the x-axis axis is labeled with one variable, and the y-axis is labeled with the other.
Example 6:
Create a scatterplot
comparing the
variables “mpg” and
“weight.”
student a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p you
number
of states 5 11 11 14 28 6 6 9 12 18 5 10 4 14 5 8
visited
states visited
6. Create a dot plot with the data in the table. You can use this graph here, or re-create it on your own answer sheet.
7. Circle the dot on the dotplot that represents you.
8. What looks to be about the average number of states visited? (you don’t have to be exact, just give a guess that’s
close by looking at the dotplot.)
Use the data in the table describing the lengths of reigns of British rulers beginning with William
the Conqueror in 1066 to create a stem plot.
9. How long was the longest reign? Who ruled the longest?
10. Create a stemplot from the lengths of reigns. Use the numerals 0-6 on the left of the line. 0 = 00.
11. Create a scatterplot for the data, using an appropriate scale for the axes. You can use
the plot below, or make your own.
12. You should notice the dots fall roughly into a trend going from the lower left to upper
right. Does this make sense?