Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition

(Location: Prof.Elad D.)

Editor in Chief

James Versalovic, Texas Childrens Hospital Volume Editors Karen C. Carroll, The Johns Hopkins Hospital

Guido Funke, Grtner and Colleagues Laboratories James H. Jorgensen, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio Marie Louise Landry, Yale University School of Medicine David W. Warnock, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Book ISBN : 978-1-55581-678-0 Number of Pages: 2,630 Publication Date: May 2011 Publisher: ASM Press

Table of Contents VOLUME 1 SECTION I DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGIES AND GENERAL TOPICS Volume Editor: James H. Jorgensen Section Editor: Melvin P. Weinstein 1. Introduction to the Tenth Edition of the Manual of Clinical Microbiology James Versalovic 2. Microscopy Danny L. Wiedbrauk

3. Systems for Detection and Identification of Bacteria and Yeasts Cathy A. Petti, Melvin P. Weinstein, and Karen C. Carroll 4. Molecular Microbiology Frederick S. Nolte and Angela M. Caliendo 5. Immunoassays for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases A. Betts Carpenter 6. Infection Control Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology Daniel J. Diekema and Michael A. Pfaller 7. Investigation of Enteric Disease Outbreaks Timothy F. Jones and William E. Keene 8. Molecular Epidemiology Peter Gerner-Smidt, Eija Hyyti-Trees, and Paul A. Rota 9. Procedures for the Storage of Microorganisms Cathy A. Petti and Karen C. Carroll 10. Prevention and Control of Laboratory-Acquired Infections Michael A. Noble 11. Decontamination, Disinfection, and Sterilization Andreas F. Widmer and Reno Frei 12. Biothreat Agents Susan E. Sharp and Mike Loeffelholz 13. The Human Microbiome Sarah K. Highlander, James Versalovic, and Joseph F. Petrosino 14. Microbial Genomics and Pathogen Discovery Anne M. Gaynor and David Wang SECTION II BACTERIOLOGY Volume Editors: Karen C. Carroll and Guido Funke Section Editors: Kathryn A. Bernard, J. Stephen Dumler, Cathy A. Petti, Sandra S. Richter, and Peter A. R. Vandamme GENERAL 15. Taxonomy and Classification of Bacteria Peter A. R. Vandamme 16. Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Bacteriology Ellen Jo Baron and Richard B. Thomson, Jr. 17. Reagents, Stains, and Media: Bacteriology Ronald M. Atlas and James W. Snyder GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI 18. General Approaches to Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Kathryn L. Ruoff 19. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Other Catalase-Positive Cocci Karsten Becker and Christof von Eiff 20. Streptococcus Barbara Spellerberg and Claudia Brandt 21. Enterococcus

Lcia Martins Teixeira, Maria da Glria Siqueira Carvalho, Patricia Lynn Shewmaker, and Richard R. Facklam 22. Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci Kathryn L. Ruoff GRAM-POSITIVE RODS 23. General Approaches to the Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods Kathryn A. Bernard 24. Bacillus and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria Niall A. Logan, Alex R. Hoffmaster, Sean V. Shadomy, and Kendra E. Stauffer 25. Listeria and Erysipelothrix Nele Wellinghausen 26.Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods Guido Funke and Kathryn A. Bernard 27. Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, Actinomadura, Streptomyces, and Other Aerobic Actinomycetes Patricia S. Conville and Frank G. Witebsky 28. Mycobacterium: General Characteristics, Laboratory Detection, and Staining Procedures Gaby E. Pfyffer and Frantiska Palicova 29. Mycobacterium: Laboratory Characteristics of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria Elvira Richter, Barbara A. Brown-Elliott, and Richard J. Wallace, Jr. 30. Mycobacterium: Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria Barbara A. Brown-Elliott and Richard J. Wallace, Jr. GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA 31. Approaches to the Identification of Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacteria Georges Wauters and Mario Vaneechoutte 32. Neisseria Johannes Elias, Matthias Frosch, and Ulrich Vogel 33. Actinobacillus, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Kingella, Pasteurella, and Other Fastidious or Rarely Encountered Gram-Negative Rods Reinhard Zbinden and Alexander von Graevenitz 34. Haemophilus Nathan A. Ledeboer and Gary V. Doern 35. Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella James P. Nataro, Cheryl A. Bopp, Patricia I. Fields, James B. Kaper, and Nancy A. Strockbine 36. Yersinia Martin E. Schriefer and Jeannine M. Petersen 37. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and Other Enterobacteriaceae Sharon L. Abbott 38. Aeromonas Amy J. Horneman and Afsar Ali 39. Vibrio and Related Organisms

Sharon L. Abbott, J. Michael Janda, and J. J. Farmer III 40. Pseudomonas Deborah A. Henry and David P. Speert 41. Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pandoraea, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Delftia, and Acidovorax John J. LiPuma, Bart J. Currie, Sharon J. Peacock, and Peter A. R. Vandamme 42. Acinetobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella, and Other Nonfermentative GramNegative Bacteria Mario Vaneechoutte, Lenie Dijkshoorn, Alexandr Nemec, Peter Kmpfer, and Georges Wauters 43. Bordetella and Related Genera Carl-Heinz Wirsing von Knig, Marion Riffelmann, and Tom Coenye 44. Francisella and Brucella Jeannine M. Petersen, Martin E. Schriefer, and George F. Araj 45. Legionella Paul H. Edelstein 46. Bartonella Ricardo G. Maggi, Volkhard A. J. Kempf, Bruno B. Chomel, and Edward B. Breitschwerdt ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 47. Approaches to Identification of Anaerobic Bacteria Ellen Jo Baron 48. Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella, and Other Anaerobic Cocci Yuli Song and Sydney M. Finegold 49. Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces, and Other Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobic Gram-Positive Rods William G. Wade and Eija Knnen 50. Clostridium Dennis L. Stevens, Amy E. Bryant, Anja Berger, and Christoph von EichelStreiber 51. Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods Eija Knnen, William G. Wade, and Diane M. Citron CURVED AND SPIRAL-SHAPED GRAM-NEGATIVE RODS 52. Algorithms for Identification of Curved and Spiral-Shaped Gram-Negative Rods Irving Nachamkin 53. Campylobacter and Arcobacter Collette Fitzgerald and Irving Nachamkin 54. Helicobacter Andrew J. Lawson 55. Leptospira Paul N. Levett 56. Borrelia Martin E. Schriefer 57. Treponema and Brachyspira, Human Host-Associated Spirochetes

Justin D. Radolf, Allan Pillay, and David L. Cox MYCOPLASMAS AND OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA 58. General Approaches to Identification of Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Obligate Intracellular Bacteria J. Stephen Dumler 59. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Ken B. Waites and David Taylor-Robinson 60. Chlamydiaceae Charlotte Gaydos and Andreas Essig 61. Rickettsia and Orientia David H. Walker and Donald H. Bouyer 62. Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Related Intracellular Bacteria Megan E. Reller and J. Stephen Dumler 63. Coxiella Stephen R. Graves and Robert F. Massung 64. Tropheryma Thomas Marth SECTION III ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHODS Volume Editor: James H. Jorgensen Section Editor: Jean B. Patel 65. Antibacterial Agents Joseph D. C. Yao and Robert C. Moellering, Jr. 66. Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibacterial Agents Louis B. Rice and Robert A. Bonomo 67. Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations John D. Turnidge, Mary Jane Ferraro, and James H. Jorgensen 68. Susceptibility Test Methods: Dilution and Disk Diffusion Methods Jean B. Patel, Fred C. Tenover, John D. Turnidge, and James H. Jorgensen 69. Susceptibility Testing Instrumentation and Computerized Expert Systems for Data Analysis and Interpretation Sandra S. Richter and Mary Jane Ferraro 70. Special Phenotypic Methods for Detecting Antibacterial Resistance Jana M. Swenson, Jean B. Patel, and James H. Jorgensen 71. Susceptibility Test Methods: Fastidious Bacteria Janet A. Hindler and James H. Jorgensen 72. Susceptibility Test Methods: Anaerobic Bacteria Diane M. Citron and David W. Hecht 73. Susceptibility Test Methods: Mycobacteria, Nocardia, and Other Actinomycetes Gail L. Woods, Shou-Yean Grace Lin, and Edward P. Desmond 74. Detection and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Pathogenic Bacteria J. Kamile Rasheed and Fred C. Tenover VOLUME 2

SECTION IV VIROLOGY Volume Editor: Marie Louise Landry Section Editors: Angela M. Caliendo, Christine C. Ginocchio, Yi-Wei Tang, and Alexandra Valsamakis GENERAL 75. Taxonomy and Classification of Viruses Elliot J. Lefkowitz 76. Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Virology Michael S. Forman and Alexandra Valsamakis 77. Reagents, Stains, Media, and Cell Cultures: Virology Christine C. Ginocchio and Patricia C. Harris 78. General Approaches for Detection and Identification of Viruses Marie Louise Landry, Angela M. Caliendo, Christine C. Ginocchio, Yi-Wei Tang, and Alexandra Valsamakis RNA VIRUSES 79. Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Brigitte P. Griffith, Sheldon Campbell, and Angela M. Caliendo 80. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types 1 and 2 S. Michele Owen, Antoine Gessain, Charlene S. Dezzutti, Elliot P. Cowan, and Renu B. Lal 81. Influenza Viruses Robert L. Atmar and Stephen E. Lindstrom 82. Parainfluenza and Mumps Viruses Diane S. Leland 83. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Yi-Wei Tang and James E. Crowe, Jr. 84. Measles and Rubella Viruses William J. Bellini and Joseph P. Icenogle 85. Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses Kathleen A. Stellrecht, Daryl M. Lamson, and Jos R. Romero 86. Rhinoviruses Marie Louise Landry 87. Coronaviruses Kanti Pabbaraju and Julie D. Fox 88. Hepatitis A and E Viruses David A. Anderson and Natalie A. Counihan 89. Hepatitis C Virus Michael S. Forman and Alexandra Valsamakis 90. Gastroenteritis Viruses Xiaoli Pang and Xi Jiang 91. Rabies Virus Lillian A. Orciari and Charles E. Rupprecht 92. Hendra and Nipah Viruses Pierre E. Rollin, Paul A. Rota, Sherif Zaki, and Thomas G. Ksiazek 93. Arboviruses

Robert S. Lanciotti and Theodore F. Tsai 94. Hantaviruses Charles F. Fulhorst and Michael D. Bowen 95. Arenaviruses and Filoviruses Pierre E. Rollin, Stuart T. Nichol, Sherif Zaki, and Thomas G. Ksiazek DNA VIRUSES 96. Herpes Simplex Viruses and Herpes B Virus Keith R. Jerome and Rhoda Ashley Morrow 97. Varicella-Zoster Virus Elisabeth Puchhammer-Stckl and Stephan W. Aberle 98. Human Cytomegalovirus Richard L. Hodinka 99. Epstein-Barr Virus Barbara Grtner 100. Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 Philip E. Pellett and Graham Tipples 101. Adenoviruses Christine Robinson and Marcela Echavarria 102. Human Papillomaviruses Patti E. Gravitt and Christine C. Ginocchio 103. Human Polyomaviruses Richard S. Buller 104. Human Parvoviruses Jeanne A. Jordan 105. Poxviruses Inger K. Damon 106. Hepatitis B and D Viruses Rebecca T. Horvat and Gary E. Tegtmeier SUBVIRAL AGENTS 107. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Adriano Aguzzi and Markus Glatzel

SECTION V ANTIVIRAL AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHODS Volume Editor: Marie Louise Landry Section Editors: Angela M. Caliendo, Christine Ginocchio, and Alexandra Valsamakis 108. Antiviral Agents Nell S. Lurain and Kenneth D. Thompson 109. Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiviral Agents Robert W. Shafer, Isabel Najera, and Sunwen Chou 110. Susceptibility Test Methods: Viruses Max Q. Arens and Ella M. Swierkosz

SECTION VI MYCOLOGY Volume Editor: David W. Warnock Section Editors: Mary E. Brandt and Elizabeth M. Johnson GENERAL 111. Taxonomy and Classification of Fungi Mary E. Brandt and David W. Warnock 112. Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Mycology Karin L. McGowan 113. Reagents, Stains, and Media: Mycology James W. Snyder, Ronald M. Atlas, and Mark T. LaRocco 114. General Approaches for Direct Detection of Fungi Yvonne R. Shea FUNGI 115. Candida, Cryptococcus, and Other Yeasts of Medical Importance Susan A. Howell and Kevin C. Hazen 116. Pneumocystis Melanie T. Cushion 117. Aspergillus and Penicillium S. Arunmozhi Balajee and Mary E. Brandt 118. Fusarium and Other Opportunistic Hyaline Fungi Deanna A. Sutton and Mary E. Brandt 119. Agents of Systemic and Subcutaneous Mucormycosis and Entomophthoromycosis Dea Garcia-Hermoso, Eric Dannaoui, Olivier Lortholary, and Franoise Dromer 120. Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Other Dimorphic Fungi Causing Systemic Mycoses Mary E. Brandt, Beatriz L. Gomez, and David W. Warnock 121. Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Agents of Superficial Mycoses Richard C. Summerbell 122. Bipolaris, Exophiala, Scedosporium, Sporothrix, and Other Melanized Fungi Josep Guarro and G. Sybren de Hoog 123. Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma Abdalla O. A. Ahmed and G. Sybren de Hoog 124. Mycotoxins Nancy C. Isham, William J. Halsall, and Mahmoud A. Ghannoum 125. Lacazia, Pythium, and Rhinosporidium Leonel Mendoza and Raquel Vilela SECTION VII ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHODS Volume Editor: David W. Warnock Section Editors: Mary E. Brandt and Elizabeth M. Johnson 126. Antifungal Agents

David W. Warnock 127. Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Agents Theodore C. White and Samantha G. Hoot 128. Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi Elizabeth M. Johnson,Ana V. Espinel-Ingroff, and Michael A. Pfaller SECTION VIII PARASITOLOGY Volume Editor: David W. Warnock Section Editors: Ronald M. Atlas, Lynne S. Garcia, and Gary W. Procop GENERAL 129. Taxonomy and Classification of Human Parasitic Protozoa and Helminths Francis E. G. Cox 130. Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Parasitology Robyn Y. Shimizu, Felix Grimm, Lynne S. Garcia, and Peter Deplazes 131. Reagents, Stains, and Media: Parasitology Andrea J. Linscott and Susan E. Sharp 132. General Approaches for Detection and Identification of Parasites Lynne S. Garcia, Robyn Y. Shimizu, and Graeme P. Paltridge PARASITES 133. Plasmodium and Babesia William O. Rogers 134. Leishmania and Trypanosoma David A. Bruckner and Jaime A. Labarca 135. Toxoplasma James B. McAuley, Jeffery L. Jones, and Kamaljit Singh 136. Pathogenic and Opportunistic Free-Living Amebae Govinda S. Visvesvara 137. Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates Amy L. Leber and Susan Novak-Weekley 138. Isospora, Cyclospora, and Sarcocystis David S. Lindsay, Steve J. Upton, and Louis M. Weiss 139. Cryptosporidium Lihua Xiao and Vitaliano Cama 140. Microsporidia Rainer Weber, Peter Deplazes, and Alexander Mathis 141. Nematodes Harsha Sheorey, Beverley-Ann Biggs, and Peter Traynor 142. Filarial Nematodes Doran L. Fink and Thomas B. Nutman 143. Cestodes Hector H. Garcia, Juan A. Jimenez, and Hermes Escalante 144. Trematodes Malcolm K. Jones, Jennifer Keiser, and Donald P. McManus 145. Less Common Helminths Gary W. Procop and Ronald C. Neafie 146. Arthropods of Medical Importance

Sam R. Telford III SECTION IX ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST METHODS Volume Editors: James H. Jorgensen and David W. Warnock Section Editor: Gary W. Procop 147. Antiparasitic Agents Karin Leder and Peter F. Weller 148. Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiparasitic Agents W. Evan Secor and Jacques Le Bras 149. Susceptibility Test Methods: Parasites Jacques Le Bras and W. Evan Secor