Disaster Response and Risk Management in The Fisheries Sector

Cover photo:
Fishermeh who losI Iheir homes, boaIs ahd livelihoods salvage whaI Ihey cah !rom Iheir decimaIed
boaI a!Ier Ihe Isumahi ravaged Ihe Ihdiah coasI ih December 2004. FAO/24469/A. ViIale.

DisasIer respohse
ahd risk mahagemehI
ih Ihe !isheries secIor
ly
Lena Westlund
!AC Consultant
Ilorence Poulain
!AC Consultant
Hans Bage
!isLery noustry Cllicer
!isL Prooucts ano noustry Livision
!AC !isLeries ano Aquaculture Lepartment
Eome, taly
ano
Kaymon van Anrooy
!isLery Cllicer
!AC Sulregional Cllice lor Central Asia
Ankara, 1urkey
fOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION Of THE UNITED NATION5
Rome, 2007
FAO
FISHLRILS
1LCHNICAL
PAPLR
479
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not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations in preference to others of a similar nature that are
not mentioned.
SB 978-92-5-105765-0
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!AC 2007
iii
Preparation o! this document
Cver tLe last oecaoe, !AC Las lecome increasingly involveo in oisaster response
ano emergency assistance to coastal communities sullering lrom tLe consequences
ol natural calamities sucL as Lurricanes ano llooos. Baseo on tLe experience ol tLis
involvement, togetLer vitL tLe groving numler ol oisasters allecting tLe lisLeries
sector, it vas lelt tLat tLere vas a neeo to stuoy tLe cLaracteristics ol coastal
communities ano tLe specilic neeos ol lisLers, lisL larmers ano otLers involveo in
lisLeries ano aquaculture vitL respect to oisaster response ano risk management.
Accoroingly, in 200+, a oralt oocument entitleo Eesponoing to oisasters in tLe
lisLeries sector vas prepareo ly !lorence Poulain (a consultant lor tLe !isLeries
ano Aquaculture conomics ano Policy Livision [!|). Hovever, linalization ol
tLis oocument vas interrupteo ly tLe trageoy ol tLe tsunami in soutLeast Asia in
Lecemler 200+.
1Le tsunami allecteo coastal communities in particular ano tLe !AC !isLeries
ano Aquaculture Lepartment (!) vere greatly involveo in tLe oisaster response.
As a result ol tLe lessons learneo lrom tLis experience, tLe Eesponoing to oisasters
in tLe lisLeries sector oocument neeoeo to le revisiteo. A reviseo oralt oocument
vas prepareo ly tLe !isLing 1ecLnology Service (!1) ol tLe !isL Prooucts ano
noustry Livision (!) vitL tLe assistance ol ena Westluno, a consultant vLo
vas closely involveo in tLe tsunami response. Support vas also receiveo lrom tLe
!isLeries ano Aquaculture conomics ano Policy Livision (!), tLe !isLeries
ano Aquaculture Management Livision (!M) ano tLe mergency Cperations ano
EeLalilitation Livision (1C).
1Lis reviseo oralt vas presenteo in a seminar on Lisaster Eisk Management
ano Eesponse in tLe !isLeries Sector, organizeo ly ! on + Cctoler 2006. 1Le
participants in tLe seminar provioeo many constructive comments ano tLe oralt
unoervent lurtLer sulstantial revision as a result. 1Le linal oralt ol tLe oocument,
entitleo Disaster response and risk nanagenent in tle jisleries sector, vas lurtLer
revieveo ly stall ol ! ano 1C lelore it vas linalizeo in january 2007. 1Le
oocument sLoulo nevertLeless le consioereo as vork in progress tLat vill le
lurtLer reviseo ano expanoeo as more experience is gaineo.
iv
Abstract
1Lis oocument gives an overviev ol !AC`s vork vitL regaro to natural ano
Luman-inouceo oisasters in tLe lisLeries ano aquaculture sectors, togetLer vitL
tLe lessons learneo ano experience gaineo on Lov to improve oisaster response,
prepareoness ano prevention in tLese sectors.
Cver tLe last lev oecaoes, natural ano Luman-inouceo oisasters Lave lecome
more lrequent ano increasingly oestructive. Populations oepenoing on lisLeries
ano aquaculture lor tLeir liveliLooos Lave lecome more ano more vulneralle ano
Lave leen seriously allecteo ly loss ol lile ano property. 1Lese oisasters are leyono
tLe control ol tLe victims. ven lelore oisaster strikes, lisLing ano aquaculture
communities lace a multituoe ol prollems tLat increase tLeir vulneralility to
Lazaros, sucL as marine ano inoustrial pollution, environmental oegraoation,
overexploitation ol natural resources, conllicts vitL inoustrial lisLing operations
ano precarious economic situations as a result ol poverty ano looo insecurity.
n oroer to provioe aoequate oisaster response in emergency situations ano to
Lelp communities to le letter prepareo ano varneo ol potential tLreats tLrougL
preventive oisaster risk management (LEM), it is imperative tLat tLe particular
cLaracteristics ol tLe lisLeries ano aquaculture sectors ano tLe liveliLooo contexts
ol small-scale lisLers ano lisL larmers ano tLeir communities le clearly unoerstooo
lrom tLe tecLnical, social ano economic points ol viev.
Lisasters cause serious oisruption to communities, tLeir governments ano
society as a vLole. n many cases tLe reLalilitation ano reconstruction process
necessitates external assistance to guarantee return to lasic liveliLooos as quickly
as possille. 1Lerelore one ol tLe main purposes ol tLis oocument is to support
policy- ano oecision-makers involveo in oisaster response ano LEM ly increasing
tLeir ellectiveness in aooressing tLe neeos ol lisLers ano coastal communities in
relation to oisasters. 1Le oocument is oivioeo into tvo parts: Part 1 oescriles
oisasters in tLe context ol tLe lisLeries sector ano Part 2 provioes recommenoations.
1Lese practical recommenoations are aimeo at tLose involveo in assisting lisLing
communities in emergency oisaster reLalilitation ano mitigation. t ollers guioance
lor tLose vorking in lotL tLe lisLeries sector ano in emergency ano oisaster reliel
ano management lut vLo may not Lave pertinent inlormation lor tLe lisLeries ano
aquaculture sectors.
mplementation ol tLese guioelines ano recommenoations sLoulo provioe tLe
lasis lor gooo policy- ano oecision-making. As a resource guioe, it is Lopeo tLat tLe
pullication vill assist governments ano tLose vorking in oisaster ano emergency
situations to lormulate plans to reouce or prevent tLe risks ano impacts ol oisasters,
manage oisaster reliel operations more ellectively ano steer tLe recovery process on
to tLe lastest track, luiloing lack letter.
Westlund, L., Poulain, I., Bage, H., van Anrooy, K.
Lisaster response ano risk management in tLe lisLeries sector.
!AO !isleries Teclnical Paper. o. +79. Eome, !AC. 2007. 56p.
v
Contents
Preparation ol tLis oocument iii
Alstract iv
Acknovleogements vii
Acronyms ano allreviations ix
xecutive summary xi
Introduction 1
8ackgrouhd 1
Purpose ahd sIrucIure o! Ihis reporI 1
PART I DI5A5TER5 AND THE fI5HERIE5 5ECTOR. THE CONTEXT 3
Concepts and terminoIogy o! disasters 5
DisasIers ahd disasIer risk 5
1ypes o! disasIers 6
fisheries sector characteristics and vuInerabiIity context 13
Fishers ahd !ish workers 13
Source o! !ood ahd ihcome 14
VulherabiliIy o! small-scale !ishihg commuhiIies 15
Summary o! disasIer impacIs oh Ihe !isheries secIor 18
PART II RECOMMENDATION5 fOR DI5A5TER RE5PON5E AND RI5K
MANAGEMENT IN fI5HERIE5 21
The disaster sequence 23
Summary o! recommehdaIiohs 24
DisasIer impacI ahd heeds assessmehI, ahd relie! ahd emergehcy
respohse 26
RehabiliIaIioh, recohsIrucIioh ahd susIaihable recovery 35
PrevehIioh, preparedhess ahd early warhihg 39
ConcIuding remarks 49
ibIiography 51
vi
figures
1. Lisaster risk = lunction (Lazaro, exposure, vulneralility) 5
2. Lisaster impact on tLe liveliLooos ol coastal communities 20
3. 1Le main pLases ano actions ol tLe oisaster cycle 2+
oxes
1. Hurricanes in tLe Carillean in 200+ 8
2. 1ypLoon Gloria in tLe PLilippines 9
3. Cil spills tLe xxon Valoez incioent in Alaska 10
+. Complex emergencies 11
5. Civil var ano lisLeries in Sierra eone 12
6. !isLeries as a salety net lor tLe poor 15
7. CverlisLing ano tLe glolal status ol lisL stocks 18
8. HV/ALS in lisLing communities on ake Victoria 19
9. 1Le complex emergency in tLe soutLern Suoan ano its lisLeries 28
10. mpact ol tLe 200+ tsunami on tLe lisLeries sector in AceL
Province, noonesia 29
11. Cversupply ol loats alter tLe 200+ tsunami 32
12. ov-quality loats in tLe tsunami response 35
13. !looos in BanglaoesL in 1998 36
1+. 1Le Cooe ol Conouct lor Eesponsille !isLeries (CCE!) +0
15. !AC salety at sea activities +2
16. Lisaster prepareoness: institutional set-up ano plans lor tLe lisLeries
sector ++
17. Letails ol tLe oeatLs in BLairavapalem ano Balusutippa villages,
AnoLra PraoesL, noia, causeo ly tLe cyclone in ovemler 1996 +5
18. Project on training in sea salety oevelopment programmes in AnoLra
PraoesL, noia +6
vii
AcknovIedgements
1Le autLors voulo like to express tLeir sincere tLanks to all colleagues in !AC
vLo contriluteo to tLe preparation ol tLis oocument. We gratelully acknovleoge
tLe excellent support ano suggestions receiveo lrom MicLael Arluckle, Ari
Guomunosson, Helga josupeit, Marc olting, Mella Eeantaso, EoLana SulasingLe,
Eoss SLotton, Susana Siar, jeremy 1urner, Stelania Vanuccini, Grimur Valoimarsson
ano Eoll Willmann ol tLe !AC !isLeries ano Aquaculture Lepartment. jean
Collins, tLe !isLeries ilrarian, vas, as usual, extremely Lelplul, as vas tLe !AC
Eepresentation in tLe PLilippines. Sylvie Walles provioeo valualle comments
on leLall ol tLe mergency Cperations ano EeLalilitation Livision (1C). 1Le
autLors are also gratelul lor tLe uselul leeolack provioeo ly many ol tLe participants
in tLe seminar ol + Cctoler 2006, notally !ernanoa Guerrieri, StepLan Baas, Iisan
Gunjal, Hiloe iggemann ano !lorence Eolle. 1Le linancial contrilution to tLe
stuoy ano tLis pullication ly tLe !isL Prooucts ano noustry Livision (!), tLe
!isLeries ano Aquaculture conomics ano Policy Livision (!) ano 1C is also
acknovleogeo vitL appreciation. !inally, ve voulo like to tLank Eolerta MitcLell,
1ina !armer, !ranoise ScLatto ano EacLel Goloer lor tLeir valualle assistance in
preparing tLe oocument lor pullication.
ix
Acronyms and abbreviations
AAPQIS Aquatic Animal PatLogen ano uarantine nlormation System
ADB Asian Levelopment Bank
ADKC Asian Lisaster Eeouction Center
APIIC Asia-Pacilic !isLery Commission
BMPs Better management practices
BKK Badan Belabilitasi dan Bekonstruksi (AceL ano ias
EeLalilitation ano Eeconstruction Agency)
CCKI Cooe ol Conouct lor Eesponsille !isLeries
CISAMs Crop ano !ooo Supply Assessment Missions
CIDA Canaoian nternational Levelopment Agency
COSK Consortium to Eestore SLattereo iveliLooos in 1sunami-
oevastateo ations
CKLD Centre lor EesearcL on tLe pioemiology ol Lisasters
DIID Lepartment !or nternational Levelopment (Government ol tLe
Lniteo Iingoom ano ortLern relano)
DKM Lisaster risk management
LM-DAT C!LA/CEL nternational Lisaster Latalase
LMPKLS mergency Prevention System (lor 1ranslounoary Animal ano
Plant Pests ano Liseases)
LLS pizootic ulcerative synorome
IAD !isL aggregating oevice
III !isL Prooucts ano noustry Livision (!AC)
IIIT !isLing 1ecLnology Service (!AC)
IIYIMS !ooo nsecurity ano Vulneralility nlormation ano Mapping
Systems
CDP Gross oomestic proouct
CILWS Glolal nlormation ano arly Warning System on !ooo ano
Agriculture
HABs Harmlul algal llooms
HIY/AIDS Human immunooeliciency virus/acquireo immunooeliciency
synorome
ICMH nternational Centre lor Migration ano HealtL
IDAI Programme lor ntegrateo Levelopment ol Artisanal !isLeries in
West Alrica
IDP nternally oisplaceo person
IIKC nternational !eoeration ol Eeo Cross ano Eeo Crescent
Societies
ILO nternational alour Crganisation
IMO nternational Maritime Crganization
x
IOC ntergovernmental CceanograpLic Commission
ISDK nternational Strategy lor Lisaster Eeouction
KHY Ioi Lerpes virus
MMAI Ministry ol Marine Allairs ano !isLeries (noonesia)
ACA etvork ol Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacilic
CO on-governmental organization
OIDA Cllice ol Lniteo States !oreign Lisaster Assistance (LSAL)
PTWC Pacilic 1sunami Warning Center
SDC Sustainalle Levelopment Commission
SLACA Socio-economic ano Genoer Analysis Programme
SIDS Small slano Leveloping States
SLA Sustainalle liveliLooos approacL
TCL mergency Cperations ano EeLalilitation Livision (!AC)
TLC 1sunami valuation Coalition
LCDP Lppsala Conllict Lata Program
L Lniteo ations
LDMTS Lniteo ations Lisaster Management 1eams
LLSCO Lniteo ations oucational, Scientilic ano Cultural
Crganization
LDP Lniteo ations Levelopment Programme
LICLI Lniteo ations CLiloren`s !uno
LSAID Lniteo States Agency lor nternational Levelopment
LS$ Lniteo States oollar
YHI Very LigL lrequency
WIP Lniteo ations Worlo !ooo Programme
WHO Worlo HealtL Crganization
xi
Executive summary
Cver tLe last lev oecaoes, natural oisasters Lave lecome more lrequent ano
increasingly oestructive. Populations oepenoing on lisLeries ano aquaculture lor
tLeir liveliLooos are tLreateneo not only ly natural Lazaros lut also ly Luman-
inouceo events ano otLer oevelopments leyono tLeir control. 1Le particular
cLaracteristics ol tLe lisLeries sector ano tLe liveliLooo context ol small-scale
lisLers ano lisL larmers ano tLeir communities neeo to le clearly unoerstooo in
oroer to le alle to provioe aoequate oisaster response in an emergency situation
ano to Lelp tLese people to le letter prepareo lor ano varneo ol potential luture
tLreats tLrougL preventive oisaster risk management (LEM).
1Le purpose ol tLis oocument is to Lelp oecision-makers involveo in oisaster
response ano LEM to increase tLeir ellectiveness in aooressing tLe neeos ol lisLers
ano coastal communities in relation to oisasters. 1Le oocument aims to provioe
practical recommenoations lor tLose involveo in assisting lisLers in emergency
ano reLalilitation situations ano lor tLose vorking in oillerent aspects ol oisaster
prevention ano prepareoness lut vLo may Lave limiteo experience ano knovleoge
ol tLe lisLeries ano aquaculture sector. 1Le report is moreover intenoeo lor tLose
vorking in tLe lisLeries sector ano neeoing some guioance on oisaster response ano
LEM in general.
A oisaster is a serious oisruption in tLe lile ol a community or society tLat
causes extenoeo losses ano requires external assistance. Lisaster risk is a lunction
ol a Lazaro, ano tLe vulneralility ano exposure ol tLe community or society to tLe
Lazaro. Lisasters can le classilieo in tLree categories: natural disasters, teclnological
disasters ano conplex energencies. Natural disasters incluoe oisasters originating
lrom Lyorometeorological Lazaros (llooos, vaves ano surges, storms, orougLts,
etc.), geological Lazaros (eartLquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.) ano liological
Lazaros (epioemics, insect inlestations, etc.). Teclnological disasters are oelineo as
leing oirectly relateo to Luman activity ano as a result ol lailure ol a tecLnology
or ol management, or ol an accioent involving macLinery or inlrastructure. 1Le
oelinition ol a conplex energency is a Lumanitarian crisis resulting lrom military
conllict ano lor vLicL external assistance is neeoeo.
!isLeries contrilute to looo supplies, employment ano income in national ano
local economies. Capture lisLing ano aquaculture proouction activities provioe
oirect employment ano revenue to an estimateo 38 million people vorlovioe. n
aooition, tLere are likely to le more tLan 100 million people employeo in lisLeries
associateo activities, e.g. in processing ano traoing. A total ol 90 percent ol tLese
liveliLooos are in tLe small-scale sector. !isL Las a LigLly oesiralle nutrient prolile:
it provioes an excellent source ol quality animal protein, essential latty acios,
vitamins ano minerals. 1Le sector may also le an important source ol loreign
excLange earnings in many oeveloping countries.
xii
Most small-scale lisLers ano lisL vorkers live in oeveloping countries ano olten
lace a multituoe ol prollems tLat increase tLeir vulneralility to Lazaros, sucL as
pollution, environmental oegraoation ano overexploitation ol resources, LigL levels
ol accioents ano conllicts vitL large inoustrial lisLing operations. Many coastal
communities are also particularly vulneralle to Lazaros resulting lrom poverty ano
looo insecurity.
Lisasters allect tLe lisLeries sector in many oillerent vays. atural oisasters
olten leao to large numlers ol casualties ano cause tangille losses in tLe lorm ol
oamageo ano lost loats, gear, lisL cages ano aquaculture lrooostock ano otLer
proouctive assets, oestruction ol inlrastructure sucL as lanoing lacilities, ano loss
ol proouction, e.g. lisL escaping lrom aquaculture ponos. nvironmental oamage
tLrougL accioents, sucL as an oil spill, may cause tLe closing ol a lisLery. As
opposeo to suooen natural oisasters, otLer Lazaros luilo up over time. Cutlreaks
ol oisease ano otLer tLreats to larmeo lisL in particular cause proouction losses.
Military conllicts, civil vars ano complex emergencies are particularly oillicult
situations vitL consioeralle loss ol Luman lile ano long recovery perioos il ano
vLen a peace agreement is acLieveo.
Lisaster response ano LEM can le oescrileo as a sequence ol events or pLases,
eacL requiring oillerent ano specilic actions. 1Lis oisaster cycle or emergency
sequence incluoes tLree main groups ol actions: i) oisaster impact ano neeos
assessment, ano reliel ano emergency response, ii) reLalilitation, reconstruction
ano recovery, ano iii) prevention, prepareoness ano early varning. Baseo on !AC`s
experience lrom its involvement in recent oisasters, a set ol recommenoations Las
leen oevelopeo lor tLis report to provioe guioance vitL regaro to oisaster response
ano LEM in lisLing ano lisL larming communities.
1Le recommenoations given lelov oeal specilically vitL concerns regaroing
oisasters in tLe lisLeries sector, altLougL some are also relevant in otLer contexts,
ano inteno to complement existing !AC guioelines. 1Ley are oirecteo tovaros tLose
responsille lor ano involveo in emergency assistance ano LEM, i.e. governments in
oisaster-stricken countries ano tLeir Lumanitarian ano oevelopment partners.
1. Availalility ol lisL ano lisLery prooucts sLoulo le incluoeo in looo supply
assessments ano tLe resumption ol lisL proouction given priority in areas
vLere lisL is an important part ol tLe oiet ano ol tLe liveliLooo ol tLe
communities.
2. Eelevant lisLeries/aquaculture experts local ano international as requireo
sLoulo lorm part ol assessment teams.
3. eeos assessments sLoulo take a Lolistic approacL ano a liveliLooo locus
lut tLe specilic cLaracteristics ol tLe lisLeries sector neeo to le taken into
consioeration in oisaster response.
+. Beneliciary selection neeos to le laseo on a gooo unoerstanoing ol local
liveliLooo systems ano community structures ano involve tLe target
communities tLemselves.
5. Strategic planning lor longer-term reLalilitation ano recovery sLoulo le
unoertaken at tLe early stage ol emergency interventions to ensure long-
xiii
term sustainalility ol liveliLooos ano natural resources at all stages ol tLe
oisaster response.
6. Cooroination ol national ano international agencies ano organizations
involveo in oisaster response neeos to le ensureo ano appropriate luogets
lor supporting tLe responsille autLorities in tLis task sLoulo le allocateo ly
tLeir Lumanitarian ano oevelopment partners.
7. 1Le participation ol tLe allecteo LouseLolos ano local institutions in
assessments, planning, implementation ano monitoring Las to le ensureo
lor ellective ano ellicient emergency ano reLalilitation support.
8. 1raining ano tecLnical support is neeoeo to ensure tLat assistance is souno
ano appropriate ano tecLnically competent Lumanitarian ano oevelopment
agencies sLoulo make sucL support an important component ol tLeir
oisaster response.
9. eeos assessments sLoulo continue on a regular lasis ano special attention
sLoulo le given to issues relateo to tLe impact ol assistance on lisLery
resources ano tLe environment. 1Lese sLoulo le comlineo vitL monitoring
ol tLe ellectiveness ol tLe assistance provioeo ano its impact on liveliLooos,
ano lessons learneo sLoulo le leo lack into tLe ongoing activities ol
assistance programmes.
10. ocal natural resource management ano conservation capacities ano
capalilities sLoulo le strengtLeneo as part ol reLalilitation, reconstruction
ano recovery. Sustainalle aquaculture practices ano comanagement
approacLes lor lisLeries management sLoulo le promoteo.
11. EeLalilitation, reconstruction ano recovery activities sLoulo aim at luiloing
liveliLooos tLat are letter tLan tLose existing lelore tLe oisaster, any
contrilution to poverty traps sLoulo le avoioeo.
12. 1Le promotion ol responsille ano sustainalle lisLeries ano aquaculture
sLoulo le given LigL priority as part ol oisaster prevention ano in aooressing
tLe vulneralilities ol lisLing ano lisL larming communities.
13. ncreaseo assistance sLoulo le provioeo to oeveloping countries ano coastal
communities lor improving salety at sea, particularly in coastal areas prone
to natural oisasters.
1+. Aquaculture planning sLoulo le improveo ano tLe prepareoness lor oealing
vitL oisease outlreaks ano otLer tLreats in tLe groving aquaculture
sulsector neeos to le strengtLeneo at tLe local, national, regional ano glolal
levels.
15. 1Le lisLeries sector sLoulo le explicitly incluoeo in tLe national oisaster
response ano prepareoness institutional set-up ano lorm an integral
part ol oisaster prepareoness plans. SucL plans sLoulo le estallisLeo ly
oisaster-prone countries ano tLe necessary capacities ano capalilities lor
implementing tLem oevelopeo.
16. 1Le resilience ol oisaster-prone coastal communities sLoulo le strengtLeneo,
luiloing on existing strengtLs, coping strategies ano measures ano local or
inoigenous knovleoge.
xiv
17. llective early varning systems ano otLer mecLanisms lor oisaster mitigation
sucL as cyclone sLelters neeo to le oevelopeo ano/or improveo, as requireo.
1Lese neeo to take tLe specilic requirements ol lisLing communities into
consioeration, e.g. covering migratory lisLers ano lisL vorkers.
18. nlormation on ano tLe unoerstanoing ol oisasters ano tLeir impact on
tLe liveliLooos ol lisLing communities ano tLeir environment neeo to
le improveo. essons learneo lrom oisaster impact ano response sLoulo
le systematically analyseo ano useo to improve luture interventions ano
preventive vork at tLe national ano international levels.
essons learneo lrom tLe 200+ tsunami response sLov tLat some ol tLe
main issues vitL regaro to oisaster response in tLe lisLeries sector are relateo to
cooroination ano tecLnical support. !AC Las a long experience ol vorking closely
vitL governments ano lisLing communities on a variety ol oevelopment activities
ano is a recognizeo partner lor tecLnical assistance ano aovice. 1Lis, togetLer
vitL tLe Crganization`s position as a neutral Lniteo ations agency, puts !AC
in a unique position lor assisting oisaster-stricken governments in cooroination
ano provioing tecLnical aovice. t voulo tLerelore le oesiralle tLat oonors
ano oevelopment partners support tLis role ano incluoe lunoing lor support to
cooroination ano tecLnical assistance as part ol tLeir response to oisasters.
1
Introduction
ACKGROUND
Cver tLe last lev oecaoes, natural oisasters Lave lecome more lrequent ano
increasingly oestructive. More tLan 2 million people Lave leen killeo in tLe last 30
years ano 255 million people on average vere allecteo ly natural oisasters glolally,
lrom 199+ to 2003 (GuLa-Sapir, Hargitt ano Hoyois, 200+). Comlineo vitL
increaseo vulneralilities resulting lrom cLanging socio-economic, tecLnological
ano oemograpLic conoitions, lotL natural ano Luman-inouceo oisasters continue to
tLreaten populations all over tLe vorlo, jeoparoizing tLe sustainalle oevelopment
ol oeveloping countries (SLE, 2005).
Eesponoing to tLe neeos ol populations sullering lrom tLe impact ol
natural oisasters, !AC Las expanoeo its activities in tLe area ol emergency ano
reLalilitation assistance. Most ol tLese activities concern agriculture lut tLere are
also a numler ol interventions aooressing neeos in tLe lisLeries ano aquaculture
sector. !or example, over tLe last lev years, assistance Las leen provioeo to
victims ol Hurricane van, vLicL Lit several countries in tLe Carillean (incluoing
jamaica, Grenaoa, tLe BaLamas, ano Saint Vincent ano tLe Grenaoines) in tLe early
autumn ol 200+, tLe tsunami on 26 Lecemler 200+, vLicL allecteo countries on
several continents, 1ypLoon Gloria in tLe PLilippines (2002), tLe llooos ano line
ano Lera cyclones in Mozamlique (2000), ano tLe llooos in Viet am (2000 ano
2002) ano in BanglaoesL (1998).
Populations oepenoing on lisLeries ano aquaculture lor tLeir liveliLooos are
tLreateneo not only ly natural Lazaros lut also ly Luman-inouceo events ano
oevelopments leyono tLeir control. Most small-scale lisLers ano lisL vorkers live
in oeveloping countries ano tLey olten lace a multituoe ol prollems tLat increase
tLeir vulneralility to Lazaros, sucL as pollution, environmental oegraoation,
overexploitation ol resources, LigL levels ol accioents at sea ano conllicts vitL
inoustrial lisLing operations. Many coastal communities are also particularly
vulneralle to Lazaros resulting lrom poverty ano looo insecurity. 1Le particular
cLaracteristics ol tLe lisLeries sector ano tLe liveliLooo context ol small-scale
lisLers ano lisL larmers ano tLeir communities neeo to le clearly unoerstooo in
oroer to le alle to provioe aoequate oisaster response in an emergency situation
ano to Lelp tLese people to le letter prepareo lor ano varneo ol potential luture
tLreats tLrougL preventive oisaster risk management (LEM).
PURPO5E AND 5TRUCTURE Of THI5 REPORT
1Le purpose ol tLis oocument is to Lelp oecision-makers involveo in oisaster
response ano LEM to increase tLeir ellectiveness in aooressing tLe neeos ol lisLers
Disaster response and risk nanagenent in tle jisleries sector 2
ano coastal communities in relation to oisasters. 1Le oocument aims to provioe
practical recommenoations lor tLose involveo in assisting lisLers in emergency
ano reLalilitation situations ano lor tLose vorking in oillerent areas ol oisaster
prevention ano prepareoness lut vLo may Lave limiteo experience ano knovleoge
ol tLe lisLeries ano aquaculture sector. 1Le report is moreover intenoeo lor tLose
vorking in tLe lisLeries sector neeoing some guioance on oisaster response ano
LEM in general. By provioing examples ol tLe ellects ol oisasters on tLe lisLeries
ano aquaculture sector, tLe oocument also intenos to increase avareness ol tLe
vulneralility ol small-scale lisLers ano lisL vorkers to natural ano Luman-inouceo
Lazaros.
1Le report is laseo on !AC`s experience ol emergency ano reLalilitation
interventions lut also provioes examples ol oisaster impact outsioe tLe scope ol
tLe Crganization`s vork in oroer to give a more complete ano lroaoer sectoral
overviev. t ooes not inteno to le a guioe lor oisaster response in general
relerence is maoe to otLer pullications in tLis regaro lut points to some
important aspects ol oisasters tLat are specilic to lisLeries ano aquaculture. !ocus
is given to lessons learneo lrom tLe response to tLe 200+ tsunami in SoutLeast
Asia, since tLis vas a major recent oisaster tLat allecteo tLe lisLeries sector ano
attracteo an unpreceoenteo amount ol lunoing lor reliel ano reLalilitation.
n line vitL !AC`s overall locus on oevelopment in rural areas, tLe oocument
is mainly concerneo vitL tLe small-scale lisLeries
1
sector in oeveloping countries.
1Le terms lisLeries ano tLe lisLeries sector reler to lotL capture lisLeries
ano aquaculture, as vell as to tLeir upstream ano oovnstream activities, unless
otLervise specilieo.
1Le oocument is oivioeo into tvo parts. Part gives lackgrouno inlormation,
starting vitL a cLapter on tLe oelinitions ol tLe terminology ano concepts relevant
to oisasters, togetLer vitL examples ol oillerent types ol oisasters impacting on
tLe lisLeries sector. t also oiscusses lisLeries sector cLaracteristics ano gives an
overviev ol tLe vulneralility context common to many coastal communities. n
Part , recommenoations lor oisaster response ano LEM in tLe lisLeries sector
are presenteo. 1Lese recommenoations are oiscusseo vitLin tLe lramevork ol
!AC`s role ano experiences lrom recent emergencies, oevelopment activities
ano policy vork. 1Le report concluoes vitL some remarks unoerlining tLe main
concerns vitL regaro to oisasters ano tLe lisLeries sector.
1Le oocument sLoulo le consioereo as vork in progress tLat vill neeo to le
reviseo ano expanoeo as more experience is gaineo.
1
1Le small-scale lisLeries sector is not Lomogenous across regions ano countries ano no unanimous
oelinition exists. t is generally a oynamic ano evolving sector ano is usually lalour intensive,
expenoing relatively small amounts ol capital ano energy. Small-scale lisLers use small vessels
ano olten lisL insLore lor local ano oomestic markets altLougL export-orienteo proouction Las
increaseo signilicantly over tLe last tvo oecaoes (!AC, 2005a ano !AC !isLeries ano Aquaculture
Lepartment Glossary at Lttp://vvv.lao.org/li/glossary/oelault.asp).
3
PART I
Disasters and the !isheries
sector. the context
5
Concepts and terminoIogy o!
disasters
DI5A5TER5 AND DI5A5TER RI5K
A disaster is tLe occurrence ol a suooen or major mislortune vLicL oisrupts tLe
lasic lalric ano normal lunctioning ol a society (or a community). An event or
a series ol events vLicL give rise to casualties ano/or oamage or loss ol property,
inlrastructure, essential services or means ol liveliLooo on a scale vLicL is leyono
tLe normal capacity ol tLe allecteo communities to cope vitL unaioeo (!AC,
1998). atural pLenomena, sucL as eartLquakes, llooos ano cyclones relerreo to
as natural lazards are not oisasters in tLemselves. A natural or otLer Lazaro only
lecomes a oisaster vLen people are allecteo or costs are incurreo.
An energency is an extraoroinary situation in vLicL people are unalle to meet
tLeir lasic survival neeos, or tLere are serious ano immeoiate tLreats to Luman lile
ano vell-leing (!AC, 1998). A oisaster ooes not alvays leao to an emergency. t
oepenos on tLe gravity ol its consequences ano tLe coping capacity ol tLe country
ano people allecteo.
1Le disaster ano energency risk is a lunction ol exposure, sucL as people ano
property, ano :ulnerability to tLe Lazaro (see !igure 1).
FICURL 1
Disaster risk = !unction (hazard, exposure, vuInerabiIity)
Source: ALEC, 2005, p. 5.

DisasIer
risk
LXPOSURL
(people, properIy)
HAZARD
(earIhquake, accidehI)
VULNLRA8ILI1Y
(resisIahce agaihsI
hazards)
Vulnerability is oelineo as a conoition resulting lrom pLysical, social, economic
ano environmental lactors or processes, vLicL increases tLe susceptilility ol a
community to tLe impact ol a Lazaro (ALEC, 2005, p. 5). Poverty is a main
cause ol vulneralility in many parts ol tLe vorlo ano tLere is a clear link letveen
oisaster risk ano oevelopment. Cver tLe last oecaoe, an average ol ++ people vere
killeo per natural oisaster in countries vitL a LigL Luman oevelopment inoex
(Lniteo ations Levelopment Programme Human Levelopment noex), vLile
tLe average oeatL toll in countries vitL a lov inoex vas 300 people per event
(!AC, 2005l).
1o reouce oisaster risk, it is important to reouce exposure, i.e. keep people as
lar avay lrom tLe Lazaro as possille ano minimize tLe level ol vulneralility. 1Lis
can le acLieveo ly removing tLe unoerlying causes ol tLe vulneralility tLrougL,
lor example, poverty alleviation (ALEC, 2005). Vulneralility ano exposure can
also le reouceo ly prepareoness ano early varning mecLanisms.
TYPE5 Of DI5A5TER5
Lisasters may occur suooenly or tLey may oevelop over time. atural events sucL
as eartLquakes ano cyclones are olten rapio onset oisasters. Lisasters causeo ly
tLe spreao ol an animal pest or oisease, or tLe oegraoation ol a political situation
leaoing to conllict, are likely to oevelop over time. 1Lere are also situations vLere
several types ol oisasters are comlineo, or vLere one oisaster leaos to, or replaces,
anotLer. Moreover, in some cases, vLat may appear to le triggereo ly natural
Lazaros is in lact a result ol Luman activity. !or example, serious soil erosion
in a river catcLment area, causeo ly oelorestation ano lano oegraoation, may
generate Leavy soil seoimentation ano result in lloooing ano sulsequent oisaster.
nappropriate LealtL management in aquaculture coulo cause a oisease outlreak,
resulting in tLe mass mortality ol larmeo organisms (lisL, sLrimp, sLelllisL, etc.)
ano tLreats to Luman LealtL.
1Le Centre lor EesearcL on tLe pioemiology ol Lisasters (CEL) maintains
a oatalase on oisasters togetLer vitL tLe Lniteo States Agency lor nternational
Levelopment (LSAL) Cllice ol !oreign Lisaster Assistance (C!LA): tLe
nternational Lisasters Latalase (M-LA1). Generally, oisasters are classilieo
in tLree categories: natural disasters, teclnological disasters ano conplex
energencies.
NaturaI disasters
atural oisasters incluoe oisasters originating lrom Lyorometeorological Lazaros
(llooos, vaves ano surges, storms, orougLts, etc.), geological Lazaros (eartLquakes,
volcanic eruptions, etc.) ano liological Lazaros (epioemics, insect inlestations,
etc.). Accoroing to M-LA1, 305 ano 360 natural oisasters incurreo in 200+ ano
2005, respectively. A total ol 336 500 people vere reporteo to le Lave leen killeo
ly natural oisasters in tLe tvo years ano more tLan 300 million people vere
allecteo. Besioes tLe tvo major events tLe soutLeast Asian tsunami in Lecemler
200+ ano tLe eartLquake in Pakistan in Cctoler 2005 llooos vere tLe main cause
Concepts and terninology oj disasters 7
ol tLe oisasters. 1Le total costs ol natural oisasters in 2005, incluoing tLe oamage
causeo ly Hurricane Iatrina in August 2005, Lave leen estimateo at over LS$150
lillion (M-LA1, 2005).
2

AltLougL oata specilic to lisLeries are not availalle in tLe international
statistics tLe numlers quoteo alove are glolal cross-sectoral values it is evioent
tLat tLe lisLeries sector is particularly prone to oisasters ol a lydroneteorological
nature sucL as storms ano llooos lecause most lisLing ano lisL larming takes
place in coastal areas vitL a relatively LigL exposure to tLese Lazaros. Cyclones,
Lurricanes ano typLoons
3
are among tLe most oestructive natural pLenomena ano
are olten comlineo vitL llooos ano tioal vaves.
1Le year 2004 vas oisastrous vitL regaro to Lurricanes in tLe Carillean,
close to 3 000 people oieo ano some 1 million vere allecteo (M-LA1, 2006) (see
Box 1). n Box 2, oetails ol 1ypLoon Gloria Litting tLe PLilippines in 2002 are
given. !looos also allecteo lisLing communities in, lor example, Viet am in 2000
ano 2002, Mozamlique in comlination vitL tLe line ano Lera cyclones in
2000 ano BanglaoesL in 1998.
n tLe aquaculture sector, Lyorometeorological conoitions sucL as storms,
supercLills
4
ano lrost can cause signilicant loss ol lisL ano Lence linancial
implications as vell as potential unemployment. n tLe vinter ol 2002/2003, large
numlers ol lisL vere killeo on lisL larms in eastern Canaoa ano Maine (Lniteo
States) tLrougL supercLill ano ice orilts (Perry, 2003).
2
1Le international insurance company MunicL Ee reports a total ol 650 loss events causeo ly natural
oisasters in 2005, amounting to a total cost ol LS$210 lillion, reporteoly a nev recoro. Alout Lall
ol tLe recoroeo loss events vere vinostorms (MunicL Ee Group, 2005).
3
Cyclone is tLe name given to a tropical revolving storm occurring in tLe noian Ccean, Aralian
Sea or Bay ol Bengal. A Lurricane is tLe name given to tLe same storm in tLe West noies or oll tLe
American sealoaro ano typLoon is tLe name given to tLe same storm in tLe Western Pacilic (Yaoava,
1urner ano Calvert, 2000).
4
1Le seavater temperature lalls lelov 0C.
Danage by Hurricane
I:an, Bae Toun jisling
beacl, Kingston Toun,
]anaica (2004)
F
l
S
H
L
R
l
L
S

D
l
V
l
S
l
O
N
,

M
l
N
l
S
J
R

O
F

A
C
R
l
C
U
L
J
U
R
L
,

1
A
M
A
l
C
A
Cne recent example ol a geological oisaster severely allecting coastal
communities on several continents is tLe tsunami ol 26 Lecemler 200+. !isLing
ano coastal communities, as vell as otLer liveliLooo groups, vere severely
impacteo, notally in noia, noonesia, Malaysia, Maloives, Myanmar, SeycLelles,
Somalia, Sri anka, 1Lailano ano Yemen. t is estimateo tLat over 200 000 people
lost tLeir lives, altLougL tLe exact numler vill never le knovn. Millions ol people
vere allecteo economically, losing tLeir liveliLooo assets ano income sources.
1Le tsunami vas triggereo ly anotLer geological Lazaro: tLe eartLquake in tLe
noian Ccean. Some areas alreaoy allecteo ly tLe lirst eartLquake ano tLe tsunami
sullereo lrom sulsequent eartLquakes (e.g. ias slano, noonesia). n july 2006,
tLe noonesian islano ol java sullereo anotLer comlineo eartLquake ano tsunami
oisaster vitL Lunoreos ol casualties.
Biological Lazaros allecting tLe lisLeries sector incluoe oisease outlreaks,
particularly in lisL ano sLelllisL larms, ano pLytoplankton ano jellylisL occurrences.
1Lese can cause signilicant economic losses ano impacts on tLe liveliLooos ol lisL
larmers. ALB/ACA
5
(1991) estimateo tLe value ol lost larm proouction to
5
Asian Levelopment Bank (ALB) ano etvork ol Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacilic (ACA).
8OX 1
Hurricanes in the Caribbean in 2004
1Le Atlantic Lurricane season ol 200+ vas vell alove average vitL regaro to activity
ano incluoeo 15 nameo storms. t ollicially starteo on 1 june ano lasteo until 30
ovemler ano vas one ol tLe oeaoliest ano most costly seasons ever recoroeo. 1Le
lour Lurricanes, CLarley, !rances, van ano jeanne, vere particularly oamaging.
jeanne killeo some 2 750 people in Haiti in Septemler ano, togetLer vitL !rances,
also Lit tLe BaLamas vLile van vreakeo Lavoc in tLe Cayman slanos, Grenaoa,
jamaica, ano Saint Vincent ano tLe Grenaoines. CLarley causeo serious oamage in
Cula. All lour storms also Lit !lorioa in tLe Lniteo States.
n Grenaoa, most ol tLe 110 000 inLalitants vere allecteo, to a greater or lesser
extent, ly Hurricane van ano 39 people vere killeo. Alout Lall ol tLe population
lecame Lomeless as tLe Lurricane oestroyeo some 90 percent ol all Louses. 1Le
lisLeries sector, constituting an important part ol tLe islano`s economy ano employing
2 500 lulltime lisLers as vell as a numler ol lisL venoors ano exporters, vas laoly
allecteo. Cl a total lleet ol 760 lisLing vessels measuring +-20 m, 21 vere lost ano
120 oamageo. !isLing gear ano salety equipment vere also lost or oamageo as vell as
important inlrastructure, e.g. a lisLers` communication netvork tLat operateo vitL
tLe coastguaro lor vessel monitoring ano salety at sea. 1Le Lurricane allecteo tLe
liveliLooos ol some 2 200 people vLo vere oirectly or inoirectly oepenoent on tLe
lisLeries sector.
Sources: Wikipeoia, 2006, M-LA1, 2006, !AC, 200+c, !AC, 200+o.
lisL oiseases in 15 oeveloping Asian countries to le LS$1.36 lillion in 1990. 1Lis
incluoeo oiseases sucL as epizootic ulcerative synorome (LS), penaeio sLrimp
oiseases ano a variety ol otLer oiseases causing losses in lresLvater linlisL pono
culture ano marine cage culture ol linlisL. Aquaculture in particular marine cage
culture can also le allecteo ly jellylisL ano pLytoplankton. l tLe pLytoplankton
proouces toxins, Larmlul algal llooms (HABs) may result. Some ol tLe toxins
proouceo are Larmlul to consumers ol sLelllisL. on-Larmlul toxins can also kill
lisL lecause ol tLe lov oxygen conoitions tLe lloom creates (!ES, 2006).
TechnoIogicaI disasters
1ecLnological oisasters are oelineo as leing oirectly relateo to Luman activity ano
to tLe lailure ol a tecLnology or accioent involving macLinery or inlrastructure.
M-LA1 incluoes inoustrial accioents (cLemical spills, collapses ol inoustrial
inlrastructure, explosions, lires, raoiation, etc.), transport accioents (air, rail, roao
or vater) ano otLer miscellaneous accioents (collapses ol oomestic/non-inoustrial
structures, explosions, lires, etc.) in tLis category.
1Le Luman casualties ol tecLnological oisasters are lever tLan tLose ol natural
oisasters. Accoroing to M-LA1, close to 66 000 people vere killeo ano some
951 000 allecteo ly tecLnological oisasters in tLe perioo 20002005 (M-LA1,
2006). Hovever, in aooition to tLe oirect impact on people, tecLnological oisasters
can Lave signilicant ellects on tLe environment tLrougL tLe pollution ol air ano
8OX 2
Typhoon GIoria in the PhiIippines
n july 2002, 1ypLoon Gloria

(also calleo CLata`an) struck 19 provinces across tLe
PLilippines ano lrougLt rains tLat lloooeo large parts ol several regions. A total ol
700 000 people vere allecteo ano 7+ casualties, incluoing 33 oeatLs, vere reporteo. n
tLe tvo regions ol Central uzon ano conos, vLicL are regularly Lit ly typLoons,
tLe 2002 vinostorm vas particularly strong ano causeo consioeralle loss ol crops,
livestock ano lisL. Lamage to tLese sectors vas estimateo at LS$6.+ million. 1arlac,
Pampanga ano Bulacan in Central uzon ano Pangasina in nortLern uzon (locos)
vere tLe provinces most allecteo.
1Le typLoon allecteo a total ol almost 6 000 La ol lisL ponos in tLe lour provinces.
Worst allecteo vas tLe province ol Pampanga vitL almost 2 500 La ol ponos oamageo.
1Le total cost ol tLe oamage to tLe lisLeries sector in all lour provinces vas estimateo
at LS$+.+ million. Many small-scale lisL larmers vere allecteo, losing ongoing lisL
proouction in tLeir ponos ano sullering oamage to ponos ano inlrastructure. An
estimateo 7 000 lisL larmers vere allecteo ano letveen 2 000 ano 3 000 tonnes ol
lisL vere prolally lost.
Sources: M-LA1, 2006, !AC, 2003.
vater. llects may also le long-lasting, tLe nternational !eoeration ol Eeo Cross
ano Eeo Crescent Societies (!EC) vas still provioing support in 2001 to victims
ol tLe CLernolyl nuclear reactor explosion in 1986 (!EC, 2006). Cver a oecaoe
alter tLe xxon Valoez oil spill in Alaska in 1989, tLe allecteo sea liro populations
vere still sLoving signs ol recovery (ev Scientist, 2001). !or tLe lisLeries
inoustry, oil spills causeo ly transport accioents are ol particular oanger lecause
ol tLe oirect ano potential longer-term ellects on tLe environment (see Box 3).
8OX 3
OiI spiIIs - the Exxon VaIdez incident in AIaska
n tLe early spring ol 1989, tLe xxon Valoez supertanker struck a reel in tLe Prince ovaro
Souno in soutL central Alaska ano +0 million litres ol oil spilleo. 1Le accioent is tLe largest oil
spill in Lniteo States Listory ano olviously causeo vioespreao ecological oamage tLrougLout
tLe region. t also Lao signilicant social ano psycLological consequences lor tLe Luman
population ol tLe area.
1Le soutL central Alaskan lisLing economy is laseo on live main proouct groups: Pacilic
salmon, sLelllisL, Pacilic Lerring, Pacilic Lalilut ano grounolisL. 1Le total catcL in 1988 vas
2+0 000 tonnes lor a value ol LS$393 million. Alter tLe accioent, tLe government closeo
several lisLeries lor tLe vLole ol 1989 lecause ol contamination. CtLers vere closeo lor a
limiteo time until tLe risk ol contact vitL tLe oil Lao oecreaseo.
WLile tLe costs ol tLe accioent vere enormous researcL lunoeo ly tLe state ol Alaska
estimateo total oamage to tLe natural environment at LS$3 lillion tLe spill generateo income
lor tLe inLalitants ol tLe area. ocal resioents vere employeo in tLe clean-up operations ano
local lisLing loats vere renteo lor transport. 1Le remuneration paio to local communities lor
tLese services lar exceeoeo tLe economic losses to lisLeries, lor example, tLe total vages paio
in tLe community ol Valoez increaseo ly almost 300 percent in tLe summer alter tLe accioent
compareo vitL 1988. xxon Las also paio linancial compensation to many resioents altLougL
tLe amounts ol tLese settlements are conlioential ano several claim cases Lao still not leen
settleo in 2006, 17 years alter tLe accioent.
n spite ol tLe immeoiate economic loom generateo ly tLe oil spill, it Lao negative
psycLological, social ano cultural impacts. 1Le money itsell createo consioeralle lriction ano
tLere vas a oecline in traoitional social relations ano LealtL status, a oecrease in sulsistence
proouction, increaseo orinking, orug aluse ano oomestic violence, ano increaseo post-
traumatic stress, anxiety oisoroers ano oepression. ative people sullereo oisproportionately
ano tLeir sulsistence vays ol lile vere seriously oisturleo vLen important looos sucL as
salmon, Larlour seals, Lerring, crals ano clams lecame scarce or vere poisoneo lecause ol
tLe spill. t Las also leen noteo tLat tLe economic climate in soutL central Alaska oeteriorateo
signilicantly alter a lev years altLougL tLe extent to vLicL tLe oil spill may Lave inlluenceo
tLis oevelopment remains to le oetermineo.
Sources: CoLen, 1995, Lavis, 1996, nvironment conomics, 2006, yak Preservation Council, 2005.
!isLing is consioereo tLe vorlo`s most oangerous prolessional occupation ano
it is estimateo tLat tLere are more tLan 2+ 000 oeatLs per year (CS!, 2001). 1Le
reasons lor tLese casualties incluoe capsizing, lounoering, lires or explosions ano
collisions (Petursoottir, Hannilalsson ano 1urner, 2001). n recent years, one
type ol collision tLat Las lecome increasingly lrequent in coastal communities
in oeveloping countries is tLat letveen local, small-scale lisLing cralt ano larger
vessels, especially inoustrial travlers lisLing lor sLrimp ano lisL in sLallov vaters.
1Lis issue is lurtLer oiscusseo in tLe section on vulneralility (see p. 17).
CompIex emergencies
n tLe perioo letveen 1989 ano 2003, 121 armeo conllicts vere reporteo in tLe
vorlo (LCLP, 2005). 1Le striking similarities among current conllicts are tLat
most ol tLem occur in poor countries. Almost all are civil vars ano tLe majority
ol victims are civilians, not comlatants. n tooay`s vars, typically over 90 percent
ol tLe victims are civilians (CCHA, 1999). WLen a conllict leaos to a Lumanitarian
crisis, tLe situation is oelineo as a complex emergency (see Box +). SucL a situation
can le lurtLer aggravateo ly a natural oisaster as, lor example, recently in tLe
Suoan (see Box 9 in Part ).
Wars leave people vitLout Lomes, looo or sources ol income ano olten cause
massive oisplacement. !isLing communities are no exception to tLis, especially as
conllicts over natural resources sucL as lano ano vater are spreaoing. n Box 5, an
account is given ol tLe impact ol tLe long-lasting civil var on lisLing communities
in Sierra eone. 1Le situation in tLe Lemocratic Eepullic ol tLe Congo is a more
recent example ol a complex emergency involving lisLeries. Wars can also Lave a
oirect impact on lisLery resources ano tLe environment as vas noteo vitL regaro
8OX 4
CompIex emergencies
1Le ollicial oelinition ol a complex emergency is a Lumanitarian crisis in a country, region or
society vLere tLere is total or consioeralle lreakoovn ol autLority resulting lrom internal or
external conllict ano vLicL requires an international response tLat goes leyono tLe manoate or
capacity ol any single agency ano/or tLe ongoing Lniteo ations country programme.
Complex emergencies are typically cLaracterizeo ly:
extensive violence ano loss ol lile, massive oisplacements ol people, vioespreao oamage
to societies ano economies,
tLe neeo lor large-scale, multilaceteo Lumanitarian assistance,
tLe Linorance or prevention ol Lumanitarian assistance ly political ano military
constraints,
signilicant security risks lor Lumanitarian reliel vorkers in some areas.
Source: Section C. WLat is a complex emergency (CCHA, 1999).
to tLe Iuvaiti pravn lisLery alter tLe Gull War. 1Le oil pollution ouring tLe var
appears to Lave Lao a long-term negative impact on tLe proouctivity ol tLe pravn
stocks. anoings ol linlisL in relation to pravn catcLes increaseo in tLe postvar
perioo compareo vitL lelore tLe var. 1Lis may inoicate tLat tLe var cLangeo tLe
lisLery ecosystem structure in Iuvaiti vaters (CLen ano Ye, 2003).
8OX 5
CiviI var and !isheries in 5ierra Leone
Continueo civil strile, lasting lor more tLan ten years lrom 1991 to 2002, causeo massive
oisplacement ol lisLers to sale locations, leaving leLino tLeir lelongings, incluoing loats ano
lisLing gear. !isLing equipment, smoking ovens ano Louses vere also looteo, vLicL impacteo
negatively on tLe liveliLooos ol lisLers ano renoereo tLem more vulneralle to looo insecurity.
Luring tLe invasion ol !reetovn in early 1999, tLe Ministry ol !isLeries ano Marine Eesources
ving at Iissy oockyaro vas oestroyeo ano all veLicles vere stolen. 1Le Ministry, vLicL caters
lor tLe artisanal lisLeries sector, Lao all its vareLouses, ollices, vorksLops ano outloaro
engines plunoereo ano vanoalizeo. 1Le lack ol veLicles ano outloaro engines veakeneo
tLe capacity ol tLe Ministry to reacL tLe lisLing communities ano to provioe tLe requireo
extension services.
1Lis oisruption ol lisLing activities causeo a sLarp oecline in lisL supplies to local markets.
1Le sLort supply ol lisL, vLicL useo to le tLe cLeapest source ol animal protein, causeo
prices to rise to a level tLat many poor people coulo not alloro. As a result, protein intake
ol tLe poor population oeclineo, causing a rise in malnutrition. utrition surveys carrieo out
ly Lniteo ations (L) agencies ano non-governmental organizations (GCs) inoicateo a
oeteriorating nutritional situation, particularly among vomen ano cLiloren. HigL oisease ano
mortality rates among cLiloren vere attriluteo to cLronic malnutrition, especially resulting
lrom inaoequate animal protein intake.
Source: !AC, no oate (a).
13
fisheries sector characteristics
and vuInerabiIity context
fI5HER5 AND fI5H WORKER5
n 2002, capture lisLing ano aquaculture proouction activities provioeo oirect
employment ano revenue lor an estimateo 38 million people vorlovioe. n
aooition, tLere are likely to le more tLan 100 million people employeo in lisLeries
associateo activities, e.g. in processing ano traoing (!AC, 2005a). A vioe oiversity
ol stakeLoloers is involveo in tLe sector, ranging lrom vealtLy investors in
capital-intensive proouction ano processing units to sulsistence lisLers. Livision
ol lalour olten occurs on a genoer lasis, vitL men lisLing ano vomen processing
ano traoing altLougL tLis oivision is not alvays strict ano may oepeno on cultural
ano religious traoitions. n aquaculture, lisL leeoing ano pono management are
olten tLe responsilility ol vomen, particularly in Asia. Women ano cLiloren may
also le involveo in small-scale lisLing ano men in processing ano traoe activities.
WLile employment in lisLing Las leen oeclining lor several years in inoustrializeo
countries, it Las grovn in many oeveloping countries. An estimateo 90 percent ol
tLe 38 million people employeo glolally in tLe sector are small-scale lisLers ano
operators. 1Le LigLest numlers ol lisLers ano aquaculture vorkers are in Asia, i.e.
87 percent ol tLe vorlo total (!AC, 200+a). Most ol tLese people vork in small-
scale artisanal or sulsistence activities to provioe nourisLment lor tLeir lamilies
ano communities. n small islano oeveloping states (SLS),
6
a LigL percentage ol
tLe total economically active population is employeo in lisLeries.
1Lere are a large numler ol sulsistence lisLers or rural ovellers involveo in
seasonal ano occasional lisLeries activities, particularly in Asia ano Alrica, vLo
are not recoroeo in ollicial statistics. t is tLus likely tLat tLere are many more
people oirectly oepenoent on lisLeries lor a signilicant part ol tLeir liveliLooo
tLan reporteo. Moreover, lor poor LouseLolos in coastal communities in many
oeveloping countries tLe lisLeries sector olten provioes a kino ol salety net in
situations vLere access to otLer capital ano proouction lactors is limiteo. l access
6
SLS, i.e. small islano states ano lov-lying coastal countries, vere ioentilieo as a special group
ol oeveloping countries in tLe 1992 artL Summit ano incluoe tLe lolloving +0 !AC Memlers:
Antigua ano Barluoa, tLe BaLamas, BaLrain, Barlaoos, Belize, Cape Veroe, tLe Comoros, tLe Cook
slanos, Cula, Cyprus, Lominica, Lominican Eepullic, !iji, Grenaoa, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,
Haiti, jamaica, Iirilati, Maloives, Malta, tLe MarsLall slanos, Mauritius, tLe !eoerateo States ol
Micronesia, auru, iue, Palau, Papua ev Guinea, Samoa, Sao 1ome et Principe, SeycLelles, Saint
Iitts ano evis, Saint ucia, Saint Vincent ano tLe Grenaoines, Solomon slanos, Suriname, 1onga,
1rinioao ano 1olago, 1uvalu, Vanuatu (!AC, 200+l).
7
13.5 kg il excluoing CLina.
Wonen jisl traders
in Nouakclott
jisl narket,
Mauritania
L
.

W
L
S
J
L
U
N
D
to lisLing grounos is relatively lree, poor people may rely on tLese local common
resources to sustain tLeir liveliLooos (see Box 6) (!AC, 2005a).
t sLoulo also le noteo tLat vLile tLe liveliLooos ol coastal community
LouseLolos may le centreo arouno lisLing ano lisL larming, otLer income-
generating ano sulsistence activities can also play important roles, e.g. tourism,
Lomesteao larming ano otLer agricultural proouction, incluoing livestock. 1Lese
cross-sectoral linkages are not alvays lully recognizeo.
5OURCE Of fOOD AND INCOME
!isL contrilutes sulstantially to tLe vorlo looo supply, eitLer oirectly lor Luman
consumption or as leeo lor livestock ano in aquaculture proouction. n 200+,
75 percent ol tLe 1+0.5 million tonnes ol lisL proouceo glolally vere useo lor
oirect Luman consumption ano 25 percent lor non-looo prooucts, incluoing
animal leeo (!AC, 2006l). 1Le apparent total per capita looo lisL supply vas
estimateo to le 16.6 kg (live veigLt equivalent).
7
!isL Las a LigLly oesiralle nutrient prolile ano provioes an excellent source ol
quality animal protein. 1Le role ol lisL in tLe vorlo`s protein supply Las increaseo,
provioing 15.5 percent ol total animal protein supplies in 2003. Worlovioe, it is
estimateo tLat lisL provioes at least 30 percent ol tLe animal protein intake ol
1 lillion people ano tLat alout 56 percent ol tLe vorlo`s population oerives at
least 20 percent ol tLeir animal protein lrom lisL. !isL proteins are particularly
critical in tLe oiets ol some oensely populateo countries vLere tLe total protein
intake level may le lov. !isL contrilutes alout 50 percent ol total animal protein
in BanglaoesL, Camlooia, quatorial Guinea, tLe Gamlia, GLana, Guinea,
!isleries sector claracteristics and :ulnerability context 15
noonesia, japan, Myanmar, Sierra eone ano Sri anka (!AC, 2006c). WitL
regaro to SLS, lisL is particularly important lor its protein, essential latty acios,
vitamins ano minerals ano as a contrilution to looo supplies in general.
1Le lisLeries sector typically contrilutes 0.52.5 percent ol national gross
oomestic prooucts (GLPs), altLougL it may le more in some countries vLere it
constitutes a key economic sector, e.g. in SLS (!AC, 2005a). !isLeries in many
countries are an important source ol loreign excLange. Worlo exports ol lisL ano
lisLery prooucts increaseo to LS$71.5 lillion (export value) in 200+, representing
a 23 percent grovtL since 2000. n quantity (live veigLt equivalent), exports are
reporteo to le arouno 53 million tonnes. n 200+, tLe sLare ol oeveloping countries
in lisL exports vas +8 percent in value ano 57 percent in quantity terms.
VULNERAILITY Of 5MALL-5CALE fI5HING COMMUNITIE5
1Le level ol vulneralility is oecioeo ly tLe sensitivity ol a LouseLolo or a
community to a certain Lazaro risk ano tLeir aoaptive capacity to oeal vitL tLe
risk. As explaineo at tLe leginning ol tLe previous cLapter, poor people teno to
8OX 6
fisheries as a sa!ety net !or the poor
WLile small-scale lisLeries contrilute to poverty reouction ly provioing employment lor
a large numler ol estallisLeo lisLers ano lisL vorkers, tLey prolally play an even more
important role in poverty prevention. 1Lere is evioence suggesting tLat, in many oeveloping
countries, lisLing ano associateo activities may not generate LigL incomes lor tLe LouseLolos
involveo, lut ratLer Lelp tLem to sustain tLeir liveliLooos ano stop tLem lrom lalling oeeper
into poverty. l access to lisLing grounos is relatively lree ano access to otLer capital (e.g.
linance tLrougL creoit) ano proouction lactors (e.g. lano) is restricteo, poor people are more
likely to turn to tLe common lisLery resources lor tLeir liveliLooos. Moreover, in a situation
vLere tLe normal means ol income generation Lave leen oisrupteo, e.g. tLe LouseLolo Leao
Las lost Lis or Ler jol or in a more vioespreao oisaster situation, lisLing may provioe a salety
net lunction also lor vulneralle population groups vLo vere not previously poor.
1Lese poverty prevention mecLanisms are socially important, provioing a vellare system
tLat may not le availalle otLervise, altLougL perLaps less attractive lrom an economic point
ol viev. 1Le open access regime, vLicL is tLe lasis lor tLe system to lunction, also raises otLer
important questions. Many lisLery resources suller lrom LigL lisLing pressure ano tLere are
arguments lor controlling access to ensure tLe sustainalility ol tLese resources ano tLeir alility
to provioe liveliLooos lor coastal populations ano small-scale lisLers in tLe longer term. 1Le
traoe-oll letveen critical po:erty pre:ention ano sustainalle longer-term po:erty reduction is
a political oilemma tLat requires lurtLer tLougLt ano attention.
Source: !AC, 2005a.
le more vulneralle tLan non-poor, lut also vitLin a given environment some
groups may le more vulneralle tLan otLers lecause ol tLe nature ol tLe liveliLooo
activities on vLicL tLey oepeno (!AC, 2005a).
n many oeveloping countries, lisLing communities situateo in lov-lying
coastal areas are exposeo to a numler ol natural Lazaros ano are consequently
most vulneralle. AltLougL loat ano gear ovners ano traoers may le among tLe
vealtLier memlers ol a community, income lrom lisLing is uncertain ano seasonal.
!isLers are LigLly oepenoent on lisLing lor tLeir liveliLooo vitL little possilility
ol linoing alternative employment. 1Leir access to lano is generally limiteo ano
tLeir assets, in tLe lorm ol loats ano gear, are more exposeo to natural Lazaros
ano Lence more easily lost tLan lano-laseo property. Aquaculture ponos ano
inlrastructure are also olten situateo in areas exposeo to vinostorms, llooos ano
otLer Lyorometeorological Lazaros. Moreover, tLey may rely on vater resources
sLareo vitL otLer users ano as a consequence tLere is exposure to pollution
ano oamage causeo ly tLese users (sucL as inoustry, agriculture, tourism ano
transport). Small-scale operators usually Lave only limiteo market pover ano are
in many cases price takers sensitive to lluctuations in international prices ol lisL
ano proouction inputs. !isL is a LigLly perisLalle proouct tLat neeos to le solo
ano consumeo quickly. n areas vitL limiteo suitalle storage, processing lacilities
ano means ol transport, small-scale lisLers are in a veak marketing position.
!isLing is a LigL-risk prolession ano salety at sea is olten sulstanoaro in tLe
small-scale sector. Small-scale lisLers are tLe veaker party in conllicts vitL otLer
users, sucL as inoustrial travlers trespassing on insLore lisLing grounos, ano
may le pusLeo to take aooitional risks in oroer to lisL. n a stuoy unoertaken
ly tLe Programme lor ntegrateo Levelopment ol Artisanal !isLeries in West
Alrica (LA!) in seven West Alrican countries lrom 1991 to 199+, incioents vitL
inoustrial vessels getting tLeir travls entangleo in lisLing nets ano oragging tLem
avay vLile canoes vere lisLing vere among tLe main accioents at sea (LA!,
1995). Luring tLe stuoy perioo, 518 accioents vere reporteo, 3+0 people vere
killeo ano 285 injureo. n Mauritania, Senegal, tLe Gamlia, Guinea ano Sierra
eone vLere lisLing takes place in open vaters, 35 percent ol accioents vere
causeo ly entanglement ano oragging ol gear involving travlers.
n tLese situations, ano also lecause illegal inoustrial lisLing oepletes resources
near tLe sLore, small cralt may seek alternative lisLing grounos lurtLer ollsLore
vLere nets can le set salely avay lrom tLe travlers tLat voulo otLervise oestroy
tLe gear. 1Lese grounos may Lovever le less vell knovn ano Lave oillerent
veatLer ano sea conoitions ano Lence constitute increaseo risks in otLer respects.
Many countries Lave regulations protecting small-scale lisLeries ano travlers are
not alloveo to lisL in insLore areas. Hovever, in many cases tLe regulations are
not enlorceo ano travlers are still to le louno in tLe area reserveo lor smaller
cralt.
Similarly, coastal lisL larmers (practising cage culture) are increasingly
conlronteo vitL otLer resource users tLat place oemanos on tLe same vater area.
1Lis olten leaos to conllicts ano sometimes lisL larming activities are lorceo to
move lrom coastal areas to lurtLer ollsLore. 1Le exposure ol lisL cages to natural
Lazaros (storms, large vaves, etc.) is mucL LigLer, Lence risks increase signilicantly
lor tLese lisL larming communities.
!isLers are oepenoent on tLe sustainalility ol lisLery resources ano are tLus
sensitive to tLreats to tLe resource lase. Availalle oata sLov tLat a large numler
ol lisL stocks are overlisLeo (see Box 7). n earlier times, small-scale lisLeries
generally representeo localizeo activities, using selective gear ano tecLniques, ano
governeo ly traoitional management systems. 1Leir impact on lisLery resources
resemlleo tLat ol natural preoation ano oio not constitute a tLreat to tLe longer-
term sustainalility ol tLe resource. 1ooay, vitL tLe increaseo international oemano
lor lisL, overlisLing occurs in lotL small- ano large-scale lisLeries. Small-scale
lisLeries are increasingly lisLing lor commercial purposes ano export, ratLer tLan
leing a sulsistence activity, ano tLey compete lor resources vitL inoustrial lisLing.
Most small-scale lisLeries are locateo in oeveloping countries ano are poorly
regulateo. Lnsustainalle lisLing practices also exist in tLe small-scale lisLeries
sector, e.g. tLe use ol explosives ano poisons or oestructive gear (LrammeL, 2000).
Moreover, climatic cLanges, environmental oegraoation ano oamage to Lalitats
causeo ly activities outsioe tLe lisLeries sector (e.g. pollution lrom inoustry or
agriculture) are otLer lactors aooing to tLe uncertain conoitions in vLicL many
small-scale lisLers operate.
n many coastal communities, access to linancial creoit ano insurance is
restricteo. 1Le communities are also olten poorly serveo ly roaos ano otLer
inlrastructure, as vell as ly social services (!AC, no oate [a|). Access to eoucation
ano LealtL services is commonly ol particular concern to migrant lisLers ano tLeir
lamilies. pioemics sucL as HV/ALS lorm part ol tLe vulneralility context
ol many coastal communities in oeveloping countries. Glolally, an estimateo
38.6 million people vere living vitL HV in 2005, 2+.5 million live in sul-SaLaran
Alrica ano tLe links letveen ill-LealtL ano poverty are vell knovn (LALS,
Pens jor rearing jisl in
Tlailand
F
A
O
/
1
8
b
b
8

/
R
.

F
A
l
D
U
J
J
l
2006). Eecent stuoies sLov tLat lisLers in oeveloping countries lrequently suller
lrom HV prevalence rates many times LigLer tLan tLose ol tLe general population
(!AC, no oate [l|) (see Box 8).
5UMMARY Of DI5A5TER IMPACT5 ON THE fI5HERIE5 5ECTOR
Lisasters allect tLe lisLeries sector in many oillerent vays. 1Le loss ol lives is
tLe most oramatic impact, allecting not only surviving LouseLolo memlers lut
also potentially upsetting economic ano social activities ano systems outsioe
tLe immeoiate lamily. atural oisasters tLat strike suooenly vitLout varning
can cause tangille losses in tLe lorm ol oamageo ano lost loats, gear, lisL cages,
aquaculture lrooostock ano otLer proouctive assets, oestruction ol inlrastructure
sucL as lanoing ano lisL processing lacilities, ano loss ol proouction, lor example,
lisL escaping lrom aquaculture ponos. 1Le longer-term ellects may also le
consioeralle lut sometimes oillicult to appreciate, especially since tLe immeoiate
impact is overvLelmingly visille.
As opposeo to suooen natural oisasters, otLer Lazaros luilo up over time ano
it may even le oillicult to oecioe on tLe exact time vLen a certain event lecame
8OX 7
Over!ishing and the gIobaI status o! !ish stocks
Cver tLe last lev oecaoes, tLe vorlo`s lisLery resources Lave leen increasingly suljecteo
to overexploitation, oetrimental lisLing practices ano environmental oegraoation. Alout a
quarter ol tLe marine stocks monitoreo ly !AC (++1 lisL stocks representing 80 percent ol tLe
total glolal marine catcL) vere overexploiteo, oepleteo or recovering lrom oepletion in 2003.
Hall ol tLe stocks vere consioereo lully exploiteo ano only a quarter coulo perLaps proouce
more. 1Le vestern ano eastern Central Atlantic, nortLvest Atlantic, vestern noian Ccean
ano nortLvest Pacilic are tLe areas vitL tLe LigLest proportions (6977 percent) ol lully
exploiteo stocks. 1Le soutLeast Atlantic, soutLvest Pacilic, nortLeast Atlantic ano lor tuna
ano tuna-like species Cceanic areas ol tLe Atlantic ano noian Ccean Lave tLe largest sLare
(+660 percent) ol overexploiteo, oepleteo ano recovering stocks. Hovever, tLere appears to
le a levelling oll in tLe increase ol overexploiteo stocks at tLe glolal level ano tLe proportion
ol overexploiteo, oepleteo ano recovering stocks Las not increaseo ouring tLe last lev years as
it oio steaoily lrom 1950 to tLe mio-1990s. WLile tLis is a positive sign, it is still a veak treno
ano many stocks neeo to le monitoreo ano manageo juoiciously to ensure sustainalility.
t sLoulo le noteo tLat inlormation alout tLe conoitions ol many small-scale insLore
lisLeries is unlortunately not alvays availalle ano tLe status ol tLese stocks is tLerelore not
monitoreo. Lata on inlano lisLeries are also generally poor lut tLere are inoications tLat many
coastal, lake ano river resources suller lrom unsustainalle lisLing activities ano tLe tLreat ol
Lalitat oegraoation.
Sources !AC, 200+a, !AC, 2005c.
a oisaster. Lisease outlreaks ano otLer tLreats to larmeo lisL in particular cause
loss ol proouction. 1Lese losses Lave oirect consequences on tLe incomes ol tLe
allecteo communities tLat in turn may inlluence otLer aspects ol tLeir liveliLooos
sucL as employment, LealtL ano eoucation.
nvironmental oamage tLrougL accioents, sucL as an oil spill, may result in tLe
closing ol a lisLery. n some cases, alternative jol opportunities may le createo
lut cLanges in lilestyle may le oillicult to oeal vitL ano tLe social ano cultural
patterns ol allecteo communities may le inlluenceo.
Military conllicts, civil vars ano complex emergencies in particular are
especially oillicult situations vitL consioeralle loss ol Luman lile ano long
recovery perioos il ano vLen a peace agreement is acLieveo.
1Le longer-term ellects ol a oisaster are not only createo ly tLe oisaster itsell
lut also inlluenceo ly tLe response to tLe oisaster ly tLe allecteo populations
tLemselves, tLeir government ano otLer organizations provioing assistance. 1Le
event, its impact ano tLe oamage causeo as vell as tLe response lorm an intricate
pattern ol causes ano ellects inlluencing tLe lives ano liveliLooos ol tLe allecteo
coastal communities lotL in tLe sLort ano long term. !igure 2 gives a scLematic
8OX 8
HIVlAID5 in !ishing communities on Lake Victoria
1Le impact ol tLe HV/ALS epioemic in Alrica vas lirst noteo in a lisLing village on ake
Victoria in Lganoa in 1982. 1Le rate ol HV/ALS in lisLing villages tLrougLout tLe Alrican
Great akes region is lelieveo to le consistently LigLer tLan in tLe surrounoing agricultural
areas ano as mucL as live to ten times LigLer tLan tLose in tLe general population. !isLers in
lisLing villages arouno ake Victoria in Ienya, tLe Lniteo Eepullic ol 1anzania ano Lganoa
are live times more likely to oie in ALS-relateo oiseases tLan larmers in tLe region. t is
lelieveo tLat seroprevalence levels may Lave reacLeo 3070 percent in tLe late 1990s.
HV prevalence levels ol vomen vorking in lisLing villages are not knovn lut coulo
le even LigLer tLan tLose ol men consioering vomen`s vulneralility as a result ol tLeir
suloroinate economic ano social position. Women also legin tLeir sexual lile earlier tLan men
ano lack negotiating povers on sale sex practices. Many vomen resioing on tLe sLores ol
ake Victoria Lave lev liveliLooo options. 1Le restructuring ol tLe oistrilution ano marketing
cLain Las meant tLat more lisL (ile percL) is nov transporteo oirectly lrom tLe leacL ly
lorries lor processing ano export. 1Le lisL smoking tLat vomen useo to le involveo in is nov
less common.
1Le impact ol HV/ALS on inoivioual lisLers ano lisL vorkers incluoes jol loss,
stigmatization ano isolation. !isLing LouseLolos vitL inlecteo lamily memlers suller reouceo
incomes ano may Lave to speno tLeir savings on meoical care. Proouctive assets may Lave to
le solo, cLiloren vitLoravn lrom scLool ano poorer oiets aoopteo.
Sources: !AC, no oate [l|, BisLop-Samlrook ano 1anzarn, 2003.
overviev on Lov oisasters can impact coastal communities, relating tLe ellects to
a sustainalle liveliLooos approacL (SA).
8

FICURL 2
Disaster impact on the IiveIihoods o! coastaI communities
Loss o!
producIioh
ahd ihcome

Loss o!
producIive
asseIs

Loss o!
haIural
resources
Loss o!
markeIs
ahd supply
sysIems

Loss o! !sheries
ih!rasIrucIures
Loss o! supporI
ih!rasIrucIure
(schools, healIh
cehIres)
Loss o!
humah
resources
Loss o!
haIural
habiIaIs
Loss o!
lives
8
!or more inlormation on SA, see, lor example, tLe Lniteo Iingoom Government Lepartment
!or nternational Levelopment (L!L) guioance sLeets at tLe sustainalle liveliLooos Wel site
Lttp://vvv.liveliLooos.org/inlo/guioance_sLeets_pols
21
PART II
Recommendations !or disaster
response and risk management
in !isheries
23
The disaster sequence
As seen lrom tLe reviev in Part , tLe lisLeries sector is increasingly a victim
ol oisasters. 1Le specilic cLaracteristics ano requirements ol tLe sector ano
in particular ol small-scale lisLers, lisL larmers ano lisL vorkers neeo to le
unoerstooo ano taken into consioeration to ensure ellective responses to oisasters
ano to reouce ano manage oisaster risk.
Lisaster response ano oisaster risk management (LEM) can le oescrileo
as a sequence ol events or pLases, eacL requiring oillerent ano specilic actions.
1Lis disaster cycle or energency sequence incluoes tLe lolloving main types ol
actions.
9
Pre:ention ol events ano processes tLat coulo result in oisasters.
Preparedness to respono rapioly ano ellectively il oisasters occur.
Early uarning to provioe inlormation lelore potentially oisastrous events
ano as soon as possille immeoiately altervaros.
Inpact and innediate needs assessnent lolloving a oisaster.
Beliej or energency response to aooress immeoiate Lumanitarian neeos ano
to protect liveliLooos lolloving a oisaster.
Belabilitation to initialize tLe restoration ano reluiloing ol liveliLooos.
Beconstruction lor replacing oestroyeo inlrastructure.
Sustainable reco:ery lor longer-term re-estallisLment ano enLancement ol
liveliLooos ano liveliLooo support structures.
WLile tLese actions may seem oistinct, tLey are not necessarily so over time ano
tLere is olten a neeo to carry out actions relateo to oillerent pLases ol tLe oisaster
cycle simultaneously. onger-term oevelopment oljectives neeo to le consioereo
tLrougLout tLe emergency sequence, incluoing in tLe immeoiate reliel pLase, ano
tLe concept ol a reliej-de:elopnent continuun sLoulo le aoopteo.
WitL regaro to prevention, prepareoness ano early varning, LEM is tLe core
concept ano covers tLe systematic process ol using aoministrative oecisions,
organization, operational skills ano capacities to implement policies, strategies
ano coping capacities ol tLe society ano communities to lessen tLe impacts ol
natural Lazaros ano relateo environmental ano tecLnological oisasters. 1Lis
comprises all lorms ol activities, incluoing structural ano non-structural measures
to avoio (prevention) or to limit (mitigation ano prepareoness) aoverse ellects
ol Lazaros. Disaster risk reduction is a closely relateo term ano relers to tLe
conceptual lramevork ol elements consioereo vitL tLe possililities to minimize
vulneralilities ano oisaster risks tLrougLout a society, to avoio (prevention) or
9
More inlormation on tLe emergency sequence can le louno in !AC`s mergency Activities
1ecLnical Hanolook Series (!AC, 1998).
to limit (mitigation ano prepareoness) tLe aoverse impacts ol Lazaros, vitLin tLe
lroao context ol sustainalle oevelopment (1erminology, SLE, 2005).
10

1Le eigLt pLases ol tLe oisaster cycle can le suloivioeo into tLree main
categories ol events ano relateo assistance. Eeorganizing tLeir oroer ano placing
tLe action immeoiately alter a oisaster lirst, tLese categories incluoe: i) oisaster
impact ano neeos assessment, ano reliel ano emergency response, ii) reLalilitation,
reconstruction ano recovery, ano iii) prevention, prepareoness ano early varning
(see !igure 3). 1Le recommenoations presenteo lelov are organizeo accoroingly.
5UMMARY Of RECOMMENDATION5
Baseo on !AC`s experience lrom its involvement in recent oisasters, a set ol
recommenoations Las leen oevelopeo lor tLis report to provioe guioance vitL
regaro to oisaster response ano LEM in lisLing ano lisL larming communities.
1Lese recommenoations oeal specilically vitL concerns regaroing oisasters
in tLe lisLeries sector, altLougL some are also relevant in otLer contexts, ano
inteno to complement otLer !AC guioelines.
11
1Ley are oirecteo tovaros tLose
responsille lor ano involveo in emergency assistance ano LEM, i.e. governments
in oisaster-stricken countries ano tLeir Lumanitarian ano oevelopment partners.
10
Guioelines lor tLe assessment ol institutional LEM systems (Bapid guide jor nissions DBM systens
analysis) are in tLe process ol leing oevelopeo ly !AC`s atural Eesources Management ano
nvironment Lepartment (lormer Sustainalle Levelopment Lepartment).
11
n aooition to !AC`s 1ecLnical Hanolook Series (!AC, 1998), see also, lor example, Bessuges et
al., 200+. n collaloration vitL tLe nternational alour Crganisation (C), !AC is currently
oeveloping guioelines lor liveliLooo assessment in relation to oisasters (Bapid li:elilood assessnent
a tool jor rapid analysis and response to tle inpact oj disasters on tle li:es and li:eliloods oj people)
tLat vill le availalle sLortly.
FICURL 3
The main phases and actions o! the disaster cycIe

PrevehIioh,
prepared -
hess ahd
early
warhihg
AssessmehI -
ahd
relie!
RehabiliIaIioh,
recohsIrucIioh
ahd recovery
DisasIer
evehI
Tle disaster sequence 25
Recommendations vith regard to disaster impact and needs assessment,
and reIie! and emergency response
1. Availalility ol lisL ano lisLery prooucts sLoulo le incluoeo in looo supply
assessments ano tLe resumption ol lisL proouction given priority in areas
vLere lisL is an important part ol tLe oiet ano ol tLe liveliLooo ol tLe
communities.
2. Eelevant lisLeries/aquaculture experts local ano international as requireo
sLoulo lorm part ol assessment teams.
3. eeos assessments sLoulo take a Lolistic approacL ano a liveliLooo locus
lut tLe specilic cLaracteristics ol tLe lisLeries sector neeo to le taken into
consioeration in oisaster response.
+. Beneliciary selection neeos to le laseo on a gooo unoerstanoing ol local
liveliLooo systems ano community structures ano involve tLe target
communities tLemselves.
5. Strategic planning lor longer-term reLalilitation ano recovery sLoulo le
unoertaken at tLe early stage ol emergency interventions to ensure tLe
long-term sustainalility ol liveliLooos ano natural resources at all stages ol
tLe oisaster response.
6. Cooroination ol national ano international agencies ano organizations
involveo in oisaster response neeos to le ensureo ano appropriate luogets
lor supporting tLe responsille autLorities in tLis task sLoulo le allocateo
ly tLeir Lumanitarian ano oevelopment partners.
7. 1Le participation ol tLe allecteo LouseLolos ano local institutions in
assessments, planning, implementing ano monitoring Las to le ensureo lor
ellective ano ellicient emergency ano reLalilitation support.
8. 1raining ano tecLnical support is neeoeo to ensure tLat assistance is souno
ano appropriate ano tecLnically competent Lumanitarian ano oevelopment
agencies sLoulo make sucL support an important component ol tLeir
oisaster response.
Recommendations vith regard to rehabiIitation, reconstruction and recovery
9. eeos assessments sLoulo continue on a regular lasis ano special attention
sLoulo le given to issues relateo to tLe impact ol assistance on lisLery
resources ano tLe environment. 1Lese sLoulo le comlineo vitL monitoring
ol tLe ellectiveness ol tLe assistance provioeo ano its impact on liveliLooos,
ano lessons learneo sLoulo le leo lack into tLe ongoing activities ol
assistance programmes.
10. ocal natural resource management ano conservation capacities ano
capalilities sLoulo le strengtLeneo as part ol reLalilitation, reconstruction
ano recovery. Sustainalle aquaculture practices ano comanagement
approacLes lor lisLeries management sLoulo le promoteo.
11. EeLalilitation, reconstruction ano recovery activities sLoulo aim at
luiloing liveliLooos tLat are letter tLan tLose existing lelore tLe oisaster,
any contrilution to poverty traps sLoulo le avoioeo.
Recommendations vith regard to prevention, preparedness and earIy
varning
12. 1Le promotion ol responsille ano sustainalle lisLeries ano aquaculture
sLoulo le given LigL priority as part ol oisaster prevention ano in
aooressing tLe vulneralilities ol lisLing ano lisL larming communities.
13. ncreaseo assistance sLoulo le provioeo to oeveloping countries ano coastal
communities lor improving salety at sea, particularly in coastal areas prone
to natural oisasters.
1+. Aquaculture planning sLoulo le improveo ano tLe prepareoness lor oealing
vitL oisease outlreaks ano otLer tLreats in tLe groving aquaculture
sulsector neeos to le strengtLeneo at tLe local, national, regional ano
glolal levels.
15. 1Le lisLeries sector sLoulo le explicitly incluoeo in tLe national oisaster
response ano prepareoness institutional set-up ano lorm an integral
part ol oisaster prepareoness plans. SucL plans sLoulo le estallisLeo ly
oisaster-prone countries ano tLe necessary capacities ano capalilities lor
implementing tLem oevelopeo.
16. 1Le resilience ol oisaster-prone coastal communities sLoulo le strengtLeneo,
luiloing on existing strengtLs, coping strategies ano measures ano local or
inoigenous knovleoge.
17. llective early varning systems ano otLer mecLanisms lor oisaster mitigation
sucL as cyclone sLelters neeo to le oevelopeo ano/or improveo, as requireo.
1Lese neeo to take tLe specilic requirements ol lisLing communities into
consioeration, e.g. covering migratory lisLers ano lisL vorkers.
18. nlormation on ano tLe unoerstanoing ol oisasters ano tLeir impact on
tLe liveliLooos ol lisLing communities ano tLeir environment neeo to
le improveo. essons learneo lrom oisaster impact ano response sLoulo
le systematically analyseo ano useo to improve luture interventions ano
preventive vork at tLe national ano international levels.
DI5A5TER IMPACT AND NEED5 A55E55MENT, AND RELIEf AND
EMERGENCY RE5PON5E
mmeoiately alter a oisaster, tLe lirst actions ly Lumanitarian ano oevelopment
agencies generally incluoe an assessment ol tLe nature, extent ano impact ol
tLe oisaster. 1Le immeoiate neeos ol tLe allecteo populations are evaluateo ano
tLe results ol tLese assessments vill guioe tLe initial response, i.e. tLe reliel
interventions ano early reLalilitation support. !AC is generally involveo in
impact ano immeoiate neeos assessments ol allecteo populations in relation to
agriculture, lisLeries ano lorestry. Crop ano !ooo Supply Assessment Missions
(C!SAMs) are olten carrieo out jointly vitL tLe Worlo !ooo Programme (W!P)
to ioentily vulneralle groups ano tLe neeo lor looo aio. CtLer assessments cover
tLe capacity lor agricultural proouction in tLe allecteo areas ano neeos lor support
to resume looo proouction. !AC is also implementing more liveliLooo-laseo
assessments at tLe early stages alter a oisaster (see lootnote 11).
WLile immeoiate emergency assistance ano reliel are generally unoerstooo to
mean lile-saving interventions sucL as searcL ano rescue, evacuation, oistrilution
ol looo ano vater, restoration ol immeoiate personal security, ano temporary
provision ol sanitation, LealtL care ano sLelter, !AC incluoes agricultural reliel
in its oelinition, vLicL relers to tLe provision ol essential agricultural inputs in
oroer to assist allecteo populations to resume lasic looo proouction as soon as
possille. WitL regaro to lisLeries, tLis incluoes, lor example, loats ano gear, lisL
processing equipment ano inputs lor aquaculture proouction (sucL as lingerlings,
lrooostock, leeo, nets ano cLemicals).
Recommendation 1. AvaiIabiIity o! !ish and !ishery products shouId be
incIuded in !ood suppIy assessments and the resumption o! !ish production
given priority in areas vhere !ish is an important part o! the diet and o!
the IiveIihood o! the a!!ected communities
!ooo supply assessments teno to concentrate on staple looo proouction ano Lence
Lave a crop ano agricultural locus. Hovever, lisL ano lisLery prooucts can le
important looo items in local oiets ano tLe resumption ol lisL proouction neeos to
le consioereo a priority. As explaineo in Box 5, tLe oecline in lisL supply lor tLe
local market causeo increaseo malnutrition in Sierra eone ouring tLe civil var.
n tLe soutLern Suoan, sullering lrom a long-lasting conllict, tLe lisLeries sector
plays an important oirect role in looo supply ano looo security (see Box 9). n
otLer oisasters, tLe lisLeries sector is tLe one most laoly allecteo. 1Le llooos in
BanglaoesL in 1998 allecteo mainly tLe lisL larming sulsector. Cver 71 500 La ol
ponos vere allecteo ano 63 000 tonnes ol lisL ano sLrimps vere lost. Eoaos vere
oamageo ano tLe oisruption ol tLe transport system Lampereo marketing ano
oistrilution ol lisL ano lisLery prooucts. 1Le tsunami in Lecemler 200+ allecteo
coastal communities ano lisLers ano lisL larmers in particular. t is estimateo tLat
10 000 ol tLe 88 000 lisLers in AceL Province in noonesia lost tLeir lives ano
lisL proouction lell ly 5060 percent in 2005. anoless lamilies vLo previously
vorkeo on tanbaks (sLrimp/lisL ponos) vere ioentilieo among tLe most allecteo
LouseLolos. n Box 10 oetails are given on tLe impact ol tLe 200+ tsunami on tLe
lisLeries sector in noonesia.
Recommendation 2. ReIevant !isherieslaquacuIture experts - IocaI and
internationaI as required - shouId !orm part o! assessment teams
WLen carrying out neeos assessments ol tLe lisLeries sector vitL regaro to
inputs lor a quick restart ol looo proouction as vell as lor activities aiming at tLe
restoration ol liveliLooos, it is important to ensure tLat tLe assessment team Las tLe
necessary knovleoge ol tLe sector. !isLing cralt, gear ano otLer equipment vary
consioerally lrom one place to anotLer, even sometimes vitLin relatively limiteo
geograpLic areas, ano inputs provioeo must meet local requirements. At tLe same
time, non-sustainalle practices sLoulo not le encourageo ano tLe oistrilution ol,
lor example, oestructive lisLing gear sLoulo not le alloveo. ocal (e.g. community-
laseo) ano national lavs ano regulations on lisLing gear ano practices sLoulo le
aoLereo to, as sLoulo existing lisLeries ano integrateo management plans. WLere
aquaculture maoe an important contrilution to liveliLooos ano looo security, tLe
potential to restore tLis activity in a sustainalle manner sLoulo le exploreo. 1Lis
implies tLat a gooo unoerstanoing ol tLe sector ano its local context is requireo on
leLall ol tLose making oecisions vitL regaro to assistance.
8OX 9
The compIex emergency in the southern 5udan and its !isheries
1Le comlination ol civil var, orougLt ano llooos Las createo a situation ol complex
emergency vitL oisastrous ellects on tLe Suoan`s agriculture-laseo economy. 1Le lisLeries
sector, vLicL plays an important role in looo security in several parts ol tLe country, Las
also leen laoly allecteo. 1Le inlano vater areas vetlanos ano permanent svamps in tLe
soutLern Suoan Lave signilicant natural lisLery resources estimateo to le alle to sustain an
annual lisL proouction ol 80 000100 000 tonnes. n tLe large svamp area As Suoo tLere are
some 3 500 lisLers, mainly lrom tLe ilotic ano !alata triles, vLo are vell knovn lor tLeir
traoitional lisLing skills. Hovever, as a result ol tLe civil var tLat legan in 1955 ano lasteo
lor all lut 11 ol tLe +9 years ol Suoanese inoepenoence until tLe 2005 peace agreement, lotL
sulsistence ano commercial lisLing activities Lave unoergone signilicant cLanges. n aooition
to constraints vitL regaro to supply ol equipment ano limiteo access to lisLing grounos
tLrougL insecurity, tLere is also tLe prollem ol LigL oensities ol aquatic plants (macropLytes)
impeoing navigation. Consequently, lisL catcLes in As Suoo are estimateo at only alout 30 000
tonnes per year. Post-Larvest losses are also signilicant ano are estimateo to reacL +0 percent
ouring tLe rainy season.
At tLe same time as many lisLers Lave lost tLeir equipment ano market ano supply
cLannels Lave leen oisrupteo, sulsistence lisLing Las lecome essential lor tLe looo security
ol vulneralle LouseLolos. !isL ano lisLery prooucts meet 1520 percent ol tLe nutritional
neeos ol tLe majority ol tLe population ol tLe soutLern Suoan ano lisL constitutes an essential
source ol protein. Eeliel agencies active in tLe area Lave lecome avare ol tLe importance
ol lisLeries lrom a nutritional point ol viev ano, since tLe mio-1990s, improveo nutritional
levels Lave leen olserveo in areas vLere lisLing ano processing inputs ano lasic tecLnical
assistance Lave leen provioeo as part ol reliel assistance. !ielo olservations Lave inoicateo
tLat in locations vLere lisLing equipment Las leen lacking or not oistriluteo in sullicient
quantities, people Lave relieo more Leavily on traoitional sources ol animal protein to lrioge
tLe Lunger gap existing lelore tLe lirst Larvest. nsects (termites, orieo locusts), lleeoing cattle,
orieo vilo meat or tLe use ol poison to oltain lisL are tLe most common traoitional sources
ouring tLis perioo. Cn tLe otLer Lano, in locations tLat receiveo lisLing equipment, lisL
(especially lresL ano sunorieo) takes preceoence as a primary source ol cLeap animal protein.
nternally oisplaceo persons (LPs) ano otLer vulneralle population groups vitL access to
lisLing equipment Lave also leen alle to reluilo lost assets ano gain access to otLer gooos
ano services. t voulo appear tLat lisLing ano its associateo activities constitute an important
source ol lotL income ano looo supplies.
Sources: Bellemans, 2002, !AC, 2002, !AC, no oate [c|.
8OX 10
Impact o! the 2004 tsunami on the !isheries sector in Aceh Province, Indonesia
1Le eartLquake ano sulsequent tsunami struck on tLe morning ol 26 Lecemler 200+. Coastal
communities in more tLan ten countries in Asia, Alrica ano tLe Mioole ast vere allecteo.
Because ol its closeness to tLe epicentre ol tLe eartLquake, tLe Province ol AceL (anggroe
AceL Larussalam) in nortLern Sumatra, noonesia, vas tLe vorst allecteo area in terms ol tLe
numler ol people killeo, vounoeo or oisplaceo, tLe magnituoe ol tLe pLysical oestruction, tLe
economic oamage, ano tLe geograpLic extension ol tLe area impacteo. Coastal communities
vere severely allecteo vitL LigL oeatL tolls ano loss ol liveliLooo assets. Many ol tLe total
estimateo oeatL toll ol 167 000

vere memlers ol lisLing or lisL larming LouseLolos, altLougL
no exact ligures are availalle. 1Le majority ol tLe casualties vere vomen (3:1 versus men),
cLiloren ano tLe eloerly.
Some 7 200 loats ol tLe AceLnese pre-tsunami lleet ol over 18 000 cralt vere lost ano
anotLer + 0005 000 oamageo. 1Le value ol lost ano oamageo loats Las leen estimateo at
approximately LS$10 million ano a lurtLer LS$10 million lor 6 700 lost/oamageo engines.
Alout 20 000 units ol lisLing gear valueo at LS$18 million vere also lost. Assessments inoicate
tLat 55 percent ol tLe lisLing Larlours ano lanoing sites vere oamageo. 1Lis oamage vas
almost total on tLe vest coast ano signilicant on tLe east coast vitL most, il not all, community
lanoing sites in allecteo areas oestroyeo. t is estimateo tLat some 15 ol tLe 20 oamageo ice
plants in AceL Lao leen operational at tLe time ol tLe tsunami. All tLe larger plants on tLe
vest coast vere oestroyeo.
!isL processing inlrastructures (sLeos, orying racks ano cooking equipment) vere lost in
large numlers since tLey vere situateo on tLe leacLes. A total ol 1 235 lisL orying lacilities,
mostly lor ancLovies (ikan teri) vere lost or oamageo leyono repair, vitL tLe greater majority
on tLe east coast. Salt larm units vere also severely oamageo, vitL saltpans inunoateo, sLeos
oestroyeo ano cooking gear svept avay. Moreover, tLe loat luiloing traoe vas allecteo
primarily ly loss ol lives, as vell as tools ano otLer proouctive assets.
n tLe aquaculture sulsector, larmers lost ponos, tLeir crops ano tLus tLeir vorking capital
vitL pravn seeos ano milklisL leing svept avay. t is estimateo tLat alout 20 800 La ol ponos
vere oamageo out ol tLe +7 600 La existing lelore tLe tsunami. Some ponos tLat vere not
oirectly oamageo may nov le inoperalle tLrougL seoimentation ol tLe vater canal systems.
Cl tLe 223 sLrimp LatcLeries across AceL, 193 vere oamageo vitL seeo ano lrooostock lost.
Cn ias ano Simeulue slanos, many ol tLe lisL net cages vere oamageo or oestroyeo.
1Le tsunami oestroyeo tLe Government`s Eegional BrackisLvater Aquaculture
Levelopment Centre in Ljung Batee near Banoa AceL, tLe capital, ano tLe sLrimp LatcLery
lacility ol tLe !isLeries Senior HigL ScLool in aoong near Banoa AceL. CtLer government
ollices ano services vere oelilitateo lecause ol loss ol lives, equipment ano inlrastructure.
Moreover, non-ollicial social structures vere allecteo, altLougL tLe Panglina Laot (AceLnese
lisLers` association) vas empovereo ly external aio to play an important role early on in tLe
recovery process vitL regaro to lisLeries. Hovever, tLe alreaoy veak alility to manage tLe
lisLeries sector overall vas oetrimentally impacteo ly tLe tsunami.
Sources: CX!AM, 2005, PLillips ano Buoiman, 2005, Siguroarson, 2005, Syukri 2005.
Recommendation 3. Needs assessments shouId take a hoIistic approach
and a IiveIihood !ocus but the speci!ic characteristics o! the !isheries
sector need to be taken into consideration in disaster response
Consioering tLe cLaracteristics ol tLe small-scale lisLeries sector, illustrateo, lor
example, ly tLe lactors making it vulneralle to HV/ALS (see Box 8), it is evioent
tLat, vLen provioing assistance alter a oisaster, tLere sLoulo le a clear locus on tLe
particular neeos ol lisLers ano lisL vorkers. 1Lere is a risk tLat important aspects
may le overlookeo il tLis sector is groupeo togetLer vitL larmers vLo, in many
emergency interventions, may le tLe larger group ol victims neeoing assistance.
Buogets neeo to le allocateo, as requireo, lor tLe particular neeos ol lisLers ano
lisL vorkers, tLeir communities ano supporting institutions.
At tLe same time, intersectoral linkages neeo to le unoerstooo since tLe
liveliLooo strategies ol coastal communities ano poor LouseLolos are olten
complex. Assessments neeo to le Lolistic ano take a liveliLooo approacL. 1Le
importance ol not only incluoing primary lisL proouction ano tLe neeo lor
proouction inputs ano tools in assessments guioing reliel ano early reLalilitation
is lurtLer oiscusseo in tLe section on reLalilitation, reconstruction ano recovery
on p. 35.
Recommendation 4. ene!iciary seIection needs to be based on a good
understanding o! IocaI IiveIihood systems and community structures and
invoIve the target communities themseIves
eeos assessments play a critical role in leneliciary selection. Generally,
interventions teno to aim at targeting tLe tLe poorest ano most allecteo ly
A boat ureckage
lies stranded and
displaced on tle
renains oj tle
Banda Acel nain
jisl narket ajter
la:ing been suept
jron its noorings
by tle tsunani tidal
ua:es (2005)
F
A
O
/
1
.
J
O
L
tLe oisaster lut tLere is olten no clear interpretation ol tLis concept ano relevant
leneliciary groups can le oillicult to ioentily properly, especially vLen neeos
assessments Lave to le carrieo out quickly (!AC, 2006o). 1Le poorest ano tLe
most allecteo oo not necessarily constitute tLe same people, ano tLose vLo Lave
lost tLe most lor example, lormer ovners ol loats ano gear may not le tLose
vLo Lave experienceo tLe most oisastrous impact on tLeir liveliLooos, e.g. tLe
lormer crev on tLe loats. At tLe same time, oisasters oo not oillerentiate letveen
ricL ano poor ano alter tLe 200+ tsunami lairly prosperous people also suooenly
louno tLemselves vitL notLing. Similarly, lisL larming LouseLolos are olten not
consioereo as leing among tLe poorest ol tLe poor, since tLey Lave access to lano
ano vater. evertLeless, lano or vater may Lave leen leaseo or oltaineo on creoit
ano a oisaster voulo Lave tLrovn tLe LouseLolo into poverty ano inoelteoness.
1Lere is a risk ol tLe leneliciary selection process lecoming politicizeo. !or
example, alter tLe 200+ tsunami in parts ol Sri anka, some genuine lisLers Lao
still not receiveo loats altLougL tLe numler ol loats provioeo exceeoeo tLe
pre-tsunami lleet (see lelov ano Box 11). !isLing loats Lao olviously also leen
oistriluteo to non-lisLers (ALB, 2005). 1Lis coulo le a result ol a more general
prollem vitL leneliciary targeting lut it coulo also inoicate a lias in tLe selection
ol leneliciaries, coupleo vitL nev assessments giving LigLer numlers ol lost
loats tLan originally calculateo.
A oilemma in oisaster response regaroing tLe supply ol inputs to replace assets
lost is tLat tLose vLo oio not ovn assets in tLe lirst place may le overlookeo, or
vill le oepenoent upon tLe replacement ol assets lrom tLose vLo vere tLeir lormer
employers. Women vLo vork in lisL processing ano traoing may lall into tLis category
ano liveliLooo contexts ano community structures sLoulo le clearly unoerstooo ano
taken into account in neeos assessments ano leneliciary ioentilication.
!AC generally oepenos on government ano otLer partners, incluoing
stakeLoloers ano tLe communities lor tLe ioentilication ol leneliciaries. xperience
sLovs tLat targeting ol leneliciaries lenelits lrom i) clear criteria on targeting tLat
are unoerstooo ly all tLose involveo, ii) oecentralizing tLe selection process to tLe
local level, ano iii) incluoing several institutions ano stakeLoloer groups, as vell as
tLe intenoeo leneliciaries, in tLe process (!AC, 2006o).
Recommendation 5. 5trategic pIanning !or Ionger-term rehabiIitation
and recovery shouId be undertaken at the earIy stage o! emergency
interventions to ensure the Iong-term sustainabiIity o! IiveIihoods and
naturaI resources at aII stages o! the disaster response
WLile immeoiate emergency assistance is cLaracterizeo ly tLe neeo lor quick action
to save lives ano re-estallisL lasic liveliLooos, it is important to take a longer-term
viev ouring tLe reliel ano emergency pLase. n tLis respect, provioing inputs to
tLe lisLeries sector oillers lrom agriculture since lisLing is oepenoent on a natural
resource renevalle lut still limiteo in a more oirect vay tLan larming. WLile
oistriluting lisLing gear may le an excellent strategy lor improving looo security
in certain situations ano areas, care Las to le taken il lisLery resources are close to
leing lully exploiteo or tLe carrying capacity ol tLe resource lase is not knovn. l
lisLing ellort increases leyono tLe sustainalility ol tLe resource, tLe lisLery-laseo
liveliLooos createo may prove not to le sustainalle in tLe longer term.
xperience sLovs tLat tLere is a clear link letveen emergency ellorts ano
longer-term oevelopment tLat Las to le consioereo in early oisaster response.
A parallel process ol provioing immeoiate reliel togetLer vitL a mio- to long-
term planning ellort is tLerelore requireo. 1Le oversupply ol small lisLing loats
in some ol tLe Asian countries as part ol tLe assistance alter tLe 200+ tsunami
conlirms tLe necessity ol long-term planning early on in oroer to ensure tLat tLe
assistance given is sustainalle (see Box 11). 1Lis also implies tLe application ol tLe
reliel-oevelopment continuum (see tLe leginning ol tLis cLapter), reLalilitation
ano recovery Lave to le tLougLt alout in aovance vLen provioing emergency
assistance. 1Le oevelopment ol multi-annual lisLeries sector strategies ano plans
is a uselul tool in tLis process (see also p. 38).
Recommendation 6. Coordination o! nationaI and internationaI agencies
and organizations invoIved in disaster response needs to be ensured
and appropriate budgets !or supporting the responsibIe authorities in
this task shouId be aIIocated by their humanitarian and deveIopment
partners
1Le question ol oversupply ol loats is relateo to tLe necessity ol ellicient
cooroination ol assistance provioeo to communities alter a oisaster. 1Le national
!AC Eepresentations play an important role in cooroinating agricultural (ano
8OX 11
OversuppIy o! boats a!ter the 2004 tsunami
Alter tLe 200+ tsunami, tLe provision ol small lisLing loats vas an attractive project tLanks to
its visilility ano perceiveo simplicity. WLile lisLers oio neeo nev loats to take up tLeir activities
once again, an oversupply ol loats voulo le a tLreat to lisLery resources. Lnlortunately, little
is knovn ol tLe status ol most ol tLe insLore resources ol tLe tsunami-allecteo countries lut,
even lelore tLe oisaster, tLere vere inoications ol overlisLing ano it is oillicult to preoict vLat
lisLing ellort resources can sustain. Similar concerns exist lor tLe ollsLore lisLery resources
ano tLis lack ol knovleoge makes it oillicult to juoge tLe suggesteo alternative strategy ol
supplying larger loats tLat can lisL lurtLer out to sea.
n AceL Province, noonesia, + 000 lisLing loats Lao leen oelivereo at tLe eno ol 2005
ano many more vere unoer construction, inoicating tLat replacements are likely to exceeo
tLe approximately 7 200 loats tLat vere reporteo lost in tLe tsunami. A similar situation Las
oevelopeo in Sri anka ano in some areas tLere are nov more small lisLing loats tLan lelore
tLe tsunami.
Source: CCSE, 2005.
lisLeries) reliel ellorts ly tLe Lniteo ations (L) ano otLer agencies at tLe
national level. 1Le !AC Eepresentations are important partners in national-level
Lniteo ations Lisaster Management 1eams (LLM1s) consisting ol relevant
memlers ol tLe various L agencies active in tLe country. n many ol tLe countries
allecteo ly tLe 200+ tsunami, tLe large numler ol oonors, aio organizations ano
assistance activities maoe cooroination ano planning oillicult. 1Le !AC !isLeries
Lepartment vas given a manoate ly memler governments to take a leaoing role
in provioing tecLnical support ano assisting governments in allecteo countries in
cooroinating tLe tsunami response.
12

n AceL Province ano ias slano, tLe noonesian Government set up
a special institution at ministerial level tLe AceL ano ias EeLalilitation
ano Eeconstruction Agency (BEE) lor tLe cooroination ol emergency ano
reLalilitation ellorts. n !elruary 2005, !AC vas lormally given tLe role ly
tLe Governor ol AceL Province ol supporting BEE ano tLe Ministry ol Marine
Allairs ano !isLeries (MMA!) in tLe cooroination ol assistance to tLe lisLeries
sector.
13
WitL support lrom !AC, BEE ano MMA! organizeo montLly sector
cooroination meetings vitL tLeir Lumanitarian ano oevelopment partners ano a
lisLeries ano aquaculture steering committee vas estallisLeo. Specilic planning
seminars vere also Lelo, lotL lor capture lisLeries ano aquaculture reLalilitation
activities, ano a lisLeries sector strategy lor tLe reLalilitation ano reconstruction
vork vas oevelopeo ouring tLe early assessments. A similar process took place
in Sri anka vLere !AC vas also lormally appointeo to support cooroination.
Hovever, in spite ol government ellorts ano support lrom !AC, tLe task ol
cooroinating tLe vast numler ol Lumanitarian ano oevelopment actors ano tLe
amount ol assistance provioeo vas overvLelming.
Recommendation 7. The participation o! the a!!ected househoIds
and IocaI institutions in assessments, pIanning, impIementing and
monitoring has to be ensured !or e!!ective and e!!icient emergency and
rehabiIitation support
1Lere is a line lalance letveen getting tLings oone quickly, ano planning ano
ooing tLings properly. Aio sLoulo le quick, gooo ano participatory lut tLis is
olten easier saio tLan oone. Hovever, a lunoamental principle tLat neeos to le
applieo in assessments ano selection ol leneliciaries as vell as in sulsequent
reliel, reLalilitation ano recovery vork, ano vLen aooressing prevention ano
prepareoness is tLe participation ol local communities ano institutions, i.e.
tLose oirectly concerneo ly tLe oisaster or Lazaro. 1Lis may souno sell-evioent
12
1Le 2005 Eome Leclaration on !isLeries ano tLe 1sunami aoopteo ly tLe !AC Ministerial
Meeting on !isLeries in Eome on 12 MarcL 2005, supporteo tLe neeo lor !AC to play a leaoing
role in aovising ano supporting tLe international community in matters relevant to sustainalle
lisLeries ano aquaculture reLalilitation ano restoration ol marine Lalitats (see ltp://ltp.lao.org/li/
LCCLM1/ministerial/2005/tsunami/oeclaration.pol).
13
Applies to tLe tLree sectors unoer !AC`s manoate: agriculture, lisLeries ano lorestry.
lut tLe importance ol participation ano consultation merits leing repeateo. 1Le
coping capacity ol tLose sullering lrom tLe consequences ol a oisaster is olten
impressive. 1Le allecteo LouseLolos are tLose vLo knov vLat tLey neeo most,
ano lisLers knov vLat types ol loat ano gear tLey sLoulo use. Assessments sLoulo
oillerentiate ano prioritize letveen oillerent types ol neeos, e.g. tLose tLat are
perceiveo as priorities ly tLe leneliciaries tLemselves as opposeo to tLose oelineo
ly Lumanitarian ano oevelopment agencies. Some ioentilieo neeos may Lave
existeo lelore tLe oisaster ano some may le letter met tLrougL local availalle
capacity (1C, 2006).
Recommendation 8. Training and technicaI support is needed to ensure
that assistance is sound and appropriate and technicaIIy competent
humanitarian and deveIopment agencies shouId make such support an
important component o! their disaster response
1Le provision ol many poorly luilt loats in noonesia alter tLe 200+ tsunami (see
Box 12) clearly inoicates tLat training ano tecLnical support sLoulo le incorporateo
into early oisaster response activities. Similarly, tLe support to lisL larmers in llooo-
allecteo areas in BanglaoesL (1998) ano Viet am (2000) in tLe lorm ol lingerlings,
sLrimp post-larvae ano lrooostock sLovs tLat lov-quality inputs ano insullicient
tecLnical assistance result in limiteo impact ol interventions. 1raining in vater
quality management, aquatic animal oisease prevention measures ano protection
ol ponos against pollution, vLicL vas given to some ol tLe allecteo larmers,
signilicantly increaseo tLe impact ol tLe assistance. 1Lis goes Lano in Lano vitL
tLe neeo lor ellective cooroination ol tLe emergency response vLere minimum
construction stanoaros sLoulo le enlorceo. !AC playeo an important role in tLis
process ly provioing training in loat luiloing to partner organizations ano to tLe
noonesian Government. ev saler oesigns lor loats vere also oevelopeo.
Boatbuilder Banali
Usnan in Acel,
Indonesia, clecks planks
jor lis next :essel (2005)
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REHAILITATION, RECON5TRUCTION AND 5U5TAINALE RECOVERY
EeLalilitation, reconstruction ano sustainalle recovery reler to tLe activities
alter tLe immeoiate reliel ano emergency pLase ano incluoe early support to
restoring liveliLooos, assets ano proouction levels (relabilitation), to reluiloing
inlrastructure (reconstruction) ano to restoring means ol proouction ano re-
enacting institutions ano services oestroyeo ly a oisaster (sustainable reco:ery).
Hovever, tLe link letveen tLe oillerent pLases is vague ano, lor example, in a
specilic situation at a given moment, oillerent groups ol tLe allecteo population
may le at oillerent stages in tLe post-oisaster process.
8OX 12
Lov-quaIity boats in the tsunami response
n many ol tLe countries allecteo ly tLe 200+ tsunami, tLe quality ol tLe lisLing loats provioeo
Las leen oangerously poor, lor a numler ol reasons. Boats Lave leen luilt to a price ratLer
tLan to a stanoaro ano LigL oemano Las causeo inexperienceo loat luiloers to claim expertise
tLey oo not Lave. Some loat luiloers Lave leen taking oroers tLat tLey vere unalle to Lanole
aoequately in tLe sLort time agreeo ano tLe agencies ano organizations oroering tLe loats Lave
not leen monitoring tLeir loat luiloing programmes sulliciently.
Most ol tLe prollems vitL loat quality are lasic ano incluoe:
poorly selecteo timler, incluoing sapvooo ano split vooo,
tLin planking, large lrame spacing ano small keel timlers,
sulstanoaro lrame joints vitL unsuitalle arrangement ol lastenings,
lastenings causing numerous splits in planks,
inaoequate tLrougL-Lull littings ano pipe vork,
use ol plain steel lastenings (Guomunosson ano Lavy, 2006, p. 13).
Many aio organizations tLat lecame involveo in loat luiloing oio not Lave tLe necessary
knovleoge to provioe tLe rigLt inputs, or prelerreo to ignore tecLnical stanoaros ano scientilic
norms in tLeir eagerness to use tLe money tLey Lao receiveo, alove all, tLey neeoeo to sLov to
tLeir oonors tLat tLey Lao spent it. Hovever, tLis sLort-sigLteoness may leao to tLe nev loats
not leing useo ly tLe intenoeo leneliciaries, in tLat tLey require signilicant maintenance,
Lave a sLort lile span (meaning tLat aooitional loat replacement programmes vill le neeoeo
in tLe luture), ano are mainly useo lor otLer purposes tLan lisLing. !AC Las recommenoeo
tLat unsale loats are not Lanoeo over to leneliciaries lut le mooilieo or even lroken up. 1Le
Crganization Las also provioeo training lor loat luiloers, oevelopeo gooo practice stanoaros,
oralteo regulations lor minimum stanoaros lor construction ano vorkeo closely vitL
GCs ano otLers to raise avareness on quality issues ano to provioe tecLnical assistance.
Source: Guomunosson ano Lavy, 2006.
Recommendation 9. Needs assessments shouId continue on a reguIar
basis and speciaI attention shouId be given to issues reIated to the
impact o! assistance on !ishery resources and the environment. These
shouId be combined vith monitoring o! the e!!ectiveness o! the
assistance provided and its impact on IiveIihoods, and Iessons Iearned
shouId be !ed back into the ongoing activities o! assistance programmes
1Le neeos assessments oiscusseo alove in relation to reliel are not one-oll
activities lut exercises tLat continue on a regular lasis tLrougLout all tLe pLases
ol tLe oisaster response. eeos lor Lumanitarian reliel teno to cLange extremely
quickly as assistance is leing provioeo lut neeos vitL regaro to liveliLooo
reLalilitation sLoulo le carelully monitoreo. An example lrom tLe 200+ tsunami
oisaster response, mentioneo earlier, is tLe provision ol loats in noonesia ano Sri
anka. 1Le repair ano construction ol small lisLing cralt lecame a popular activity
lor lotL small GCs ano larger oonors ano tLe neeo lor loats ano tLe numler
ol loats supplieo ano planneo vere oillicult to monitor. n lotL countries, !AC
supporteo tLe governments in organizing regular cooroination meetings ano in
requesting aio organizations to report on tLeir loat supply plans. n spite ol
tLese ellorts, mismatcLes letveen neeos ano inputs occurreo, inoicating tLat
8OX 13
fIoods in angIadesh in 1998
!AC conoucteo a oetaileo inoepenoent assessment ol tLe impact ano oamage causeo ly tLe
llooos in BanglaoesL in 1998 in collaloration vitL L!L. Project proposals lor sLort-, meoium-
ano long-term reLalilitation programmes lor sulmission to oonors vere also prepareo. t vas
noteo tLat tLere vas a lack ol Laro oata on proouction losses ano inlrastructure oamage,
renoering tLe planning ol reLalilitation oillicult. A neeo to strengtLen inlormation systems
ano mecLanisms lor unoertaking oamage assessments vas noteo. evertLeless, tLe assessment
sLoveo tLat tLe coping capacity ol local communities vas remarkalle. !isLers ano lisL larmers
Lao taken precautionary measures lelore ano ouring tLe llooos, altLougL oamage coulo not
le avoioeo, ano tLey vere preparing to start proouction again. 1Le provision ol solt loans to
assist tLem in repairing oamage, replacing equipment ano procuring inputs vas ioentilieo as a
main priority lor assistance. t vas lurtLer recommenoeo to support, in parallel vitL assistance
given to poor lisL larmers to start tLeir proouction once again, tLe re-estallisLment ol supply
ano oistrilution systems ly assisting seeo ano leeo prooucers ano ice manulacturers to start
proouction since tLeir inputs are essential lor lisLers ano lisL larmers. 1Lis parallel support
sLoulo incluoe tLe replacement ol lost lrooostock, prelerally lrom oomestic sources in oroer
to avoio tLe potential risk ol introoucing nev patLogens to tLe country. Eecommenoations lor
longer-term interventions incluoeo avareness luiloing ano training on oisaster prepareoness
ano post-oisaster management vitL empLasis on participation ly local communities.
Source: !AC, 1999.
stronger cooroination laseo on regular neeos assessments ano monitoring vas
necessary. Consioering tLat many ol tLe insLore lisLery resources sLoveo signs
ol overexploitation even lelore tLe tsunami, tLe creation ol lisLing overcapacity
coulo le a tLreat to tLe sustainalle liveliLooos ol coastal communities.
essons learneo lrom !AC`s aquaculture sector emergency assistance in Viet
am ano BanglaoesL incluoe issues sucL as tLe ioentilication ol suitalle species
to le cultureo in vater environments vitL lov vater quality lor culture causeo ly
tLe llooos, use ol inoigenous species, suitalle polyculture practices, ano tLe use ol
culture systems ano management measures tLat reouce tLe risks to lisL stanoing
stocks lrom luture llooos.
n tLis context, tLe neeo to monitor tLe impact ol tLe assistance provioeo, ano
not only tLe inputs given, sLoulo le stresseo. WLile it may le easier to count
tLe numler ol, lor example, nets oistriluteo, it is more important to unoerstano
tLe use ol tLese nets ano vLat impact on liveliLooos tLeir oistrilution Las maoe.
1Lis element ol monitoring tLe ellectiveness ol assistance is olten veak lut coulo
impart important lessons in continueo support.
Recommendation 10. LocaI naturaI resource management and
conservation capacities and capabiIities shouId be strengthened as part
o! rehabiIitation, reconstruction and recovery. 5ustainabIe aquacuIture
practices and comanagement approaches !or !isheries management
shouId be promoted
WLile immeoiate neeos assessments may locus on looo supply ano looo security
(tLrougL, lor example, tLe C!SAMs), tLe impact on otLer liveliLooo aspects ano
neeos sLoulo le ioentilieo as soon as possille.
14
WitL regaro to lisLeries, tLis voulo
incluoe, lor example, lisL processing lacilities, oistrilution ano marketing cLannels,
LatcLery proouction ol lingerlings lor lisL ano sLelllisL larming, availalility ol leeo
ano otLer aquaculture supplies, as vell as institutional support structures necessary
lor extension services ano lisLeries management. 1Le links among tLese oillerent
parts ol tLe lisLeries system ano tLe sea to talle cLain ol activities neeo to le
unoerstooo. t is, lor example, not possille to reLalilitate lisL larming activities in a
sustainalle vay il tLe supply ol inputs ano markets is not ensureo (see tLe example
ol BanglaoesL in Box 13). Moreover, an analysis ol alternative liveliLooo options
sLoulo le incluoeo, particularly in areas vLere lisLery resources are unoer pressure
ano a limit to tLe numler ol lisLers may le oesiralle.
1Le issue ol overexploitation ano otLer tLreats to lisLery resources neeo to
le taken into consioeration in oisaster response, risk reouction ano management.
Cne important aspect is to incluoe tecLnical support ano oevelopment ol
lisLeries management capacities ano capalilities as a lunoamental luiloing llock
lor sustainalle recovery. 1Le same is true lor tLe aquaculture sulsector vLere
sustainalle lisL ano sLelllisL larming practices sLoulo le promoteo.
14
Greater locus vill le given to liveliLooos at tLe early stages ol !AC neeos assessments in accoroance
vitL tLe nev guioelines leing oevelopeo (see lootnote 11).
15
See, lor example, AP!C/!AC, 2005.
Villagers cone togetler uitl
jislers to jisl in jlooded areas
in Tangail District, Bangladesl
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xactly Lov tLese capacities ano capalilities sLoulo le luilt ano strengtLeneo
oepenos on tLe particular local situation, existing institutions ano stakeLoloers.
Participatory approacLes ano tLorougL analytical processes are requireo.
Comanagement, i.e. a partnersLip approacL vLere government ano lisLery
resource users sLare responsilility ano autLority lor tLe management ol a
lisLery or lisLeries in an area, laseo on tLeir ovn collaloration ano vitL otLer
stakeLoloers, is consioereo an internationally accepteo lest practice in lisLeries
management.
15
EeLalilitation, reconstruction ano recovery support sLoulo
promote tLe implementation ol tLese practices.
Recommendation 11. RehabiIitation, reconstruction and recovery activities
shouId aim at buiIding IiveIihoods that are better than those existing
be!ore the disaster, any contribution to "poverty traps" shouId be avoided
Clear sector strategies represent anotLer important tool lor sustainalle recovery.
Builoing on tLe impact ano neeos assessments carrieo out alter tLe 200+
tsunami, !AC in collaloration vitL otLer international agencies assisteo
tLe Governments ol noonesia ano Sri anka in oeveloping lisLeries sector
strategies, covering not only reliel ano reLalilitation neeos lut also longer-term
recovery ano oevelopment. 1Le national lisLeries sector strategy in Sri anka
ollers an opportunity not only lor restoring tLe lisLing inoustry ano protecting
lisLing communities ano tLe inoustry lrom luture oisasters, lut also lor lringing
necessary urgent improvements to create conoitions lor sustainalle management
ano oevelopment ol Sri anka`s lisLeries ano coastal zones ano to improve
tLe living conoitions ol lisLing communities. Hence, employment generation,
private sector oevelopment ano poverty alleviation are major oljectives in tLe
reconstruction ano oevelopment ol tLe lisLeries sector. 1Lis is in line vitL tLe
country`s ational Poverty Eeouction Strategy ano tLe Millennium Levelopment
Goals (MLGs) Strategy (!AC, 2006a).
Alter tLe 200+ tsunami, tLe expression luilo lack letter vas coineo to
oescrile tLe opportunity tLat tLe oevastating oestruction representeo. Conoitions
ano structures tLat Lao earlier kept people trappeo in poverty sLoulo not le
recreateo. WitLin tLe lramevork ol tLe loat luiloing training ano tecLnical aovice
provioeo tLrougL experienceo international loat luiloers ano naval arcLitects,
!AC vorkeo vitL local loatyaros to promote tLe use ol letter-quality timler,
appropriate metal lasteners ano improveo construction tecLniques. Baseo on
existing loat types, improveo construction oesigns vere oevelopeo to enLance tLe
stanoaro ano salety ol tLe loats leing luilt to replace tLose lost in tLe tsunami.
Hovever, many tsunami-allecteo countries lack regulations governing tLe
construction ol small lisLing vessels ano oo not Lave tLe capacity to inspect loats
ano enlorce tLose regulations tLat oo exist. n Sri anka, !AC Las assisteo tLe
Government in oeveloping nev regulations lor lilreglass loats ano, in noonesia,
similar regulations Lave leen oevelopeo lor voooen loats. 1Lese are important
steps tovaros making small lisLing vessels saler.
n tLe aquaculture sector in AceL, !AC vorkeo vitL small-scale lisL ano
sLrimp larmers to lorm groups to market tLeir proouce. By empovering small-
scale prooucers, tLeir largaining pover vitL large-scale commercial lisL traoers
ano exporters can le improveo, alloving tLem to letter tLeir revenues. Eeluiloing
aquaculture systems in a more environmentally sustainalle manner is anotLer
important cLallenge in tLe reLalilitation ano reconstruction process, requiring
training ano tecLnical assistance.
PREVENTION, PREPAREDNE55 AND EARLY WARNING
Pre:ention relers to activities aiming at reoucing vulneralilities to natural
ano sociopolitical events tLat coulo result in oisasters. Lisaster prevention
measures olten lorm part ol longer-term programmes to promote resilience ano
sustainalility. Preparedness incluoes measures taken in aovance to ensure tLat
tLe necessary capacities ano mecLanisms are in place to respono quickly ano
ellectively to oisasters vLen tLey occur. Early uarning mecLanisms provioe early
ano relevant inlormation on potential or actual oisasters ano tLeir impact. !AC
monitors tLe looo supply ano oemano arouno tLe vorlo tLrougL tLe Glolal
nlormation ano arly Warning System on !ooo ano Agriculture (GWS) ano
provioes inlormation on translounoary oiseases ano migratory pest tLrougL
tLe mergency Prevention System (lor 1ranslounoary Animal ano Plant Pests
ano Liseases) (MPES). CtLer examples incluoe tLe !ooo nsecurity ano
Vulneralility nlormation ano Mapping Systems (!VMS), tLe Lesert ocust
nlormation Service ano tLe ivestock arly Warning System.
Recommendation 12. The promotion o! responsibIe and sustainabIe
!isheries and aquacuIture shouId be given high priority as part o!
disaster prevention and in addressing the vuInerabiIities o! !ishing and
!ish !arming communities
n tLe lisLeries sector, !AC`s vork locuses on tLree main strategic oljectives:
i) tLe promotion ol responsille lisLeries sector management tLrougL tLe
implementation ol tLe Cooe ol Conouct lor Eesponsille !isLeries (CCE!), ii)
an increaseo contrilution ol responsille lisLeries ano aquaculture to vorlo looo
supplies ano looo security, ano iii) glolal monitoring ano strategic analysis ol
lisLeries. 1Le CCE!, enoorseo ly all !AC memler countries, is at tLe core ol
!AC`s policy on sustainalle management ol capture lisLeries ano aquaculture
ano Lence an important instrument lor aooressing vulneralilities ano promoting
resilience (see Box 1+).
!isL larming, or aquaculture, is regaroeo vorlovioe as one ol tLe lastest
groving looo-prooucing sulsectors, sLoving a continuous increase in total
proouction tLrougLout tLe last oecaoe, particularly in oeveloping countries. WitL
tLe increasing oemano lor lisL ano tLe last grovtL in aquaculture proouction,
tLe current treno is tovaros intensilication ano commercialization. As in otLer
8OX 14
The Code o! Conduct !or ResponsibIe fisheries (CCRf)
Against a lackgrouno ol clear signs ol overexploitation ol important lisL stocks, cLanges in
ecosystems, signilicant economic losses ano international conllicts vitL regaro to management
ano lisL traoe, !AC oevelopeo tLe CCE!, vLicL vas aoopteo in 1995. t is a voluntary
instrument, setting out principles ano international stanoaros lor responsille practices vitL
regaro to ellective conservation, management ano oevelopment ol living aquatic resources
vitLin tLe context ol a sustainalle ecosystem ano liooiversity.
1Le CCE! makes specilic relerence to actions to le taken in case ol an emergency vLen living
aquatic resources are tLreateneo. Article 7.5.5 states tLat il a natural pLenomenon Las a signilicant
aoverse impact on tLe status ol living aquatic resources, States sLoulo aoopt conservation ano
management measures on an emergency lasis to ensure tLat lisLing activity ooes not exacerlate
sucL aoverse impact. States sLoulo also aoopt sucL measures on an emergency lasis vLere
lisLing activity presents a serious tLreat to tLe sustainalility ol sucL resources. Measures taken
on an emergency lasis sLoulo le temporary ano sLoulo le laseo on tLe lest scientilic evioence
availalle (!AC, 1995, p. 13). 1Lis recommenoation is part ol tLe precautionary approacL,
vLicL is one ol tLe lunoamental principles ol tLe CCE!. 1Le precautionary approacL states tLat
alsence ol scientilic inlormation is no excuse lor not implementing management measures lut
tLat states are responsille lor aoopting appropriate measures lor tLe long-term sustainalle use
ol lisLeries resources ano tLe conservation ol tLe aquatic environment.
1Le !AC !isLeries Lepartment promotes tLe implementation ol tLe CCE! ano acts as a
catalyst. A numler ol tecLnical guioelines Lave leen oevelopeo to support tLe implementation,
otLers (!AC, 2005a) oeal specilically vitL tLe neeos ano responsililities ol small-scale
lisLeries. l tLe recommenoations given vere to le implementeo ano lisLer communities coulo
escape poverty, tLeir vulneralility to oisasters voulo le signilicantly reouceo.
Sources: !AC, 1995, !AC, 2005a.
larming sectors, tLe risk ol oisease prollems increases vLen proouction intensilies
ano expanos. 1ooay, oisease is tLe major constraint to lurtLer oevelopment
ol tLe culture ol aquatic species. Cne ol tLe !AC !isLeries ano Aquaculture
Lepartment`s priority areas vitL regaro to aquaculture is tLe improvement ol
salety ano quality ol aquaculture prooucts. Eisk management is gaining interest
vitLin tLe aquaculture sector ano tLere is a treno tovaros tLe oevelopment ol
letter management practices (BMPs), cooes ol gooo practice ano otLer improveo
management ano operational proceoures. !AC takes an active role in tLis vork
ano collalorates closely vitL a numler ol cooperating partners.
Recommendation 13. Increased assistance shouId be provided to
deveIoping countries and coastaI communities !or improving sa!ety at
sea, particuIarIy in coastaI areas prone to naturaI disasters
Alongsioe tLe promotion ol sustainalle management practices in lisLeries ano
aquaculture, specilic examples ol vork ly !AC relateo to oisaster prevention ano
prepareoness in tLe lisLeries sector incluoe tLe improvement ol salety at sea lor
small-scale lisLers ano tLe strengtLening ol capacities ol lisL ano sLelllisL larmers
ano institutions in oeveloping countries lor oisease control in aquaculture.
1Le concept ol salety at sea consists ol several interrelateo components, i.e.
minimum stanoaros lor loat construction, rules lor onloaro salety equipment,
lisLing regulations, oevelopment ol communication systems, searcL ano rescue
operations, etc. umerous initiatives Lave leen unoertaken to aooress tLese
issues ly tLe !AC !isLing 1ecLnology Service (!1). Hovever, many aspects
are closely relateo to lisLeries management ano regulations ano it is an area ol
vioer concern lor tLe !isLeries ano Aquaculture Lepartment.
16
Many oeveloping
countries Lave inaoequate regulations lor salety at sea ano salety stanoaros are
poor, improving tLese conoitions is an important area ol oisaster prevention.
Box 15 gives an account ol some ol tLe main projects ano stuoies carrieo out ly
!AC in tLe area ol salety at sea.
CtLer preventive measures tLat sLoulo le consioereo ly countries ano
communities in areas prone to natural oisasters sucL as vinostorms ano llooos
incluoe luiloing onsLore lisLing lacilities sucL as markets tLat are vinostorm
resistant, making small cralt leacLalle or traileralle ano ensuring tLat lisLers
knov vLen to remove gear lrom tLe sea (!AC, 2006 oralt). 1Lese measures are
also relateo to early varning, oiscusseo lelov.
Recommendation 14. AquacuIture pIanning shouId be improved and the
preparedness !or deaIing vith disease outbreaks and other threats in the
groving aquacuIture subsector needs to be strengthened at the IocaI,
nationaI, regionaI and gIobaI IeveIs
Aquaculture ponos, cages ano otLer structures are olten situateo in areas prone
to oisasters, vLere tLey are exposeo to, among otLers, llooos, tioal vaves, storms
16
See, lor example, Petursoottir, Hannilalsson ano 1urner, 2001.
ano pollution ly otLer sectors. Poorly constructeo ano siteo ponos may also
increase tLe risk ol llooos. Appropriate planning ol aquaculture oevelopment
ano construction is neeoeo to minimize exposure to tLese Lazaros. Poor planning
ol tLe oevelopment ol aquaculture Las leo to slov, uncooroinateo, unlalanceo
ano unsustainalle grovtL ol tLe sector in some countries ano regions. Hovever,
tLe Luman ano institutional capacity to plan aquaculture oevelopment is olten
lacking in tLose countries tLat neeo it most, a situation tLat Las to le aooresseo.
Aquaculture planning Lelps to reouce risks, inlorms oecision-making, estallisLes
trust ano conveys inlormation. 1o le applicalle ano ellective in acLieving tLe
oesireo goals ano oljectives, aquaculture planning outcomes rely on political
support, stakeLoloer participation ano resource commitment (!AC, 2006e).
Concerning tLe spreao ol lisL oisease, risk reouction ano emergency response,
!AC Las leen active in provioing assistance to governments, at country ano
regional levels. 1Le neeo to oevelop tLe capalility to oeal vitL oisease emergencies,
incluoing capacity luiloing in regular planning ano training, is stresseo (!AC,
2005o). 1Lere is also a neeo to Lave access to appropriate equipment ano necessary
legal mecLanisms (ArtLur et al., 2005). Moreover, it is important to strengtLen
oiagnostic ano control capalilities, improve tLe capacity ol rural lisL larmers to
oeal vitL oisease outlreaks, improve national regulatory lramevorks ano oisease
surveillance, ano oevelop ano implement national strategies on aquatic animal
LealtL management (AAPS, 200+).
8OX 15
fAO sa!ety at sea activities
!AC, tLrougL its !isLeries ano Aquaculture Lepartment, participates regularly in meetings
ano vorksLops relateo to salety at sea ano Las oevelopeo a Glolal Programme vitL a
strategy lor vorking on tLe improvement ol salety at sea lor small-scale lisLers. WitLin tLis
programme, stuoies ano vorksLops are leing implementeo in atin America, ast ano West
Alrica, SoutL Asia ano elsevLere. 1Lese initiatives are to le lolloveo ly regional oevelopment
projects. Alreaoy, stuoies on tLe reasons lor accioents at sea relateo to small-scale lisLing Lave
leen carrieo out tLrougL tLe regional project ol tLe Programme lor ntegrateo Levelopment
ol Artisanal !isLeries in West Alrica (LA!) (see also p. 18). n cooperation vitL tLe
nternational alour Crganisation (C) ano nternational Maritime Crganization (MC),
!AC Las contriluteo to tLe pullications Code oj sajety jor jislernen and jisling :essels ano
Voluntary guidelines jor tle design, construction and equipnent oj snall jisling :essels. CtLer
examples ol projects aooressing salety at sea incluoe tLe Levelopment ol Stanoaros lor tLe
Construction ano nspection ol Small !isLing Vessels project in tLe Carillean, stuoies ano
vorksLops in tLe SoutL Pacilic ano several activities unoer tLe umlrella ol tLe emergency
response to tLe 200+ tsunami.
Sources: Gillet, 2003, !AC, 2005l, LA!, 1995.
Recommendation 15. The !isheries sector shouId be expIicitIy incIuded in
the nationaI disaster response and preparedness institutionaI set-up and
!orm an integraI part o! disaster preparedness pIans. 5uch pIans shouId
be estabIished by disaster-prone countries and the necessary capacities
and capabiIities !or impIementing them deveIoped
Some ol tLe most important measures tLat can le taken to minimize oisaster
impact are relateo to prepareoness. By anticipating tLreats, making contingency
plans ano taking appropriate precautions mucL oamage can le avoioeo. 1Lis
incluoes ensuring tLat LEM consioerations are incluoeo in overall oevelopment
plans, especially in countries prone to oisasters. Similarly, tLe incorporation
ol oisaster prepareoness ano response aspects in lisLeries management plans
sLoulo le consioereo. Prepareoness also involves tLe estallisLment ol oisaster
prepareoness plans ano tLe strengtLening ol relevant institutions ano processes
lor implementing tLese plans. Many countries Lave emergency plans lor potential
marine pollution oisasters causeo ly, lor example, oil spills.
17
WLenever relevant,
tLe lisLeries sector neeos to le consioereo in national ano local oisaster prepareoness
plans ano oisaster institutional response mecLanisms. Stall ol lisLeries autLorities
ano oevelopment partners are olten key agents in a oisaster allecting tLe lisLeries
sector ano can provioe vital links vitL lisLing communities. Builoing capacity
vitLin relevant government oepartments ano among oevelopment partners on
Lov to respono ano mitigate potential oisasters neeos to le part ol prepareoness
activities (see Box 16).
Recommendation 16. The resiIience o! disaster-prone coastaI
communities shouId be strengthened, buiIding on existing strengths,
coping strategies and measures and IocaI or indigenous knovIedge
Eelerring lack to assessments ano leneliciary targeting at tLe time ol emergencies,
oiscusseo earlier, prepareoness in oisaster-prone areas sLoulo incluoe tLe
oevelopment ol pre-oisaster inlormation on vulneralle communities, e.g. numler
ano structure ol LouseLolos, occupations, special neeos ano circumstances. 1Lis,
togetLer vitL tLe oevelopment ol rapio assessment metLooologies sucL as tLe
nev !AC guioelines lor rapio liveliLooo assessment coulo greatly improve
neeos assessments ano leneliciary ioentilication in case ol an emergency.
People living in areas prone to natural oisasters Lave oevelopeo coping
strategies. WLen looking at luiloing resilience, tLese liveliLooo strategies ano local
knovleoge sLoulo le tLe starting-point. n BanglaoesL vLere llooos are recurrent
events altLougL vitL oillerent magnituoes, allecteo communities Lave oevelopeo
tLese strategies. !isL larmers Lit ly tLe llooo in 1998 Lao taken precautionary
measures to mitigate tLe expecteo impact ol tLe llooos altLougL oamage coulo not
le completely avoioeo (see Box 13).
17
!or more inlormation, see MC (Lttp://vvv.imo.org), nternational Convention lor tLe Prevention
ol Pollution lrom SLips (1973, mooilieo 1978) ano nternational Convention on Cil Pollution
Prepareoness, Eesponse ano Cooperation (1990).
Microlinance services Lave sLovn to le important components ol coping
strategies ano ellective tools lor oecreasing ano sLaring risks in aquaculture ano
lisLeries. Creoit is olten useo to implement letter management practices ano
reouce risks, vLile insurance is increasingly useo to guarantee repayment ol loans
ano enalle lisLers ano aquaculturists to restart tLeir proouctive activities alter a
oisaster. Aquaculture insurance increasingly receives attention lrom tLe insurance
ano reinsurance inoustry. llorts are leing maoe to exteno its availalility to
small-scale aquaculture ano lisLeries activities. Hovever, in many regions, i.e.
sul-SaLaran Alrica, SoutL America ano large parts ol Asia, lotL knovleoge ano
availalility ol insurance are olten limiteo altLougL tLe potential neeo ano oemano
lor insurance are groving (van Anrooy et al., 2006).
8OX 16
Disaster preparedness. institutionaI set-up and pIans !or the !isheries sector
Countries ano communities susceptille to natural oisasters sLoulo oevelop oisaster prepareoness
plans. 1Lese plans sLoulo oescrile measures ano processes lor responoing to oisasters rapioly
ano ellectively vitL a viev to minimizing tLe intensity ano scale ol a potential emergency. As
part ol overall oisaster prepareoness plans, looo ano agriculture incluoing lisLeries sLoulo
le specilically aooresseo ano incluoe tLe lolloving.
A risk ano vulneralility prolile oescriling tLe oisaster risk laceo as vell as likely impacts
ano neeos laseo on earlier experience ano/or neigLlouring countries or areas.
!ooo security inlormation systems summarizing tLe status, outputs ano use ol looo
security inlormation systems ano reserve stocks.
nstitutional capalility outlining responsililities among oillerent stakeLoloers lor
tLe oisaster prepareoness plan ano response, ano incluoing contact inlormation lor
responsille ollicers vitLin eacL institution.
Eesponse capalility oescriling tLe resources availalle to respono to oisasters sucL
as looo reserves, lisLing inputs, transport capacity, emergency lunos, tecLnical ano
managerial structures ano capacity.
1raining ano pullic eoucation, making an inventory ol completeo ano planneo training
ano pullic eoucation vitL regaro to oisaster prepareoness as vell as an analysis ol luture
training neeos.
Eesponse mecLanisms ano contingency plans, oescriling measures to aooress a
oisaster, i.e. assessment metLoos, oeclaration ol emergency, alert ano international
appeals, institutional structures ano management, security arrangements, oisplacement
ano evacuation, reliel ano mitigation mecLanisms, logistics, looo quality control,
cooroination ano communication, monitoring ano evaluation, a cLarter ol cooe ol
conouct, ano oisaster response simulations to test ano reLearse proceoures.
Sources: !AC, 1998, !AC, 2006 oralt.
Recommendation 17. E!!ective earIy varning systems and other
mechanisms !or disaster mitigation such as cycIone sheIters need to be
deveIoped andlor improved, as required. These need to take the speci!ic
requirements o! !ishing communities into consideration, e.g. covering
migratory !ishers and !ish vorkers
1Le estallisLment ol early varning systems lor alerting communities to oncoming
cyclones, tsunamis or otLer natural Lazaros is important lor saving lives ano limiting
oamage ly natural oisasters in coastal areas. nsuring tLat tLere are appropriate
sLelters ano evacuation plans are otLer central aspects. n many oeveloping
countries sLelters ano varning systems exist lut tLey are not alvays sullicient ano
aoequate. Migrating lisLers ano tLeir LouseLolos are in particular oanger as tLey
olten live in sulstanoaro temporary ovellings, stay in remote areas vLere varnings
may not reacL tLem ano only Lave limiteo access to existing sLelters. n Box 17,
inlormation on Lov tLe cyclone in 1996 in AnoLra PraoesL causeo a serious oeatL
toll among lisLers ano tLeir lamilies is given. As a lollov-up to tLe cyclone, !AC
implementeo a project vitL tLe oljective ol reoucing tLe vulneralility ol lisLing
communities in AnoLra PraoesL to natural oisasters (see Box 18).
Recommendation 18. In!ormation on and the understanding o! disasters
and their impact on the IiveIihoods o! !ishing communities and their
environment need to be improved. Lessons Iearned !rom disaster
impact and response shouId be systematicaIIy anaIysed and used to
improve !uture interventions and preventive vork at the nationaI and
internationaI IeveIs
1Le tsunami in Lecemler 200+ clearly oemonstrateo tLe neeo lor a tsunami
varning system in tLe noian Ccean. SucL a system alreaoy exists lor tLe Pacilic
8OX 17
DetaiIs o! the deaths in hairavapaIem and aIusutippa viIIages, Andhra
Pradesh, India, caused by the cycIone in November 1996
Location No. o! deaths Cause o! death
hairavapaIem aIusutippa
Seashore
shrimp seed
collecIioh
siIes
66 331 Shrimp seed collecIors were campihg ih remoIe opeh seashore
areas away !rom villages. No warhihg or rescue Ieam reached
Ihem ahd Ihey were washed away by Ihe Iidal waves.
Mechahized
boaIs !ishihg
aI sea
33 21 Fishihg boaIs IhaI were already aI sea several days be!ore Ihe
evehI were caughI ih Ihe paIh o! Ihe cyclohe. Ohly Ihose wiIh
IrahsisIor radios received warhihgs ahd hoI all mahaged Io
move Io sa!e locaIiohs ih Iime.
River !ishihg
areas
7 23 Mahy o! Ihe !ishers who had seI up seasohal !ishihg camps oh
Ihe shores o! Ihe Codavari river did hoI receive warhihgs.
Village homes 6 1 8oIh villages are low lyihg, exposed Io waIerbodies ahd close
Io Ihe river mouIh. Warhihgs - giveh ohly by IrahsisIors ahd
Ielevisioh - were hoI Iakeh seriously or ohly cohsidered aI Ihe
lasI momehI. Houses, mosI o! which were IhaIched, collapsed.
Source: Yadava, 1urher ahd CalverI, 2000.
Ccean, tLe Pacilic 1sunami Warning System vas estallisLeo in 1965 vitL
international collaloration ano unoer tLe leaoersLip ol tLe ntergovernmental
CceanograpLic Commission (CC). t is Losteo ly tLe regional Pacilic 1sunami
Warning Center (P1WC) in Honolulu, Havaii (L Atlas ol tLe Cceans, no oate).
!or tLe oevelopment ol tLe noian Ccean tsunami varning system, tLe CC ol tLe
Lniteo ations oucational, Scientilic ano Cultural Crganization (LSCC)
took tLe leao in collaloration vitL a large numler ol international partners. 1Le
system lecame operational in mio-2006 ano is currently operateo ly an interim
varning centre in cooperation vitL tLe japan Meteorological Agency. n oroer lor
tLe system to le ellective ano sustainalle, continueo international cooperation is
requireo, togetLer vitL tLe estallisLment ol appropriate structures to ensure tLat
varnings reacL populations ano communities at risk (Lniteo States Lepartment
ol State, 2006).
1Le ellects ol natural ano tecLnological oisasters ano complex emergencies on
lisLing communities are extensive ano allect tLeir liveliLooos in multiple vays.
Hovever, tLere is a lack ol compreLensive oata on oisaster impacts ano on tLe
8OX 18
Project on training in sea sa!ety deveIopment programmes in Andhra
Pradesh, India
1Le project, vLicL vas implementeo ouring a tvo-year perioo lrom May 1997 to April
1999, incluoeo activities to oecrease tLe vulneralility ol crevs on mecLanizeo lisLing loats
ano tLat ol sLrimp seeo collectors ano villagers. A marine VH! (very LigL lrequency)
raoio communications system lor communicating varnings, veatLer lorecasts ano otLer
inlormation to small mecLanizeo vessels vas introouceo. n aooition to tLe provision ol 1+0
VH! sets ano training ol 280 crev memlers, 100 lile lloats vere oistriluteo unoer tLis salety
at sea component ol tLe project. Several activities vere also carrieo out vitL regaro to oisaster
prepareoness ano avareness raising, incluoing training ol government ano GC storm salety
extension ollicers, stuoy visits to 1Lailano ano BanglaoesL lor lisLeries ollicials, ano tLe
organization ol a vorksLop. 1Le conclusions ano main recommenoations lor lurtLer vork
ano lollov-up vere tLe lolloving.
egislation lor salety at sea sLoulo le improveo.
More empLasis sLoulo le placeo on oisaster prepareoness as opposeo to tLe current
locus on oisaster response.
WeatLer lulletins ano varnings sLoulo le aoapteo lor easy unoerstanoing ly village
populations.
Lisaster prepareoness sLoulo le integrateo into all oevelopment activities.
1elevision ano raoios sLoulo le useo more lor communicating varnings ano lor
eoucational purposes to improve community-laseo oisaster prepareoness.
Sources !AC, 2002l, Yaoava, 1urner ano Calvert, 2000.
ellectiveness ol oisaster response. Clten tLe impact continues to le lelt long alter
tLe oisaster event ano alter emergency assistance Las enoeo. 1Le prepareoness,
coping capacity ano resilience ol tLe allecteo population ano tLe appropriateness
ol tLe external assistance provioeo are oeterminants as to Lov ellectively
ano elliciently communities ano tLeir environment can recover lrom oisaster
oamages. 1Lese lactors consist ol a numler ol aspects tLat neeo to le consioereo
in a coLerent lramevork ol LEM. AltLougL evaluations ol tLe ellectiveness ol
oisaster response are sulsequently carrieo out, it voulo appear tLat tLe lessons
learneo are sometimes lorgotten vLen tLe locus Las moveo on to tLe next task or
nev emergency. Hovever, consioeralle experience exists lrom oisaster response
in general ano increasingly lrom lisLeries oisaster response ano impact ano tLis
knovleoge must le sLareo, oisseminateo ano exploiteo.
!isleries ojjicers in
Grenada test neu radio
equipnent tlat uill
allou tlen to uarn tle
island's jisling jleet oj
approacling lurricanes
and tropical storns
F
A
O
/
C
.

8
l
Z
Z
A
R
R
l
49
ConcIuding remarks
Most small-scale lisLers, aquaculturists ano lisL vorkers live in oeveloping
countries ano tLe lisLeries sector is an important contrilutor to looo security
ano poverty alleviation. Hovever, lisLing ano coastal aquaculture communities
are olten laceo vitL a vioe range ol prollems ano tLey experience LigL levels ol
vulneralility to external sLocks. Coastal communities are particularly sensitive to
natural oisasters. n tLe tsunami oisaster in 200+, poor people in coastal areas vere
oisproportionately allecteo, clearly oemonstrating tLe link letveen poverty ano
vulneralility to oisasters. 1Lat poverty is a lunoamental lactor contriluting to
oisaster risk Las also leen conlirmeo ly tLe impact ol many otLer oisasters.
Coastal communities are oepenoent on lisLery resources lor tLeir liveliLooos,
saleguaroing tLe long-term sustainalility ol tLis natural resource lase must le
a key oevelopment priority, togetLer vitL poverty alleviation. 1Le sustainalle
utilization ol lisLery resources ano tLe promotion ol sustainalle aquaculture
practices neeo to le taken into consioeration in oisaster response ano a longer-term
perspective incorporateo in tLe early pLases ol emergency ano reLalilitation.
WLile improving ano strengtLening responses to oisasters sLoulo le ol prime
concern lor governments ano tLe international community, tLere is also a strong
neeo lor preventive vork in tLe lorm ol oisaster prepareoness, luiloing resilience
ano aooressing tLe unoerlying lactors ol oisaster vulneralility. 1Lis is especially
important in regions prone to natural oisasters. 1Le specilic cLaracteristics ano
neeos ol tLe lisLeries sector sLoulo le consioereo in tLis vork ano incorporateo
into overall LEM systems. At tLe same time as a perspective ol long-term
sustainalility neeos to le luilt into oisaster response ano emergency interventions,
oisaster risk consioerations sLoulo le luilt into sustainalle oevelopment policies,
planning ano programmes.
essons learneo lrom tLe 200+ tsunami response sLov tLat some ol tLe
main issues vitL regaro to oisaster response in tLe lisLeries sector are relateo
to cooroination ano tecLnical support. !AC Las long experience ol vorking
closely vitL governments ano lisLing ano aquaculture communities on a variety
ol oevelopment activities ano is a recognizeo partner lor tecLnical assistance ano
aovice. 1Lis, togetLer vitL tLe Crganization`s position as a neutral L agency,
puts !AC in a unique position lor assisting oisaster-stricken governments in
cooroination ano provioing tecLnical aovice. Hovever, !AC is not a oonor ano it
Las only limiteo linancial resources lor emergency ano reLalilitation interventions
tLrougL its Eegular Programme luoget. 1Lese limiteo lunos can play a vital role,
alove all in tLe initial pLases ol tLe oisaster response. Hovever, it is oesiralle
tLat oonors recognize tLe comparative aovantage ol !AC in relation to oisasters
in tLe lisLeries sector ano promote tLe role it coulo play ly lunoing support to
cooroination ano tecLnical assistance as part ol tLeir early response. 1Le linoings
ol tLe 1sunami valuation Coalition (1C)
18
conlirm tLat specializeo L
agencies sLoulo locus primarily on tLeir role as sectoral or cluster leao agency
(assessment ano cooroination) ano avoio leing overly oistracteo ly tLe oirect
implementation ol response activities tLat otLer Lumanitarian actors coulo oo
(1C, 2006).
1Le inlormation availalle on tLe impact ol natural ano tecLnological oisasters
ano complex emergencies on lisLing ano aquaculture communities ano on tLe
liveliLooos ol sectoral stakeLoloers is lairly limiteo ano not easily accessille.
Moreover, tLe linoings, results ano lessons learneo ol lisLeries ano aquaculture
emergency interventions are not vell-oocumenteo or sLareo vitLin ano outsioe
tLe sector. !AC Las aimeo in tLis oocument to collect, analyse ano oisseminate an
important part ol tLe experience ano inlormation existing vitLin tLe Crganization
on tLe sulject. t is clear tLat as tLis experience lurtLer oevelops tLe neeo may
arise to revise tLe oocument ano expano it vitL nev evioence, inlormation ano
experience. 1Lerelore, it sLoulo le consioereo as vork in progress.
18
1Lis specilic neeos assessment 1C evaluation vas manageo ly WHC, !AC ano SLC vitL
tLe linancial support ol CLA, L!L, Germany, SLC, LSAL, ano !AC, LC!, W!P ano
WHC. 1Le vork vas carrieo out ly Lr Clauoe oe Ville oe Goyet ano ezlie C. Moriniere ol tLe
nternational Centre lor Migration ano HealtL (CMH). See lilliograpLy lor lull relerence (1C,
2006).
51
ibIiography
AAPQIS. 200+. !AC assists noonesia to comlat suspecteo Ioi Herpes Virus (IHV)
oisease outlreak in lresLvater lisL. Aquatic Animal PatLogen ano uarantine
nlormation System. (Availalle at vvv.aapqis.org/main/nevs/nevs.aspio=+9&se
ction=nevs&national accesseo on 1+ Septemler 2006.)
ADB. 2005. Case stuoy 5: !arming tilapia in ponos in Central uzon, PLilippines. n
An e:aluation oj snall-scale jresluater rural aquaculture de:elopnent jor po:erty
reduction. (Availalle at Lttp://vvv.aol.org/Locuments/Eeports/valuation/sst-
reg-200+-07/pLi-case5.pol)
ADB/ACA. 1991. !isl lealtl nanagenent in Asia-Pacijic. Eeport ol a Eegional
Stuoy ano WorksLop on !isL Lisease ano !isL HealtL Management. ALB Agricult.
Lep. Eep. Ser. 1. Bangkok, etvork ol Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacilic. 627
pp.
ADKC. 2005. Total disaster risk nanagenent good practices. Asian Lisaster
Eeouction Center. january. Iole, japan. (Also availalle at Lttp://vvv.aorc.or.jp/
pullications/1LEM2005/1LEM_Gooo_Practices/PL!/ accesseo on 28 May
2006.)
APIIC/IAO. 2005. Mainstreaning jisleries co-nanagenent. Asia-Pacilic !isLery
Commission Eegional WorksLop, Siem Eeap, Camlooia, 912 August. !AC EAP
Pullication 2005/09. 22 pp.
Arthur, ].K., Baldock, I.C., Subasinghe, K.P. & McCladdery, S.L. 2005. Preparedness
and response to aquatic aninal lealtl energencies in Asia Guidelines. !AC
!isLeries 1ecLnical Paper +86. Eome, !AC. +0 pp.
Bellemans, M. 2002. Houselold jood security jisleries inter:ention in soutlern Sudan.
Operation Lijeline Sudan (OLS) Soutlern Sector. Mission report 1+28 july 2001.
Special Eeliel Cperations Service (1CCE). Eome, !AC.
Bessuges, P., Bloom, C., Iilaccia, T., Craham, A. & Sisto, I. 2004. Socio-Econonic and
Gender Analysis (SEAGA) jor Energency and Belabilitation Progrannes. !AC/
W!P. 179 pp. (Availalle at vvv.lao.org/oocuments/pul_oett.asplangs=en&pul_
io=161300)
Bishop-Sambrook, C. & Tanzarn, . 2003. 1Le susceptilility ano vulneralility ol
small-scale lisLing communities to HV/ALS in Lganoa. Sector project lunoeo
ly Policy Aovice lor Sustainalle !isLeries, LeutscLe GesellscLalt lur 1ecLniscLe
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